1
|
Albadari N, Xie Y, Li W. Deciphering treatment resistance in metastatic colorectal cancer: roles of drug transports, EGFR mutations, and HGF/c-MET signaling. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1340401. [PMID: 38269272 PMCID: PMC10806212 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1340401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2023, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. At the time of the initial visit, 20% of patients diagnosed with CRC have metastatic CRC (mCRC), and another 25% who present with localized disease will later develop metastases. Despite the improvement in response rates with various modulation strategies such as chemotherapy combined with targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, the prognosis of mCRC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of 14%, and the primary reason for treatment failure is believed to be the development of resistance to therapies. Herein, we provide an overview of the main mechanisms of resistance in mCRC and specifically highlight the role of drug transports, EGFR, and HGF/c-MET signaling pathway in mediating mCRC resistance, as well as discuss recent therapeutic approaches to reverse resistance caused by drug transports and resistance to anti-EGFR blockade caused by mutations in EGFR and alteration in HGF/c-MET signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu CP, Hsiao SH, Wu YS. Perspectives on drug repurposing to overcome cancer multidrug resistance mediated by ABCB1 and ABCG2. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 71:101011. [PMID: 37865067 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression of the human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in cancer cells is a common mechanism involved in developing multidrug resistance (MDR). Unfortunately, there are currently no approved drugs specifically designed to treat multidrug-resistant cancers, making MDR a significant obstacle to successful chemotherapy. Despite over two decades of research, developing transporter-specific inhibitors for clinical use has proven to be a challenging endeavor. As an alternative approach, drug repurposing has gained traction as a more practical method to discover clinically effective modulators of drug transporters. This involves exploring new indications for already-approved drugs, bypassing the lengthy process of developing novel synthetic inhibitors. In this context, we will discuss the mechanisms of ABC drug transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2, their roles in cancer MDR, and the inhibitors that have been evaluated for their potential to reverse MDR mediated by these drug transporters. Our focus will be on providing an up-to-date report on approved drugs tested for their inhibitory activities against these drug efflux pumps. Lastly, we will explore the challenges and prospects of repurposing already approved medications for clinical use to overcome chemoresistance in patients with high tumor expression of ABCB1 and/or ABCG2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Pu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10507, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Han Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters and MDR in cancer. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103537. [PMID: 36801375 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Of the many known multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters expelling drug molecules out of cells is a major factor limiting the efficacy of present-day anticancer drugs. In this review, we highlights updated information on the structure, function, and regulatory mechanisms of major MDR-related ABC transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and the effect of modulators on their functions. We also provide focused information on different modulators of ABC transporters that could be utilized against the emerging MDR crisis in cancer treatment. Finally, we discuss the importance of ABC transporters as therapeutic targets in light of future strategic planning for translating ABC transporter inhibitors into clinical practice.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Ding B, Liu J, Li X, He C, Wang J, Liu L. Drug resistance of hepatoma cells induced by ATP‑binding cassette transporter G2 by reducing intracellular drug concentration. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:124. [PMID: 36845945 PMCID: PMC9947739 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The side effects and drug resistance during chemotherapy seriously affect the outcome of and may lead to the failure of chemotherapy for patients with hepatoma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2) in hepatoma cells and the drug resistance of hepatoma. An MTT assay was used to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Adriamycin (ADM) in hepatoma HepG2 cells after treatment with ADM for 24 h. An ADM-resistant hepatoma cell subline, HepG2/ADM, was generated from the HepG2 hepatoma cell line through a stepwise selection with ADM doses from 0.01 to 0.1 µg/ml. The HepG2/ABCG2 cell line, an ABCG2-overexpressing hepatoma cell line, was established by transfecting the ABCG2 gene into HepG2 cells. The MTT assay was then used to detect the IC50 of ADM in HepG2/ADM and HepG2/ABCG2 cells after treatment with ADM for 24 h and the resistance index was calculated. The apoptosis, cell cycle and ABCG2 protein expression levels in HepG2/ADM, HepG2/ABCG2 cells, HepG2/PCDNA3.1 and their parental HepG2 cells were detected by flow cytometry. In addition, flow cytometry was used to detect the efflux effect of HepG2/ADM and HepG2/ABCG2 cells after ADM treatment. ABCG2 mRNA expression in cells was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. After 3 months of ADM treatment, HepG2/ADM cells grew stably in the cell culture medium containing 0.1 µg/ml ADM and the cells were named HepG2/ADM cells. ABCG2 was overexpressed in HepG2/ABCG2 cells. The IC50 of ADM in HepG2, HepG2/PCDNA3.1, HepG2/ADM and HepG2/ABCG2 cells was 0.72±0.03, 0.74±0.01, 11.17±0.59 and 12.75±0.47 µg/ml, respectively. The cell apoptotic rate of HepG2/ADM and HepG2/ABCG2 cells was not significantly different compared with that of HepG2 and HepG2/PCDNA3.1 cells (P>0.05), but the G0/G1 phase population of the cell cycle decreased and the proliferation index increased significantly (P<0.05). The expression levels of ABCG2 gene and protein in HepG2/ADM and HepG2/ABCG2 cells were significantly higher than those in HepG2 and HepG2/PCDNA3.1 cells (P<0.01), but there was no significant difference between HepG2 and HepG2/PCDNA3.1 cells (P>0.05). The ADM efflux effect of HepG2/ADM and HepG2/ABCG2 cells was significantly higher than that of parental HepG2 and HepG2/PCDNA3.1 cells (P<0.05). Therefore, the present study demonstrated that ABCG2 expression is highly increased in drug-resistant hepatoma cells and that high expression of ABCG2 is involved in the drug resistance of hepatoma by reducing the intracellular drug concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuekao Li
- Department of Computed Tomography, Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Boyue Ding
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Jianghui Liu
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Caiyi He
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Liang Liu, Department of Flow Cytometry, Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rösch L, Herter S, Najafi S, Ridinger J, Peterziel H, Cinatl J, Jones DTW, Michaelis M, Witt O, Oehme I. ERBB and P-glycoprotein inhibitors break resistance in relapsed neuroblastoma models through P-glycoprotein. Mol Oncol 2022; 17:37-58. [PMID: 36181342 PMCID: PMC9812835 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance is a persistent clinical problem in relapsed high-risk neuroblastomas. We tested a panel of 15 drugs for sensitization of neuroblastoma cells to the conventional chemotherapeutic vincristine, identifying tariquidar, an inhibitor of the transmembrane pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1), and the ERBB family inhibitor afatinib as the top resistance breakers. Both compounds were efficient in sensitizing neuroblastoma cells to vincristine in trypan blue exclusion assays and in inducing apoptotic cell death. The evaluation of ERBB signaling revealed no functional inhibition, that is, dephosphorylation of the downstream pathways upon afatinib treatment but direct off-target interference with P-gp function. Depletion of ABCB1, but not ERRB4, sensitized cells to vincristine treatment. P-gp inhibition substantially broke vincristine resistance in vitro and in vivo (zebrafish embryo xenograft). The analysis of gene expression datasets of more than 50 different neuroblastoma cell lines (primary and relapsed) and more than 160 neuroblastoma patient samples from the pediatric precision medicine platform INFORM (Individualized Therapy For Relapsed Malignancies in Childhood) confirmed a pivotal role of P-gp specifically in neuroblastoma resistance at relapse, while the ERBB family appears to play a minor part.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rösch
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ)Germany,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany,Faculty of BiosciencesUniversity of HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sonja Herter
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ)Germany,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany,Faculty of BiosciencesUniversity of HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sara Najafi
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ)Germany,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and ImmunologyUniversity Hospital HeidelbergGermany
| | - Johannes Ridinger
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ)Germany,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Heike Peterziel
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ)Germany,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute for Medical VirologyGoethe University HospitalFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - David T. W. Jones
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ)Germany,Division of Pediatric Glioma ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Olaf Witt
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ)Germany,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and ImmunologyUniversity Hospital HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ina Oehme
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ)Germany,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lazertinib improves the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in ABCB1 or ABCG2 overexpression cancer cells in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:636-649. [PMID: 35284628 PMCID: PMC8897717 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the major cause of chemotherapy failure, which is usually caused by the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as ABCB1 and ABCG2. To date, no MDR modulator has been clinically approved. Here, we found that lazertinib (YH25448; a novel third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor [TKI]) could enhance the anticancer efficacy of MDR transporter substrate anticancer drugs in vitro,in vivo, and ex vivo. Mechanistically, lazertinib was shown to inhibit the drug efflux activities of ABCB1 and ABCG2 and thus increase the intracellular accumulation of the transporter substrate anticancer drug. Moreover, lazertinib was found to stimulate the ATPase activity of ABCB1/ABCG2 and inhibit the photolabeling of the transporters by 125I-iodoarylazidoprazosin (IAAP). However, lazertinib neither changed the expression or locolization of ABCB1 and ABCG2 nor blocked the signal pathway of Akt or Erk1/2 at a drug concentration effective for MDR reversal. Overall, our results demonstrate that lazertinib effectively reverses ABCB1- or ABCG2-mediated MDR by competitively binding to the ATP-binding site and inhibiting drug efflux function. This is the first report demonstrating the novel combined use of lazertinib and conventional chemotherapeutical drugs to overcome MDR in ABCB1/ABCG2-overexpressing cancer cells.