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Wang S, Li X, Liu G, Qiu Z, Wang J, Yang D, Qiao Z, Ma Z, Liu Z, Yang X. Advances in the understanding of circRNAs that influence viral replication in host cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 2024; 213:1. [PMID: 38329596 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-023-00784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNAs discovered in recent years, which are produced by back-splicing involving the 3' and 5' ends of RNA molecules. There is increasing evidence that circRNAs have important roles in cancer, neurological diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and other diseases. In addition, host circRNAs and virus-encoded circRNAs participate in the body's immune response, with antiviral roles. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which host and viral circRNAs interact during the host immune response. Comprehensive investigations have revealed that host circRNAs function as miRNA sponges in a particular manner, primarily by inhibiting viral replication. Viral circRNAs have more diverse functions, which generally involve promoting viral replication. In addition, in contrast to circRNAs from RNA viruses, circRNAs from DNA viruses can influence host cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis, along with their effects on viral replication. In summary, circRNAs have potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets, offering a foundation for the diagnosis and treatment of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siya Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-Based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-Based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Geng Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-Based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Zhenyu Qiu
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-Based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-Based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Di Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-Based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Zilin Qiao
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-Based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Zhongren Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-Based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Zhenbin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-Based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, 430207, China.
- China National Biotech Group Company Limited, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Fu P, Cai Z, Zhang Z, Meng X, Peng Y. An updated database of virus circular RNAs provides new insights into the biogenesis mechanism of the molecule. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2261558. [PMID: 37725485 PMCID: PMC10557547 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2261558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Virus circular RNAs (circRNA) have been reported to be extensively expressed and play important roles in viral infections. Previously we build the first database of virus circRNAs named VirusCircBase which has been widely used in the field. This study significantly improved the database on both the data quantity and database functionality: the number of virus circRNAs, virus species, host organisms was increased from 46440, 23, 9 to 60859, 43, 22, respectively, and 1902 full-length virus circRNAs were newly added; new functions were added such as visualization of the expression level of virus circRNAs and visualization of virus circRNAs in the Genome Browser. Analysis of the expression of virus circRNAs showed that they had low expression levels in most cells or tissues and showed strong expression heterogeneity. Analysis of the splicing of virus circRNAs showed that they used a much higher proportion of non-canonical back-splicing signals compared to those in animals and plants, and mainly used the A5SS (alternative 5' splice site) in alternative-splicing. Most virus circRNAs have no more than two isoforms. Finally, human genes associated with the virus circRNA production were investigated and more than 1000 human genes exhibited moderate correlations with the expression of virus circRNAs. Most of them showed negative correlations including 42 genes encoding RNA-binding proteins. They were significantly enriched in biological processes related to cell cycle and RNA processing. Overall, the study provides a valuable resource for further studies of virus circRNAs and also provides new insights into the biogenesis mechanisms of virus circRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fu
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zena Cai
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangxian Meng
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yousong Peng
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Zebardast A, Latifi T, shirzad M, Goodarzi G, Ebrahimi Fana S, Samavarchi Tehrani S, Yahyapour Y. Critical involvement of circular RNAs in virus-associated cancers. Genes Dis 2023; 10:2296-2305. [PMID: 37554189 PMCID: PMC10404876 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-related cancer is cancer where viral infection leads to the malignant transformation of the host's infected cells. Seven viruses (e.g., human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV)) that infect humans have been identified as an oncogene and have been associated with several human malignancies. Recently, growing attention has been attracted to exploring the pathogenesis of virus-related cancers. One of the most mysterious molecules involved in carcinogenesis and progression of virus-related cancers is circular RNAs (circRNA). These emerging non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), due to the absence of 5' and 3' ends, have high stability than linear RNAs and are found in some species across the eukaryotic organisms. Compelling evidence has revealed that viruses also encode a repertoire of circRNAs, as well as dysregulation of these viral circRNAs play a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of different types of virus-related cancers. Therefore, understanding the exact role and function of the virally encoded circRNAs with virus-associated cancers will open a new road for increasing our knowledge about the RNA world. Hence, in this review, we will focus on emerging roles of virus-encoded circRNAs in multiple cancers, including cervical cancer, gastric cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Kaposi cancer, and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghavan Zebardast
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Moein shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176, Iran
