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Dutta J, Bera A, Upadhyay A, Yadav AK, Banerjee S, Sarkar T, Hussain A. Photoactivated Anticancer Activity of Cobalt(III) Complexes with Naturally Occurring Flavonoids Chrysin and Silibinin. Chembiochem 2024:e202400484. [PMID: 38962951 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Photoactive metal complexes of bioessential transition metal ions with natural chelators are gaining interest as photocytotoxic agents for cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). We report six new cobalt(III) complexes with a mixed-ligand formulation [Co(B)2(L)](ClO4)2 (Co1-Co6), where B represents a N,N-donor α-diimine ligand, namely, phenanthroline (phen; Co1, Co2), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq; Co3, Co4), and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz; Co5, Co6), and L is the monoanionic form of the naturally occurring flavonoids chrysin (chry; Co1, Co3, Co5) and silibinin (sili; Co2, Co4, Co6). Complexes displayed a d-d absorption band within 500-700 nm and exhibited excellent dark and photostability in solution. Cytotoxicity studies indicated significant activity of Co5 and Co6 against cervical (HeLa) and lung (A549) cancer cells under visible light (400-700 nm) irradiation giving low micromolar IC50 values (2.3-3.4 μM, phototoxicity index~15-30). The complexes demonstrated notably low toxicity against normal HPL1D lung epithelial cells. Flow cytometry assay revealed an apoptotic mode of cell damage triggered by the complexes when irradiated. ROS generation assay indicated the involvement of singlet oxygen species in the cell death mechanism when irradiated with light. Overall, complexes Co5 and Co6 with coordinated dipyridophenazine and flavonoid ligands are potential candidates for cancer PDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India
| | - Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Tukki Sarkar
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Akhtar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India
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2
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Aebisher D, Woźnicki P, Dynarowicz K, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Cieślar G, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Photodynamic Therapy and Immunological View in Gastrointestinal Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:66. [PMID: 38201494 PMCID: PMC10777986 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers are a specific group of oncological diseases in which the location and nature of growth are of key importance for clinical symptoms and prognosis. At the same time, as research shows, they pose a serious threat to a patient's life, especially at an advanced stage of development. The type of therapy used depends on the anatomical location of the cancer, its type, and the degree of progression. One of the modern forms of therapy used to treat gastrointestinal cancers is PDT, which has been approved for the treatment of esophageal cancer in the United States. Despite the increasingly rapid clinical use of this treatment method, the exact immunological mechanisms it induces in cancer cells has not yet been fully elucidated. This article presents a review of the current understanding of the mode of action of photodynamic therapy on cells of various gastrointestinal cancers with an emphasis on colorectal cancer. The types of cell death induced by PDT include apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis. Anticancer effects are also a result of the destruction of tumor vasculature and activation of the immune system. Many reports exist that concern the mechanism of apoptosis induction, of which the mitochondrial pathway is most often emphasized. Photodynamic therapy may also have a beneficial effect on such aspects of cancer as the ability to develop metastases or contribute to reducing resistance to known pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Paweł Woźnicki
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (G.C.)
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (G.C.)
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Ibarra AMC, Aguiar EMG, Ferreira CBR, Siqueira JM, Corrêa L, Nunes FD, Franco ALDS, Cecatto RB, Hamblin MR, Rodrigues MFSD. Photodynamic therapy in cancer stem cells - state of the art. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:251. [PMID: 37919479 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant efforts to control cancer progression and to improve oncology treatment outcomes, recurrence and tumor resistance are frequently observed in cancer patients. These problems are partly related to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been developed as a therapeutic approach for solid tumors; however, it remains unclear how this therapy can affect CSCs. In this review, we focus on the effects of PDT on CSCs and the possible changes in the CSC population after PDT exposure. Tumor response to PDT varies according to the photosensitizer and light parameters employed, but most studies have reported the successful elimination of CSCs after PDT. However, some studies have reported that CSCs were more resistant to PDT than non-CSCs due to the increased efflux of photosensitizer molecules and the action of autophagy. Additionally, using different PDT approaches to target the CSCs resulted in increased sensitivity, reduction of sphere formation, invasiveness, stem cell phenotype, and improved response to chemotherapy. Lastly, although mainly limited to in vitro studies, PDT, combined with targeted therapies and/or chemotherapy, could successfully target CSCs in different solid tumors and promote the reduction of stemness, suggesting a promising therapeutic approach requiring evaluation in robust pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Melissa C Ibarra
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cássia B R Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Corrêa
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - FOUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio D Nunes
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - FOUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rebeca B Cecatto
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Fernanda S D Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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Kogan EA, Meerovich GA, Karshieva SS, Makarova EA, Romanishkin ID, Akhlyustina EV, Meerovich IG, Zharkov NV, Koudan EV, Demura TA, Loschenov VB. Photodynamic therapy of lung cancer with photosensitizers based on polycationic derivatives of synthetic bacteriochlorin (experimental study). Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103647. [PMID: 37271489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the tasks of anticancer photodynamic therapy is increasing the efficacy of treatment of cancer nodes with large (clinically relevant) sizes using near-infrared photosensitizers (PS). METHODS The anticancer efficacy and mechanisms of the photodynamic action of PS based on polycationic derivatives of synthetic bacteriochlorin against Lewis lung carcinoma were studied in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS It was found that studied PS have high phototoxicity against Lewis lung carcinoma cells: the IC50 values were about 0.8 μM for tetracationic PS and 0.5 μM for octacationic PS. In vivo studies have shown that these PS provide effective inhibition of the tumor growth with an increase in the lifespan of mice in the group by more than 130%, and more than 50% survival of mice in the group. CONCLUSIONS Photosensitizers based on polycationic derivatives of synthetic bacteriochlorin have high photodynamic efficacy caused by the induction of necrosis and apoptosis of cancer cells, including cancer stem cells, and a sharp decrease of mitotic and proliferative activity. Studied polycationic photosensitizers are much more effective at destroying cancer stem cells and newly formed cancer vessels in comparison with anionic photosensitizers, and ensure the cessation of tumor blood flow without hemorrhages and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya A Kogan