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang G, Cao L, Jiang Y, Zhang T, Wang H, Wang Z, Xu J, Mao M, Hua Y, Cai Z, Ma X, Hu S, Zhou C. Anlotinib Reverses Multidrug Resistance (MDR) in Osteosarcoma by Inhibiting P-Glycoprotein (PGP1) Function In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:798837. [PMID: 35111065 PMCID: PMC8801797 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.798837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the multidrug resistance (MDR)-related protein P-glycoprotein (PGP1), which actively extrudes chemotherapeutic agents from cells and significantly decreases the efficacy of chemotherapy, is viewed as a major obstacle in osteosarcoma chemotherapy. Anlotinib, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has good anti-tumor effects in a variety of solid tumors. However, there are few studies on the mechanism of anlotinib reversing chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma. In this study, cellular assays were performed in vitro and in vivo to evaluate the MDR reversal effects of anlotinib on multidrug-resistant osteosarcoma cell lines. Drug efflux and intracellular drug accumulation were measured by flow cytometry. The vanadate-sensitive ATPase activity of PGP1 was measured in the presence of a range of anlotinib concentrations. The protein expression level of ABCB1 was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. Our results showed that anlotinib significantly increased the sensitivity of KHOSR2 and U2OSR2 cells (which overexpress PGP1) to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in a KHOSR2 xenograft nude mouse model in vivo. Mechanistically, anlotinib increases the intracellular accumulation of PGP1 substrates by inhibiting the efflux function of PGP1 in multidrug-resistant cell lines. Furthermore, anlotinib stimulated the ATPase activity of PGP1 but affected neither the protein expression level nor the localization of PGP1. In animal studies, anlotinib in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) significantly decreased the tumor growth rate and the tumor size in the KHOSR2 xenograft nude mouse model. Overall, our findings suggest that anlotinib may be useful for circumventing MDR to other conventional antineoplastic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Fifth Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafei Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoying Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Mao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqi Hua
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengdong Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghao Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institute, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
2-Hydroxyestradiol Overcomes Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Mediated Platinum Chemoresistance in Ovarian Cancer Cells in an ERK-Independent Fashion. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030804. [PMID: 35164068 PMCID: PMC8839885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the second most common type of gynecological malignancy. Platinum (Pt)-based chemotherapy is the standard of care for OC, but toxicity and acquired chemoresistance has proven challenging. Recently, we reported that sensitivity to platinum was significantly reduced in a co-culture of OC cells with MSC. To discover compounds capable of restoring platinum sensitivity, we screened a number of candidates and monitored ability to induce PARP cleavage. Moreover, we monitored platinum uptake and expression of ABC transporters in OC cells. Our results showed that 2-hydroxyestradiol (2HE2), a metabolite of estradiol, and dasatinib, an Abl/Src kinase inhibitor, were significantly effective in overcoming MSC-mediated platinum drug resistance. Dasatinib activity was dependent on ERK1/2 activation, whereas 2HE2 was independent of the activation of ERK1/2. MSC-mediated platinum drug resistance was accompanied by reduced intracellular platinum concentrations in OC cells. Moreover, MSC co-cultured with OC cells resulted in downregulation of the expression of cellular transporters required for platinum uptake and efflux. Exposure to 2HE2 and other modulators resulted in an increase in intracellular platinum concentrations. Thus, 2HE2 and dasatinib might act as sensitizers to restore platinum drug sensitivity to OC cells and thus to limit TME-mediated chemoresistance in OC.
Collapse
|
9
|
Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells in Lung, Head and Neck, and Bladder Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205098. [PMID: 34680249 PMCID: PMC8534162 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Effective cancer treatment hinges upon overcoming therapeutic resistance mechanisms that allow for the continued proliferation of cancer cell subpopulations. Exposure to pharmacotherapy invariably leads to resistance as tumor cells with selected advantageous features evade destruction and alter the tumor composition. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) with features of plasticity that allow for regeneration and differentiation are particularly responsible for this phenomenon. Advances in tumor biology and molecular signaling have highlighted their role in neoplastic initiation, invasion, and maintenance. Novel strategies to direct therapy against these tumor cell subpopulations have the potential to dramatically alter tumor response and change the course of cancer care. Abstract Resistance to cancer therapy remains a significant obstacle in treating patients with various solid malignancies. Exposure to current chemotherapeutics and targeted agents invariably leads to therapy resistance, heralding the need for novel agents. Cancer stem cells (CSCs)—a subpopulation of tumor cells with capacities for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation—represent a pool of therapeutically resistant cells. CSCs often share physical and molecular characteristics with the stem cell population of the human body. It remains challenging to selectively target CSCs in therapeutically resistant tumors. The generation of CSCs and induction of therapeutic resistance can be attributed to several deregulated critical growth regulatory signaling pathways such as WNT/β-catenin, Notch, Hippo, and Hedgehog. Beyond growth regulatory pathways, CSCs also change the tumor microenvironment and resist endogenous immune attack. Thus, CSCs can interfere with each stage of carcinogenesis from malignant transformation to the onset of metastasis to tumor recurrence. A thorough review of novel targeted agents to act against CSCs is fundamental for advancing cancer treatment in the setting of both intrinsic and acquired resistance.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pasquariello KZ, Dey JM, Sprowl JA. Current Understanding of Membrane Transporters as Regulators or Targets for Cisplatin-Induced Hearing Loss. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:348-355. [PMID: 34330821 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a platinum-based drug which remains among the most efficacious anticancer treatment options. Unfortunately, use of cisplatin is hindered by dose-limiting toxicities, including irreversible hearing loss, which can grossly affect patient quality of life. Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity is the result of cochlear hair cell damage through a mechanism that is poorly understood. However, cisplatin cytotoxicity is reliant on intracellular accumulation, a process that is largely dependent on the presence of particular membrane transporters. This review will provide an update on our current understanding of the various transporters known to be involved in the disposition and cytotoxicity of platinum drugs or their metabolites, as well as their role in mediating cisplatin-induced hearing loss. We also provide a summary of the successes and opportunities in therapeutically targeting membrane transporters to alleviate platinum-induced hearing loss. Moreover, we describe how this approach could be used to reduce the severity or onset of other adverse events associated with exposure to various forms of platinum drugs, without diminishing anti-tumor efficacy. Significance Statement Cisplatin-induced hearing loss is a dose limiting and irreversible adverse event with no current preventative or curative treatment measures. Pharmacological targeting of membrane transporters that regulate platinum uptake into cochlear hair cells, if conducted appropriately, may alleviate this devastating side effect and could be applied to alleviate other platinum-induced toxicities.
Collapse
Key Words
- Uptake transporters (OATP, OAT, OCT, PEPT, MCT, NTCP, ASBT, etc.)
- cancer chemotherapy
- efflux transporters (P-gp, BCRP, MRP, MATE, BSEP, etc)
- ototoxicity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason A Sprowl
- School of Pharmacy, University of Buffalo, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu X, Suo H, Zhou S, Hou Z, Bu M, Liu X, Xu W. Afatinib induces pro-survival autophagy and increases sensitivity to apoptosis in stem-like HNSCC cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:728. [PMID: 34294686 PMCID: PMC8298552 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Afatinib, a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), exerts its antitumor effects in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) by inducing intrinsic apoptosis through suppression of mTORC1. However, the detailed mechanism and biological significance of afatinib-induced autophagy in HNSCC remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that afatinib induced mTORC1 suppression-mediated autophagy in HNSCC cells. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that afatinib stimulated REDD1-TSC1 signaling, giving rise to mTORC1 inactivation and subsequent autophagy. Moreover, ROS generation elicited by afatinib was responsible for the induction of the REDD1-TSC1-mTORC1 axis. In addition, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of autophagy sensitized HNSCC cells to afatinib-induced apoptosis, demonstrating that afatinib activated pro-survival autophagy in HNSCC cells. Importantly, in vitro and in vivo assays showed that afatinib caused enhanced apoptosis but weaker autophagy in stem-like HNSCC cells constructed by CDH1 knockdown. This suggested that blocking autophagy has the potential to serve as a promising strategy to target HNSCC stem cells. In conclusion, our findings suggested that the combination treatment with afatinib and autophagy inhibitors has the potential to eradicate HNSCC cells, especially cancer stem cells in clinical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianfang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, P.R. China
| | - Huiyuan Suo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxing Hou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, P.R. China
| | - Mingqiang Bu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong, 277500, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jaromi L, Csongei V, Vesel M, Abdelwahab EMM, Soltani A, Torok Z, Smuk G, Sarosi V, Pongracz JE. KRAS and EGFR Mutations Differentially Alter ABC Drug Transporter Expression in Cisplatin-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105384. [PMID: 34065402 PMCID: PMC8160643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinoma is still the most common malignancy worldwide. One of the major subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is adenocarcinoma (AC). As driver mutations and hence therapies differ in AC subtypes, we theorized that the expression and function of ABC drug transporters important in multidrug resistance (MDR) would correlate with characteristic driver mutations KRAS or EGFR. Cisplatin resistance (CR) was generated in A549 (KRAS) and PC9 (EGFR) cell lines and gene expression was tested. In three-dimensional (3D) multicellular aggregate cultures, both ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters, as well as the WNT microenvironment, were investigated. ABCB1 and ABCG2 gene expression levels were different in primary AC samples and correlated with specific driver mutations. The drug transporter expression pattern of parental A549 and PC9, as well as A549-CR and PC9-CR, cell lines differed. Increased mRNA levels of ABCB1 and ABCG2 were detected in A549-CR cells, compared to parental A549, while the trend observed in the case of PC9 cells was different. Dominant alterations were observed in LEF1, RHOU and DACT1 genes of the WNT signalling pathway in a mutation-dependent manner. The study confirmed that, in lung AC-s, KRAS and EGFR driver mutations differentially affect both drug transporter expression and the cisplatin-induced WNT signalling microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Jaromi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (L.J.); (V.C.); (M.V.); (E.M.M.A.); (A.S.); (Z.T.)
