1
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Yang Z, Yang L, Zhang J, Qian C, Zhao Y. AS602801 treatment suppresses breast cancer metastasis to the brain by interfering with gap-junction communication by regulating Cx43 expression. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22124. [PMID: 37859299 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
AS602801 has been reported as a potential drug candidate against brain metastasis by suppressing the gap-junction communication between lung cancer stem cells and astrocytes. In this study, we aimed to study the molecular mechanism underlying the role of AS602801 in the treatment of brain metastasis in breast cancer. We utilized female athymic BALB/c nude mice and MDA-MB-231/BT-474BR cells to establish experimental models. Polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to observe changes in the connexin 43 (Cx43) messenger RNA (mRNA) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mRNA levels. Dye transfer assay was used to observe the effect of AS602801 on cell-cell communication. An organotypic blood-brain barrier (BBB) model was utilized to observe the effect of AS602801 on transmigration through the BBB barrier. MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer cells co-cultivated with astrocytes. AS602801 inhibited the upregulation of Cx43 and JNK in brain metastasized breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, AS602801 significantly decreased the dye transfer rate from astrocytes to breast cancer cells, indicating the inhibitory effect of AS602801 on cell-cell communication. The transmigration ability of breast cancer cells co-cultured with astrocytes was decreased by AS602801. Furthermore, AS602801 reduced the elevated Cx43/JNK mRNA expression in the co-astrocyte group while suppressing the increased proliferation and promoting the decreased apoptosis of breast cancer cells co-cultivated with astrocytes. AS602801 also suppressed the brain metastasis of breast cancer cells and increased mouse survival. AS602801 downregulates the expressions of JNK and Cx43 to suppress the gap-junction activity. AS602801 also inhibits the communication between breast cancer cells and astrocytes, thus contributing to the treatment of brain metastasis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shidong Hospital, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Liguo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shidong Hospital, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shidong Hospital, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenzeyue Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Shidong Hospital, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shidong Hospital, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
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2
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Catalanotto M, Vaz JM, Abshire C, Youngblood R, Chu M, Levine H, Jolly MK, Dragoi AM. Dual role of CASP8AP2/FLASH in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition plasticity (EMP). Transl Oncol 2024; 39:101837. [PMID: 37984255 PMCID: PMC10689956 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program that consists of the loss of epithelial features concomitant with the acquisition of mesenchymal features. Activation of EMT in cancer facilitates the acquisition of aggressive traits and cancer invasion. EMT plasticity (EMP), the dynamic transition between multiple hybrid states in which cancer cells display both epithelial and mesenchymal markers, confers survival advantages for cancer cells in constantly changing environments during metastasis. METHODS RNAseq analysis was performed to assess genome-wide transcriptional changes in cancer cells depleted for histone regulators FLASH, NPAT, and SLBP. Quantitative PCR and Western blot were used for the detection of mRNA and protein levels. Computational analysis was performed on distinct sets of genes to determine the epithelial and mesenchymal score in cancer cells and to correlate FLASH expression with EMT markers in the CCLE collection. RESULTS We demonstrate that loss of FLASH in cancer cells gives rise to a hybrid E/M phenotype with high epithelial scores even in the presence of TGFβ, as determined by computational methods using expression of predetermined sets of epithelial and mesenchymal genes. Multiple genes involved in cell-cell junction formation are similarly specifically upregulated in FLASH-depleted cells, suggesting that FLASH acts as a repressor of the epithelial phenotype. Further, FLASH expression in cancer lines is inversely correlated with the epithelial score. Nonetheless, subsets of mesenchymal markers were distinctly up-regulated in FLASH, NPAT, or SLBP-depleted cells. CONCLUSIONS The ZEB1low/SNAILhigh/E-cadherinhigh phenotype described in FLASH-depleted cancer cells is driving a hybrid E/M phenotype in which epithelial and mesenchymal markers coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Markus Vaz
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Reneau Youngblood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Min Chu
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, INLET Core, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ana-Maria Dragoi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, INLET Core, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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3
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Stamellou E, Seikrit C, Tang SCW, Boor P, Tesař V, Floege J, Barratt J, Kramann R. IgA nephropathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:67. [PMID: 38036542 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the most prevalent primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, carries a considerable lifetime risk of kidney failure. Clinical manifestations of IgAN vary from asymptomatic with microscopic or intermittent macroscopic haematuria and stable kidney function to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. IgAN has been proposed to develop through a 'four-hit' process, commencing with overproduction and increased systemic presence of poorly O-glycosylated galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1), followed by recognition of Gd-IgA1 by antiglycan autoantibodies, aggregation of Gd-IgA1 and formation of polymeric IgA1 immune complexes and, lastly, deposition of these immune complexes in the glomerular mesangium, leading to kidney inflammation and scarring. IgAN can only be diagnosed by kidney biopsy. Extensive, optimized supportive care is the mainstay of therapy for patients with IgAN. For those at high risk of disease progression, the 2021 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline suggests considering a 6-month course of systemic corticosteroid therapy; however, the efficacy of systemic steroid treatment is under debate and serious adverse effects are common. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of IgAN have led to clinical trials of novel targeted therapies with acceptable safety profiles, including SGLT2 inhibitors, endothelin receptor blockers, targeted-release budesonide, B cell proliferation and differentiation inhibitors, as well as blockade of complement components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Stamellou
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia Seikrit
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sydney C W Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Boor
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Tesař
- Department of Nephrology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Barratt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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4
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Jain P, Pillai M, Duddu AS, Somarelli JA, Goyal Y, Jolly MK. Dynamical hallmarks of cancer: Phenotypic switching in melanoma and epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 96:48-63. [PMID: 37788736 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity was recently incorporated as a hallmark of cancer. This plasticity can manifest along many interconnected axes, such as stemness and differentiation, drug-sensitive and drug-resistant states, and between epithelial and mesenchymal cell-states. Despite growing acceptance for phenotypic plasticity as a hallmark of cancer, the dynamics of this process remains poorly understood. In particular, the knowledge necessary for a predictive understanding of how individual cancer cells and populations of cells dynamically switch their phenotypes in response to the intensity and/or duration of their current and past environmental stimuli remains far from complete. Here, we present recent investigations of phenotypic plasticity from a systems-level perspective using two exemplars: epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in carcinomas and phenotypic switching in melanoma. We highlight how an integrated computational-experimental approach has helped unravel insights into specific dynamical hallmarks of phenotypic plasticity in different cancers to address the following questions: a) how many distinct cell-states or phenotypes exist?; b) how reversible are transitions among these cell-states, and what factors control the extent of reversibility?; and c) how might cell-cell communication be able to alter rates of cell-state switching and enable diverse patterns of phenotypic heterogeneity? Understanding these dynamic features of phenotypic plasticity may be a key component in shifting the paradigm of cancer treatment from reactionary to a more predictive, proactive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Jain
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Maalavika Pillai
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Jason A Somarelli
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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5
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Haerinck J, Goossens S, Berx G. The epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity landscape: principles of design and mechanisms of regulation. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:590-609. [PMID: 37169858 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) enables cells to interconvert between several states across the epithelial-mesenchymal landscape, thereby acquiring hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotypic features. This plasticity is crucial for embryonic development and wound healing, but also underlies the acquisition of several malignant traits during cancer progression. Recent research using systems biology and single-cell profiling methods has provided novel insights into the main forces that shape EMP, which include the microenvironment, lineage specification and cell identity, and the genome. Additionally, key roles have emerged for hysteresis (cell memory) and cellular noise, which can drive stochastic transitions between cell states. Here, we review these forces and the distinct but interwoven layers of regulatory control that stabilize EMP states or facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) and discuss the therapeutic potential of manipulating the EMP landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jef Haerinck
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Translational Research in Oncology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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6
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Bocci F, Jia D, Nie Q, Jolly MK, Onuchic J. Theoretical and computational tools to model multistable gene regulatory networks. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2023; 86:10.1088/1361-6633/acec88. [PMID: 37531952 PMCID: PMC10521208 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/acec88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a surge of theoretical and computational models to describe the dynamics of complex gene regulatory networks, and how these interactions can give rise to multistable and heterogeneous cell populations. As the use of theoretical modeling to describe genetic and biochemical circuits becomes more widespread, theoreticians with mathematical and physical backgrounds routinely apply concepts from statistical physics, non-linear dynamics, and network theory to biological systems. This review aims at providing a clear overview of the most important methodologies applied in the field while highlighting current and future challenges. It also includes hands-on tutorials to solve and simulate some of the archetypical biological system models used in the field. Furthermore, we provide concrete examples from the existing literature for theoreticians that wish to explore this fast-developing field. Whenever possible, we highlight the similarities and differences between biochemical and regulatory networks and 'classical' systems typically studied in non-equilibrium statistical and quantum mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bocci
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dongya Jia
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - José Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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7
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He Y, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Wu Y, Quan Y, Chen W, Yao J, Zhang P. ZHX2 deficiency enriches hybrid MET cells through regulating E-cadherin expression. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:444. [PMID: 37460540 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that the epithelial to mesenchymal (E/M) hybrid state plays a key role in tumorigenesis. Importantly, a hybrid mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) state in which individual cells express both epithelial and mesenchymal markers was recently identified in vivo, further strengthening the bonds between the hybrid EMT state and cancer progression. However, the role and the molecular mechanisms by which the hybrid MET state is maintained in triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) remain elusive. Here, we find that loss of ZHX2 expression results in the hybrid MET phenotype in mesenchymal TNBC cells. Mechanistically, through directly binding to the CDH1 promoter, depletion of ZHX2 specifically reactivates expression of CDH1 encoding E-cadherin, an epithelial marker that is crucial for maintaining epithelial phenotype. Functionally, loss of ZHX2 expression enriches the hybrid MET cells and inhibits the migration and dissemination of TNBC cells or organoids, which could be reversed by restoration of E-cadherin. Moreover, depletion of ZHX2 suppresses lung metastasis in preclinical models of TNBC. In patients with TNBC, ZHX2 expression was amplified and negatively correlated with the expression of E-cadherin. These findings suggest that loss of ZHX2 promotes the hybrid MET state to impair TNBC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qimin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingjian Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Quan
- Stem Cell Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.