| | - Golnaz Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Saeed Ebrahimi Fana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Sadra Samavarchi Tehrani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Yousef Yahyapour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176, Iran
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Zhang Y, Zhu M, Pan J, Qiu Q, Tong X, Hu X, Gong C. BmCPV replication is suppressed by the activation of the NF-κB/autophagy pathway through the interaction of vsp21 translated by vcircRNA_000048 with ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 156:103947. [PMID: 37086910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori cypovirus (BmCPV), a typical double-stranded RNA virus, was demonstrated to generate a viral circRNA, vcircRNA_000048, which encodes a vsp21 with 21 amino acid residues to suppress viral replication. However, the regulatory mechanism of vsp21 on virus infection remained unclear. This study discovered that vsp21 induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activates autophagy, and attenuates virus replication by inducing autophagy. Then we confirmed that the effect of vsp21-induced autophagy on viral replication was attributed to the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, we clarified that vsp21 interacted with ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (UCH) and that ubiquitination and degradation of phospho-IκB-α were enhanced by vsp21 via competitive binding to UCH. Finally, we validated that vsp21 activates the NF-κB/autophagy pathway to suppress viral replication by interacting with UCH. These findings provided new insights into regulating viral multiplication and reovirus-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jun Pan
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qunnan Qiu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xinyu Tong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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5
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Serge Chasseur A, Muylkens B, Coupeau D. [The circular life of viruses]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:344-350. [PMID: 37094267 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNA), as ancient as the first viruses, take an important part in the host-pathogen relationship. After the first description of dysregulated cellular circRNAs upon viral infection, numerous circRNAs of viral origin were identified and characterized. They are impacting both viral and cellular cycles and are associated with virus-induced oncogenesis, immune system regulation and cell differentiation. While the naïve reader might get swamped by discovering this new field of RNA biology, it seems that these RNA rings are actually full of surprises and wonders at both a functional and a biogenesis level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Serge Chasseur
- Virologie moléculaire, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), Unité de recherche vétérinaire intégrée, université de Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgique
| | - Benoît Muylkens
- Virologie moléculaire, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), Unité de recherche vétérinaire intégrée, université de Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgique
| | - Damien Coupeau
- Virologie moléculaire, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), Unité de recherche vétérinaire intégrée, université de Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgique
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6
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You H, Ma L, Wang X, Zhang F, Han Y, Yao J, Pan X, Zheng K, Kong F, Tang R. The emerging role of DEAD/H-box helicases in hepatitis B virus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1062553. [PMID: 36506030 PMCID: PMC9732268 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1062553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DEAD/H-box helicases are an essential protein family with a conserved motif containing unique amino acid sequences (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His). Current evidence indicates that DEAD/H-box helicases regulate RNA metabolism and innate immune responses. In recent years, DEAD/H-box helicases have been reported to participate in the development of a variety of diseases, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, which is a significant risk factor for hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that different DEAD/H-box helicases play vital roles in the regulation of viral replication, based on the interaction of DEAD/H-box helicases with HBV and the modulation of innate signaling pathways mediated by DEAD/H-box helicases. Besides these, HBV can alter the expression and activity of DEAD/H-box helicases to facilitate its biosynthesis. More importantly, current investigation suggests that targeting DEAD/H-box helicases with appropriate compounds is an attractive treatment strategy for the virus infection. In this review, we delineate recent advances in molecular mechanisms relevant to the interplay of DEAD/H-box helicase and HBV and the potential of targeting DEAD/H-box helicase to eliminate HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fulong Zhang
- Imaging Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yiran Han
- First School of Clinical Medical, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiucheng Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fanyun Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Renxian Tang, ; Fanyun Kong,
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Renxian Tang, ; Fanyun Kong,
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7
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Qin Y, Lin L, Yang S, Dai Z, Zhang C, Huang J, Deng F, Yue X, Ren L, Fei Y, Zhao W, Wang Y, Zhong Z. Circular RNA circ_0076631 promotes coxsackievirus B3 infection through modulating viral translation by sponging miR-214-3p. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:975223. [PMID: 36147837 PMCID: PMC9485868 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.975223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB), a member of Enterovirus genus of Picornaviridae, is the leading pathogen of viral myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. The pathogenesis of CVB-induced myocarditis has not been completely elucidated, and no specific antiviral measurement is available presently. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to be able to modulate viral replication and infection through bridging over non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs). To date, the role of circRNAs in CVB infection is largely unknown. In this study, we found that hsa_circ_0076631 (circ_0076631) significantly promoted CVB type 3 (CVB3) replication. Further study showed that the underneath mechanism was circ_0076631 indirectly interacting with CVB3 through sponging miR-214-3p, which targeted the 3D-coding region of CVB3 genome to suppress viral translation. Knocking down circ-0076631 caused a suppression of CVB3 infection; thus, circ-0076631 may be a potential target for anti-CVB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shulong Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zongmao Dai