- Wnt-Signalling and Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Veronika Csongei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (L.J.); (V.C.); (M.V.); (E.M.M.A.); (A.S.); (Z.T.)
- Wnt-Signalling and Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Monika Vesel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (L.J.); (V.C.); (M.V.); (E.M.M.A.); (A.S.); (Z.T.)
- Wnt-Signalling and Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - ElHusseiny Mohamed Mahmud Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (L.J.); (V.C.); (M.V.); (E.M.M.A.); (A.S.); (Z.T.)
- Wnt-Signalling and Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Amina Soltani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (L.J.); (V.C.); (M.V.); (E.M.M.A.); (A.S.); (Z.T.)
- Wnt-Signalling and Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Torok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (L.J.); (V.C.); (M.V.); (E.M.M.A.); (A.S.); (Z.T.)
- Wnt-Signalling and Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Pulmonology, Internal Medicine, The Medical School and Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Gabor Smuk
- Department of Pathology, The Medical School and Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Veronika Sarosi
- Department of Pulmonology, Internal Medicine, The Medical School and Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Judit Erzsebet Pongracz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (L.J.); (V.C.); (M.V.); (E.M.M.A.); (A.S.); (Z.T.)
- Wnt-Signalling and Biotechnology Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-72-536-000 (ext. 29250) or +36-30-435-7944
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moosavi F, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ, Firuzi O. Combination of HGF/MET-targeting agents and other therapeutic strategies in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 160:103234. [PMID: 33497758 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MET receptor has emerged as a druggable target across several human cancers. Agents targeting MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) including small molecules such as crizotinib, tivantinib and cabozantinib or antibodies including rilotumumab and onartuzumab have proven their values in different tumors. Recently, capmatinib was approved for treatment of metastatic lung cancer with MET exon 14 skipping. In this review, we critically examine the current evidence on how HGF/MET combination therapies may take advantage of synergistic effects, overcome primary or acquired drug resistance, target tumor microenvironment, modulate drug metabolism or tackle pharmacokinetic issues. Preclinical and clinical studies on the combination of HGF/MET-targeted agents with conventional chemotherapeutics or molecularly targeted treatments (including EGFR, VEGFR, HER2, RAF/MEK, and PI3K/Akt targeting agents) and also the value of biomarkers are examined. Our deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying successful pharmacological combinations is crucial to find the best personalized treatment regimens for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Liu L, Wang T, Li N, Wang Z, Liu X, Chen Y, Zhao D, Zheng J, Shan L, Liu H, Zhang Q. Design, Synthesis and Antitumor Activity Evaluation Research of Novel 2,4,6-Substituted Pyrimidine Derivatives. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202007067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Gao HL, Gupta P, Cui Q, Ashar YV, Wu ZX, Zeng L, Lei ZN, Teng QX, Ashby CR, Guan Y, Chen ZS. Sapitinib Reverses Anticancer Drug Resistance in Colon Cancer Cells Overexpressing the ABCB1 Transporter. Front Oncol 2020; 10:574861. [PMID: 33163405 PMCID: PMC7581728 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.574861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of anti-cancer drugs in patients can be attenuated by the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) due to ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters overexpression. In this in vitro study, we determined the reversal efficacy of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR) inhibitor, saptinib, in SW620 and SW720/Ad300 colon cancer cells and HEK293/ABCB1 cells which overexpress the ABCB1 transporter. Sapitinib significantly increased the efficacy of paclitaxel and doxorubicin in ABCB1 overexpressing cells without altering the expression or the subcellular location of the ABCB1 transporter. Sapitinib significantly increased the accumulation of [3H]-paclitaxel in SW620/AD300 cells probably by stimulating ATPase activity which could competitively inhibit the uptake of [3H]-paclitaxel. Furthermore, sapitinib inhibited the growth of resistant multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). The docking study indicated that sapitinib interacted with the efflux site of ABCB1 transporter by π-π interaction and two hydrogen bonds. In conclusion, our study suggests that sapitinib surmounts MDR mediated by ABCB1 transporter in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Pranav Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Qingbin Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Yunali V Ashar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Zhuo-Xun Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Leli Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States.,Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zi-Ning Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Qiu-Xu Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Yingjun Guan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jing W, Zhang X, Chen R, Ye X, Zhou M, Li W, Yan W, Xuyun X, Peng J. KD025, an anti-adipocyte differentiation drug, enhances the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in ABCG2-overexpressing leukemia cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:309. [PMID: 33093918 PMCID: PMC7573885 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most patients with advanced leukemia eventually die from multidrug resistance (MDR). Chemotherapy-resistant leukemia cells may lead to treatment failure and disease relapse. Overexpression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) leads to MDR, which serves as a potential biomarker and target of therapeutic intervention for leukemia cells. Targeting ABCG2 is a potential strategy for selective therapy and eradicate MDR cells, thus improving malignant leukemia treatment. KD025 (SLx-2119) is a novel Rho-associated protein kinase 2-selective inhibitor, which has been shown to inhibit adipogenesis in human adipose-derived stem cells and restore impaired immune homeostasis in autoimmunity therapy. The present study demonstrated that KD025 improved the efficacy of antineoplastic drugs in ABCG2-overexpressing leukemia cells and primary leukemia blast cells derived from patients with leukemia. Moreover, KD025 significantly inhibited the efflux of [3H]-mitoxantrone and hence accumulated higher levels of [3H]-mitoxantrone in HL60/ABCG2 cells. However, mechanistic research indicated that KD025 did not alter the protein levels and subcellular locations of ABCG2. KD025 may restrain the efflux activity of ABCG2 by obstructing ATPase activity. Taken together, KD025 can sensitize conventional antineoplastic drugs in ABCG2-overexpressing leukemia cells by blocking the pump function of ABCG2 protein. The present findings may provide a novel and useful combinational therapeutic strategy of KD025 and antineoplastic drugs for leukemia patients with ABCG2-mediated MDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Xuerong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Ruixia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Xijiu Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Mao Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Weixing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Wenchan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Xuyun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Silbermann K, Li J, Namasivayam V, Baltes F, Bendas G, Stefan SM, Wiese M. Superior Pyrimidine Derivatives as Selective ABCG2 Inhibitors and Broad-Spectrum ABCB1, ABCC1, and ABCG2 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10412-10432. [PMID: 32787102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the search for highly effective modulators addressing ABCG2-mediated MDR, 23 pyrimidines were synthesized and biologically assessed. Seven derivatives with (a) nitrogen- and/or halogen-containing residue(s) had extraordinary potencies against ABCG2 (IC50 < 150 nM). The compounds competitively inhibited ABCG2-mediated Hoechst 33342 transport but were not substrates of ABCG2. The most potent MDR reverser, compound 19, concentration-dependently increased SN-38-mediated cancer cell death at 11 nM (EC50), time-dependently doubled SN-38 toxicity in a period of 7 days at 10 nM, and half-maximally accelerated cell death combined with SN-38 at 17 nM. No induction of ABCG2 was observed. Furthermore, 11 pyrimidines were revealed as triple ABCB1/ABCC1/ABCG2 inhibitors. Five possessed IC50 values below 10 μM against each transporter, classifying them as some of the 50 most potent multitarget ABC transporter inhibitors. The most promising representative, compound 37, reversed ABCB1-, ABCC1-, and ABCG2-mediated MDR, making it one of the three most potent ABC transporter inhibitors and reversers of ABC transporters-mediated MDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Silbermann
- Pharmaceutical and Cellbiological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jiyang Li
- Pharmaceutical and Cellbiological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical and Cellbiological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Baltes
- Pharmaceutical and Cellbiological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerd Bendas
- Pharmaceutical and Cellbiological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Marcel Stefan
- Pharmaceutical and Cellbiological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Wiese