| | - Weihua Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peijing Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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8
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Bocci F, Jia D, Nie Q, Jolly MK, Onuchic J. Theoretical and computational tools to model multistable gene regulatory networks. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2302.07401v2. [PMID: 36824430 PMCID: PMC9949162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a surge of theoretical and computational models to describe the dynamics of complex gene regulatory networks, and how these interactions can give rise to multistable and heterogeneous cell populations. As the use of theoretical modeling to describe genetic and biochemical circuits becomes more widespread, theoreticians with mathematical and physical backgrounds routinely apply concepts from statistical physics, non-linear dynamics, and network theory to biological systems. This review aims at providing a clear overview of the most important methodologies applied in the field while highlighting current and future challenges. It also includes hands-on tutorials to solve and simulate some of the archetypical biological system models used in the field. Furthermore, we provide concrete examples from the existing literature for theoreticians that wish to explore this fast-developing field. Whenever possible, we highlight the similarities and differences between biochemical and regulatory networks and 'classical' systems typically studied in non-equilibrium statistical and quantum mechanics.
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9
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Mallin MM, Kim N, Choudhury MI, Lee SJ, An SS, Sun SX, Konstantopoulos K, Pienta KJ, Amend SR. Cells in the polyaneuploid cancer cell (PACC) state have increased metastatic potential. Clin Exp Metastasis 2023:10.1007/s10585-023-10216-8. [PMID: 37326720 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-023-10216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although metastasis is the leading cause of cancer deaths, it is quite rare at the cellular level. Only a rare subset of cancer cells (~ 1 in 1.5 billion) can complete the entire metastatic cascade: invasion, intravasation, survival in the circulation, extravasation, and colonization (i.e. are metastasis competent). We propose that cells engaging a Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell (PACC) phenotype are metastasis competent. Cells in the PACC state are enlarged, endocycling (i.e. non-dividing) cells with increased genomic content that form in response to stress. Single-cell tracking using time lapse microscopy reveals that PACC state cells have increased motility. Additionally, cells in the PACC state exhibit increased capacity for environment-sensing and directional migration in chemotactic environments, predicting successful invasion. Magnetic Twisting Cytometry and Atomic Force Microscopy reveal that cells in the PACC state display hyper-elastic properties like increased peripheral deformability and maintained peri-nuclear cortical integrity that predict successful intravasation and extravasation. Furthermore, four orthogonal methods reveal that cells in the PACC state have increased expression of vimentin, a hyper-elastic biomolecule known to modulate biomechanical properties and induce mesenchymal-like motility. Taken together, these data indicate that cells in the PACC state have increased metastatic potential and are worthy of further in vivo analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela M Mallin
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Cancer Ecology Center, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Nicholas Kim
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Se Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven S An
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sean X Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Kenneth J Pienta
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cancer Ecology Center, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah R Amend
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cancer Ecology Center, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Basu B, Karmakar S, Basu M, Ghosh MK. USP7 imparts partial EMT state in colorectal cancer by stabilizing the RNA helicase DDX3X and augmenting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119446. [PMID: 36791810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental and highly regulated process that is normally observed during embryonic development and tissue repair but is deregulated during advanced cancer. Classically, through the process of EMT, cancer cells gradually transition from a predominantly epithelial phenotype to a more invasive mesenchymal phenotype. Increasing studies have, however, brought into light the existence of unique intermediary states in EMT, often referred to as partial EMT states. Through our studies we have found the deubiquitinase USP7 to be strongly associated with the development of such a partial EMT state in colon cancer cells, characterized by the acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics but without the reduction in epithelial markers. We found USP7 to be overexpressed in colon adenocarcinomas and to be closely associated with advancing tumor stage. We found that functional inhibition or knockdown of USP7 is associated with a marked reduction in mesenchymal markers and in overall migration potential of cancer cells. Starting off with a proteomics-based approach we were able to identify and later on verify the DEAD box RNA helicase DDX3X to be an interacting partner of USP7. We then went on to show that USP7, through the stabilization of DDX3X, augments Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which has previously been shown to be greatly associated with colorectal cancer cell invasiveness. Our results indicate USP7 as a novel key player in establishing a partial mesenchymal phenotype in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Basu
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhajit Karmakar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, South 24 Parganas PIN-743372, India
| | - Mrinal K Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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11
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Dhungel N, Youngblood R, Chu M, Carroll J, Dragoi AM. Assessing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal plasticity in a small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and lung fibroblasts co-culture model. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1096326. [PMID: 36936987 PMCID: PMC10022497 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1096326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the source of important cues that govern epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and facilitate the acquisition of aggressive traits by cancer cells. It is now recognized that EMT is not a binary program, and cancer cells rarely switch to a fully mesenchymal phenotype. Rather, cancer cells exist in multiple hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) states responsible for cell population heterogeneity, which is advantageous for the ever-changing environment during tumor development and metastasis. How are these intermediate states generated and maintained is not fully understood. Here, we show that direct interaction between small cell lung carcinoma cells and lung fibroblasts induces a hybrid EMT phenotype in cancer cells in which several mesenchymal genes involved in receptor interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM remodeling are upregulated while epithelial genes such as E-cadherin remain unchanged or slightly increase. We also demonstrate that several core EMT-regulating transcription factors (EMT-TFs) are upregulated in cancer cells during direct contact with fibroblasts, as is Yes-associated protein (YAP1), a major regulator of the Hippo pathway. Further, we show that these changes are transient and reverse to the initial state once the interaction is disrupted. Altogether, our results provide evidence that tumor cells' direct contact with the fibroblasts in the TME initiates a signaling cascade responsible for hybrid E/M states of cancer cells. These hybrid states are maintained during the interaction and possibly contribute to therapy resistance and immune evasion, while interference with direct contact will result in slow recovery and switch to the initial states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilu Dhungel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Reneau Youngblood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Min Chu
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, INLET Core, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Jennifer Carroll
- Center for Emerging Viral Threats (CEVT), LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ana-Maria Dragoi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, INLET Core, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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12
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OVOL1 inhibits breast cancer cell invasion by enhancing the degradation of TGF-β type I receptor. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:126. [PMID: 35484112 PMCID: PMC9050647 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00944-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovo-like transcriptional repressor 1 (OVOL1) is a key mediator of epithelial lineage determination and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). The cytokines transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) control the epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) of cancer cells, but whether this occurs through interplay with OVOL1 is not known. Here, we show that OVOL1 is inversely correlated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature, and is an indicator of a favorable prognosis for breast cancer patients. OVOL1 suppresses EMT, migration, extravasation, and early metastatic events of breast cancer cells. Importantly, BMP strongly promotes the expression of OVOL1, which enhances BMP signaling in turn. This positive feedback loop is established through the inhibition of TGF-β receptor signaling by OVOL1. Mechanistically, OVOL1 interacts with and prevents the ubiquitination and degradation of SMAD family member 7 (SMAD7), which is a negative regulator of TGF-β type I receptor stability. Moreover, a small-molecule compound 6-formylindolo(3,2-b)carbazole (FICZ) was identified to activate OVOL1 expression and thereby antagonizing (at least in part) TGF-β-mediated EMT and migration in breast cancer cells. Our results uncover a novel mechanism by which OVOL1 attenuates TGF-β/SMAD signaling and maintains the epithelial identity of breast cancer cells.