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Gennady A Meerovich
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Saida Sh Karshieva
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow 115478, Russia; National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | | | - Igor D Romanishkin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | | | - Irina G Meerovich
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Nikolai V Zharkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V Koudan
- National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Demura
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Victor B Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Moscow 115409, Russia
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Razlog R, Kruger CA, Abrahamse H. Cytotoxic Effects of Combinative ZnPcS 4 Photosensitizer Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and Cannabidiol (CBD) on a Cervical Cancer Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076151. [PMID: 37047123 PMCID: PMC10094677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent type of gynecological malignancy globally is cervical cancer (CC). Complicated by tumor resistance and metastasis, it remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in women in South Africa. Early CC is managed by hysterectomy, chemotherapy, radiation, and more recently, immunotherapy. Although these treatments provide clinical benefits, many patients experience adverse effects and secondary CC spread. To minimize this, novel and innovative treatment methods need to be investigated. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an advantageous treatment modality that is non-invasive, with limited side effects. The Cannabis sativa L. plant isolate, cannabidiol (CBD), has anti-cancer effects, which inhibit tumor growth and spread. This study investigated the cytotoxic combinative effect of PDT and CBD on CC HeLa cells. The effects were assessed by exposing in vitro HeLa CC-cultured cells to varying doses of ZnPcS4 photosensitizer (PS) PDT and CBD, with a fluency of 10 J/cm2 and 673 nm irradiation. HeLa CC cells, which received the predetermined lowest dose concentrations (ICD50) of 0.125 µM ZnPcS4 PS plus 0.5 µM CBD to yield 50% cytotoxicity post-laser irradiation, reported highly significant and advantageous forms of cell death. Flow cytometry cell death pathway quantitative analysis showed that only 13% of HeLa cells were found to be viable, 7% were in early apoptosis and 64% were in late favorable forms of apoptotic cell death, with a minor 16% of necrosis post-PDT. Findings suggest that this combined treatment approach can possibly induce primary cellular destruction, as well as limit CC metastatic spread, and so warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Razlog
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Cherie Ann Kruger
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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Sravani AB, Ghate V, Lewis S. Human papillomavirus infection, cervical cancer and the less explored role of trace elements. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1026-1050. [PMID: 35467267 PMCID: PMC9898429 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is an aggressive type of cancer affecting women worldwide. Many affected individuals rely on smear tests for the diagnosis, surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation for their treatment. However, due to a broad set of undesired results and side-effects associated with the existing protocols, the search for better diagnostic and therapeutic interventions is a never-ending pursuit. In the purview, the bio-concentration of trace elements (copper, selenium, zinc, iron, arsenic, manganese, and cadmium) is seen to fluctuate during the occurrence of cervical cancer and its progression from pre-cancerous to metastatic nature. Thus, during the occurrence of cervical cancer, the detection of trace elements and their supplementation will prove to be highly advantageous in developing diagnostic tools and therapeutics, respectively. This review provides a detailed overview of cervical cancer, its encouragement by human papillomavirus infections, the mechanism of pathology, and resistance. Majorly, the review emphasizes the less explored role of trace elements, their contribution to the growth and inhibition of cervical cancer. Numerous clinical trials have been listed, thereby providing a comprehensive reference to the exploration of trace elements in the management of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Boyina Sravani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vivek Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Shaila Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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7
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Kah G, Chandran R, Abrahamse H. Curcumin a Natural Phenol and Its Therapeutic Role in Cancer and Photodynamic Therapy: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020639. [PMID: 36839961 PMCID: PMC9962422 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer continues to cause an alarming number of deaths globally, and its burden on the health system is significant. Though different conventional therapeutic procedures are exploited for cancer treatment, the prevalence and death rates remain elevated. These, therefore, insinuate that novel and more efficient treatment procedures are needed for cancer. Curcumin, a bioactive, natural, phenolic compound isolated from the rhizome of the herbaceous plant turmeric, is receiving great interest for its exciting and broad pharmacological properties. Curcumin presents anticancer therapeutic capacities and can be utilized as a photosensitizing drug in cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). Nonetheless, curcumin's poor bioavailability and related pharmacokinetics limit its clinical utility in cancer treatment. This review looks at the physical and chemical properties, bioavailability, and safety of curcumin, while focusing on curcumin as an agent in cancer therapy and as a photosensitizer in cancer PDT. The possible mechanisms and cellular targets of curcumin in cancer therapy and PDT are highlighted. Furthermore, recent improvements in curcumin's bioavailability in cancer therapy using nanoformulations and delivery systems are presented.