- Pharmaceutical and Cellbiological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu S, Zhang X, Dong M, Yang Z, Zhang M, Chen Q. sATP‑binding cassette subfamily G member 2 enhances the multidrug resistance properties of human nasal natural killer/T cell lymphoma side population cells. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:1467-1478. [PMID: 32945520 PMCID: PMC7448492 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is associated with limited effective treatment options and unfavorable survival rate, which is partly the result of multidrug resistance (MDR). The presence of side population (SP) cells-SNK-6/ADM-SP (SSP) cells has been previously used to explore mechanisms of drug resistance. ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) is a gene involved in MDR and is closely associated with SPs. However, the function of ABCG2 in SSP cells is unclear. The present study verified the high expression of ABCG2 in SSP cells. The IC50 values of doxorubicin, cytarabine, cisplatin, gemcitabine and l-asparaginase were tested to evaluate drug sensitivity in SSP cells with different levels of ABCG2 expression. ABCG2 was identified as a gene promoting in MDR. ABCG2 upregulated cell proliferation, increased clonogenicity, increased invasive ability and decreased apoptosis, in vivo and in vitro, when cells were treated with gemcitabine. To conclude, ABCG2 enhanced MDR and increased the typical biological characteristics associated with cancer cells in SP cells. With further investigation of the ABCG2 gene could have the potential to reverse MDR in ENKL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxuan Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Meng Dong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Qingjiang Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
He ZX, Zhao TQ, Gong YP, Zhang X, Ma LY, Liu HM. Pyrimidine: A promising scaffold for optimization to develop the inhibitors of ABC transporters. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112458. [PMID: 32497962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon in cancer cells is the major obstacle leading to failure of chemotherapy accompanied by the feature of intractable and recurrence of cancers. As significant contributors that cause MDR, ABC superfamily proteins can transport the chemotherapeutic drugs out of the tumor cells by the energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis, thereby reducing their intracellular accumulation. The ABC transports like ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 have been extensively studied to develop modulators for overcoming MDR. To date, no reversal agents have been successfully marketed for clinical application, and little information about the ABC proteins bound to specific inhibitors is known, which make the design of MDR inhibitors with potency, selectivity and low toxicity a major challenge. In recent years, it has been increasingly recognized that pyrimidine-based derivatives have the potential for reversing ABC-mediated MDR. In this review, we summarized the pyrimidine-based inhibitors of ABC transporters, and mainly focused on their structure optimizations, development strategies and structure-activity relationship studies in hope of providing a reference for medicinal chemists to develop new modulators of MDR with highly potency and fewer side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Xu He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Tao-Qian Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Yun-Peng Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Li-Ying Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rociletinib (CO-1686) enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in ABCG2-overexpressing cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:799-811. [PMID: 32528828 PMCID: PMC7280144 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) in cancer cells is known to cause multidrug resistance (MDR), which severely limits the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy. Currently, there is no FDA-approved MDR modulator for clinical use. In this study, rociletinib (CO-1686), a mutant-selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), was found to significantly improve the efficacy of ABCG2 substrate chemotherapeutic agents in the transporter-overexpressing cancer cells in vitro and in MDR tumor xenografts in nude mice, without incurring additional toxicity. Mechanistic studies revealed that in ABCG2-overexpressing cancer cells, rociletinib inhibited ABCG2-mediated drug efflux and increased intracellular accumulation of ABCG2 probe substrates. Moreover, rociletinib, inhibited the ATPase activity, and competed with [125I] iodoarylazidoprazosin (IAAP) photolabeling of ABCG2. However, ABCG2 expression at mRNA and protein levels was not altered in the ABCG2-overexpressing cells after treatment with rociletinib. In addition, rociletinib did not inhibit EGFR downstream signaling and phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Our results collectively showed that rociletinib reversed ABCG2-mediated MDR by inhibiting ABCG2 efflux function, thus increasing the cellular accumulation of the transporter substrate anticancer drugs. The findings advocated the combination use of rociletinib and other chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer patients with ABCG2-overexpressing MDR tumors.
Collapse
Key Words
- ABC, adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette
- ABCB1, ABC transporter subfamily B member 1
- ABCG2
- ABCG2, ABC transporter subfamily G member 2
- AKT, protein kinase B
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- ATPase
- DDP, cisplatin
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DOX, doxorubicin
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FTC, fumitremorgin C
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- IAAP, iodoarylazidoprazosin
- IC50, half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration
- MDR, multidrug resistance
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide
- MX, mitoxantrone
- Multidrug resistance
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PTK, protein tyrosine kinases
- Rho 123, rhodamine 123
- Rociletinib
- TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- VCR, vincristine
- VRP, verapamil
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang J, Xu C, Gao Y, Wang Y, Ding Z, Zhang Y, Shen W, Zheng Y, Wan Y. A Novel Long Non-coding RNA, MSTRG.51053.2 Regulates Cisplatin Resistance by Sponging the miR-432-5p in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:215. [PMID: 32158694 PMCID: PMC7052009 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying cisplatin (DDP) resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by constructing a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. Methods: The gene expression profiles of human lung adenocarcinoma DDP-resistant cell line (A549/DDP) and its progenitor (A549) were comparatively evaluated by whole-transcriptome sequencing. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to KEGG pathway analysis. The expression levels of mRNAs involved in several pathways associated with conferring DDP resistance to tumor cells were evaluated. The ceRNA network was constructed based on the mRNA expression levels and the sequencing data of miRNA and lncRNA. Several ceRNA regulatory relationships were validated. Results: We quantified the expression of 17 genes involved in the six pathways by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The differential protein expression levels of eight genes were quantified by western blotting. Western blot analysis revealed six differentially expressed proteins (MGST1, MGST3, ABCG2, FXYD2, ALDH3A1, and GST-ω1). Among the genes encoding these six proteins, ABCG2, ALDH3A1, MGST3, and FXYD2 exhibited interaction with 8 lncRNAs and 4 miRNAs in the ceRNA regulatory network. The expression levels of these lncRNAs and miRNAs were quantified in cells; among these, 6 lncRNAs and 4 miRNAs exhibited differential expression between A549/DDP and A549 groups, which were used to construct a ceRNA network. The ceRNA regulatory network of MSTRG51053.2-miR-432-5p-MGST3 was validated by luciferase reporter assay. Conclusion: The MSTRG51053.2 lncRNA may function as a ceRNA for miR-432-5p to regulate the DDP resistance in NSCLC. The MGST1, MGST3, GST-ω1, and ABCG2 mRNAs, miR-432-5p and miR-665 miRNAs, and MSTRG51053.2 and PPAN lncRNAs can serve as potential DDP drug targets to reverse DDP resistance in NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Chuanqin Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Zongli Ding
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yueming Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Wenyi Shen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Lianshui County People's Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Yulong Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yufeng Wan
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Turner TH, Alzubi MA, Harrell JC. Identification of synergistic drug combinations using breast cancer patient-derived xenografts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1493. [PMID: 32001757 PMCID: PMC6992640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with other breast cancer subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with relatively poor outcomes due to its metastatic propensity, frequent failure to respond to chemotherapy, and lack of alternative, targeted treatment options, despite decades of major research efforts. Our studies sought to identify promising targeted therapeutic candidates for TNBC through in vitro screening of 1,363 drugs in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Using this approach, we generated a dataset that can be used to assess and compare responses of various breast cancer PDXs to many different drugs. Through a series of further drug screening assays and two-drug combination testing, we identified that the combination of afatinib (epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor) and YM155 (inhibitor of baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5; survivin) expression) is synergistically cytotoxic across multiple models of basal-like TNBC and reduces PDX mammary tumor growth in vivo. We found that YM155 reduces EGFR expression in TNBC cells, shedding light on its potential mechanism of synergism with afatinib. Both EGFR and BIRC5 are highly expressed in basal-like PDXs, cell lines, and patients, and high expression of both genes reduces metastasis-free survival, suggesting that co-targeting of these proteins holds promise for potential clinical success in TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tia H Turner
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mohammad A Alzubi
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - J Chuck Harrell