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengzhen Deng
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinxin Yue
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Long Ren
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanru Fei
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Wenran Zhao,
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Yan Wang,
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Zhaohua Zhong,
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The RNA-Binding Protein ELAVL1 Regulates Hepatitis B Virus Replication and Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147878. [PMID: 35887229 PMCID: PMC9316910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous RNA immunoprecipitation followed by proteomic approaches successfully demonstrated that Embryonic Lethal, Abnormal Vision, Drosophila-Like 1 (ELAVL1) interacts with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-derived RNAs. Although ELAVL family proteins stabilize AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNAs, their role in HBV transcription remains unclear. This study conducted loss-of-function assays of ELAVL1 for inducible HBV-replicating HepAD38 cells and HBx-overexpressed HepG2 cells. In addition, clinicopathological analyses in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surgical samples were also conducted. Lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA knockdown of ELAVL1 resulted in a decrease in both viral RNA transcription and production of viral proteins, including HBs and HBx, probably due to RNA stabilization by ELAVL1. Cell growth of HepAD38 cells was more significantly impaired in ELAVL1-knockdown than those in the control group, with or without HBV replication, indicating that ELAVL1 is involved in proliferation by factors other than HBV-derived RNAs. Immunohistochemical analyses of 77 paired HCC surgical specimens demonstrated that diffuse ELAVL1 expression was detected more frequently in HCC tissues (61.0%) than in non-tumor tissues (27.3%). In addition, the abundant expression of ELAVL1 tended to affect postoperative recurrence in HBV-related HCC patients. In conclusion, ELAVL1 contributes not only to HBV replication but also to HCC cell growth. It may be a potent therapeutic target for HBV-related HCC treatment.
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Zhang X, Liang Z, Wang C, Shen Z, Sun S, Gong C, Hu X. Viral Circular RNAs and Their Possible Roles in Virus-Host Interaction. Front Immunol 2022; 13:939768. [PMID: 35784275 PMCID: PMC9247149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.939768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) as novel regulatory molecules have been recognized in diverse species, including viruses. The virus-derived circRNAs play various roles in the host biological process and the life cycle of the viruses. This review summarized the circRNAs from the DNA and RNA viruses and discussed the biogenesis of viral and host circRNAs, the potential roles of viral circRNAs, and their future perspective. This review will elaborate on new insights gained on viruses encoded circRNAs during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chonglong Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zeen Shen
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sufei Sun
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolong Hu, ; Chengliang Gong,
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolong Hu, ; Chengliang Gong,
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10
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Chen S, Zheng J, Zhang B, Tang X, Cun Y, Wu T, Xu Y, Ma T, Cheng J, Yu Z, Wang H. Identification and characterization of virus-encoded circular RNAs in host cells. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35731570 PMCID: PMC9455708 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has identified viral circular RNAs (circRNAs) in human cells infected by viruses, interfering with the immune system and inducing diseases including human cancer. However, the biogenesis and regulatory mechanisms of virus-encoded circRNAs in host cells remain unknown. In this study, we used the circRNA detection tool CIRI2 to systematically determine the virus-encoded circRNAs in virus-infected cancer cell lines and cancer patients, by analysing RNA-Seq datasets derived from RNase R-treated samples. Based on the thousands of viral circRNAs we identified, the biological characteristics and potential roles of viral circRNAs in regulating host cell function were determined. In addition, we developed a Viral-circRNA Database (http://www.hywanglab.cn/vcRNAdb/), which is open to all users to search, browse and download information on circRNAs encoded by viruses upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bingyue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yewei Cun
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tao Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yue Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ting Ma
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jingxin Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Zuoren Yu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Haiyun Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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11
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Zhang Y, Zhu M, Zhang X, Dai K, Liang Z, Pan J, Zhang Z, Cao M, Xue R, Cao G, Hu X, Gong C. Micropeptide vsp21 translated by Reovirus circular RNA 000048 attenuates viral replication. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1179-1187. [PMID: 35461859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, some DNA viruses and single-stranded RNA viruses have been found to generate circRNAs. However, the reports on circRNAs produced by double-stranded RNA viruses are very limited. In this study, Bombyx mori cypovirus (BmCPV), a typical double-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Reoviridae, was demonstrated to generate viral circRNAs (vcircRNAs) and a vcircRNA_000048 whose sequence corresponds with the region 164-1245 nt on the BmCPV genomic dsRNA S5 segment (GQ294468.1) was validated by PCR, Sanger sequencing, reverse transcription-rolling circle amplification, and Northern blotting. Furthermore, we verified that vcircRNA_000048 translates a micropeptide vsp21 with 21 amino acid residues in an IRES-dependent manner, and vsp21 attenuates the viral replication. These findings provided a novel clue to understanding the regulation of viral multiplication and interaction of reovirus with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun Pan