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8
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Hegde YM, Theivendren P, Srinivas G, Palanivel M, Shanmugam N, Kunjiappan S, Vellaichamy S, Gopal M, Dharmalingam SR. A Recent Advancement in Nanotechnology Approaches for the Treatment of Cervical Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2023; 23:37-59. [PMID: 35570521 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220513160706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of female death, with a mortality rate of over 200,000 per year in developing countries. Despite a decrease in cervical cancer occurrences in developed countries over the last decade, the frequency of the disease in developing nations continues to rise at an alarming rate, particularly when it is linked to the human papillomavirus (HPV). With just a few highly invasive conventional therapies available, there is a clear need for novel treatment options such as nanotechnology-based chemotherapeutic drug delivery. METHODS Traditional anticancer therapy is limited by poor drug potency, non-specificity, unwanted side effects, and the development of multiple drug resistance (MDR), leading to a decrease in long-term anticancer therapeutic efficacy. An ideal cancer therapy requires a personalized and specialized medication delivery method capable of eradicating even the last cancer cell responsible for disease recurrence. RESULTS Nanotechnology provides effective drug delivery mechanisms, allowing it to serve both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Nanotechnology-based formulations are widely used to accurately target the target organ, maintain drug load bioactivity, preferentially accumulate the drug at the target location, and reduce cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION The key benefits of this drug delivery are that it improves pharmacological activity, solubility, and bioavailability and reduces toxicity in the target tissue by targeting ligands, allowing for new innovative treatment methods in an area that is desperately required. The goal of this review is to highlight possible research on nanotechnologybased delivery systems for cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashoda Mariappa Hegde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Swamy Vivekananda College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu 637205, India
| | - Panneerselvam Theivendren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swamy Vivekananda College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu 637205, India
| | - Geetha Srinivas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Swamy Vivekananda College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu 637205, India
| | - Monashilpa Palanivel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Swamy Vivekananda College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu 637205, India
| | - Nivetha Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Swamy Vivekananda College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu 637205, India
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil-626126, India
| | - Sivakumar Vellaichamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Arulmigu Kalasalingam College of Pharmacy, Krishnankoil-626126, India
| | - Murugananthan Gopal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Swamy Vivekananda College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu 637205, India
| | - Senthil Rajan Dharmalingam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Swamy Vivekananda College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu 637205, India
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Photodynamic Therapy of Aluminum Phthalocyanine Tetra Sodium 2-Mercaptoacetate Linked to PEGylated Copper-Gold Bimetallic Nanoparticles on Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031902. [PMID: 36768224 PMCID: PMC9915188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports for the first time on the synthesis, characterization, and photodynamic therapy efficacy of the novel aluminium (III) chloride 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tetrakis-(sodium 2-mercaptoacetate) phthalocyanine (AlClPcTS41) when alone and when conjugated to PEGylated copper-gold bimetallic nanoparticles (PEG-CuAuNPs) as photosensitizers on colon cancer cells (Caco-2). The novel AlClPcTS41 was covalently linked to the PEG-CuAuNPs via an amide bond to form AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs. The amide bond was successfully confirmed using FTIR while the crystal structures were studied using XRD. The morphological and size variations of the PEG-CuAuNPs and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs were studied using TEM, while the hydrodynamic sizes and polydispersity of the particles were confirmed using DLS. The ground state electron absorption spectra were also studied and confirmed the typical absorption of metallated phthalocyanines and their nanoparticle conjugates. Subsequently, the subcellular uptake, cellular proliferation, and PDT anti-tumor effect of AlClPcTS41, PEG-CuAuNPs, and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs were investigated within in vitro Caco-2 cells. The designed AlClPcTS41 and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs demonstrated significant ROS generation abilities that led to the PDT effect with a significantly decreased viable cell population after PDT treatment. These results demonstrate that the novel AlClPcTS41 and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs had remarkable PDT effects against Caco-2 cells and may trigger apoptosis cell death pathway, indicating the potential of the AlClPcTS41 and AlClPcTS41-PEG-CuAuNPs in enhancing the cytotoxic effect of PDT treatment.