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fu Q, Zhang J, Huang G, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Xie J. microRNA-29b inhibits cell growth and promotes sensitivity to oxaliplatin in colon cancer by targeting FOLR1. Biofactors 2020; 46:136-145. [PMID: 31621972 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to explore the functional role of microRNA (miR)-29b in colon cancer, as well as underlying mechanisms. Expressions of miR-29b and folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) were measured in both human colon tumor samples and cell lines. Colon cancer cell lines SW480 and SW620 were transfected with miR-29b mimic, antisense oligonucleotides (ASO)-miR-29b, small interfering (siRNA) against FOLR1 (si-FOLR1), or corresponding negative controls (NCs), and then were incubated with or without oxaliplatin (L-OHP). Thereafter, cell viability, cytotoxicity, cell apoptosis, and expression of FOLR1, ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily G Member 2 (ABCG2) and p-glycoprotein (p-gp) were analyzed. We found that miR-29b was significantly decreased, while FOLR1 was statistically elevated in colon cancer samples and cell lines compared to the nontumor samples and nontumourigenic immortalized human colon epithelial cell line FHC. Overexpression of miR-29b markedly inhibited cell viability, promoted sensitivity to L-OHP, stimulated cell apoptosis (all p < .05), and decreased the levels of ABCG2 and p-gp in cancer cells, whereas suppression of miR-29b showed contrary results. Moreover, we observed that FOLR1 was a direct target of miR-29b and was negatively regulated by miR-29b. In addition, the findings revealed that the effects of FOLR1 inhibition on cell viability, sensitivity to L-OHP, cell apoptosis, and the levels of ABCG2 and p-gp were similar to overexpression of miR-29b. Taken together, our study suggests that miR-29b inhibits cell growth and promotes sensitivity to L-OHP in colon cancer by targeting FOLR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jindai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gaofeng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yonglei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Minghai Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongchao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianguo Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stanković T, Dinić J, Podolski-Renić A, Musso L, Burić SS, Dallavalle S, Pešić M. Dual Inhibitors as a New Challenge for Cancer Multidrug Resistance Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6074-6106. [PMID: 29874992 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180607094856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual-targeting in cancer treatment by a single drug is an unconventional approach in relation to drug combinations. The rationale for the development of dualtargeting agents is to overcome incomplete efficacy and drug resistance frequently present when applying individual targeting agents. Consequently, -a more favorable outcome of cancer treatment is expected with dual-targeting strategies. METHODS We reviewed the literature, concentrating on the association between clinically relevant and/or novel dual inhibitors with the potential to modulate multidrug resistant phenotype of cancer cells, particularly the activity of P-glycoprotein. A balanced analysis of content was performed to emphasize the most important findings and optimize the structure of this review. RESULTS Two-hundred and forty-five papers were included in the review. The introductory part was interpreted by 9 papers. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors' role in the inhibition of Pglycoprotein and chemosensitization was illustrated by 87 papers. The contribution of naturalbased compounds in overcoming multidrug resistance was reviewed using 92 papers, while specific dual inhibitors acting against microtubule assembling and/or topoisomerases were described with 55 papers. Eleven papers gave an insight into a novel and less explored approach with hybrid drugs. Their influence on P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance was also evaluated. CONCLUSION These findings bring into focus rational anticancer strategies with dual-targeting agents. Most evaluated synthetic and natural drugs showed a great potential in chemosensitization. Further steps in this direction are needed for the optimization of anticancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Stanković
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Dinić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Podolski-Renić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Loana Musso
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sonja Stojković Burić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Milica Pešić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tan Y, Cao K, Ren G, Qin Z, Zhao D, Li N, Chen X, Xia Y, Lu Y. Effects of the ABCB1 and ABCG2 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of afatinib in healthy Chinese volunteers. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:237-243. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1610585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Tan
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kangna Cao
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanghui Ren
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiying Qin
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Effects of pharmacokinetics-related genetic polymorphisms on the side effect profile of afatinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019; 134:1-6. [PMID: 31319966 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) represent the first-line treatment for patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Afatinib is a second-generation EGFR-TKI with excellent therapeutic effects. However, severe diarrhea and skin disorders are observed at high frequencies, often leading to treatment interruption because of low quality of life (QOL). The relationship between individual variations and the onset of these side effects remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to reveal the association among these side effects, pharmacokinetics, and related genetic polymorphisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 33 patients were recruited between July 2014 and June 2017. Afatinib plasma concentrations were measured at day 9 when the concentrations reached a steady state (early phase) and when the prescription dose was stable for more than 1 month (stable phase). We analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1), ABCG2, and flavin-containing monooxygenase 3. RESULTS The incidences of both diarrhea and acneiform eruption were greater than 80%. Afatinib plasma concentration and the severity of diarrhea in the early phase were correlated. Pharmacokinetics-related genetic polymorphisms influenced the severity of diarrhea. Particularly, the afatinib plasma concentration was higher and diarrhea was more severe in patients carrying the A allele of ABCG2 C421A. Onset of side effects, genetic polymorphisms, and diarrhea in the maintenance phase or acneiform eruption in the early or maintenance phases were not correlated. The severity of diarrhea is influenced by drug plasma concentrations in the early phase and genetic polymorphisms related to afatinib pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSION Particular genetic polymorphisms can be screened before afatinib administration and the dose adapted to individual patients can be controlled, leading to reduced side effects, improved QOL, and better patient compliance to maintain the therapeutic effects.
Collapse
|
27
|
Silbermann K, Stefan SM, Elshawadfy R, Namasivayam V, Wiese M. Identification of Thienopyrimidine Scaffold as an Inhibitor of the ABC Transport Protein ABCC1 (MRP1) and Related Transporters Using a Combined Virtual Screening Approach. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4383-4400. [PMID: 30925062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A virtual screening protocol with combination of similarity search and pharmacophore modeling was applied to virtually screen a large compound library to gain new scaffolds regarding ABCC1 inhibition. Biological investigation of promising candidates revealed four compounds as ABCC1 inhibitors, three of them with scaffolds not associated with ABCC1 inhibition until now. The best hit molecule-a thienopyrimidine-was a moderately potent, competitive inhibitor of the ABCC1-mediated transport of calcein AM which also sensitized ABCC1-overexpressing cells toward daunorubicin. Further evaluation showed that it was a moderately potent, competitive inhibitor of the ABCB1-mediated transport of calcein AM, and noncompetitive inhibitor of the ABCG2-mediated pheophorbide A transport. In addition, the thienopyrimidine could also sensitize ABCB1- as well as ABCG2-overexpressing cells toward daunorubicin and SN-38, respectively, in concentration ranges that qualified it as one of the ten best triple ABCC1/ABCB1/ABCG2 inhibitors in the literature. Besides, three more new multitarget inhibitors were identified by this virtual screening approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Silbermann
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry II, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Sven Marcel Stefan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry II, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Randa Elshawadfy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry II, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry II, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Michael Wiese
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry II, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Novel chalcone and flavone derivatives as selective and dual inhibitors of the transport proteins ABCB1 and ABCG2. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 164:193-213. [PMID: 30594677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During cancer chemotherapy, certain cancers may become cross-resistant to structurally diverse antineoplastic agents. This so-called multidrug resistance (MDR) is highly associated with the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport proteins. These membrane-bound efflux pumps export a broad range of structurally diverse endo- and xenobiotics, including chemically unrelated anticancer agents. This translocation of drugs from the inside to the outside of cancer cells is mediated at the expense of ATP. In the last 40 years, three ABC transporters - ABCB1 (P-gp), ABCC1 (MRP1), and ABCG2 (BCRP) - have mainly been attributed to the occurrence of MDR in cancer cells. One of the strategies to overcome MDR is to inhibit the efflux transporter function by small-molecule inhibitors. In this work, we investigated new chalcone- and flavone-based compounds for selective as well as broad-spectrum inhibition of the stated transport proteins. These include substituted chalcones with variations at rings A and B, and flavones with acetamido linker at position 3. The synthesized molecules were evaluated for their inhibitory potential against ABCB1, ABCC1, and ABCG2 in calcein AM and pheophorbide A assays. In further investigations with the most promising candidates from each class, we proved that ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated MDR could be reversed by the compounds. Moreover, their intrinsic toxicity was found to be negligible in most cases. Altogether, our findings contribute to the understanding of ABC transport proteins and reveal new compounds for ongoing evaluation in the field of ABC transporter-mediated MDR.