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ziyao Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Manman Cao
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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12
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Dai K, Zhu M, Liang Z, Pan J, Zhang Z, Xue R, Cao G, Hu X, Gong C. Bombyx mori Akirin hijacks a viral peptide vSP27 encoded by BmCPV circRNA and activates the ROS-NF-κB pathway against viral infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:223-232. [PMID: 34875309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori cypovirus (BmCPV), a member of the family Reoviridae, is a model of Cypovirus, has a 10 segmented double-stranded RNA genome. However, so far, only one viral small peptide vSP27 with negative regulation on viral infection was identified; the mechanisms underlying host-BmCPV interaction are still unknown. Here, we identified that vSP27 was translated from a BmCPV derived circular RNA (circRNA-vSP27). Subsequently, results showed that vSP27 induced generation of ROS activated the NF-κB signaling pathway, induced the expression of antimicrobial peptides, and suppressed BmCPV infection. On the other hand, we identified a nuclear protein Akirin that could hijack vSP27, positively regulate the NF-κB pathway, and lead to inhibiting the viral infection. Altogether, our data suggested that BmCPV derived circRNA-vSP27 with small peptide translation activity may be employed by the host immunity in defense against the BmCPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun Pan
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ziyao Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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13
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Nishi Y, Aoki T, Shimizu T, Sato S, Matsumoto T, Shiraki T, Sakuraoka Y, Mori S, Iso Y, Ishizuka M, Kubota K. Significance of cytoplasmic expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver resection. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:244. [PMID: 34650811 PMCID: PMC8506680 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is reportedly expressed in various types of cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, the significance of subcellular expression of TERT in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been evaluated in detail. The present study evaluated TERT expression in resected HCC tumor tissues using immunohistochemistry. TERT expression was assessed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of HCC cells. The associations between TERT expression and clinical characteristics, including expression levels of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic unit (DNA-PKcs) and 8-hydroxyganosine (8-OHdG), were investigated. Among the 135 HCCs, TERT expression was positive only in the cytoplasm in 86 tumors (63.7%), was positive only in the nucleus in 3 tumors (2.2%), was positive in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus in 5 tumors (3.7%) and was negative in 41 tumors (30.4%). Similar results were confirmed using another antibody for TERT. Cytoplasmic TERT expression was markedly associated with hepatitis B surface antigen, poor tumor differentiation, and expression levels of DNA-PKcs and 8-OHdG. However, TERT expression in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus was not significantly associated with the overall or recurrence-free survival periods. In conclusion, TERT was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of HCC tissues. Cytoplasmic TERT expression was closely associated with hepatitis B virus-related HCC and DNA-PKcs expression, as well as oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishi
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Taku Aoki
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shimizu
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Shun Sato
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Matsumoto
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shiraki
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yuhki Sakuraoka
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Shozo Mori
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Iso
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ishizuka
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kubota
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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14
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Zhu M, Liang Z, Pan J, Zhang X, Xue R, Cao G, Hu X, Gong C. Hepatocellular carcinoma progression mediated by hepatitis B virus-encoded circRNA HBV_circ_1 through interaction with CDK1. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 25:668-682. [PMID: 34589285 PMCID: PMC8463320 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) produces circular RNA (circRNA), whose functions have not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, a novel circRNA HBV_circ_1 produced by HBV was identified in HBV-positive HepG2.2.15 cells and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue (HCCT). Microarray analysis of 68 HCCT samples showed that HBV_circ_1 abundance was significantly higher than that in paracancerous tissues. In addition, survival rate of HBV_circ_1-positive patients was significantly lower compared with HBV_circ_1-negative patients. Transient expression indicated that HBV_circ_1 enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibited apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, ectopical HBV_circ_1 expression increased tumor size in vivo. HBV_circ_1 was confirmed to interact with cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) to regulate cell proliferation. These results suggest that HCC progression may be promoted by interaction of HBV_circ_1 with CDK1. Our data not only showed a novel clue to understand carcinogenesis and progress of HBV-related HCC but also provided a new target for the development of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun Pan
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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15
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Pietropaolo V, Prezioso C, Moens U. Role of Virus-Induced Host Cell Epigenetic Changes in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158346. [PMID: 34361112 PMCID: PMC8346956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor viruses human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) account for approximately 15% of all human cancers. Although the oncoproteins of these tumor viruses display no sequence similarity to one another, they use the same mechanisms to convey cancer hallmarks on the infected cell. Perturbed gene expression is one of the underlying mechanisms to induce cancer hallmarks. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA affect gene expression without introducing changes in the DNA sequence. Increasing evidence demonstrates that oncoviruses cause epigenetic modifications, which play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. In this review, recent advances in the role of host cell epigenetic changes in virus-induced cancers are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