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13
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Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity: why so many regulators? Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:182. [PMID: 35278142 PMCID: PMC8918127 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic transition between epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like cell states has been a focus for extensive investigation for decades, reflective of the importance of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) through development, in the adult, and the contributing role EMT has to pathologies including metastasis and fibrosis. Not surprisingly, regulation of the complex genetic networks that underlie EMT have been attributed to multiple transcription factors and microRNAs. What is surprising, however, are the sheer number of different regulators (hundreds of transcription factors and microRNAs) for which critical roles have been described. This review seeks not to collate these studies, but to provide a perspective on the fundamental question of whether it is really feasible that so many regulators play important roles and if so, what does this tell us about EMT and more generally, the genetic machinery that controls complex biological processes.
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14
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Wang HY, Zhang XP, Wang W. Regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hypoxia by the HIF-1α network. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:338-349. [PMID: 34905218 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a significant role in cancer metastasis. A series of models have focused on EMT regulation by TGF-β network. However, how EMT is regulated under hypoxia is less understood. We developed a model of HIF-1α network to explore the potential link between EMT and the network topology. Our results revealed that three positive feedback loops, composed of HIF-1α and its three targets SNAIL, TWIST, and miR-210, should be sequentially activated to induce EMT under aggravating hypoxia. We suggested that the number of the positive feedback loops is critical for determining the number of stable states in EMT. Our work may advance the understanding of the significance of network topology in the regulation of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Yu Wang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, China
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, China
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15
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Kisoda S, Mouri Y, Kitamura N, Yamamoto T, Miyoshi K, Kudo Y. The role of partial-EMT in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Biosci 2022; 64:176-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Mandal S, Tejaswi T, Janivara R, Srikrishnan S, Thakur P, Sahoo S, Chakraborty P, Sohal SS, Levine H, George JT, Jolly MK. Transcriptomic-Based Quantification of the Epithelial-Hybrid-Mesenchymal Spectrum across Biological Contexts. Biomolecules 2021; 12:29. [PMID: 35053177 PMCID: PMC8773604 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) underlies embryonic development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis and fibrosis. Cancer cells exhibiting EMP often have more aggressive behavior, characterized by drug resistance, and tumor-initiating and immuno-evasive traits. Thus, the EMP status of cancer cells can be a critical indicator of patient prognosis. Here, we compare three distinct transcriptomic-based metrics-each derived using a different gene list and algorithm-that quantify the EMP spectrum. Our results for over 80 cancer-related RNA-seq datasets reveal a high degree of concordance among these metrics in quantifying the extent of EMP. Moreover, each metric, despite being trained on cancer expression profiles, recapitulates the expected changes in EMP scores for non-cancer contexts such as lung fibrosis and cellular reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells. Thus, we offer a scoring platform to quantify the extent of EMP in vitro and in vivo for diverse biological applications including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Mandal
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (S.M.); (T.T.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Tanishq Tejaswi
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (S.M.); (T.T.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Rohini Janivara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
| | - Syamanthak Srikrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; (S.S.); (P.T.)
| | - Pradipti Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; (S.S.); (P.T.)
| | - Sarthak Sahoo
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (S.M.); (T.T.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Priyanka Chakraborty
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (S.M.); (T.T.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7248, Australia;
| | - Herbert Levine
- Departments of Physics and Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason T. George
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (S.M.); (T.T.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
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17
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Brasier AR, Qiao D, Zhao Y. The Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway Links Innate Inflammation With Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Airway Remodeling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:808735. [PMID: 35002741 PMCID: PMC8727908 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.808735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the lower airway epithelial barrier plays a major role in the initiation and progression of chronic lung disease. Here, repetitive environmental insults produced by viral and allergens triggers metabolic adaptations, epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) and airway remodeling. Epithelial plasticity disrupts epithelial barrier function, stimulates release of fibroblastic growth factors, and remodels the extracellular matrix (ECM). This review will focus on recent work demonstrating how the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) links innate inflammation to airway remodeling. The HBP is a core metabolic pathway of the unfolded protein response (UPR) responsible for protein N-glycosylation, relief of proteotoxic stress and secretion of ECM modifiers. We will overview findings that the IκB kinase (IKK)-NFκB pathway directly activates expression of the SNAI-ZEB1 mesenchymal transcription factor module through regulation of the Bromodomain Containing Protein 4 (BRD4) chromatin modifier. BRD4 mediates transcriptional elongation of SNAI1-ZEB as well as enhancing chromatin accessibility and transcription of fibroblast growth factors, ECM and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In addition, recent exciting findings that IKK cross-talks with the UPR by controlling phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the autoregulatory XBP1s transcription factor are presented. HBP is required for N glycosylation and secretion of ECM components that play an important signaling role in airway remodeling. This interplay between innate inflammation, metabolic reprogramming and lower airway plasticity expands a population of subepithelial myofibroblasts by secreting fibroblastic growth factors, producing changes in ECM tensile strength, and fibroblast stimulation by MMP binding. Through these actions on myofibroblasts, EMP in lower airway cells produces expansion of the lamina reticularis and promotes airway remodeling. In this manner, metabolic reprogramming by the HBP mediates environmental insult-induced inflammation with remodeling in chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
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18
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Tomaszewska W, Kozłowska-Masłoń J, Baranowski D, Perkowska A, Szałkowska S, Kazimierczak U, Severino P, Lamperska K, Kolenda T. miR-154 Influences HNSCC Development and Progression through Regulation of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Process and Could Be Used as a Potential Biomarker. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121894. [PMID: 34944712 PMCID: PMC8698850 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs and their role in cancer have been extensively studied for the past decade. Here, we analyzed the biological role and diagnostic potential of miR-154-5p and miR-154-3p in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). miRNA expression analyses were performed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data accessed from cBioPortal, UALCAN, Santa Cruz University, and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The expression data were correlated with clinicopathological parameters. The functional enrichment was assessed with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The immunological profiles were assessed using the ESTIMATE tool and RNAseq data from TCGA. All statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism and Statistica. The study showed that both miR-154-5p and miR-154-3p were downregulated in the HNSCC samples and their expression levels correlated with tumor localization, overall survival, cancer stage, tumor grade, and HPV p16 status. GSEA indicated that individuals with the increased levels of miR-154 had upregulated AKT-MTOR, CYCLIN D1, KRAS, EIF4E, RB, ATM, and EMT gene sets. Finally, the elevated miR-154 expression correlated with better immune response. This study showed that miR-154 is highly involved in HNSCC pathogenesis, invasion, and immune response. The implementation of miR-154 as a biomarker may improve the effectiveness of HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Tomaszewska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.B.); (A.P.); (S.S.); (U.K.)
- Correspondence: (W.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Joanna Kozłowska-Masłoń
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland; (J.K.-M.); (K.L.)
- Research and Implementation Unit, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dawid Baranowski
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.B.); (A.P.); (S.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Anna Perkowska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.B.); (A.P.); (S.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Sandra Szałkowska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.B.); (A.P.); (S.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Urszula Kazimierczak
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.B.); (A.P.); (S.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Patricia Severino
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Albert Einstein Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, 627-Jardim Leonor, São Paulo 05652-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Katarzyna Lamperska
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland; (J.K.-M.); (K.L.)
- Research and Implementation Unit, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kolenda
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland; (J.K.-M.); (K.L.)
- Research and Implementation Unit, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.T.); (T.K.)