Collapse
|
29
|
Yu CH, Chou CC, Tu HF, Huang WC, Ho YY, Khoo KH, Lee MS, Chang GD. Antibody-assisted target identification reveals afatinib, an EGFR covalent inhibitor, down-regulating ribonucleotide reductase. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21512-21529. [PMID: 29765556 PMCID: PMC5940374 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Afatinib, used for the first-line treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients with distinct epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, inactivates EGFR by mimicking ATP structure and forming a covalent adduct with EGFR. We developed a method to unravel potential targets of afatinib in NSCLC cells through immunoprecipitation of afatinib-labeling proteins with anti-afatinib antiserum and mass spectrometry analysis. Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is one of target proteins of afatinib revealed by this method. Treatment of afatinib at 10-100 nM potently inhibited intracellular RNR activity in an in vitro assay using permeabilized PC-9 cells (formerly known as PC-14). PC-9 cells treated with 10 μM afatinib displayed elevated markers of DNA damage. Long-term treatment of therapeutic concentrations of afatinib in PC-9 cells caused significant decrease in protein levels of RNR subunit M2 at 1-10 nM and RNR subunit M1 at 100 nM. EGFR-null Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells treated with afatinib also showed similar effects. Afatinib repressed the upregulation of RNR subunit M2 induced by gemcitabine. Covalent modification with afatinib resulting in inhibition and protein downregulation of RNR underscores the therapeutic and off-target effects of afatinib. Afatinib may serve as a lead compound of chemotherapeutic drugs targeting RNR. This method can be widely used in the identification of potential targets of other covalent drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chi Chou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fang Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yeh Ho
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Geen-Dong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang GN, Zhang YK, Wang YJ, Gupta P, Ashby CR, Alqahtani S, Deng T, Bates SE, Kaddoumi A, Wurpel JND, Lei YX, Chen ZS. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor PD153035 reverses ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer: In vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2018. [PMID: 29518481 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the major mediators of multidrug resistance (MDR) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). In this study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to determine whether PD153035, an inhibitor of EGFR, could reverse ABCG2-mediated MDR in human NSCLC and transfected cells overexpressing ABCG2. The efficacy of SN-38, topotecan, and mitoxantrone (MX) were significantly increased by PD153035, PD153035 significantly reversed ABCG2-mediated MDR by attenuating the efflux activity of this transporter. In addition, PD153035 significantly down-regulated the expression of the ABCG2 transporter protein. Furthermore, a combination of PD153035 and topotecan, exhibited significant synergistic anticancer activity against mice xenografted with human H460/MX20 cells. These results, provided that they can be extrapolated to humans, suggest that the combination of topotecan and PD153035 could be a promising therapeutic strategy to attenuate the resistance to topotecan, as well as other anticancer drugs, mediated by the overexpression of ABCG2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yun-Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Pranav Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Tongjin Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Susan E Bates
- Columbia University Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - John N D Wurpel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yi-Xiong Lei
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wu S, Fu L. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors enhanced the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic agent in multidrug resistant cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:25. [PMID: 29455646 PMCID: PMC5817862 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) triggered by ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter such as ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCG2 limited successful cancer chemotherapy. Unfortunately, no commercial available MDR modulator approved by FDA was used in clinic. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been administrated to fight against cancer for decades. Almost TKI was used alone in clinic. However, drug combinations acting synergistically to kill cancer cells have become increasingly important in cancer chemotherapy as an approach for the recurrent resistant disease. Here, we summarize the effect of TKIs on enhancing the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic drug in ABC transporter-mediated MDR cancer cells, which encourage to further discuss and study in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaocong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute; Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Liwu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute; Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bae S, D'Cunha R, Shao J, An G. Effect of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone on Bcrp1-mediated transport of sorafenib in vitro and in vivo in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 117:27-34. [PMID: 29425861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are a novel and target-specific class of anticancer drugs. One drawback of TKI therapy is cancer resistance to TKI. An important TKI resistance mechanism is enhanced efflux of TKI by efflux transporters, such as Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP), in cancer cells. 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone (5,7-DMF) is a natural flavonoid which was recently reported to be a potent BCRP inhibitor. In the current study, the effect of 5,7-DMF on the disposition of sorafenib, a TKI which is a good substrate of BCRP, was investigated both in vitro in efflux transporter expressing cells and in vivo in mice. 5,7-DMF significantly inhibited Bcrp1-mediated sorafenib efflux in a concentration dependent manner in MDCK/Bcrp1 cells, with EC50 value of 8.78 μM. The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of sorafenib (10 mg/kg) with and without co-administration of 75 mg/kg 5,7-DMF were determined. With 5,7-DMF, the AUC of sorafenib in plasma was 47,400 ± 4790 ng·h/mL, which was significantly higher than 27,300 ± 2650 ng·h/mL in sorafenib alone group. In addition, compared to sorafenib alone group, great increase in sorafenib AUC was observed in most tissues collected when sorafenib was given with 5,7-DMF. Our results indicated that 5,7-DMF may represent a novel and very promising chemosensitizing agent for BCRP-mediated anticancer drug resistance due to its low toxicity and potent BCRP inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SoHyun Bae
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ronilda D'Cunha
- The Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Guohua An
- The Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Implications of ABCG2 Expression on Irinotecan Treatment of Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091926. [PMID: 28880238 PMCID: PMC5618575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main chemotherapeutic drugs used on a routine basis in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer ((m)CRC) is the topoisomerase-1 inhibitor, irinotecan. However, its usefulness is limited by the pre-existing or inevitable development of resistance. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCG2/breast cancer resistance protein (BRCP) through its function in xenobiotic clearance might play an important role in irinotecan resistance. With a goal to evaluate the clinical significance of ABCG2 measurements, we here review the current literature on ABCG2 in relation to irinotecan treatment in CRC patients. RESULTS Few studies have evaluated the association between ABCG2 gene or protein expression and prognosis in CRC patients. Discordant results were reported. The discrepancies might be explained by the use of different criteria for interpretation of results in the immunohistochemistry studies. Only one large study evaluated the ABCG2 protein expression and efficacy of irinotecan in mCRC (CAIRO study, n = 566). This study failed to demonstrate any correlation between ABCG2 protein expression in the primary tumor and response to irinotecan-based treatment. We recently raised questions on how to evaluate ABCG2 immunoreactivity patterns, and the results in the CAIRO study might be influenced by using a different scoring protocol than the one proposed by us. In contrast, our recent exploratory study of ABCG2 mRNA expression in 580 patients with stage III primary CRC (subgroup from the randomized PETACC-3 study) indicated that high ABCG2 tumor tissue mRNA expression might be predictive for lack of efficacy of irinotecan. CONCLUSION The biological role of ABCG2 in predicting clinical irinotecan sensitivity/resistance in CRC is uncertain. In particular, the significance of ABCG2 cellular localization needs to be established. Data concerning ABCG2 mRNA expression and prediction of adjuvant irinotecan efficacy are still sparse and need to be confirmed.
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang Y, Wang CY, Duan YJ, Huo XK, Meng Q, Liu ZH, Sun HJ, Ma XD, Liu KX. Afatinib Decreases P-Glycoprotein Expression to Promote Adriamycin Toxicity of A549T Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:414-423. [PMID: 28590019 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the reversal effect of afatinib (AFT) on activity of adriamycin (ADR) in A549T cells and clarified the related molecular mechanisms. A549T cells overexpressing P-glycoprotein (P-gp) were resistant to anticancer drug ADR. AFT significantly increased the antitumor activity of ADR in A549T cells. AFT increased the intracellular concentration of ADR by inhibiting the function and expression of P-gp at mRNA and protein levels in A549T cells. Additionally, the reversal effect of AFT on P-gp mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) might be related to the inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway. Cotreatment with AFT and ADR could enhance ADR-induced apoptosis and autophagy in A549T cells. Meanwhile, the co-treatment significantly induced cell apoptosis and autophagy accompanied by increased expression of cleaved caspase-3, PARP, LC3B-II, and beclin 1. Apoptosis inhibitors had no significant effect on cell activity, while autophagy inhibitors decreased cell viability, suggesting that autophagy may be a self protective mechanism of cell survival in the absence of chemotherapy drugs. Interestingly, when combined with AFT and ADR, inhibition of apoptosis and/or autophagy could enhance cell viability. These results indicated that in addition to inhibit P-gp, ADR-induced apoptosis, and autophagy promoted by AFT contributed to the antiproliferation effect of combined AFT and ADR on A549T cells. These findings provide evidence that AFT combined ADR may achieve a better therapeutic effect to lung cancer in clinic. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 414-423, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chang-Yuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying-Jie Duan
- General Hospital of Fuxin Mining (Group) Co., Ltd, Fuxin, China
| | - Xiao-Kui Huo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui-Jun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ke-Xin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chang HC, Chen YM, Tseng CC, Huang KT, Wang CC, Chen YC, Lai CH, Fang WF, Kao HC, Lin MC. Impact of epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression level on clinical outcomes in epidermal growth factor receptor mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients taking first-line epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695939. [PMID: 28351317 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are first-choice treatments for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients harboring EGFR mutations. Although EGFR mutations are strongly predictive of patients' outcomes and their response to treatment with EGFR-TKIs, early failure of first-line therapy with EGFR-TKIs in patients with EGFR mutations is not rare. Besides several clinical factors influencing EGFR-TKI efficacies studied earlier such as the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status or uncommon mutation, we would like to see whether semi-quantify EGFR mutation gene expression calculated by 2-ΔΔct was a prognostic factor in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving first-line EGFR-TKIs. This retrospective study reviews 926 lung cancer patients diagnosed from January 2011 to October 2013 at the Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. Of 224 EGFR-mutant adenocarcinoma patients, 148 patients who had 2-ΔΔct data were included. The best cutoff values of 2-ΔΔct for in-frame deletions in exon 19 (19 deletion) and a position 858 substituted from leucine (L) to an arginine (R) in exon 21 (L858R) were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. Patients were divided into high and low 2-ΔΔct expression based on the above cutoff level. The best cutoff point of 2-ΔΔct value of 19 deletion and L858R was 31.1 and 104.7, respectively. In all, 92 (62.1%) patients showed high 2-ΔΔct expression and 56 patients (37.9%) low 2-ΔΔct expression. The mean age was 65.6 years. Progression-free survival of 19 deletion mutant patients with low versus high expression level was 17.07 versus 12.04 months (P = 0.004), respectively. Progression-free survival of L858 mutant patients was 13.75 and 7.96 months (P = 0.008), respectively. EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients with lower EGFR gene expression had longer progression-free survival duration without interfering overall survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Chih Chang
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial, Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mu Chen
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial, Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Tseng
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial, Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tung Huang
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial, Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial, Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Che Chen
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial, Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Lai
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial, Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Feng Fang
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial, Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,2 Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Ching Kao