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16
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Circular RNA as An Epigenetic Regulator in Chronic Liver Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081945. [PMID: 34440714 PMCID: PMC8392363 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA characterized by a covalently closed continuous loop. CircRNA is generated by pre-mRNA through back-splicing and is probably cleared up by extracellular vesicles. CircRNAs play a pivotal role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recently, circRNAs have been demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of liver homeostasis and diseases. However, the epigenetic role and underlying mechanisms of circRNAs in chronic liver diseases remain unclear. This review discussed the role of circRNAs in non-neoplastic chronic liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD), metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), viral hepatitis, liver injury and regeneration, liver cirrhosis, and autoimmune liver disease. The review also highlighted that further efforts are urgently needed to develop circRNAs as novel diagnostics and therapeutics for chronic liver diseases.
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17
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Gao Y, Chang X, Xia J, Sun S, Mu Z, Liu X. Identification of HCC-Related Genes Based on Differential Partial Correlation Network. Front Genet 2021; 12:672117. [PMID: 34335688 PMCID: PMC8320536 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.672117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. As the disease is involved in multiple biological processes, systematic identification of disease genes and module biomarkers can provide a better understanding of disease mechanisms. In this study, we provided a network-based approach to integrate multi-omics data and discover disease-related genes. We applied our method to HCC data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and obtained a functional module with 15 disease-related genes as network biomarkers. The results of classification and hierarchical clustering demonstrate that the identified functional module can effectively distinguish between the disease and the control group in both supervised and unsupervised methods. In brief, this computational method to identify potential functional disease modules could be useful to disease diagnosis and further mechanism study of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Xiao Chang
- Institute of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu, China
| | - Jie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyan Sun
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Zengchao Mu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
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18
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Liao R, Liu L, Zhou J, Wei X, Huang P. Current Molecular Biology and Therapeutic Strategy Status and Prospects for circRNAs in HBV-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:697747. [PMID: 34277444 PMCID: PMC8284075 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.697747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are newly classified noncoding RNA (ncRNA) members with a covalently closed continuous loop structure that are involved in immune responses against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections and play important biological roles in the occurrence and pathogenesis of HCC progression. The roles of circRNAs in HBV-associated HCC (HBV-HCC) have gained increasing attention. Substantial evidence has revealed that both tissue and circulating circRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. So far, at least four circRNA/miRNA regulatory axes such as circRNA_101764/miR-181, circRNA_100338/miR-141-3p, circ-ARL3/miR-1305, circ-ATP5H/miR-138-5p, and several circulating circRNAs were reported to be associated with HBV-HCC development. Notably, TGF/SMAD, JAK/STAT, Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways may play pivotal roles in this HBV-driven HCC via several circRNAs. Moreover, in non-HBV HCC patients or HCC patients partially infected by HBV, numerous circRNAs have been identified to be important regulators impacting the malignant biological behavior of HCC. Furthermore, the role of circRNAs in HCC drug resistance has become a focus of research with the aim of reversing chemoresistance and immune resistance. Herein, we review the molecular biology of circRNAs in HBV-HCC and their potential in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The People's Rongchang Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xufu Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Differential host circRNA expression profiles in human lung epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104923. [PMID: 34004360 PMCID: PMC8123525 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging and highly pathogenic coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and might even lead to death. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a new type of RNAs, are implicated in viral pathogenesis and host immune responses. However, their dynamic expression patterns and functions during SARS-CoV-2 infection remain to be unclear. We herein performed genome-wide dynamic analysis of circRNAs in human lung epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 at four time points. A total of 6118 circRNAs were identified at different genomic locations, including 5641 known and 477 novel circRNAs. Notably, a total of 42 circRNAs were significantly dysregulated, wherein 17 were up-regulated and 25 were down-regulated following infection at multiple phases. The gene ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the parental genes of circRNAs were mainly involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Further, the RNA binding protein (RBP) prediction analysis indicated that the dysregulated circRNAs could regulate mRNA stability, immunity, cell death by binding specific proteins. Additionally, the circRNA-miRNA-gene network analysis showed that circRNAs indirectly regulated gene expression by absorbing their targeted miRNAs. Collectively, these results shed light on the roles of circRNAs in virus-host interactions, facilitating future studies on SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis.