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19
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Thankamony AP, Subbalakshmi AR, Jolly MK, Nair R. Lineage Plasticity in Cancer: The Tale of a Skin-Walker. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3602. [PMID: 34298815 PMCID: PMC8306016 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage plasticity, the switching of cells from one lineage to another, has been recognized as a cardinal property essential for embryonic development, tissue repair and homeostasis. However, such a highly regulated process goes awry when cancer cells exploit this inherent ability to their advantage, resulting in tumorigenesis, relapse, metastasis and therapy resistance. In this review, we summarize our current understanding on the role of lineage plasticity in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance in multiple cancers. Lineage plasticity can be triggered by treatment itself and is reported across various solid as well as liquid tumors. Here, we focus on the importance of lineage switching in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance of solid tumors such as the prostate, lung, hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma and the myeloid and lymphoid lineage switch observed in leukemias. Besides this, we also discuss the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in facilitating the lineage switch in biphasic cancers such as aggressive carcinosarcomas. We also discuss the mechanisms involved, current therapeutic approaches and challenges that lie ahead in taming the scourge of lineage plasticity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana P. Thankamony
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Kerala 695014, India;
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
| | - Ayalur Raghu Subbalakshmi
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India;
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India;
| | - Radhika Nair
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Kerala 695014, India;
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20
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Govindaraj V, Kar S. Role of microRNAs in oncogenesis: Insights from computational and systems‐level modeling approaches. COMPUTATIONAL AND SYSTEMS ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cso2.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip Kar
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay Mumbai India
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21
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Katebi A, Ramirez D, Lu M. Computational systems-biology approaches for modeling gene networks driving epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. COMPUTATIONAL AND SYSTEMS ONCOLOGY 2021; 1:e1021. [PMID: 34164628 PMCID: PMC8219219 DOI: 10.1002/cso2.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important biological process through which epithelial cells undergo phenotypic transitions to mesenchymal cells by losing cell-cell adhesion and gaining migratory properties that cells use in embryogenesis, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. An important research topic is to identify the underlying gene regulatory networks (GRNs) governing the decision making of EMT and develop predictive models based on the GRNs. The advent of recent genomic technology, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, has opened new opportunities to improve our understanding about the dynamical controls of EMT. In this article, we review three major types of computational and mathematical approaches and methods for inferring and modeling GRNs driving EMT. We emphasize (1) the bottom-up approaches, where GRNs are constructed through literature search; (2) the top-down approaches, where GRNs are derived from genome-wide sequencing data; (3) the combined top-down and bottom-up approaches, where EMT GRNs are constructed and simulated by integrating bioinformatics and mathematical modeling. We discuss the methodologies and applications of each approach and the available resources for these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ataur Katebi
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Ramirez
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Mingyang Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Morgani SM, Su J, Nichols J, Massagué J, Hadjantonakis AK. The transcription factor Rreb1 regulates epithelial architecture, invasiveness, and vasculogenesis in early mouse embryos. eLife 2021; 10:e64811. [PMID: 33929320 PMCID: PMC8131102 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras-responsive element-binding protein 1 (Rreb1) is a zinc-finger transcription factor acting downstream of RAS signaling. Rreb1 has been implicated in cancer and Noonan-like RASopathies. However, little is known about its role in mammalian non-disease states. Here, we show that Rreb1 is essential for mouse embryonic development. Loss of Rreb1 led to a reduction in the expression of vasculogenic factors, cardiovascular defects, and embryonic lethality. During gastrulation, the absence of Rreb1 also resulted in the upregulation of cytoskeleton-associated genes, a change in the organization of F-ACTIN and adherens junctions within the pluripotent epiblast, and perturbed epithelial architecture. Moreover, Rreb1 mutant cells ectopically exited the epiblast epithelium through the underlying basement membrane, paralleling cell behaviors observed during metastasis. Thus, disentangling the function of Rreb1 in development should shed light on its role in cancer and other diseases involving loss of epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jie Su
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
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23
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Jolly MK, Murphy RJ, Bhatia S, Whitfield HJ, Redfern A, Davis MJ, Thompson EW. Measuring and Modelling the Epithelial- Mesenchymal Hybrid State in Cancer: Clinical Implications. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:110-133. [PMID: 33902034 DOI: 10.1159/000515289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal (E/M) hybrid state has emerged as an important mediator of elements of cancer progression, facilitated by epithelial mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). We review here evidence for the presence, prognostic significance, and therapeutic potential of the E/M hybrid state in carcinoma. We further assess modelling predictions and validation studies to demonstrate stabilised E/M hybrid states along the spectrum of EMP, as well as computational approaches for characterising and quantifying EMP phenotypes, with particular attention to the emerging realm of single-cell approaches through RNA sequencing and protein-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ryan J Murphy
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Mathematical Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sugandha Bhatia
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Holly J Whitfield
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Perth, Washington, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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24
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αvβ3 Integrin induces partial EMT independent of TGF-β signaling. Commun Biol 2021; 4:490. [PMID: 33883697 PMCID: PMC8060333 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a pivotal role for tumor progression. Recent studies have revealed the existence of distinct intermediate states in EMT (partial EMT); however, the mechanisms underlying partial EMT are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that αvβ3 integrin induces partial EMT, which is characterized by acquiring mesenchymal phenotypes while retaining epithelial markers. We found αvβ3 integrin to be associated with poor survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, αvβ3 integrin-induced partial EMT promoted migration, invasion, tumorigenesis, stemness, and metastasis of lung cancer cells in a TGF-β-independent fashion. Additionally, TGF-β1 promoted EMT progression synergistically with αvβ3 integrin, while a TGF-β signaling inhibitor showed no effect on αvβ3 integrin-induced partial EMT. Meanwhile, the microRNA-200 family abolished the αvβ3 integrin-induced partial EMT by suppressing αvβ3 integrin cell surface expression. These findings indicate that αvβ3 integrin is a key inducer of partial EMT, and highlight a new mechanism for cancer progression. Kariya, Oyama et al. propose that αvβ3 can drive a partial EMT phenotype characterized by maintained E-cadherin expression and upregulation of mesenchymal markers. This hybrid EMT state is independent of TGF-β1 signaling and characterised by increased migration, invasion, tumor cell proliferation, stemness and metastatic capacity.