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10
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Enhanced Intracellular Photosensitizer Uptake and Retention by Targeting Viral Oncoproteins in Human Papillomavirus Infected Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020647. [PMID: 36677705 PMCID: PMC9867367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic proteins in cancer are relevant targets for drug delivery. In Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), surface antigens have previously been used to deliver the photosensitizer (PS) to the tumor microenvironment for specific targeting. However, can we target intracellular antigens to achieve more than surface recognition? Can we possibly increase PS intracellular localization and prevent drug efflux at the same time? In this study, these questions were addressed by using a compound that can not only specifically recognize and bind to intracellular E6 oncoproteins in Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Transformed cancer cells, but is also capable of enhancing transmembrane uptake using the cells' own active transport mechanisms. HPV-transformed SiHa cells were cultured in vitro, and the resistant subpopulation was isolated using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS). PDT was performed on four different cell types with varying physiognomies in terms of HPV oncoprotein expression and physiological form. Results demonstrated that tagging PSs on a carrier molecule that specifically delivers the PS inside the cells that express the target proteins enhanced both cellular uptake and retention of the PS even in the presence of drug efflux proteins on resistant subpopulations. These findings provide insight into the possibility of preventing cell-mediated resistance to PDT.
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11
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Mokoena D, George BP, Abrahamse H. Conjugation of Hypericin to Gold Nanoparticles for Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2212. [PMID: 36297648 PMCID: PMC9611363 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, among the different types of cancer, is one of the most diagnosed cancers and the leading cause of mortalities amongst women. Factors, including genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumors, make it resistant to therapies, which results in treatment failures and/or recurrence. Furthermore, the existing therapies have many unfavorable side effects leading to poor prognosis and reduced therapeutic outcomes. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the most effective cancer therapies with increased selectivity and specificity toward cancer cells. As a result, the use of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) further improves the effectiveness of PDT by increasing the drug loading capacity into the cells. In this study, hypericin (Hyp) photosensitizer (PS) was adsorbed on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by sonication to achieve physical adsorption of the PS to AuNP. The resulting compound was characterized by FTIR, Zeta potential, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and TEM. The compound was used for the PDT treatment of MCF-7 human breast cancer in vitro. Cellular responses at 12 h post-PDT at 10 J/cm2 were observed. Cellular morphology, LDH membrane integrity, ATP luminescence assay, and Annexin V/PI staining were performed. The results demonstrated typical cell death morphological features while the biochemical responses indicated increased LDH and decreased ATP levels. In conclusion, this study presents an insight into the application of advanced PDT in breast cancer cells by inducing cancer cell death in vitro via apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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12
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Razlog R, Kruger CA, Abrahamse H. Enhancement of Conventional and Photodynamic Therapy for Treatment of Cervical Cancer with Cannabidiol. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221092706. [PMID: 35481367 PMCID: PMC9087227 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221092706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Conventional treatments include surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy, however these are invasive and may cause severe side effects. Furthermore, approximately 70% of late-stage CC patients experience metastasis, due to treatment resistance and limitations. Thus, there is a dire need to investigate alternative therapeutic combination therapies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative CC treatment modality that has been clinically proven to treat primary CC, as well as to limit secondary metastasis. Since PDT is a non-invasive localized treatment, with fewer side effects and lessened resistance to dose repeats, it is considered far more advantageous. However, more clinical trials are required to refine its delivery and dosing, as well as improve its ability to activate specific immune responses to eradicate secondary CC spread. Cannabidiol (CBD) isolates have been shown to exert in vitro CC anticancer effects, causing apoptosis post treatment, as well as inducing specific immune responses, which obstruct tumor invasion and angiogenesis, and so hinder CC metastatic spread. This review paper discusses the current conventional and alternative PDT treatment modalities for CC, as well as their limitations over the last 10 years. It has a particular focus on the combinative administration of CBD with these treatments in order to prevent CC secondary migration and so possibly encourage future research studies to focus on this synergistic effect to eradicate CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Razlog
- Department of Complementary Medicine,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg,
South Africa
| | - Cherie Ann Kruger
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of
Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South
Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of
Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South
Africa
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13