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial, Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chih Lin
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial, Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vesel M, Rapp J, Feller D, Kiss E, Jaromi L, Meggyes M, Miskei G, Duga B, Smuk G, Laszlo T, Karner I, Pongracz JE. ABCB1 and ABCG2 drug transporters are differentially expressed in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and expression is modified by cisplatin treatment via altered Wnt signaling. Respir Res 2017; 18:52. [PMID: 28340578 PMCID: PMC5364604 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer (LC) is still the most common cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of all LC cases but is not a single entity. It is now accepted that, apart from the characteristic driver mutations, the unique molecular signatures of adeno- (AC) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), the two most common NSCLC subtypes should be taken into consideration for their management. Therapeutic interventions, however, frequently lead to chemotherapy resistance highlighting the need for in-depth analysis of regulatory mechanisms of multidrug resistance to increase therapeutic efficiency. METHODS Non-canonical Wnt5a and canonical Wnt7b and ABC transporter expressions were tested in primary human LC (n = 90) resections of AC and SCC. To investigate drug transporter activity, a three dimensional (3D) human lung aggregate tissue model was set up using differentiated primary human lung cell types. Following modification of the canonical, beta-catenin dependent Wnt pathway or treatment with cisplatin, drug transporter analysis was performed at mRNA, protein and functional level using qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immune-fluorescent staining and transport function analysis. RESULTS Non-canonical Wnt5a is significantly up-regulated in SCC samples making the microenvironment different from AC, where the beta-catenin dependent Wnt7b is more prominent. In primary cancer tissues ABCB1 and ABCG2 expression levels were different in the two NSCLC subtypes. Non-canonical rhWnt5a induced down-regulation of both ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters in the primary human lung aggregate tissue model recreating the SCC-like transporter pattern. Inhibition of the beta-catenin or canonical Wnt pathway resulted in similar down-regulation of both ABC transporter expression and function. In contrast, cisplatin, the frequently used adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent, activated beta-catenin dependent signaling that lead to up-regulation of both ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporter expression and activity. CONCLUSIONS The difference in the Wnt microenvironment in AC and SCC leads to variations in ABC transporter expression. Cisplatin via induction of canonical Wnt signaling up-regulates ABCB1 and ABCG2 drug transporters that are not transporters for cisplatin itself but are transporters for drugs that are frequently used in combination therapy with cisplatin modulating drug response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vesel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Scientific Unit, Osijek University Hospital, Huttlerova 4, Osijek, HR31000, Croatia
| | - J Rapp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Humeltis Ltd, Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Feller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Humeltis Ltd, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Kiss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Humeltis Ltd, Pecs, Hungary
| | - L Jaromi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - M Meggyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Humeltis Ltd, Pecs, Hungary
| | - G Miskei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - B Duga
- Humeltis Ltd, Pecs, Hungary
| | - G Smuk
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - T Laszlo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - I Karner
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10, Osijek, HR31300, Croatia
| | - J E Pongracz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
- Humeltis Ltd, Pecs, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yang K, Chen Y, To KKW, Wang F, Li D, Chen L, Fu L. Alectinib (CH5424802) antagonizes ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e303. [PMID: 28303028 PMCID: PMC5382559 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alectinib, an inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here we investigated the reversal effect of alectinib on multidrug resistance (MDR) induced by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which is the primary cause of chemotherapy failure. We provide the first evidence that alectinib increases the sensitivity of ABCB1- and ABCG2-overexpressing cells to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, alectinib increased the intracellular accumulation of ABCB1/ABCG2 substrates such as doxorubicin (DOX) and Rhodamine 123 (Rho 123) by inhibiting the efflux function of the transporters in ABCB1- or ABCG2-overexpressing cells but not in their parental sensitive cells. Furthermore, alectinib stimulated ATPase activity and competed with substrates of ABCB1 or ABCG2 and competed with [125I] iodoarylazidoprazosin (IAAP) photolabeling bound to ABCB1 or ABCG2 but neither altered the expression and localization of ABCB1 or ABCG2 nor the phosphorylation levels of AKT and ERK. Alectinib also enhanced the cytotoxicity of DOX and the intracellular accumulation of Rho 123 in ABCB1-overexpressing primary leukemia cells. These findings suggest that alectinib combined with traditional chemotherapy may be beneficial to patients with ABCB1- or ABCG2-mediated MDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kenneth Kin Wah To
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Delan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Likun Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwu Fu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) transport afatinib and restrict its oral availability and brain accumulation. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:43-50. [PMID: 28288939 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Afatinib is a highly selective, irreversible inhibitor of EGFR and HER-2. It is orally administered for the treatment of patients with EGFR mutation-positive types of metastatic NSCLC. We investigated whether afatinib is a substrate for the multidrug efflux transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2 and whether these transporters influence oral availability and brain and other tissue accumulation of afatinib. We used in vitro transport assays to assess human (h)ABCB1-, hABCG2- or murine (m)Abcg2-mediated transport of afatinib. To study the single and combined roles of Abcg2 and Abcb1a/1b in oral afatinib disposition, we used appropriate knockout mouse strains. Afatinib was transported well by hABCB1, hABCG2 and mAbcg2 in vitro. Upon oral administration of afatinib, Abcg2-/-, Abcb1a/1b-/- and Abcb1a/1b-/-;Abcg2-/- mice displayed a 4.2-, 2.4- and 7-fold increased afatinib plasma AUC0-24 compared with wild-type mice. Abcg2-deficient strains also displayed decreased afatinib plasma clearance. At 2h, relative brain accumulation of afatinib was not significantly altered in the single knockout strains, but 23.8-fold increased in Abcb1a/1b-/-;Abcg2-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. Abcg2 and Abcb1a/1b restrict oral availability and brain accumulation of afatinib. Inhibition of these transporters may therefore be of clinical importance for patients with brain (micro)metastases positioned behind an intact blood-brain barrier.
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang GN, Zhang YK, Wang YJ, Barbuti AM, Zhu XJ, Yu XY, Wen AW, Wurpel JND, Chen ZS. Modulating the function of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) with inhibitor cabozantinib. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:89-98. [PMID: 28131876 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cabozantinib (XL184) is a small molecule tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, which targets c-Met and VEGFR2. Cabozantinib has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat advanced medullary thyroid cancer and renal cell carcinoma. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of cabozantinib to modulate the function of the ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) by sensitizing cells that are resistant to ABCG2 substrate antineoplastic drugs. We used a drug-selected resistant cell line H460/MX20 and three ABCG2 stable transfected cell lines ABCG2-482-R2, ABCG2-482-G2, and ABCG2-482-T7, which overexpress ABCG2. Cabozantinib, at non-toxic concentrations (3 or 5μM), sensitized the ABCG2-overexpressing cells to mitoxantrone, SN-38, and topotecan. Our results indicate that cabozantinib reverses ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance by antagonizing the drug efflux function of the ABCG2 transporter instead of downregulating its expression. The molecular docking analysis indicates that cabozantinib binds to the drug-binding site of the ABCG2 transporter. Overall, our findings demonstrate that cabozantinib inhibits the ABCG2 transporter function and consequently enhances the effect of the antineoplastic agents that are substrates of ABCG2. Cabozantinib may be a useful agent in anticancer treatment regimens for patients who are resistant to ABCG2 substrate drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Yun-Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Yi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Anna Maria Barbuti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Xi-Jun Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA; The Affiliated High School of South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Xin-Yue Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA; Zhixin High School, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, China
| | - Ai-Wen Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - John N D Wurpel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang W, Chen Z, Chen L, Wang F, Li F, Wang X, Fu L. ABCG2-overexpressing H460/MX20 cell xenografts in athymic nude mice maintained original biochemical and cytological characteristics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40064. [PMID: 28059154 PMCID: PMC5216358 DOI: 10.1038/srep40064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
H460/MX20 are derived from large cell lung cancer H460 cell line and then transformed into ABCG2-overexpressing cells by mitoxantrone’s induction, which are widely used in study of multidrug resistance (MDR) in vitro. To establish and spread the model of H460/MX20 cell xenografts, we investigated whether cell biological characteristics and the MDR phenotype were maintained in vivo model. Our results demonstrated that the cell proliferation, cell cycle, and ABCG2 expression level in xH460/MX20 cells isolated from H460/MX20 cell xenografts were similar to H460/MX20 cells in vitro. Importantly, xH460/MX20 cells exhibited high levels of resistance to ABCG2 substrates such as mitoxantrone and topotecan as H460/MX20 cells did. Furthermore, lapatinib, the inhibitor of ABCG2, potently reversed mitoxantrone- and topotecan-resistance of xH460/MX20 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that H460/MX20 cell xenografts in athymic nude mice still retain their original cytological characteristics and MDR phenotype. Thus, the H460/MX20 cell xenografts model could serve as a sound model in vivo for study on reversal MDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Experimental Animal Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Likun Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Furong Li
- Experimental Animal Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaokun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Liwu Fu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Konrad CV, Murali R, Varghese BA, Nair R. The role of cancer stem cells in tumor heterogeneity and resistance to therapy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1-15. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogenous disease displaying marked inter- and intra-tumoral diversity. The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been experimentally demonstrated in a number of cancer types as a subpopulation of tumor cells that drives the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of the entire cancer. Thus, eradication of the CSC population is critical for the complete ablation of a tumor. This is, however, confounded by the inherent resistance of CSCs to standard anticancer therapies, eventually leading to the outgrowth of resistant tumor cells and relapse in patients. The cellular mechanisms of therapy resistance in CSCs are ascribed to several factors including a state of quiescence, an enhanced DNA damage response and active repair mechanisms, up-regulated expression of drug efflux transporters, as well as the activation of pro-survival signaling pathways and inactivation of apoptotic signaling. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of resistance to therapy may hold the key to targeting the CSC population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Valbirk Konrad
- Cancer Research Division & Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Reshma Murali
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Kerala, India
| | | | - Radhika Nair
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Effect of ceritinib (LDK378) on enhancement of chemotherapeutic agents in ABCB1 and ABCG2 overexpressing cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44643-59. [PMID: 26556876 PMCID: PMC4792582 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the leading cause of treatment failure in cancer chemotherapy. The overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, particularly ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2, play a key role in mediating MDR by pumping anticancer drugs out from cancer cells. Ceritinib (LDK378) is a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) currently in phase III clinical trial for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Here, we found that ceritinib remarkably enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in ABCB1 or ABCG2 over-expressing cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Ceritinib significantly increased the intracellular accumulation of chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (DOX) by inhibiting ABCB1 or ABCG2-mediated drug efflux in the transporters-overexpressing cells. Mechanistically, ceritinib is likely a competitive inhibitor of ABCB1 and ABCG2 because it competed with [125I]-iodoarylazidoprazosin for photo affinity labeling of the transporters. On the other hand, at the transporters-inhibiting concentrations, ceritinib did not alter the expression level of ABCB1 and ABCG2, and phosphorylation status of AKT and ERK1/2. Thus the findings advocate further clinical investigation of combination chemotherapy of ceritinib and other conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in chemo-refractory cancer patients.