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25
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Xu X, Qiao D, Dong C, Mann M, Garofalo RP, Keles S, Brasier AR. The SWI/SNF-Related, Matrix Associated, Actin-Dependent Regulator of Chromatin A4 Core Complex Represses Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Syncytia Formation and Subepithelial Myofibroblast Transition. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633654. [PMID: 33732255 PMCID: PMC7957062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics plays an important role in the priming the dynamic response of airway epithelial cells to infectious and environmental stressors. Here, we examine the epigenetic role of the SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator of Chromatin A4 (SMARCA4) in the epithelial response to RSV infection. Depletion of SMARCA4 destabilized the abundance of the SMARCE1/ARID1A SWI/SNF subunits, disrupting the innate response and triggering a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) state. Assaying SMARCA4 complex-regulated open chromatin domains by transposase cleavage -next generation sequencing (ATAC-Seq), we observed that the majority of cleavage sites in uninfected cells have reduced chromatin accessibility. Paradoxically, SMARCA4 complex-depleted cells showed enhanced RSV-inducible chromatin opening and gene expression in the EMT pathway genes, MMP9, SNAI1/2, VIM, and CDH2. Focusing on the key MMP9, we observed that SMARCA4 complex depletion reduced basal BRD4 and RNA Polymerase II binding, but enhanced BRD4/Pol II binding in response to RSV infection. In addition, we observed that MMP9 secretion in SMARCA4 complex deficient cells contributes to mesenchymal transition, cellular fusion (syncytia) and subepithelial myofibroblast transition. We conclude the SMARCA4 complex is a transcriptional repressor of epithelial plasticity, whose depletion triggers a hybrid E/M state that affects the dynamic response of the small airway epithelial cell in mucosal remodeling via paracrine MMP9 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Chenyang Dong
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Morgan Mann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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26
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Abstract
Bistable switches that produce all-or-none responses have been found to regulate a number of natural cellular decision making processes, and subsequently synthetic switches were designed to exploit their potential. However, an increasing number of studies, particularly in the context of cellular differentiation, highlight the existence of a mixed state that can be explained by tristable switches. The criterion for designing robust tristable switches still remains to be understood from the perspective of network topology. To address such a question, we calculated the robustness of several 2- and 3-component network motifs, connected via only two positive feedback loops, in generating tristable signal response curves. By calculating the effective potential landscape and following its modifications with the bifurcation parameter, we constructed one-parameter bifurcation diagrams of these models in a high-throughput manner for a large combinations of parameters. We report here that introduction of a self-activatory positive feedback loop, directly or indirectly, into a mutual inhibition loop leads to generating the most robust tristable response. The high-throughput approach of our method further allowed us to determine the robustness of four types of tristable responses that originate from the relative locations of four bifurcation points. Using the method, we also analyzed the role of additional mutual inhibition loops in stabilizing the mixed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Dey
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Central University
P.O., Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Debashis Barik
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Central University
P.O., Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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27
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Berenguer J, Celià-Terrassa T. Cell memory of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 69:103-110. [PMID: 33578288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental biological processes of cell identity and cell fate determination are controlled by complex regulatory networks. These processes require molecular mechanisms that confer cellular phenotypic memory and state persistence. In this minireview, we will summarize mechanisms of cell memory based on regulatory hysteretic feedback loops and explore epigenetic mechanisms widely represented in nature, with special focus on epithelial-to-mesenchymal plasticity. We will also discuss the functional consequences of cell memory and epithelial-to-mesenchymal plasticity dynamics during development and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Berenguer
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Celià-Terrassa
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Kittelmann S, Preger-Ben Noon E, McGregor AP, Frankel N. A complex gene regulatory architecture underlies the development and evolution of cuticle morphology in Drosophila. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:21-27. [PMID: 33529925 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cuticle of insects is decorated with non-sensory hairs called trichomes. A few Drosophila species independently lost most of the dorso-lateral trichomes on first instar larvae. Genetic experiments revealed that this naked cuticle phenotype was caused by the evolution of enhancer function at the ovo/shavenbaby (ovo/svb) locus. Here we explore how this discovery catalyzed major new insights into morphological evolution in different developmental contexts, enhancer pleiotropy in gene regulation and the functionality and evolution of the Svb gene regulatory network (GRN). Taken together this highlights the importance of understanding the architecture and evolution of gene regulatory networks in detail and the great potential for further study of the Svb GRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kittelmann
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Ella Preger-Ben Noon
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Alistair P McGregor
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolás Frankel
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (FCEyN, UBA), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.
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29
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Deshmukh S, Saini S. Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Tumor Progression, and Its Possible Role in the Onset of Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:604528. [PMID: 33329751 PMCID: PMC7734151 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.604528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity among isogenic cells/individuals has been known for at least 150 years. Even Mendel, working on pea plants, realized that not all tall plants were identical. However, Mendel was more interested in the discontinuous variation between genetically distinct individuals. The concept of environment dictating distinct phenotypes among isogenic individuals has since been shown to impact the evolution of populations in numerous examples at different scales of life. In this review, we discuss how phenotypic heterogeneity and its evolutionary implications exist at all levels of life, from viruses to mammals. In particular, we discuss how a particular disease condition (cancer) is impacted by heterogeneity among isogenic cells, and propose a potential role that phenotypic heterogeneity might play toward the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Deshmukh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Supreet Saini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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30
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Sha Y, Wang S, Zhou P, Nie Q. Inference and multiscale model of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via single-cell transcriptomic data. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9505-9520. [PMID: 32870263 PMCID: PMC7515733 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid growth of single-cell transcriptomic data provides unprecedented opportunities for close scrutinizing of dynamical cellular processes. Through investigating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), we develop an integrative tool that combines unsupervised learning of single-cell transcriptomic data and multiscale mathematical modeling to analyze transitions during cell fate decision. Our approach allows identification of individual cells making transition between all cell states, and inference of genes that drive transitions. Multiscale extractions of single-cell scale outputs naturally reveal intermediate cell states (ICS) and ICS-regulated transition trajectories, producing emergent population-scale models to be explored for design principles. Testing on the newly designed single-cell gene regulatory network model and applying to twelve published single-cell EMT datasets in cancer and embryogenesis, we uncover the roles of ICS on adaptation, noise attenuation, and transition efficiency in EMT, and reveal their trade-off relations. Overall, our unsupervised learning method is applicable to general single-cell transcriptomic datasets, and our integrative approach at single-cell resolution may be adopted for other cell fate transition systems beyond EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Sha
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shuxiong Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Peijie Zhou
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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31
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Saxena K, Jolly MK, Balamurugan K. Hypoxia, partial EMT and collective migration: Emerging culprits in metastasis. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100845. [PMID: 32781367 PMCID: PMC7419667 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular biological process involved in migration of primary cancer cells to secondary sites facilitating metastasis. Besides, EMT also confers properties such as stemness, drug resistance and immune evasion which can aid a successful colonization at the distant site. EMT is not a binary process; recent evidence suggests that cells in partial EMT or hybrid E/M phenotype(s) can have enhanced stemness and drug resistance as compared to those undergoing a complete EMT. Moreover, partial EMT enables collective migration of cells as clusters of circulating tumor cells or emboli, further endorsing that cells in hybrid E/M phenotypes may be the 'fittest' for metastasis. Here, we review mechanisms and implications of hybrid E/M phenotypes, including their reported association with hypoxia. Hypoxia-driven activation of HIF-1α can drive EMT. In addition, cyclic hypoxia, as compared to acute or chronic hypoxia, shows the highest levels of active HIF-1α and can augment cancer aggressiveness to a greater extent, including enriching for a partial EMT phenotype. We also discuss how metastasis is influenced by hypoxia, partial EMT and collective cell migration, and call for a better understanding of interconnections among these mechanisms. We discuss the known regulators of hypoxia, hybrid EMT and collective cell migration and highlight the gaps which needs to be filled for connecting these three axes which will increase our understanding of dynamics of metastasis and help control it more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Saxena
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Kuppusamy Balamurugan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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32