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20
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Avilala J, Becnel D, Abdelghani R, Nanbo A, Kahn J, Li L, Lin Z. Role of Virally Encoded Circular RNAs in the Pathogenicity of Human Oncogenic Viruses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657036. [PMID: 33959113 PMCID: PMC8093803 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human oncogenic viruses are a group of important pathogens that etiologically contribute to at least 12% of total cancer cases in the world. As an emerging class of non-linear regulatory RNA molecules, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have gained increasing attention as a crucial player in the regulation of signaling pathways involved in viral infection and oncogenesis. With the assistance of current circRNA enrichment and detection technologies, numerous novel virally-encoded circRNAs (vcircRNAs) have been identified in the human oncogenic viruses, initiating an exciting new era of vcircRNA research. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the roles of vcircRNAs in the respective viral infection cycles and in virus-associated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janardhan Avilala
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - David Becnel
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ramsy Abdelghani
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Asuka Nanbo
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jacob Kahn
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Zhen Lin
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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21
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Mo Y, Liu Y, Lu A, Zhang H, Tang L. Role of circRNAs in viral infection and their significance for diagnosis and treatment (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:88. [PMID: 33786618 PMCID: PMC8018182 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with a circular, covalent structure that lack both 5' ends and 3' poly(A) tails, which are stable and specific molecules that exist in eukaryotic cells and are highly conserved. The role of circRNAs in viral infections is being increasingly acknowledged, since circRNAs have been discovered to be involved in several viral infections (such as hepatitis B virus infection and human papilloma virus infection) through a range of circRNA/microRNA/mRNA regulatory axes. These findings have prompted investigations into the potential of circRNAs as targets for the diagnosis and treatment of viral infection-related diseases. The aim of the present review was to systematically examine and discuss the role of circRNAs in several common viral infections, as well as their potential as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Mo
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yuze Liu
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Anni Lu
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hanyi Zhang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Tang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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22
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RNA Helicase A Regulates the Replication of RNA Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030361. [PMID: 33668948 PMCID: PMC7996507 DOI: 10.3390/v13030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The RNA helicase A (RHA) is a member of DExH-box helicases and characterized by two double-stranded RNA binding domains at the N-terminus. RHA unwinds double-stranded RNA in vitro and is involved in RNA metabolisms in the cell. RHA is also hijacked by a variety of RNA viruses to facilitate virus replication. Herein, this review will provide an overview of the role of RHA in the replication of RNA viruses.
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23
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Lou Z, Zhou R, Su Y, Liu C, Ruan W, Jeon CO, Han X, Lin C, Jia B. Minor and major circRNAs in virus and host genomes. J Microbiol 2021; 59:324-331. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Tan KE, Lim YY. Viruses join the circular RNA world. FEBS J 2020; 288:4488-4502. [PMID: 33236482 PMCID: PMC7753765 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a recently discovered class of noncoding RNAs found in many species across the eukaryotic kingdom. These intriguing RNA species are formed through a unique mechanism that is known as back splicing in which the 5′ and 3′ termini are covalently joined. Recent research has revealed that viruses also encode a repertoire of circRNAs. Some of these viral circRNAs are abundantly expressed and are reported to play a role in disease pathogenesis. A growing number of studies also indicate that host circRNAs are involved in immune responses against virus infections with either an antiviral or proviral role. In this review, we briefly introduce circRNA, its biogenesis, and mechanism of action. We go on to summarize the latest research on the expression, regulation, and functions of viral and host‐encoded circRNAs during the host–virus interaction, with the aim of highlighting the potential of viral and host circRNAs as a suitable target for diagnostic biomarker development and therapeutic treatment of viral‐associated diseases. We conclude by discussing the current limitations in knowledge and significance of elucidating the roles of circRNAs in host–virus interactions, as well as future directions for this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-En Tan
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yat-Yuen Lim
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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25
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Pan YQ, Xing L. The Current View on the Helicase Activity of RNA Helicase A and Its Role in Gene Expression. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 22:29-40. [PMID: 33143622 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666201103084122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RNA helicase A (RHA) is a DExH-box helicase that plays regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes, including transcription, translation, RNA splicing, editing, transport, and processing, microRNA genesis and maintenance of genomic stability. It is involved in virus replication, oncogenesis, and innate immune response. RHA can unwind nucleic acid duplex by nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis. The insight into the molecular mechanism of helicase activity is fundamental to understanding the role of RHA in the cell. Herein, we reviewed the current advances on the helicase activity of RHA and its relevance to gene expression, particularly, to the genesis of circular RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qing Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China
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26
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Guo F, Xing L. RNA helicase A as co-factor for DNA viruses during replication. Virus Res 2020; 291:198206. [PMID: 33132162 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RNA helicase A (RHA) is a ubiquitously expressed DExH-box helicase enzyme that is involved in a wide range of biological processes including transcription, translation, and RNA processing. A number of RNA viruses recruit RHA to the viral RNA to facilitate virus replication. DNA viruses contain a DNA genome and replicate using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. RHA has also been reported to associate with some DNA viruses during replication, in which the enzyme acts on the viral RNA or protein products. As shown for Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, RHA has potential to allow the virus to control a switch in cellular gene expression to modulate the antiviral response. While the study of the interaction of RHA with DNA viruses is still at an early stage, preliminary evidence indicates that the underlying molecular mechanisms are diverse. We now review the current status of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, PR China
| | - Li Xing
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, PR China.