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Crous A, Abrahamse H. Aluminium (III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulphonate is an effective photosensitizer for the eradication of lung cancer stem cells. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210148. [PMID: 34527268 PMCID: PMC8424323 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to contribute to the recurrence of lung cancer due to their stem-like nature and the involvement of genetic markers associated with drug efflux, regeneration and metastases. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cost-effective and non-invasive therapeutic application that can act as an alternative therapy for lung cancer when considering CSC involvement. Stem-like cells derived from the A549 lung cancer cell line, positive for CD133, CD56 and CD44 antigen markers, were characterized, intracellular localization of aluminium (III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulphonate (AlPcS4Cl) determined and its anti-cancer PDT effects were evaluated. Results confirmed that isolated cells were stem cell-like and subcellular localization of AlPcS4Cl in integral organelles involved in cell homeostasis supported the destruction of CSC. AlPcS4Cl's effectivity was demonstrated with CSC eradication showing a significant increase in cytotoxicity and cell death via apoptosis, caused by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. PDT could serve as a palliative treatment for lung cancer and improve prognosis by elimination of lung CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anine Crous
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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14
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Liposome Photosensitizer Formulations for Effective Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091345. [PMID: 34575424 PMCID: PMC8470396 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising non-invasive strategy in the fight against that which circumvents the systemic toxic effects of chemotherapeutics. It relies on photosensitizers (PSs), which are photoactivated by light irradiation and interaction with molecular oxygen. This generates highly reactive oxygen species (such as 1O2, H2O2, O2, ·OH), which kill cancer cells by necrosis or apoptosis. Despite the promising effects of PDT in cancer treatment, it still suffers from several shortcomings, such as poor biodistribution of hydrophobic PSs, low cellular uptake, and low efficacy in treating bulky or deep tumors. Hence, various nanoplatforms have been developed to increase PDT treatment effectiveness and minimize off-target adverse effects. Liposomes showed great potential in accommodating different PSs, chemotherapeutic drugs, and other therapeutically active molecules. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in encapsulating PSs alone or combined with other chemotherapeutic drugs into liposomes for effective tumor PDT.
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15
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Matijević M, Žakula J, Korićanac L, Radoičić M, Liang X, Mi L, Tričković JF, Šobot AV, Stanković MN, Nakarada Đ, Mojović M, Petković M, Stepić M, Nešić MD. Controlled killing of human cervical cancer cells by combined action of blue light and C-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1087-1098. [PMID: 34398442 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, C-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (C-TiO2) were prepared and tested as a photosensitizer for visible-light-driven photodynamic therapy against cervical cancer cells (HeLa). X-ray diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy confirmed the anatase form of nanoparticles, spherical shape, and size distribution from 5 to 15 nm. Ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy showed that C doping of TiO2 enhances the optical absorption in the visible light range caused by a bandgap narrowing. The photo-cytotoxic activity of C-TiO2 was investigated in vitro against HeLa cells. The lack of dark cytotoxicity indicates good biocompatibility of C-TiO2. In contrast, a combination with blue light significantly reduced the survival of HeLa cells: illumination only decreased cell viability by 30% (15 min of illumination, 120 µW power), and 60% when HeLa cells were preincubated with C-TiO2. We have also confirmed blue light-induced C-TiO2-catalyzed generation of reactive oxygen species in vitro and intracellularly. Oxidative stress triggered by C-TiO2/blue light was the leading cause of HeLa cell death. Fluorescent labeling of treated HeLa cells showed distinct morphological changes after the C-TiO2/blue light treatment. Unlike blue light illumination, which caused the appearance of large necrotic cells with deformed nuclei, cytoplasm swelling, and membrane blebbing, a combination of C-TiO2/blue light leads to controlled cell death, thus providing a better outcome of local anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Matijević
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Žakula
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lela Korićanac
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Radoičić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Xinyue Liang
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Mi
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jelena Filipović Tričković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Valenta Šobot
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja N Stanković
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Đura Nakarada
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Mojović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijana Petković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milutin Stepić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja D Nešić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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Abstract
The healing power of light has attracted interest for thousands of years. Scientific discoveries and technological advancements in the field have eventually led to the emergence of photodynamic therapy, which soon became a promising approach in treating a broad range of diseases. Based on the interaction between light, molecular oxygen, and various photosensitizers, photodynamic therapy represents a non-invasive, non-toxic, repeatable procedure for tumor treatment, wound healing, and pathogens inactivation. However, classic photosensitizing compounds impose limitations on their clinical applications. Aiming to overcome these drawbacks, nanotechnology came as a solution for improving targeting efficiency, release control, and solubility of traditional photosensitizers. This paper proposes a comprehensive path, starting with the photodynamic therapy mechanism, evolution over the years, integration of nanotechnology, and ending with a detailed review of the most important applications of this therapeutic approach.
