1
|
Fradot V, Augustin S, Fontaine V, Marazova K, Guillonneau X, Sahel JA, Picaud S. Rodent Models of Retinal Degeneration: From Purified Cells in Culture to Living Animals. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041311. [PMID: 37848250 PMCID: PMC11444255 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Rodent models of retinal degeneration are essential for the development of therapeutic strategies. In addition to living animal models, we here also discuss models based on rodent cell cultures, such as purified retinal ganglion cells and retinal explants. These ex vivo models extend the possibilities for investigating pathological mechanisms and assessing the neuroprotective effect of pharmacological agents by eliminating questions on drug pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. The number of living rodent models has greatly increased with the possibilities to achieve transgenic modifications in animals for knocking in and out genes and mutations. The Cre-lox system has further enabled investigators to target specific genes or mutations in specific cells at specific stages. However, chemically or physically induced models can provide alternatives to such targeted gene modifications. The increased diversity of rodent models has widened our possibility to address most ocular pathologies for providing initial proof of concept of innovative therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Fradot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Sébastien Augustin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Valérie Fontaine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Katia Marazova
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Xavier Guillonneau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
| | - José A Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Almalki WH, Almujri SS. The impact of NF-κB on inflammatory and angiogenic processes in age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2024; 248:110111. [PMID: 39326776 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.110111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prominent cause of vision loss, characterized by two different types, dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular). Dry AMD is distinguished by the progressive deterioration of retinal cells, which ultimately causes a decline in vision. In contrast, wet AMD is defined by the abnormal development of blood vessels underneath the retina, leading to a sudden and severe vision impairment. The course of AMD is primarily driven by chronic inflammation and pathological angiogenesis, in which the NF-κB signaling pathway plays a crucial role. The activation of NF-κB results in the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and angiogenic factors like VEGF, which contribute to inflammation and the formation of new blood vessels in AMD. This review analyzes the intricate relationship between NF-κB signaling, inflammation, and angiogenesis in AMD and assesses the possibility of using NF-κB as a target for therapy. The evaluation involves a comprehensive examination of preclinical and clinical evidence that substantiates the effectiveness of NF-κB inhibitors in treating AMD by diminishing inflammation and pathological angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Salem Salman Almujri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Aseer, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang W, Wang L, Wang Y, Fang Y, Cao R, Fang Z, Han D, Huang X, Gu Z, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Ma Y, Cao F. Inhibition of the RXRA-PPARα-FABP4 signaling pathway alleviates vascular cellular aging by an SGLT2 inhibitor in an atherosclerotic mice model. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024:10.1007/s11427-024-2602-7. [PMID: 39225895 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-024-2602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the pathological cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which rapidly progresses during the cellular senescence. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) reduce major cardiovascular events in patients with ASCVD and have potential antisenescence effects. Here, we investigate the effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on cellular senescence in atherosclerotic mice. Compared with ApoE-/- control mice treated with normal saline, those in the ApoE-/- dapagliflozin group, receiving intragastric dapagliflozin (0.1 mg kg-1 d-1) for 14 weeks, exhibited the reduction in the total aortic plaque area (48.8%±6.6% vs. 74.6%±8.0%, P<0.05), the decrease in the lipid core area ((0.019±0.0037) mm2vs. (0.032±0.0062) mm2, P<0.05) and in the percentage of senescent cells within the plaques (16.4%±3.7% vs. 30.7%±2.0%, P<0.01), while the increase in the thickness of the fibrous cap ((21.6±2.1) µm vs. (14.6±1.5) µm, P<0.01). Transcriptome sequencing of the aortic arch in the mice revealed the involvement of the PPARα and the fatty acid metabolic signaling pathways in dapagliflozin's mechanism of ameliorating cellular aging and plaque progression. In vitro, dapagliflozin inhibited the expression of PPARα and its downstream signal FABP4, by which the accumulation of senescent cells in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) was reduced under high-fat conditions. This effect was accompanied by a reduction in the intracellular lipid content and alleviation of oxidative stress. However, these beneficial effects of dapagliflozin could be reversed by the PPARα overexpression. Bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking simulations revealed that dapagliflozin might exert its effects by directly interacting with the RXRA protein, thereby influencing the expression of the PPARα signaling pathway. In conclusion, the cellular senescence of aortic smooth muscle cells is potentially altered by dapagliflozin through the suppression of the RXRA-PPARα-FABP4 signaling pathway, resulting in a deceleration of atherosclerotic progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Linghuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhiyi Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhenghui Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fontaine V, Boumedine T, Monteiro E, Fournié M, Gersende G, Sahel JA, Picaud S, Veillet S, Lafont R, Latil M, Dilda PJ, Camelo S. RAR Inhibitors Display Photo-Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in A2E Stimulated RPE Cells In Vitro through Non-Specific Modulation of PPAR or RXR Transactivation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3037. [PMID: 