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Chen X, Agustinus AS, Li J, DiBona M, Bakhoum SF. Chromosomal instability as a driver of cancer progression. Nat Rev Genet 2024:10.1038/s41576-024-00761-7. [PMID: 39075192 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) refers to an increased propensity of cells to acquire structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities during cell division, which contributes to tumour genetic heterogeneity. CIN has long been recognized as a hallmark of cancer, and evidence over the past decade has strongly linked CIN to tumour evolution, metastasis, immune evasion and treatment resistance. Until recently, the mechanisms by which CIN propels cancer progression have remained elusive. Beyond the generation of genomic copy number heterogeneity, recent work has unveiled additional tumour-promoting consequences of abnormal chromosome segregation. These mechanisms include complex chromosomal rearrangements, epigenetic reprogramming and the induction of cancer cell-intrinsic inflammation, emphasizing the multifaceted role of CIN in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Albert S Agustinus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melody DiBona
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel F Bakhoum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Han SH, Ju MH. Characterizing the Tumor Microenvironment and Its Correlation with cDC1-Related Gene Expression in Gastric Cancer. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:4468145. [PMID: 39015755 PMCID: PMC11251796 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4468145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Materials and Methods We analyzed RNA-seq data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-STAD) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets, focusing on five cDC1-related genes. The cDC1-related signature was defined and divided into high and low expression groups. We employed gene set variation analysis (GSVA) for oncogenic signaling pathways and conducted comprehensive statistical analyses, including Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. Results The high cDC1-related gene signature group was associated with poorer overall and disease-free survival in the TCGA-STAD cohort. Significant differences in CD8+ T cell infiltration and cytotoxic capabilities were observed between high and low CDC1-related signature groups. The study also revealed a strong correlation between CDC1-related signature and increased expression of immune checkpoint proteins and oncogenic pathways, suggesting a complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Conclusions Our findings indicate the potential of the cDC1-related signature as a prognostic marker in GC, offering insights into the tumor-immune interplay. The study underscores the importance of cDC1s in shaping the tumor microenvironment and their influence on patient prognosis in GC. These results may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting the immune microenvironment in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Hee Han
- Department of PathologyDong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ha Ju
- Department of PathologyDong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Lv Y, Tian W, Teng Y, Wang P, Zhao Y, Li Z, Tang S, Chen W, Xie R, Lü M, Zhuang Y. Tumor-infiltrating mast cells stimulate ICOS + regulatory T cells through an IL-33 and IL-2 axis to promote gastric cancer progression. J Adv Res 2024; 57:149-162. [PMID: 37086778 PMCID: PMC10918354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In solid tumors, regulatory T cell (Treg) and mast cell perform different roles depending on the microenvironment. Nevertheless, mast cell and Treg-mediated interactions in gastric cancer (GC) are unclear, as are their regulation, function, and clinical significance. OBJECTIVE The present study demonstrated the mechanism of tumor-infiltrating mast cells stimulating ICOS+ regulatory T cells via the IL-33/IL-2 axis to promote the growth of gastric cancer. METHODS Analyses of 98 patients with GC were conducted to examine mast cell counts, ICOS+ Tregs, and the levels of IL-33 or IL-2. Isolated ICOS+ Treg and CD8+ T cell were stimulated, cultured and tested for their functional abilities in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS GC patients exhibited a significantly more production of IL-33 in tumors. Mast cell stimulated by tumor-derived IL-33 exhibited a prolonged lifespan through IL-33 mediated inhibition of apoptosis. Moreover, mast cells stimulated by tumor-derived IL-33 secreted IL-2, which induced Treg expansion. These inducible Tregs displayed an activated immunosuppressive phenotype with positive expression for the inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS). In vitro, IL-2 from IL to 33-stimulated mast cells induced increased numbers of ICOS+ Tregs with increased immunosuppressive activity against proliferation and effector function of CD8+ T cell. In vivo, ICOS+ Tregs were treated with anti-IL-2 neutralizing antibody followed by co-injection with CD8+ T cells in GC mouse model, which showed an increased CD8+ T cell infiltration and effector molecules production, meanwhile tumor growth and progression were inhibited. Besides, reduction in GC patient survival was associated with tumor-derived ICOS+ Tregs. CONCLUSION Our results highlight a crosstalk between GC-infiltrating mast cells and ICOS+ Tregs and provide a novel mechanism describing ICOS+ Treg expansion and induction by an IL-33/mast cell/IL-2 signaling axis in GC, and also provide functional evidence that the modulation of this immunosuppressive pathway can attenuate GC-mediated immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipin Lv
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wenqing Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongsheng Teng
- The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pan Wang
- The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery and Centre of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengyan Li
- Department of General Surgery and Centre of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanhong Tang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rui Xie
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Muhan Lü
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Chen Y, Liu J, Chen Y, Zhang R, Tao J, Chen X, Wang H, Sun Q, Wu J, Liu S. Jianpi Yangzheng Xiaozheng decoction alleviates gastric cancer progression via suppressing exosomal PD-L1. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1159829. [PMID: 37601051 PMCID: PMC10434994 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1159829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Jianpi Yangzheng Xiaozheng decoction (JPYZXZ) is an empirical traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been reported to significantly prolong the survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC). However, its underlying mechanism have not been fully elucidated. The present work aims to explore the possible mechanism of JPYZXZ on regulating GC progression. We firstly confirmed the inhibitory effect of JPYZXZ in GC MKN74 cells and 615-strain mice, which was possibly mediated with IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway dependent PD-L1 expression. Moreover, we showed that JPYZXZ diminished the expression levels of GC-derived exosomal PD-L1 in MFC murine cells and xenograft GC model, as well as stage IIA-IIIB GC patients. We further found that in different types of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, PD-L1 expression was most positively correlated with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in GC in the TISIDB database. We isolated exosomes derived from supernatants of MFC cells and co-cultured with bone marrow cells derived from C57BL/6 mice, and further revealed that the expansion of MDSCs was mediated by GC-derived exosomal PD-L1. Meanwhile, our results indicated that JPYZXZ inhibited the delivery of exosomal PD-L1 from GC cells to bone marrow cells, thereby alleviating exosomal PD-L1-induced differentiation and expansion of MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment. This led to a decrease in the levels of several immunosuppressive factors, including iNOS, Arg-1, TGF-β, IL-10, and IL-6, in 615-strain mice. Moreover, clinical data also revealed a significant positive relationship between exosomal PD-L1 and polymorphonuclear MDSCs under the JPYZXZ treatment in stage IIA-IIIB GC patients. In conclusion, our study confirmed that exosomal PD-L1 could be a key factor in controlling MDSCs differentiation in GC. JPYZXZ alleviated GC progression via suppressing exosomal PD-L1 mediated expansion of MDSCs, thereby remodeling the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which provided the experimental evidence for the clinical application of JPYZXZ in the treatment of GC via PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Chen