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17
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de Oliveira SA, Borges R, dos Santos Rosa D, de Souza ACS, Seabra AB, Baino F, Marchi J. Strategies for Cancer Treatment Based on Photonic Nanomedicine. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061435. [PMID: 33809479 PMCID: PMC8001287 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional cancer treatments, such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are still the most effective clinical practice options. However, these treatments may display moderate to severe side effects caused by their low temporal or spatial resolution. In this sense, photonic nanomedicine therapies have been arising as an alternative to traditional cancer treatments since they display more control of temporal and spatial resolution, thereby yielding fewer side effects. In this work, we reviewed the challenge of current cancer treatments, using the PubMed and Web of Science database, focusing on the advances of three prominent therapies approached by photonic nanomedicine: (i) photothermal therapy; (ii) photodynamic therapy; (iii) photoresponsive drug delivery systems. These photonic nanomedicines act on the cancer cells through different mechanisms, such as hyperthermic effect and delivery of chemotherapeutics and species that cause oxidative stress. Furthermore, we covered the recent advances in materials science applied in photonic nanomedicine, highlighting the main classes of materials used in each therapy, their applications in the context of cancer treatment, as well as their advantages, limitations, and future perspectives. Finally, although some photonic nanomedicines are undergoing clinical trials, their effectiveness in cancer treatment have already been highlighted by pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueli Aparecida de Oliveira
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001 Santa Terezinha, Santo André 09210580, Brazil; (S.A.d.O.); (D.d.S.R.)
| | - Roger Borges
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001 Santa Terezinha, Santo André 09210580, Brazil; (R.B.); (A.C.S.d.S.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Derval dos Santos Rosa
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001 Santa Terezinha, Santo André 09210580, Brazil; (S.A.d.O.); (D.d.S.R.)
| | - Ana Carolina Santos de Souza
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001 Santa Terezinha, Santo André 09210580, Brazil; (R.B.); (A.C.S.d.S.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Amedea B. Seabra
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001 Santa Terezinha, Santo André 09210580, Brazil; (R.B.); (A.C.S.d.S.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Francesco Baino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Juliana Marchi
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001 Santa Terezinha, Santo André 09210580, Brazil; (R.B.); (A.C.S.d.S.); (A.B.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3356-7588
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18
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Kaczorowska A, Malinga-Drozd M, Kałas W, Kopaczyńska M, Wołowiec S, Borowska K. Biotin-Containing Third Generation Glucoheptoamidated Polyamidoamine Dendrimer for 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Delivery System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1982. [PMID: 33671436 PMCID: PMC7922973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamidoamine PAMAM dendrimer generation 3 (G3) was modified by attachment of biotin via amide bond and glucoheptoamidated by addition of α-D-glucoheptono-1,4-lacton to obtain a series of conjugates with a variable number of biotin residues. The composition of conjugates was determined by detailed 1-D and 2-D NMR spectroscopy to reveal the number of biotin residues, which were 1, 2, 4, 6, or 8, while the number of glucoheptoamide residues substituted most of the remaining primary amine groups of PAMAM G3. The conjugates were then used as host molecules to encapsulate the 5-aminolevulinic acid. The solubility of 5-aminolevulinic acid increased twice in the presence of the 5-mM guest in water. The interaction between host and guest was accompanied by deprotonation of the carboxylic group of 5-aminolevulinic acid and proton transfer into internal ternary nitrogen atoms of the guest as evidenced by a characteristic chemical shift of resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of associates. The guest molecules were most likely encapsulated inside inner shell voids of the host. The number of guest molecules depended on the number of biotin residues of the host, which was 15 for non-biotin-containing glucoheptoamidated G3 down to 6 for glucoheptoamidated G3 with 8 biotin residues on the host surface. The encapsulates were not cytotoxic against Caco-2 cells up to 200-µM concentration in the dark. All encapsulates were able to deliver 5-aminolevulinic acid to cells but aqueous encapsulates were more active in this regard. Simultaneously, the reactive oxygen species were detected by staining with H2DCFDA in Caco-2 cells incubated with encapsulates. The amount of PpIX was sufficient for induction of reactive oxygen species upon 30-s illumination with a 655-nm laser beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kaczorowska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego Str., 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Wojciech Kałas
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12 Str., 53-114 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Marta Kopaczyńska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego Str., 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Warzywna 1a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Borowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwiłowska Str., 20–080 Lublin, Poland;