38474284 PMCID: PMC10932305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) has been associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) physiopathology by inducing cell death, angiogenesis and inflammation in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. It was previously thought that the A2E effects were solely mediated via the retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-α activation. However, this conclusion was based on experiments using the RAR "specific" antagonist RO-41-5253, which was found to also be a ligand and partial agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ. Moreover, we previously reported that inhibiting PPAR and retinoid X receptor (RXR) transactivation with norbixin also modulated inflammation and angiogenesis in RPE cells challenged in the presence of A2E. Here, using several RAR inhibitors, we deciphered the respective roles of RAR, PPAR and RXR transactivations in an in vitro model of AMD. We showed that BMS 195614 (a selective RAR-α antagonist) displayed photoprotective properties against toxic blue light exposure in the presence of A2E. BMS 195614 also significantly reduced the AP-1 transactivation and mRNA expression of the inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced by A2E in RPE cells in vitro, suggesting a major role of RAR in these processes. Surprisingly, however, we showed that (1) Norbixin increased the RAR transactivation and (2) AGN 193109 (a high affinity pan-RAR antagonist) and BMS 493 (a pan-RAR inverse agonist), which are photoprotective against toxic blue light exposure in the presence of A2E, also inhibited PPARs transactivation and RXR transactivation, respectively. Therefore, in our in vitro model of AMD, several commercialized RAR inhibitors appear to be non-specific, and we propose that the phototoxicity and expression of IL-6 and VEGF induced by A2E in RPE cells operates through the activation of PPAR or RXR rather than by RAR transactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Fontaine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.); (T.B.); (M.F.); (J.-A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Thinhinane Boumedine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.); (T.B.); (M.F.); (J.-A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Elodie Monteiro
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.); (T.B.); (M.F.); (J.-A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Mylène Fournié
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.); (T.B.); (M.F.); (J.-A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Gendre Gersende
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.); (T.B.); (M.F.); (J.-A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.); (T.B.); (M.F.); (J.-A.S.); (S.P.)
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, 29 rue Manin, 75019 Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.); (T.B.); (M.F.); (J.-A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Stanislas Veillet
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (M.L.); (P.J.D.)
| | - René Lafont
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (M.L.); (P.J.D.)
| | - Mathilde Latil
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (M.L.); (P.J.D.)
| | - Pierre J. Dilda
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (M.L.); (P.J.D.)
| | - Serge Camelo
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (M.L.); (P.J.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blot G, Karadayi R, Przegralek L, Sartoris TM, Charles-Messance H, Augustin S, Negrier P, Blond F, Muñiz-Ruvalcaba FP, Rivera-de la Parra D, Vignaud L, Couturier A, Sahel JA, Acar N, Jimenez-Corona A, Delarasse C, Garfias Y, Sennlaub F, Guillonneau X. Perilipin 2-positive mononuclear phagocytes accumulate in the diabetic retina and promote PPARγ-dependent vasodegeneration. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e161348. [PMID: 37781924 PMCID: PMC10702478 DOI: 10.1172/jci161348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, leads to nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). NPDR is associated with blood-retina barrier disruption, plasma exudates, microvascular degeneration, elevated inflammatory cytokine levels, and monocyte (Mo) infiltration. Whether and how the diabetes-associated changes in plasma lipid and carbohydrate levels modify Mo differentiation remains unknown. Here, we show that mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) in areas of vascular leakage in DR donor retinas expressed perilipin 2 (PLIN2), a marker of intracellular lipid load. Strong upregulation of PLIN2 was also observed when healthy donor Mos were treated with plasma from patients with T2DM or with palmitate concentrations typical of those found in T2DM plasma, but not under high-glucose conditions. PLIN2 expression correlated with the expression of other key genes involved in lipid metabolism (ACADVL, PDK4) and the DR biomarkers ANGPTL4 and CXCL8. Mechanistically, we show that lipid-exposed MPs induced capillary degeneration in ex vivo explants that was inhibited by pharmaceutical inhibition of PPARγ signaling. Our study reveals a mechanism linking dyslipidemia-induced MP polarization to the increased inflammatory cytokine levels and microvascular degeneration that characterize NPDR. This study provides comprehensive insights into the glycemia-independent activation of Mos in T2DM and identifies MP PPARγ as a target for inhibition of lipid-activated MPs in DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Blot
- Institute of Vision, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- ED394 Physiology and Physiopathology Doctoral School, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Karadayi
- Institute of Vision, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Hugo Charles-Messance
- Institute of Vision, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- ED394 Physiology and Physiopathology Doctoral School, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Negrier
- Institute of Vision, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- A. de Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Blond
- Institute of Vision, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - David Rivera-de la Parra
- Comprehensive Care Center for Diabetes Patients, Salvador Zubrian National Institute of Health Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
- Institute of Ophthalmology “Fundación Conde de Valenciana” I.A.P., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucile Vignaud