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang F, Chen Y, Huang L, Liu T, Huang Y, Zhao J, Wang X, Yang K, Ma S, Huang L, To KKW, Gu Y, Fu L. Cetuximab enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agent in ABCB1/P-glycoprotein-overexpressing cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40850-65. [PMID: 26506420 PMCID: PMC4747373 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is closely associated with the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in certain types of cancer, which represents a formidable obstacle to the successful cancer chemotherapy. Here, we investigated that cetuximab, an EGFR monoclonal antibody, reversed the chemoresistance mediated by ABCB1, ABCG2 or ABCC1. Our results showed that cetuximab significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of ABCB1 substrate agent in ABCB1-overexpressing MDR cells but had no effect in their parental drug sensitive cells and ABCC1, ABCG2 overexpressing cells. Furthermore, cetuximab markedly increased intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin (DOX) and rhodamine 123 (Rho 123) in ABCB1-overexpressing MDR cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Cetuximab stimulated the ATPase activity but did not alter the expression level of ABCB1 or block phosphorylation of AKT and ERK. Interestingly, cetuximab decreased the cell membrane fluidity which was known to decrease the function of ABCB1. Our findings advocate further clinical investigation of combination chemotherapy of cetuximab and conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in ABCB1 overexpressing cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaolin Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyan Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kenneth Kin Wah To
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liwu Fu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu X, Lv Z, Zou J, Liu X, Ma J, Wang J, Sa N, Jing P, Xu W. Afatinib down-regulates MCL-1 expression through the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 axis and leads to apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1708-1719. [PMID: 27648360 PMCID: PMC5004074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Afatinib is the second generation of irreversible inhibitor of EGFR, HER2 and HER4, which has shown encouraging phase II and III clinical outcomes in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the molecular mechanism of afatinib-induced apoptosis in HNSCC is poorly understood. In the present investigation, we discovered that down-regulation of MCL-1, an anti-apoptotic member of BCL-2 family, was responsible for afatinib-triggered apoptosis. And the inactivation of AKT-mTOR signaling caused by afatinib lead to translational inhibition of MCL-1 expression. As a crucial branch of ER stress, PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 axis was also stimulated in HNSCC cells after afatinib incubation. Silencing either eIF2α or ATF4 by siRNA transfection relieved afatinib-caused suppression of AKT-mTOR activity, attenuating MCL-1 down-regulation as well as subsequent apoptosis. Collectively, the results show that afatinib hampers AKT-mTOR activation by stimulating PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling pathway, giving rise to MCL-1 down-regulation mediated apoptosis in HNSCC cells. Therefore, our findings reveal the elaborate molecular network of afatinib-induced apoptosis in HNSCC, which would provide substantial theoretical underpinnings for afatinib clinical application and highlight its promising prospect in HNSCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianfang Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of OtologyJinan, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghua Lv
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, P. R. China
| | - Jidong Zou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, P. R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of OtologyJinan, P. R. China
| | - Juke Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, P. R. China
| | - Na Sa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, P. R. China
| | - Peihang Jing
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of OtologyJinan, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang SQ, Liu ST, Zhao BX, Yang FH, Wang YT, Liang QY, Sun YB, Liu Y, Song ZH, Cai Y, Li GF. Afatinib reverses multidrug resistance in ovarian cancer via dually inhibiting ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26142-60. [PMID: 26317651 PMCID: PMC4694892 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major obstacle to successful chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Herein, afatinib at nontoxic concentrations significantly reversed ABCB1-mediated MDR in ovarian cancer cells in vitro (p < 0.05). Combining paclitaxel and afatinib caused tumor regressions and tumor necrosis in A2780T xenografts in vivo. More interestingly, unlike reversible TKIs, afatinib had a distinctive dual-mode action. Afatinib not only inhibited the efflux function of ABCB1, but also attenuated its expression transcriptionally via down-regulation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/p38-dependent activation of NF-κB. Furthermore, apart from a substrate binding domain, afatinib could also bind to an ATP binding domain of ABCB1 through forming hydrogen bonds with Gly533, Gly534, Lys536 and Ala560 sites. Importantly, mutations in these four binding sites of ABCB1 and the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR were not correlated with the reversal activity of afatinib on MDR. Given that afatinib is a clinically approved drug, our results suggest combining afatinib with chemotherapeutic drugs in ovarian cancer. This study can facilitate the rediscovery of superior MDR reversal agents from molecular targeted drugs to provide a more effective and safer way of resensitizing MDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-qi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shi-ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Bo-xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fu-heng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ya-tian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qian-Ying Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ya-bin Sun
- GCP Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhi-hua Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guo-feng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen Z, Chen Y, Xu M, Chen L, Zhang X, To KKW, Zhao H, Wang F, Xia Z, Chen X, Fu L. Osimertinib (AZD9291) Enhanced the Efficacy of Chemotherapeutic Agents in ABCB1- and ABCG2-Overexpressing Cells In Vitro, In Vivo, and Ex Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1845-58. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
47
|
Gibberellin derivative GA-13315 sensitizes multidrug-resistant cancer cells by antagonizing ABCB1 while agonizes ABCC1. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:51-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
48
|
Trametinib modulates cancer multidrug resistance by targeting ABCB1 transporter. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15494-509. [PMID: 25915534 PMCID: PMC4558166 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of adenine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is one of the main reasons of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells. Trametinib, a novel specific small-molecule mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitor, is currently used for the treatment of melanoma in clinic. In this study, we investigated the effect of trametinib on MDR mediated by ABC transporters. Trametinib significantly potentiated the effects of two ABCB1 substrates vincristine and doxorubicin on inhibition of growth, arrest of cell cycle and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells overexpressed ABCB1, but not ABCC1 and ABCG2. Furthermore, trametinib did not alter the sensitivity of non-ABCB1 substrate cisplatin. Mechanistically, trametinib potently blocked the drug-efflux activity of ABCB1 to increase the intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 and doxorubicin and stimulates the ATPase of ABCB1 without alteration of the expression of ABCB1. Importantly, trametinib remarkably enhanced the effect of vincristine against the xenografts of ABCB1-overexpressing cancer cells in nude mice. The predicted binding mode showed the hydrophobic interactions of trametinib within the large drug binding cavity of ABCB1. Consequently, our findings may have important implications for use of trametinib in combination therapy for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
As a new antitumor drug, simotinib hydrochloride is prescribed for prolonged periods, often to patients with comorbidities. Therefore, the risk for developing drug resistance and drug-drug interactions between simotinib and other agents has to be taken into consideration. As P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux transporter, which plays a significant role in drug resistance and influences the pharmacological properties and toxicities of the drugs it interacts with, the interactions between simotinib and P-gp were investigated. Cytotoxicity was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Intracellular drug concentrations were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and using a fluorescence reader. P-gp ATPase activity was measured using the Pgp-Glo assay, and intracellular pH was assessed using the fluorescent probe 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl. The expression and transcription of P-gp were detected by western blotting and the luciferase assay. Simotinib has no cross-resistance to P-gp substrates, and its efflux rate was independent of either the P-gp expression or the coadministered P-gp substrate. Simotinib reversed chemotherapeutic agent resistance in a short time by increasing the intracellular concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent and blocked rhodamine 123 efflux. Further studies demonstrated that simotinib inhibited P-gp activity by modulating its ATPase activity and the intracellular pH. Although simotinib induced P-gp expression after extended treatment, the induced expression of P-gp had little impact on drug resistance. Simotinib is not a substrate of P-gp. As a modulator, it functions mainly as an inhibitor of P-gp by modulating the intracellular pH and ATPase activity, although it also induces P-gp expression after extended treatment.
Collapse
|
50
|
Chen W, Wang F, Zhang X, Hu J, Wang X, Yang K, Huang L, Xu M, Li Q, Fu L. Overcoming ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance by a mineralized hyaluronan–drug nanocomplex. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:6652-6661. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01545j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multicomponent nanocomplex generated by hyaluronan-based biomineralization was successfully employed to combat ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance.
Collapse
|