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Park J, Lee YK, Park IK, Hwang SR. Current Limitations and Recent Progress in Nanomedicine for Clinically Available Photodynamic Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:85. [PMID: 33467201 PMCID: PMC7830249 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using oxygen, light, and photosensitizers has been receiving great attention, because it has potential for making up for the weakness of the existing therapies such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It has been mainly used to treat cancer, and clinical tests for second-generation photosensitizers with improved physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic profiles, or singlet oxygen quantum yield have been conducted. Progress is also being made in cancer theranostics by using fluorescent signals generated by photosensitizers. In order to obtain the effective cytotoxic effects on the target cells and prevent off-target side effects, photosensitizers need to be localized to the target tissue. The use of nanocarriers combined with photosensitizers can enhance accumulation of photosensitizers in the tumor site, owing to preferential extravasation of nanoparticles into the tumor vasculature by the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers provide good loading efficiency and sustained release of hydrophobic photosensitizers. In addition, prodrug nanomedicines for PDT can be activated by stimuli in the tumor site. In this review, we introduce current limitations and recent progress in nanomedicine for PDT and discuss the expected future direction of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooho Park
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea;
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea;
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Seung Rim Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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20
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Floriano BF, Carvalho T, Lopes TZ, Takahashi LAU, Rahal P, Tedesco AC, Calmon MF. Effect of berberine nanoemulsion Photodynamic therapy on cervical carcinoma cell line. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 33:102174. [PMID: 33401021 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma is the most common gynecological cancer among young and adult women. There has been increasing interest in natural sources for cervical carcinoma treatment, especially for active compounds from plant extracts as antineoplastic agents. Berberine is an example of one these promising natural products. It is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid and comes from plants, such as Berbis, Coptis, and Hydrastis. It is widely used in Chinese medicine and has demonstrated activity against various cancer cell lines. This work aims to analyze the efficiency of berberine-containing nanoemulsions as photosensitizing agents in photodynamic therapy and their interaction with cervical carcinoma cells and immortalized human keratinocyte cell line. Among all groups tested, berberine nanoemulsions combined with photodynamic therapy induced the most statistically significant phototoxicity in the evaluated cell lines. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that the compound was present for up to 48 h when berberine nanoemulsions were used. The reactive oxygen species assay showed an increase in reactive oxygen species in the two studied cell lines after treatment of berberine-containing nanoemulsion combined with photodynamic therapy. The autophagy trial showed significant increases in cell death when berberine-containing nanoemulsion treatment was combined with photodynamic therapy when compared to trichostatin A treatment as a positive control. However, caspase-3 activity did not significantly increase in cervical carcinoma cells and immortalized human keratinocyte cell line. The results suggest that nanoemulsions with berberine have potential for use as photosensitizing agents in photodynamic therapy to treat cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Freitas Floriano
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, IBILCE - Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 - Bairro Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15054-010, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamara Carvalho
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, IBILCE - Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 - Bairro Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15054-010, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tairine Zara Lopes
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, IBILCE - Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 - Bairro Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15054-010, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luandra Aparecida Unten Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, IBILCE - Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 - Bairro Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15054-010, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília Freitas Calmon
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, IBILCE - Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 - Bairro Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15054-010, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Chizenga EP, Abrahamse H. Nanotechnology in Modern Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: A Review of Cellular Resistance Patterns Affecting the Therapeutic Response. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070632. [PMID: 32640564 PMCID: PMC7407821 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a potential therapeutic option for most localized cancers. Its high measure of specificity and minimal risk of side effects compared to other therapies has put PDT on the forefront of cancer research in the current era. The primary cause of treatment failure and high mortality rates is the occurrence of cancer resistance to therapy. Hence, PDT is designed to be selective and tumor-specific. However, because of complex biological characteristics and cell signaling, cancer cells have shown a propensity to acquire cellular resistance to PDT by modulating the photosensitization process or its products. Fortunately, nanotechnology has provided many answers in biomedical and clinical applications, and modern PDT now employs the use of nanomaterials to enhance its efficacy and mitigate the effects of acquired resistance. This review, therefore, sought to scrutinize the mechanisms of cellular resistance that affect the therapeutic response with an emphasis on the use of nanomaterials as a way of overriding cancer cell resistance. The resistance mechanisms that have been reported are complex and photosensitizer (PS)-specific. We conclude that altering the structure of PSs using nanotechnology is an ideal paradigm for enhancing PDT efficacy in the presence of cellular resistance.