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27
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The role of circular RNAs in viral infection and related diseases. Virus Res 2020; 291:198205. [PMID: 33132144 PMCID: PMC7581343 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CircRNAs are formed by pre-mRNA through “back-splicing”. CircRNAs regulate host immune response and virus replication. CircRNAs have potential as diagnostic markers or treatment targets for viral infection.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with a special covalently closed circular structure, which is formed by precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) through “back-splicing”. CircRNAs are more stable than linear RNAs because they are resistant to exoribonucleases. Viral infections often cause abnormal expression of circRNAs, which could serve as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of viral infections by detecting specific circRNAs in cells, body fluids, or tissues. CircRNAs also play a critical role in regulating host immune response and virus replication. Here, we reviewed the production and function of circRNAs, mainly focusing on their regulation on virus infection, to provide novel insights into the potential role of circRNAs as diagnostic marker or treatment targets for viral infection.
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28
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Dai K, Liang Z, Zhu M, Zhang M, Pan J, Hu X, Zhang X, Xue R, Cao G, Gong C. circEgg regulates histone H3K9me3 by sponging bmo-miR-3391-5p and encoding circEgg-P122 protein in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 124:103430. [PMID: 32585305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A large number of circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been found in different organisms; however, their function in the regulation of histone modification remains unknown. In this study, we found that the circRNA circEgg, cyclized by the 9th-13th exon of Bombyx mori histone-lysine N-methyltransferase eggless (BmEgg) gene, mainly distributes in the cytoplasm, its expression levels changed with silkworm developmental stages, and the linear transcript level of the BmEgg gene was decreased when circEgg was overexpressed. Moreover, circEgg was found to repress histone H3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9me3), promote histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac), and positively regulate histone deacetylase (HDAC) Rpd3 (BmHDAC Rpd3) gene expression by sponging the microRNA bmo-miR-3391-5p. Furthermore, circEgg encodes a circEgg-P122 protein which appears to inhibit H3K9me3. These results suggest that circEgg regulates histone modification by sponging bmo-miR-3391-5p and encoding circEgg-P122 protein. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that a circRNA produced by BmEgg plays an important role in histone epigenetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyan Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yunshan Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Mingtian Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jun Pan
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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29
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Shen B, Chen Y, Hu J, Qiao M, Ren J, Hu J, Chen J, Tang N, Huang A, Hu Y. Hepatitis B virus X protein modulates upregulation of DHX9 to promote viral DNA replication. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13148. [PMID: 31829498 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of acute and chronic liver diseases. During the HBV life cycle, HBV hijacks various host factors to assist viral replication. In this research, we find that the HBV regulatory protein X (HBx) can induce the upregulation of DExH-box RNA helicase 9 (DHX9) expression by repressing proteasome-dependent degradation mediated by MDM2. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DHX9 contributes to viral DNA replication in dependence on its helicase activity and nuclear localization. In addition, the promotion of viral DNA replication by DHX9 is dependent on its interaction with Nup98. Our findings reveal that HBx-mediated DHX9 upregulation is essential for HBV DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bocun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, 109#, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, 109#, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, 109#, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, 109#, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, 109#, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, 109#, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, 109#, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, 109#, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, 109#, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, 109#, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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30