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Mancheno-Ferris A, Polesello C, Payre F. [OvoL factors: a family of key regulators of epithelium mesenchyme plasticity and stem cells]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36 Hors série n° 1:61-66. [PMID: 33052097 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most prevalent cancers are of epithelial origin and their morbidity often results from secondary tumors. Cancer aggressiveness relates to intratumoral heterogeneity, including rare tumor initiating cells that share many features with adult stem cells. Both normal and cancer stem cells are characterized by their plasticity between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, progressing through a series of reversible intermediates. While a core of regulators (Snail, Zeb1-2,...) is renowned to promote epithelial to mesenchyme transition (EMT), OvoL/Shavenbaby factors now emerge as a family of key epithelial stabilizers. Therefore, pro-EMT and OvoL/Shavenbaby transcription factors could provide a molecular rheostat to control stemness and epithelial-mesenchyme plasticity. We address this question in flies, in which the unique OvoL/Shavenbaby factor offers a powerful in vivo paradigm for functional analyses. Our results show that Shavenbaby is critical for adult stem cell homeostasis, and directly interacts with the Hippo pathway to protect stem cells from death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mancheno-Ferris
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France. - CNRS, UMR5547, Centre de Biologie du Développement, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Polesello
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France. - CNRS, UMR5547, Centre de Biologie du Développement, Toulouse, France
| | - François Payre
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France. - CNRS, UMR5547, Centre de Biologie du Développement, Toulouse, France
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33
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Saxena K, Srikrishnan S, Celia-Terrassa T, Jolly MK. OVOL1/2: Drivers of Epithelial Differentiation in Development, Disease, and Reprogramming. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 211:183-192. [PMID: 32932250 DOI: 10.1159/000511383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OVOL proteins (OVOL1 and OVOL2), vertebrate homologs of Drosophila OVO, are critical regulators of epithelial lineage determination and differentiation during embryonic development in tissues such as kidney, skin, mammary epithelia, and testis. OVOL can inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition and/or can promote mesenchymal-epithelial transition. Moreover, they can regulate the stemness of cancer cells, thus playing an important role during cancer cell metastasis. Due to their central role in differentiation and maintenance of epithelial lineage, OVOL overexpression has been shown to be capable of reprogramming fibroblasts to epithelial cells. Here, we review the roles of OVOL-mediated epithelial differentiation across multiple contexts, including embryonic development, cancer progression, and cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Saxena
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Toni Celia-Terrassa
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India,
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34
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Subbalakshmi AR, Kundnani D, Biswas K, Ghosh A, Hanash SM, Tripathi SC, Jolly MK. NFATc Acts as a Non-Canonical Phenotypic Stability Factor for a Hybrid Epithelial/Mesenchymal Phenotype. Front Oncol 2020; 10:553342. [PMID: 33014880 PMCID: PMC7506140 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.553342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis remains the cause of over 90% of cancer-related deaths. Cells undergoing metastasis use phenotypic plasticity to adapt to their changing environmental conditions and avoid therapy and immune response. Reversible transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes – epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) – form a key axis of phenotypic plasticity during metastasis and therapy resistance. Recent studies have shown that the cells undergoing EMT/MET can attain one or more hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) phenotypes, the process of which is termed as partial EMT/MET. Cells in hybrid E/M phenotype(s) can be more aggressive than those in either epithelial or mesenchymal state. Thus, it is crucial to identify the factors and regulatory networks enabling such hybrid E/M phenotypes. Here, employing an integrated computational-experimental approach, we show that the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFATc) can inhibit the process of complete EMT, thus stabilizing the hybrid E/M phenotype. It increases the range of parameters enabling the existence of a hybrid E/M phenotype, thus behaving as a phenotypic stability factor (PSF). However, unlike previously identified PSFs, it does not increase the mean residence time of the cells in hybrid E/M phenotypes, as shown by stochastic simulations; rather it enables the co-existence of epithelial, mesenchymal and hybrid E/M phenotypes and transitions among them. Clinical data suggests the effect of NFATc on patient survival in a tissue-specific or context-dependent manner. Together, our results indicate that NFATc behaves as a non-canonical PSF for a hybrid E/M phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepali Kundnani
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kuheli Biswas
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Anandamohan Ghosh
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Samir M Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Satyendra C Tripathi
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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35
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Bocci F, Onuchic JN, Jolly MK. Understanding the Principles of Pattern Formation Driven by Notch Signaling by Integrating Experiments and Theoretical Models. Front Physiol 2020; 11:929. [PMID: 32848867 PMCID: PMC7411240 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionary conserved cell-cell communication pathway. Besides regulating cell-fate decisions at an individual cell level, Notch signaling coordinates the emergent spatiotemporal patterning in a tissue through ligand-receptor interactions among transmembrane molecules of neighboring cells, as seen in embryonic development, angiogenesis, or wound healing. Due to its ubiquitous nature, Notch signaling is also implicated in several aspects of cancer progression, including tumor angiogenesis, stemness of cancer cells and cellular invasion. Here, we review experimental and computational models that help understand the operating principles of cell patterning driven by Notch signaling. First, we discuss the basic mechanisms of spatial patterning via canonical lateral inhibition and lateral induction mechanisms, including examples from angiogenesis, inner ear development and cancer metastasis. Next, we analyze additional layers of complexity in the Notch pathway, including the effect of varying cell sizes and shapes, ligand-receptor binding within the same cell, variable binding affinity of different ligand/receptor subtypes, and filopodia. Finally, we discuss some recent evidence of mechanosensitivity in the Notch pathway in driving collective epithelial cell migration and cardiovascular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bocci
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - José Nelson Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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36
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Konrad L, Dietze R, Riaz MA, Scheiner-Bobis G, Behnke J, Horné F, Hoerscher A, Reising C, Meinhold-Heerlein I. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Endometriosis-When Does It Happen? J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1915. [PMID: 32570986 PMCID: PMC7357060 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important process of cell remodeling characterized by the gradual loss of the epithelial phenotype and progressive gain of a mesenchymal phenotype. EMT is not an all-or-nothing process, but instead a transition of epithelial to mesenchymal cells with intermediate cell states. Recently, EMT was described in endometriosis, and many EMT-specific pathways like Twist, Snail, Slug, Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1/2 (ZEB1/2), E/N-cadherin, keratins, and claudins are involved. However, as pointed out in this review, a comparison of the eutopic endometrium of women with and without endometriosis yielded only subtle changes of these EMT markers. Furthermore, only very few alterations in cell-cell contacts could be found but without changes in the epithelial phenotype. This suggests only a partial EMT which is not a prerequisite for the detachment of endometrial cells and, thus, not critical for the first step(s) in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. In contrast, the majority of changes in the EMT-related marker expression were found in the ectopic endometrium, especially in the three endometriotic entities, ovarian, peritoneal, and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE), compared with the eutopic endometrium. In this review, we examine the most important EMT pathways described in endometriosis and propose that partial EMT might result from the interaction of endometrial implants with their surrounding microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Konrad
- Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.A.R.); (F.H.); (A.H.); (C.R.); (I.M.-H.)
| | - Raimund Dietze
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Muhammad A. Riaz
- Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.A.R.); (F.H.); (A.H.); (C.R.); (I.M.-H.)
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institute for Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35390 Gießen, Germany;
| | - Judith Behnke
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatalogy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Fabian Horné
- Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.A.R.); (F.H.); (A.H.); (C.R.); (I.M.-H.)
| | - Alena Hoerscher
- Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.A.R.); (F.H.); (A.H.); (C.R.); (I.M.-H.)
| | - Christoph Reising
- Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.A.R.); (F.H.); (A.H.); (C.R.); (I.M.-H.)
| | - Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein
- Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.A.R.); (F.H.); (A.H.); (C.R.); (I.M.-H.)
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37
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Identifying inhibitors of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity using a network topology-based approach. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2020; 6:15. [PMID: 32424264 PMCID: PMC7235229 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-020-0132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the cause of over 90% of cancer-related deaths. Cancer cells undergoing metastasis can switch dynamically between different phenotypes, enabling them to adapt to harsh challenges, such as overcoming anoikis and evading immune response. This ability, known as phenotypic plasticity, is crucial for the survival of cancer cells during metastasis, as well as acquiring therapy resistance. Various biochemical networks have been identified to contribute to phenotypic plasticity, but how plasticity emerges from the dynamics of these networks remains elusive. Here, we investigated the dynamics of various regulatory networks implicated in Epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity (EMP)—an important arm of phenotypic plasticity—through two different mathematical modelling frameworks: a discrete, parameter-independent framework (Boolean) and a continuous, parameter-agnostic modelling framework (RACIPE). Results from either framework in terms of phenotypic distributions obtained from a given EMP network are qualitatively similar and suggest that these networks are multi-stable and can give rise to phenotypic plasticity. Neither method requires specific kinetic parameters, thus our results emphasize that EMP can emerge through these networks over a wide range of parameter sets, elucidating the importance of network topology in enabling phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, we show that the ability to exhibit phenotypic plasticity correlates positively with the number of positive feedback loops in a given network. These results pave a way toward an unorthodox network topology-based approach to identify crucial links in a given EMP network that can reduce phenotypic plasticity and possibly inhibit metastasis—by reducing the number of positive feedback loops.