- Institute of Vision, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Aude Couturier
- Institute of Vision, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- ED394 Physiology and Physiopathology Doctoral School, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Institute of Vision, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- A. de Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | - Niyazi Acar
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Center for Taste and Food Sciences, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Dijon, France
| | - Aida Jimenez-Corona
- Department of Epidemiology and Visual Health, Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
- General Directorate of Epidemiology, Secretariat of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cécile Delarasse
- Institute of Vision, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Yonathan Garfias
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación Conde de Valenciana”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- Institute of Vision, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shadisvaaran S, Chin KY, Mohd-Said S, Leong XF. Therapeutic potential of bixin on inflammation: a mini review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1209248. [PMID: 37781110 PMCID: PMC10534043 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1209248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is the underlying mechanism for many diseases. Thus, inflammatory signaling pathways are valuable targets for new treatment modalities. Natural products have gained interest as a potential source of bioactive compounds which provide health benefits in combating inflammatory-related diseases. Recent reports have linked the medicinal values of Bixa orellana L. with its anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, this review aims to examine the therapeutic potential of bixin, a major bioactive constituent found in the seeds of B. orellana, on inflammatory-related diseases based on existing in vitro and in vivo evidence. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of bixin via signaling pathways is explored and possible toxic effects are addressed. The findings suggest that bixin may ameliorate inflammation via inhibition of toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and thioredoxin-interacting protein/NOD-like receptor protein 3 (TXNIP/NLRP3) inflammasome mechanisms. More well-planned clinical studies should be performed to verify its effectiveness and safety profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saminathan Shadisvaaran
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Shahida Mohd-Said
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xin-Fang Leong
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Choudhary M, Malek G. Potential therapeutic targets for age-related macular degeneration: The nuclear option. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 94:101130. [PMID: 36220751 PMCID: PMC10082136 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The functions and activities of nuclear receptors, the largest family of transcription factors in the human genome, have classically focused on their ability to act as steroid and hormone sensors in endocrine organs. However, they are responsible for a diverse array of physiological functions, including cellular homeostasis and metabolism, during development and aging. Though the eye is not a traditional endocrine organ, recent studies have revealed high expression levels of nuclear receptors in cells throughout the posterior pole. These findings have precipitated an interest in investigating the role of these transcription factors in the eye as a function of age and ocular disease, in particular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As the leading cause of vision impairment in the elderly, identifying signaling pathways that may be targeted for AMD therapy is of great importance, given the lack of therapeutic options for over 85% of patients with this disease. Herein we review this relatively new field and recent findings supporting the hypothesis that the eye is a secondary endocrine organ, in which nuclear receptors serve as the bedrock for biological processes in cells vulnerable in AMD, including retinal pigment epithelial and choroidal endothelial cells, and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting these receptors for AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Choudhary
- Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Goldis Malek
- Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fontaine V, Balducci C, Dinan L, Monteiro E, Boumedine T, Fournié M, Nguyen V, Guibout L, Clatot J, Latil M, Veillet S, Sahel JA, Lafont R, Dilda PJ, Camelo S. Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Photo- and Neuro-Protective Properties of BIO203, a New Amide Conjugate of Norbixin, in Development for the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5296. [PMID: 36982372 PMCID: PMC10049354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
9'-cis-norbixin (norbixin/BIO201) protects RPE cells against phototoxicity induced by blue light and N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) in vitro and preserves visual functions in animal models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in vivo. The purpose of this study was to examine the mode of action and the in vitro and in vivo effects of BIO203, a novel norbixin amide conjugate. Compared to norbixin, BIO203 displays improved stability at all temperatures tested for up to 18 months. In vitro, BIO203 and norbixin share a similar mode of action involving the inhibition of PPARs, NF-κB, and AP-1 transactivations. The two compounds also reduce IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF expression induced by A2E. In vivo, ocular maximal concentration and BIO203 plasma exposure are increased compared to those of norbixin. Moreover, BIO203 administered systemically protects visual functions and retinal structure in albino rats subjected to blue-light illumination and in the retinal degeneration model of Abca4-/- Rdh8-/- double knock-out mice following 6 months of oral complementation. In conclusion, we report here that BIO203 and norbixin share similar modes of action and protective effects in vitro and in vivo. BIO203, with its improved pharmacokinetic and stability properties, could be developed for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases such as AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Fontaine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.)