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Kanduc D, Shoenfeld Y. Human Papillomavirus Epitope Mimicry and Autoimmunity: The Molecular Truth of Peptide Sharing. Pathobiology 2019; 86:285-295. [PMID: 31593963 DOI: 10.1159/000502889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the cross-reactivity potential and the consequent autoimmunity intrinsic to viral versus human peptide sharing. METHODS Using human papillomavirus (HPV) infection/active immunization as a research model, the experimentally validated HPV L1 epitopes catalogued at the Immune Epitope DataBase were analyzed for peptide sharing with the human proteome. RESULTS The final data show that the totality of the immunoreactive HPV L1 epi-topes is mostly composed by peptides present in human proteins. CONCLUSIONS Immunologically, the high extent of peptide sharing between the HPV L1 epitopes and human proteins invites to revise the concept of the negative selection of self-reactive lymphocytes. Pathologically, the data highlight a cross-reactive potential for a spectrum of autoimmune diseases that includes ovarian failure, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), breast cancer and sudden death, among others. Therapeutically, analyzing already validated immunoreactive epitopes filters out the peptide sharing possibly exempt of self-reactivity, defines the effective potential for pathologic autoimmunity, and allows singling out peptide epitopes for safe immunotherapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy,
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to Tel-Aviv, University School of Medicine, Ramat Gan, Israel.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian, Federation, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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31
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Sekiba K, Otsuka M, Ohno M, Yamagami M, Kishikawa T, Seimiya T, Suzuki T, Tanaka E, Ishibashi R, Funato K, Koike K. Pevonedistat, a Neuronal Precursor Cell-Expressed Developmentally Down-Regulated Protein 8-Activating Enzyme Inhibitor, Is a Potent Inhibitor of Hepatitis B Virus. Hepatology 2019; 69:1903-1915. [PMID: 30586159 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health concern worldwide. To prevent HBV-related mortality, elimination of viral proteins is considered the ultimate goal of HBV treatment; however, currently available nucleos(t)ide analogs rarely achieve this goal, as viral transcription from episomal viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is not prevented. HBV regulatory protein X was recently found to target the protein structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6 (Smc5/6) for ubiquitination and degradation by DDB1-CUL4-ROC1 E3 ligase, resulting in enhanced viral transcription from cccDNA. This ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal pathway requires an additional ubiquitin-like protein for activation, neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 8 (NEDD8). Here, we show that pevonedistat, a NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor, works efficiently as an antiviral agent. Pevonedistat significantly restored Smc5/6 protein levels and suppressed viral transcription and protein production in the HBV minicircle system in in vitro HBV replication models and in human primary hepatocytes infected naturally with HBV. Conclusion: These results indicate that pevonedistat is a promising compound to treat chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Sekiba
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Motoko Ohno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mari Yamagami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seimiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Eri Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Rei Ishibashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Funato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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32
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Shimizu T, Aoki T, Mori S, Iso Y, Kato M, Ishizuka M, Kubota K. Tumor DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit expression is associated with hepatitis B surface antigen status and tumor progression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15019. [PMID: 30301934 PMCID: PMC6177422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), which plays an important role in the DNA damage response, has been reported to be associated with tumor progression in various carcinomas. However, the clinical significance of DNA-PKcs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients remains unclear. In the present study, we determined the tumor expression of DNA-PKcs in 104 resected HCC specimens by immunohistochemistry. The DNA-PKcs expression was scored as follows; 0, negative staining; 1, staining of nuclei at the tumor edge; 2, staining of the nuclei deep within the tumor and/or the tumor cytoplasm. The relationships between tumor expression of DNA-PKcs and the clinical characteristics and patient outcomes were investigated. Among the 104 HCCs, the distribution of staining for DNA-PKcs was as follows: 32 tumors were assigned a score of 0, 27 tumors were assigned a score of 1, and 45 tumors were assigned a score of 2. Statistical analyses revealed that tumor DNA-PKcs expression was significantly associated with the HBs antigen (HBsAg) status, presence/absence of portal vein invasion, size of the largest tumor nodule (<3.0 cm/>3.0, cm), and the serum alpha-fetoprotein level. Significant differences in the overall survival and recurrence-free survival were observed between patients showing (staining score 1 or 2) and not showing (staining score 0) tumor DNA-PKcs expression (P = 0.049 and P = 0.045, respectively). Our results suggest that tumor expression of DNA-PKcs is associated with tumor progression, HBsAg status and the postoperative outcomes in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Shimizu
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Taku Aoki
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Shozo Mori
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Iso
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masato Kato
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ishizuka
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kubota
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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