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38
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Vernot JP. Senescence-Associated Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Tumor Cell Plasticity. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:63. [PMID: 32478091 PMCID: PMC7237636 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-recognized cell phenotypic heterogeneity in tumors is a great challenge for cancer treatment. Dynamic interconversion and movement within a spectrum of different cell phenotypes (cellular plasticity) with the acquisition of specific cell functions is a fascinating biological puzzle, that represent an additional difficulty for cancer treatment and novel therapies development. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for moving or stabilizing tumor cells within this spectrum of variable states constitutes a valuable tool to overcome these challenges. In particular, cell transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes (EMT-MET) and de-and trans-differentiation processes are relevant, since it has been shown that they confer invasiveness, drug resistance, and metastatic ability, due to the simultaneous acquisition of stem-like cell properties. Multiple drivers participate in these cell conversions events. In particular, cellular senescence and senescence-associated soluble factors have been shown to unveil stem-like cell properties and cell plasticity. By modulating gradually the composition of their secretome and the time of exposure, senescent cells may have differential effect not only on tumor cells but also on surrounding cells. Intriguingly, tumor cells that scape from senescence acquire stem-like cell properties and aggressiveness. The reinforcement of senescence and inflammation by soluble factors and the participation of immune cells may provide a dynamic milieu having varied effects on cell transitions, reprogramming, plasticity, stemness and therefore heterogeneity. This will confer different epithelial/mesenchymal traits (hybrid phenotype) and stem-like cell properties, combinations of which, in a particular cell context, could be responsible for different cellular functions during cancer progression (survival, migration, invasion, colonization or proliferation). Additionally, cooperative behavior between cell subpopulations with different phenotypes/stemness functions could also modulate their cellular plasticity. Here, we will discuss the role of senescence and senescence-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines on the induction of cellular plasticity, their effect role in establishing particular states within this spectrum of cell phenotypes and how this is accompanied by stem-like cell properties that, as the epithelial transitions, may also have a continuum of characteristics providing tumor cells with functional adaptability specifically useful in the different stages of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Paul Vernot
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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39
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Cortesi M, Liverani C, Mercatali L, Ibrahim T, Giordano E. Computational models to explore the complexity of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cancer. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1488. [PMID: 32208556 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex biological process that plays a key role in cancer progression and metastasis formation. Its activation results in epithelial cells losing adhesion and polarity and becoming capable of migrating from their site of origin. At this step the disease is generally considered incurable. As EMT execution involves several individual molecular components, connected by nontrivial relations, in vitro techniques are often inadequate to capture its complexity. Computational models can be used to complement experiments and provide additional knowledge difficult to build up in a wetlab. Indeed in silico analysis gives the user total control on the system, allowing to identify the contribution of each independent element. In the following, two kinds of approaches to the computational study of EMT will be presented. The first relies on signal transduction networks description and details how changes in gene expression could influence this process, both focusing on specific aspects of the EMT and providing a general frame for this phenomenon easily comparable with experimental data. The second integrates single cell and population level descriptions in a multiscale model that can be considered a more accurate representation of the EMT. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach will be highlighted, together with the importance of coupling computational and experimental results. Finally, the main challenges that need to be addressed to improve our knowledge of the role of EMT in the neoplastic disease and the scientific and translational value of computational models in this respect will be presented. This article is categorized under: Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Cortesi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "S. Cavalcanti", Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "G. Marconi" (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Chiara Liverani
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Laura Mercatali
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Toni Ibrahim
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "S. Cavalcanti", Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "G. Marconi" (DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.,BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Heterogeneity of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer: Identifying Metastatic Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051696. [PMID: 32121639 PMCID: PMC7084665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis being the main cause of breast cancer (BC) mortality represents the complex and multistage process. The entrance of tumor cells into the blood vessels and the appearance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) seeding and colonizing distant tissues and organs are one of the key stages in the metastatic cascade. Like the primary tumor, CTCs are extremely heterogeneous and presented by clusters and individual cells which consist of phenotypically and genetically distinct subpopulations. However, among this diversity, only a small number of CTCs is able to survive in the bloodstream and to form metastases. The identification of the metastasis-initiating CTCs is believed to be a critical issue in developing therapeutic strategies against metastatic disease. In this review, we summarize the available literature addressing morphological, phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of CTCs and the molecular makeup of specific subpopulations associated with BC metastasis. Special attention is paid to the need for in vitro and in vivo studies to confirm the tumorigenic and metastatic potential of metastasis-associating CTCs. Finally, we consider treatment approaches that could be effective to eradicate metastatic CTCs and to prevent metastasis.
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OVOL2-Mediated ZEB1 Downregulation May Prevent Promotion of Actinic Keratosis to Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030618. [PMID: 32106476 PMCID: PMC7141138 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Progression of actinic keratosis (AK) to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is rare. Most cases of AK remain as intraepidermal lesions, owing to the suppression of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Ovo-like transcriptional repressor 1 (OVOL1) and ovo-like zinc finger 2 (OVOL2) are important modulators of EMT in some tumors, but their roles in skin tumors remain elusive. This study elucidated the roles of OVOL1/2 in AK and cSCC using 30 AK/30 cSCC clinical samples, and an A431 human SCC cell line using immunohistochemistry and molecular biological approaches. Immunohistochemically, OVOL1/2 were upregulated in AK and downregulated in cSCC. Meanwhile, EMT-related factors, vimentin and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) were downregulated in AK and upregulated in cSCC. Moreover, ZEB1 expression was higher in tumors in which OVOL2 expression was low. Thus, we observed an inverse association between OVOL2 and ZEB1 expression in AK and cSCC. Although knockdown of OVOL1 or OVOL2 increased the mRNA and protein levels of ZEB1, only OVOL2 knockdown increased the invasive ability of A431. In conclusion, OVOL2 inhibits ZEB1 expression and may inhibit the promotion of AK into cSCC. OVOL2/ZEB1 axis may be a potential target for preventing the development of cSCC.
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Xin Y, Cummins B, Gedeon T. Multistability in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition network. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:71. [PMID: 32093616 PMCID: PMC7041120 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transitions between epithelial (E) and mesenchymal (M) cell phenotypes are essential in many biological processes like tissue development and cancer metastasis. Previous studies, both modeling and experimental, suggested that in addition to E and M states, the network responsible for these phenotypes exhibits intermediate phenotypes between E and M states. The number and importance of such states is subject to intense discussion in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) community. RESULTS Previous modeling efforts used traditional bifurcation analysis to explore the number of the steady states that correspond to E, M and intermediate states by varying one or two parameters at a time. Since the system has dozens of parameters that are largely unknown, it remains a challenging problem to fully describe the potential set of states and their relationship across all parameters. We use the computational tool DSGRN (Dynamic Signatures Generated by Regulatory Networks) to explore the intermediate states of an EMT model network by computing summaries of the dynamics across all of parameter space. We find that the only attractors in the system are equilibria, that E and M states dominate across parameter space, but that bistability and multistability are common. Even at extreme levels of some of the known inducers of the transition, there is a certain proportion of the parameter space at which an E or an M state co-exists with other stable steady states. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the multistability is broadly present in the EMT network across parameters and thus response of cells to signals may strongly depend on the particular cell line and genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology (Wilmer Eye Institute), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Bree Cummins
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Tomáš Gedeon
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
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Williams ED, Gao D, Redfern A, Thompson EW. Controversies around epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in cancer metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:716-732. [PMID: 31666716 PMCID: PMC7055151 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence accumulated over decades has implicated epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP), which collectively encompasses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the reverse process of mesenchymal-epithelial transition, in tumour metastasis, cancer stem cell generation and maintenance, and therapeutic resistance. However, the dynamic nature of EMP processes, the apparent need to reverse mesenchymal changes for the development of macrometastases and the likelihood that only minor cancer cell subpopulations exhibit EMP at any one time have made such evidence difficult to accrue in the clinical setting. In this Perspectives article, we outline the existing preclinical and clinical evidence for EMP and reflect on recent controversies, including the failure of initial lineage-tracing experiments to confirm a major role for EMP in dissemination, and discuss accumulating data suggesting that epithelial features and/or a hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype are important in metastasis. We also highlight strategies to address the complexities of therapeutically targeting the EMP process that give consideration to its spatially and temporally divergent roles in metastasis, with the view that this will yield a potent and broad class of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Williams