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22
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Chi YF, Qin JJ, Li Z, Ge Q, Zeng WH. Enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid-gold nanoparticles-mediated photodynamic therapy in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells. Braz J Med Biol Res 2020; 53:e8457. [PMID: 32348428 PMCID: PMC7205413 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20208457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the conjugation of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) could enhance the anti-tumor efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in epidermoid carcinoma cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. Cell viability, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were determined by MTT assay, flow cytometry, transwell invasion assay, and migration assay, respectively. Singlet oxygen generation was detected by the singlet oxygen sensor green reagent assay. Our results showed that PDT with 5-ALA and GNPs-conjugated 5-ALA (5-ALA-GNPs) significantly suppressed cell viability, increased cell apoptosis and singlet oxygen generation in both HaCat and A431 cells, and PDT with 5-ALA and 5-ALA-GNPs had more profound effects in A431 cells than that in HaCat cells. More importantly, 5-ALA-GNPs treatment potentiated the effects of PDT on cell viability, cell apoptosis, and singlet oxygen generation in A431 cells compared to 5-ALA treatment. Further in vitro assays showed that PDT with 5-ALA-GNPs significantly decreased expression of STAT3 and Bcl-2 and increased expression of Bax in A431 cells compared with PDT with 5-ALA. In addition, 5-ALA-GNPs treatment enhanced the inhibitory effects of PDT on cell invasion and migration and Wnt/β-catenin signaling activities in A431 cells compared to 5-ALA treatment. In conclusion, our results suggested that GNPs conjugated to 5-ALA significantly enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of PDT in A431 cells, which may represent a better strategy to improve the outcomes of patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-fei Chi
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing-jing Qin
- Department of Dermatology, Forest Industry Worker Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Dermatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Qin Ge
- Department of Dermatology, Jingmen No.1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, China
| | - Wei-hui Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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23
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Wu G, Yan Y, Zhou Y, Duan Y, Zeng S, Wang X, Lin W, Ou C, Zhou J, Xu Z. Sulforaphane: Expected to Become a Novel Antitumor Compound. Oncol Res 2020; 28:439-446. [PMID: 32111265 PMCID: PMC7851526 DOI: 10.3727/096504020x15828892654385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are becoming increasingly popular in a variety of traditional, complementary, and alternative systems due to their potency and slight side effects. Natural compounds have been shown to be effective against many human diseases, especially cancers. Sulforaphane (SFE) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the antitumor effect of SFE. The roles of SFE in cancers are mainly through the regulation of potential biomarkers to activate or inhibit related signaling pathways. SFE has exhibited promising inhibitory effects on breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, and other malignant tumors. In this review, we summarized the reports on the activity and functional mechanisms of SFE in cancer treatment and explored the efficacy and toxicity of SFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geting Wu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Yangying Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Yumei Duan
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
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24
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Gaio E, Conte C, Esposito D, Reddi E, Quaglia F, Moret F. CD44 Targeting Mediated by Polymeric Nanoparticles and Combination of Chlorine TPCS 2a-PDT and Docetaxel-Chemotherapy for Efficient Killing of Breast Differentiated and Stem Cancer Cells In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E278. [PMID: 31979218 PMCID: PMC7072409 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of rare but highly tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the tumors is recognized as one of the major reasons of failure of conventional chemotherapies, mainly attributed to the development of drug resistance and increasing metastatic potential. Here, we propose a therapeutic strategy based on the simultaneous delivery of docetaxel (DTX) and the photosensitizer meso-tetraphenyl chlorine disulfonate (TPCS2a) using hyaluronic acid (HA) coated polymeric nanoparticles (HA-NPs) for the targeting and killing of CD44 over-expressing breast cancer (BC) cells, both differentiated and CSCs (CD44high/CD24low population), thus combining chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Using the CD44high MDA-MB-231 and the CD44low MCF-7 cells, we demonstrated the occurrence of CD44-mediated uptake of HA-NPs both in monolayers and mammosphere cultures enriched in CSCs. Cell treatments showed that combination therapy using co-loaded NPs (HA@DTX/TPCS2a-NPs) had superior efficacy over monotherapies (HA@DTX-NPs or HA@TPCS2a-NPs) in reducing the self-renewal capacity, measured as mammosphere formation efficiency, and in eradicating the CSC population evaluated with aldehyde dehydrogenase activity assay and CD44/CD24 immunostaining. In summary, these in vitro studies demonstrated for the first time the potential of the combination of DTX-chemotherapy and TPCS2a-PDT for killing CSCs using properly designed NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gaio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (E.G.); (E.R.)
| | - Claudia Conte
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (C.C.); (D.E.); (F.Q.)
| | - Diletta Esposito
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (C.C.); (D.E.); (F.Q.)
| | - Elena Reddi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (E.G.); (E.R.)
| | - Fabiana Quaglia
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (C.C.); (D.E.); (F.Q.)
| | - Francesca Moret
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (E.G.); (E.R.)
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R Mokoena D, P George B, Abrahamse H. Enhancing Breast Cancer Treatment Using a Combination of Cannabidiol and Gold Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4771. [PMID: 31561450 PMCID: PMC6801525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indisputably, cancer is a global crisis that requires immediate intervention. Despite the use of conventional treatments over the past decades, it is acceptable to admit that these are expensive, invasive, associated with many side effects and, therefore, a reduced quality of life. One of the most possible solutions to this could be the use of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) conjugated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in combination with cannabidiol (CBD), a Cannabis derivative from the Cannabis sativa. Since the use of Cannabis has always been associated with recreation and psychoactive qualities, the positive effects of Cannabis or its derivatives on cancer treatment have been misunderstood and hence misinterpreted. On the other hand, AuNP-PDT is the most favoured form of treatment for cancer, due to its augmented specificity and minimal risk of side effects compared to conventional treatments. However, its use requires the consideration of several physical, biologic, pharmacologic and immunological factors, which may hinder its effectiveness if not taken into consideration. In this review, the role of gold nanoparticle mediated PDT combined with CBD treatment on breast cancer cells will be deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimakatso R Mokoena
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box: 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
| | - Blassan P George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box: 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box: 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
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