| | - Christine Balducci
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Laurence Dinan
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Elodie Monteiro
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.)
| | - Thinhinane Boumedine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.)
| | - Mylène Fournié
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.)
| | - Vincent Nguyen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.)
| | - Louis Guibout
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Justine Clatot
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Mathilde Latil
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Stanislas Veillet
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.)
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, 29 rue Manin, 75019 Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - René Lafont
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Pierre J. Dilda
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Serge Camelo
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sghaier R, Perus M, Cornebise C, Courtaut F, Scagliarini A, Olmiere C, Aires V, Hermetet F, Delmas D. Resvega, a Nutraceutical Preparation, Affects NFκB Pathway and Prolongs the Anti-VEGF Effect of Bevacizumab in Undifferentiated ARPE-19 Retina Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911704. [PMID: 36233006 PMCID: PMC9569823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an irreversible chronic degenerative pathology that affects the retina. Despite therapeutic advances thanks to the use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, resistance mechanisms have been found to accentuate the visual deficit. In the present study, we explored whether a nutraceutical formulation composed of omega-3 fatty acids and resveratrol, called Resvega®, was able to disrupt VEGF-A secretion in human ARPE-19 retina cells. We found that Resvega® inhibits VEGF-A secretion through decreases in both the PI3K-AKT-mTOR and NFκB signaling pathways. In NFκB signaling pathways, Resvega® inhibits the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NFκB, IκB, which can bind NFκB dimers and sequester them in the cytoplasm. Thus, the NFκB subunits cannot migrate to the nucleus where they normally bind and stimulate the transcription of target genes such as VEGF-A. The IκB kinase complex (IKK) is also affected by Resvega® since the nutraceutical formulation decreases both IKKα and IKKβ subunits and the IKKγ subunit which is required for the stimulation of IKK. Very interestingly, we highlight that Resvega® could prolong the anti-angiogenic effect of Avastin®, which is an anti-VEGF agent typically used in clinical practice. Our results suggest that Resvega® may have potential interest as nutritional supplementation against AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randa Sghaier
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231—Cancer and Adaptive Immune Response Team, Bioactive Molecules and Health Research Group, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Maude Perus
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231—Cancer and Adaptive Immune Response Team, Bioactive Molecules and Health Research Group, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Clarisse Cornebise
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231—Cancer and Adaptive Immune Response Team, Bioactive Molecules and Health Research Group, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Flavie Courtaut
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231—Cancer and Adaptive Immune Response Team, Bioactive Molecules and Health Research Group, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231—Cancer and Adaptive Immune Response Team, Bioactive Molecules and Health Research Group, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Céline Olmiere
- Laboratoires Théa, 12 Rue Louis-Blériot, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Virginie Aires
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231—Cancer and Adaptive Immune Response Team, Bioactive Molecules and Health Research Group, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - François Hermetet
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231—Cancer and Adaptive Immune Response Team, Bioactive Molecules and Health Research Group, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Dominique Delmas
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231—Cancer and Adaptive Immune Response Team, Bioactive Molecules and Health Research Group, 21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Anticancéreux Georges François Leclerc Center, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-380-39-32-26
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blasiak J, Kaarniranta K. Secretory autophagy: a turn key for understanding AMD pathology and developing new therapeutic targets? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:883-895. [PMID: 36529978 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2157260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease leading to vision loss with poorly known pathogenesis and limited therapeutic options. Degradative autophagy (DA) is impaired in AMD, but emerging evidence points to secretary autophagy (SA) as a key element in AMD pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED SA may cause the release of proteins and protein aggregates, lipofuscin, beta amyloid, faulty mitochondria, pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that may contribute to drusen formation and choroidal neovascularization. SA may replace DA, when formation of autolysosome is impaired, and then a harmful cargo, instead of being degraded, is extruded from the RPE contributing to drusen and/or angiogenic environment. Therefore, the interplay between DA and SA may be critical for drusen formation and choroidal neovascularization, so it can be a turn key to understand AMD pathogenesis. EXPERT OPINION Although SA fulfills some beneficial functions, it is detrimental for the retina in many cases. Therefore, inhibiting SA may be a therapeutic strategy in AMD, but it is challenged by the development of selective SA inhibitors that would not affect DA. The TRIM16, SEC22B and RAB8A proteins, specific for secretory autophagosome, may be primary candidates as therapeutic targets, but their action is not limited to autophagy and therefore requires further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
NMDA Receptor Antagonists Degrade Lipofuscin via Autophagy in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58081129. [PMID: 36013596 PMCID: PMC9415004 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Age-related macular degeneration is a slow-progressing disease in which lipofuscin accumulates in the retina, causing inflammation and apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. This study aimed to identify N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) signaling as a novel mechanism for scavenging N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E), a component of ocular lipofuscin, in human RPE cells. Materials and Methods: A2E degradation assays were performed in ARPE-19 cells using fluorescently labeled A2E. The autophagic activity in ARPE-19 cells was measured upon blue light (BL) exposure, after A2E treatment. Autophagy flux was determined by measuring LC3-II formation using immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. To determine whether autophagy via the NMDA receptor is involved in A2E clearance, ATG5-deficient cells were used. Results: Ro 25-6981, an NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonist, effectively cleared A2E. Ro 25-6981 reduced A2E accumulation in the lysosomes of ARPE-19 cells at sub-cytotoxic concentrations, while increasing the formation of LC3-II and decreasing p62 protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner. The autophagic flux monitored by RFP-GFP-LC3 and bafilomycin A1 assays was significantly increased by Ro 25-6981. A2E clearance by Ro 25-6981 was abolished in ATG5-depleted ARPE-19 cells, suggesting that A2E degradation by Ro 25-6981 was mediated by autophagy. Furthermore, treatment with other NMDA receptor antagonists, CP-101,606 and AZD6765, showed similar effects on autophagy activation and A2E degradation in ARPE-19 cells. In contrast, glutamate, an NMDA receptor agonist, exhibited a contrasting effect, suggesting that both the activation of autophagy and the degradation of A2E by Ro 25-6981 in ARPE-19 cells occur through inhibition of the NMDA receptor pathway. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that NMDA receptor antagonists degrade lipofuscin via autophagy in human RPE cells and suggests that NMDA receptor antagonists could be promising new therapeutics for retinal degenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
12
|
Somacal S, Quatrin A, Ruviaro AR, Conte L, da Silva DT, Roehrs M, da Veiga ML, Duarte MM, de Bem AF, Augusti PR, Emanuelli T. Norbixin, a natural dye that improves serum lipid profile in rabbits and prevents LDL oxidation. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
13
|
Kim MJ, Kim DH, Kwak HS, Yu IS, Um MY. Protective Effect of Chrysanthemum boreale Flower Extracts against A2E-Induced Retinal Damage in ARPE-19 Cell. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040669. [PMID: 35453354 PMCID: PMC9024556 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In age-related macular degeneration, N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) accumulates in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and generates oxidative stress, which further induces cell death. Polyphenols are well known for their antioxidant and beneficial effects on vision. Chrysanthemum boreale Makino (CB) flowers, which contain flavonoids, have antioxidant activity. We hypothesized that polyphenols in ethanolic extracts of CB (CBE) and its fractions suppressed A2E-mediated ARPE-19 cell damage, a human RPE cell line. CBE is rich in polyphenols, shows antioxidant activity, and suppresses intracellular accumulation of A2E and cell death induced by A2E. Among the five fractions, the polyphenol content and antioxidant effect were in the order of the ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) > butanol fraction (BuOH) > hexane fraction (Hex) > dichloromethane fraction (CH2Cl2) > water fraction (H2O). In contrast, the inhibitory ability of A2E accumulation and A2E-induced cell death was highest in H2O, followed by BuOH. In the correlation analysis, polyphenols in the H2O and BuOH fractions had a significant positive correlation with antioxidant effects, but no significant correlation with cell damage caused by A2E. Our findings suggest that substances other than polyphenols present in CBE can suppress the effects of A2E, and further research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kim
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea; (D.H.K.); (I.-S.Y.); (M.Y.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-219-9380
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea; (D.H.K.); (I.-S.Y.); (M.Y.U.)