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland (APCRC-Q) and Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dingcheng Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Neuberger Berman Lung Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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The multiverse nature of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 58:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wooten DJ, Groves SM, Tyson DR, Liu Q, Lim JS, Albert R, Lopez CF, Sage J, Quaranta V. Systems-level network modeling of Small Cell Lung Cancer subtypes identifies master regulators and destabilizers. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007343. [PMID: 31671086 PMCID: PMC6860456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adopting a systems approach, we devise a general workflow to define actionable subtypes in human cancers. Applied to small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the workflow identifies four subtypes based on global gene expression patterns and ontologies. Three correspond to known subtypes (SCLC-A, SCLC-N, and SCLC-Y), while the fourth is a previously undescribed ASCL1+ neuroendocrine variant (NEv2, or SCLC-A2). Tumor deconvolution with subtype gene signatures shows that all of the subtypes are detectable in varying proportions in human and mouse tumors. To understand how multiple stable subtypes can arise within a tumor, we infer a network of transcription factors and develop BooleaBayes, a minimally-constrained Boolean rule-fitting approach. In silico perturbations of the network identify master regulators and destabilizers of its attractors. Specific to NEv2, BooleaBayes predicts ELF3 and NR0B1 as master regulators of the subtype, and TCF3 as a master destabilizer. Since the four subtypes exhibit differential drug sensitivity, with NEv2 consistently least sensitive, these findings may lead to actionable therapeutic strategies that consider SCLC intratumoral heterogeneity. Our systems-level approach should generalize to other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Wooten
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Groves
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Darren R. Tyson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Qi Liu
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jing S. Lim
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Réka Albert
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carlos F. Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Julien Sage
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Vito Quaranta
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Jia W, Deshmukh A, Mani SA, Jolly MK, Levine H. A possible role for epigenetic feedback regulation in the dynamics of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Phys Biol 2019; 16:066004. [PMID: 31342918 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ab34df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) often plays a critical role in cancer metastasis and chemoresistance, and decoding its dynamics is crucial to design effective therapeutics. EMT is regulated at multiple levels-transcriptional, translational, protein stability and epigenetics; the mechanisms by which epigenetic regulation can alter the dynamics of EMT remain elusive. Here, to identify the possible effects of epigenetic regulation in EMT, we incorporate a feedback term in our previously proposed model of EMT regulation of the miR-200/ZEB/miR-34/SNAIL circuit. This epigenetic feedback that stabilizes long-term transcriptional activity can alter the relative stability and distribution of states in a given cell population, particularly when incorporated in the inhibitory effect on miR-200 from ZEB. This feedback can stabilize the mesenchymal state, thus making transitions out of that state difficult. Conversely, epigenetic regulation of the self-activation of ZEB has only minor effects. Our model predicts that this effect could be seen in experiments, when epithelial cells are treated with an external EMT-inducing signal for a sufficiently long period of time and then allowed to recover. Our preliminary experimental data indicates that a chronic TGF-β exposure gives rise to irreveversible EMT state; i.e. unable to reverse back to the epithelial state. Thus, this integrated theoretical-experimental approach yields insights into how an epigenetic feedback may alter the dynamics of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jia
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America. These authors contributed equally
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Bocci F, Kumar Jolly M, Onuchic JN. A Biophysical Model Uncovers the Size Distribution of Migrating Cell Clusters across Cancer Types. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5527-5535. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xie C, Liu G, Li M, Fang Y, Qian K, Tang Y, Wu X, Lei X, Li X, Liu Q, Liu G, Liu J, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Hu Z, Cao Z, Hu J, Huang S, Zhong D, Huang J, Wu F, Wang J, Mori M, Yamamoto H, Wang J, Xu X. Targeting TRPV1 on cellular plasticity regulated by Ovol 2 and Zeb 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109270. [PMID: 31401394 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The landscape of cellular plasticity and sources with relevant niche signals in hepatocellular carcinoma is still obscure. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective cation channel, is involved in a variety of malignancies and overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have investigated the role of TRPV1 in HCC from different angles by various experimental techniques, such as in vivo and in vitro experiments, and by bioinformatics analysis of data from genetic models induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN), mice samples and human HCC samples. We find that TRPV1 knockout promotes to hepatocarcinogenesis and deconstructs the portal triad adjacent to tumor border that is contributed by originations of tumor initiating cells and biliary cells. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved and transcription factors Ovol2 and Zeb1 coordinated with Sox 10 drive gene expression in the event which is also confirmed by the expression of these proteins in human HCC samples. Treatment with TRPV1 agonist Capsaicin inhibits the growth of HCC cells in xenograft models. Our findings demonstrate that TRPV1 is a potential therapeutic target in human HCC and exerts effects on cellular plasticity with modulation of Ovol2, Zeb1 and Sox10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China; Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410005, China.
| | - Guoxing Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Min Li
- Department of computer science and technology, School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410083, China.
| | - Yu Fang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Ke Qian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of computer science and technology, School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410083, China.
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Xiaocheng Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Gao Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Jiefeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Yueming Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Zhao Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Zecheng Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Zhenyu Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Jixiong Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Shengfu Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Dewu Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Jiangsheng Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Fangxiang Wu
- Department of computer science and technology, School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410083, China; Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK Canada, Canada.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Masaki Mori
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China; Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China; Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of computer science and technology, School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410083, China.
| | - Xundi Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The 2ndXiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
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Sun Y, Wu G, Cheng KS, Chen A, Neoh KH, Chen S, Tang Z, Lee PF, Dai M, Han RPS. CTC phenotyping for a preoperative assessment of tumor metastasis and overall survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:133-149. [PMID: 31375425 PMCID: PMC6712350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evaluation for surgical resectability of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients is not only imaging-based but highly subjective. An objective method is urgently needed. We report on the clinical value of a phenotypic circulating tumor cell (CTC)-based blood test for a preoperative prognostic assessment of tumor metastasis and overall survival (OS) of PDAC patients. METHODS Venous blood samples from 46 pathologically confirmed PDAC patients were collected prospectively before surgery and immunoassayed using a specially designed TU-chip™. Captured CTCs were differentiated into epithelial (E), mesenchymal and hybrid (H) phenotypes. A further 45 non-neoplastic healthy donors provided blood for cell line validation study and CTC false positive quantification. FINDINGS A validated multivariable model consisting of disjunctively combined CTC phenotypes: "H-CTC≥15.0 CTCs/2ml OR E-CTC≥11.0 CTCs/2ml" generated an optimal prediction of metastasis with a sensitivity of 1.000 (95% CI 0.889-1.000) and specificity of 0.886 (95% CI 0.765-0.972). The adjusted Kaplan-Meier median OS constructed using Cox proportional-hazard models and stratified for E-CTC < 11.0 CTCs/2 ml was 16.5 months and for E-CTC ≥ 11.0 CTCs/2 ml was 5.5 months (HR = 0.050, 95% CI 0.004-0.578, P = .016). These OS results were consistent with the outcome of the metastatic analysis. INTERPRETATION Our work suggested that H-CTC is a better predictor of metastasis and E-CTC is a significant independent predictor of OS. The CTC phenotyping model has the potential to be developed into a reliable and accurate blood test for metastatic and OS assessments of PDAC patients. FUND: National Natural Science Foundation of China; Zhejiang Province Science and Technology Program; China Scholarship Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Sun
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guangdong Wu
- Dept of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Institute for Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China; Dept. of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Kok Suen Cheng
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Anqi Chen
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kuang Hong Neoh
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuiyu Chen
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhewen Tang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Poh Foong Lee
- Dept. of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Menghua Dai
- Dept. of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Ray P S Han
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine Oncology Research Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China..
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Bocci F, Tripathi SC, Vilchez Mercedes SA, George JT, Casabar JP, Wong PK, Hanash SM, Levine H, Onuchic JN, Jolly MK. NRF2 activates a partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition and is maximally present in a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 11:251-263. [PMID: 31329868 PMCID: PMC6686740 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process implicated in cancer metastasis and therapy resistance. Recent studies have emphasized that cells can undergo partial EMT to attain a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) phenotype - a cornerstone of tumour aggressiveness and poor prognosis. These cells can have enhanced tumour-initiation potential as compared to purely epithelial or mesenchymal ones and can integrate the properties of cell-cell adhesion and motility that facilitates collective cell migration leading to clusters of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) - the prevalent mode of metastasis. Thus, identifying the molecular players that can enable cells to maintain a hybrid E/M phenotype is crucial to curb the metastatic load. Using an integrated computational-experimental approach, we show that the transcription factor NRF2 can prevent a complete EMT and instead stabilize a hybrid E/M phenotype. Knockdown of NRF2 in hybrid E/M non-small cell lung cancer cells H1975 and bladder cancer cells RT4 destabilized a hybrid E/M phenotype and compromised the ability to collectively migrate to close a wound in vitro. Notably, while NRF2 knockout simultaneously downregulated E-cadherin and ZEB-1, overexpression of NRF2 enriched for a hybrid E/M phenotype by simultaneously upregulating both E-cadherin and ZEB-1 in individual RT4 cells. Further, we predict that NRF2 is maximally expressed in hybrid E/M phenotype(s) and demonstrate that this biphasic dynamic arises from the interconnections among NRF2 and the EMT regulatory circuit. Finally, clinical records from multiple datasets suggest a correlation between a hybrid E/M phenotype, high levels of NRF2 and its targets and poor survival, further strengthening the emerging notion that hybrid E/M phenotype(s) may occupy the 'metastatic sweet spot'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bocci
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Satyendra C Tripathi
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Current address: Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | | | - Jason T George
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julian P Casabar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Samir M Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - José N Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Current address: Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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