| | - Han Sub Kwak
- Research Division of Food Convergence, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - In-Sun Yu
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea; (D.H.K.); (I.-S.Y.); (M.Y.U.)
| | - Min Young Um
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea; (D.H.K.); (I.-S.Y.); (M.Y.U.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li X, Cao X, Zhao M, Bao Y. The Changes of Irisin and Inflammatory Cytokines in the Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Retinal Vein Occlusion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:861757. [PMID: 35370941 PMCID: PMC8970465 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.861757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) are irreversible chorioretinal diseases, which might induce severe damage in visual function. The metabolic factor and inflammatory factors might play important roles in the pathogenesis of AMD and RVO. The levels of irisin and 14 cytokines were analyzed in aqueous humor of AMD and RVO eyes to evaluate the roles of irisin and inflammatory factors. Methods We collected aqueous humor samples from patients with AMD (n = 27), RVO (n = 30), and cataract (as control, n = 23) eyes. Samples were assayed using ELISA kit for irisin and a multiplex immunoassay kit for 14 cytokines. The macular thickness (MT) was measured with OCT in all included eyes. Results MT in the RVO group is significantly higher than that in the AMD or control group. Irisin levels in the aqueous samples of AMD and RVO eyes were both significantly lower than that in the control. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between irisin and MT in the RVO. Compared with the controls, AMD eyes had significantly higher levels of BDNF, VEGF-A, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, IL-10, TNF-α, VCAM-1, IP-10, and MCP-1. Similarly, RVO eyes had significantly higher levels of BDNF, VEGF-A, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IP-10, and MCP-1. However, there was no significant difference between the levels of PDGF-BB or TNF-β in these three groups. A negative correlation was found between VEGF-A and MT in AMD, as well as in control. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between IL-6 and MT in the 80 included eyes, as well as in RVO. A positive correlation was found between ICAM-1 and MT in the 80 included eyes, as well as in RVO. Conclusions The metabolic factor, irisin levels in the aqueous humor are decreased in AMD and RVO eyes and show a positive correlation between irisin and MT in RVO eyes, prompting researchers to explore the relationship between irisin and macular edema. We also identified the higher expression of vascular growth factors (VEGF-A, VEGF-R1, and PDGF-BB), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α), and chemokines (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IP-10, and MCP-1) in AMD and RVO eyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital; Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital; Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital; Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhen Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital; Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ren J, Ren A, Deng X, Huang Z, Jiang Z, Li Z, Gong Y. Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites Regulate Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:865-880. [PMID: 35173457 PMCID: PMC8842733 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s347231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a blinding eye disease, whose incidence strongly increases with ages. The etiology of AMD is complex, including aging, abnormal lipid metabolism, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are essential for ocular structures and functions. This review summarizes the regulatory effects of LCPUFA on inflammation in AMD. LCPUFA are related to aging, autophagy and chronic inflammation. They are metabolized to pro- and anti-inflammatory metabolites by various enzymes. These metabolites stimulate inflammation in response to oxidative stress, causing innate and acquired immune responses. This review also discusses the possible clinical applications, which provided novel targets for the prevention and treatment of AMD and other age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Ren
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anli Ren
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xizhi Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Jiang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yan Gong; Zhi Li, Tel +86 27 6781 1461; +86 27 6781 2622, Fax +86 27 6781 1471; +86 27 6781 3133, Email ;
| |
Collapse
|