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayun Liu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruijuan Zhang
- No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jialei Tao
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Chen
- No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haidan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingmin Sun
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenlin Liu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Starska-Kowarska K. The Role of Different Immunocompetent Cell Populations in the Pathogenesis of Head and Neck Cancer-Regulatory Mechanisms of Pro- and Anti-Cancer Activity and Their Impact on Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1642. [PMID: 36980527 PMCID: PMC10046400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most aggressive and heterogeneous groups of human neoplasms. HNSCC is characterized by high morbidity, accounting for 3% of all cancers, and high mortality with ~1.5% of all cancer deaths. It was the most common cancer worldwide in 2020, according to the latest GLOBOCAN data, representing the seventh most prevalent human malignancy. Despite great advances in surgical techniques and the application of modern combinations and cytotoxic therapies, HNSCC remains a leading cause of death worldwide with a low overall survival rate not exceeding 40-60% of the patient population. The most common causes of death in patients are its frequent nodal metastases and local neoplastic recurrences, as well as the relatively low response to treatment and severe drug resistance. Much evidence suggests that the tumour microenvironment (TME), tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and circulating various subpopulations of immunocompetent cells, such regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs), cytotoxic CD3+CD8+ T cells (CTLs) and CD3+CD4+ T helper type 1/2/9/17 (Th1/Th2/Th9/Th17) lymphocytes, T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and CD56dim/CD16bright activated natural killer cells (NK), carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumour-associated neutrophils (N1/N2 TANs), as well as tumour-associated macrophages (M1/M2 phenotype TAMs) can affect initiation, progression and spread of HNSCC and determine the response to immunotherapy. Rapid advances in the field of immuno-oncology and the constantly growing knowledge of the immunosuppressive mechanisms and effects of tumour cancer have allowed for the use of effective and personalized immunotherapy as a first-line therapeutic procedure or an essential component of a combination therapy for primary, relapsed and metastatic HNSCC. This review presents the latest reports and molecular studies regarding the anti-tumour role of selected subpopulations of immunocompetent cells in the pathogenesis of HNSCC, including HPV+ve (HPV+) and HPV-ve (HPV-) tumours. The article focuses on the crucial regulatory mechanisms of pro- and anti-tumour activity, key genetic or epigenetic changes that favour tumour immune escape, and the strategies that the tumour employs to avoid recognition by immunocompetent cells, as well as resistance mechanisms to T and NK cell-based immunotherapy in HNSCC. The present review also provides an overview of the pre- and clinical early trials (I/II phase) and phase-III clinical trials published in this arena, which highlight the unprecedented effectiveness and limitations of immunotherapy in HNSCC, and the emerging issues facing the field of HNSCC immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Starska-Kowarska
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; ; Tel.: +48-604-541-412
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EnelMed Center Expert, Drewnowska 58, 91-001 Lodz, Poland
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Zhu Z, Shi L, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Yang F, Wei J, Huo M, Li P, Liu X. Effect of crosstalk among conspirators in tumor microenvironment on niche metastasis of gastric cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5375-5402. [PMID: 36628284 PMCID: PMC9827080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In Traditional Chinese medicine, the metaphoric views of the human body are based on observations of nature guided by the theory of "Yin-Yang". The direct meanings of yin and yang are the bright and dark sides of an object, which often represent a wider range of opposite properties. When we shifted our view to gastric cancer (GC), we found that there are more distinctive Yin and Yang features in the mechanism of GC development and metastasis, which is observed in many mechanisms such as GC metastasis, immune escape, and stem cell homing. When illustrating this process from the yin-yang perspective, categorizing different cells in the tumor microenvironment enables new and different perspectives to be put forward on the mechanism and treatment of GC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Provincial Prescription Mining and Innovative Translational Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China,Gansu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine New Product Creation Engineering Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Provincial Prescription Mining and Innovative Translational Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China,Gansu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine New Product Creation Engineering Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yawei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Provincial Prescription Mining and Innovative Translational Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China,Gansu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine New Product Creation Engineering Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Provincial Prescription Mining and Innovative Translational Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China,Gansu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine New Product Creation Engineering Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Provincial Prescription Mining and Innovative Translational Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China,Gansu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine New Product Creation Engineering Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Provincial Prescription Mining and Innovative Translational Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China,Gansu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine New Product Creation Engineering Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Minfeng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Provincial Prescription Mining and Innovative Translational Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China,Gansu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine New Product Creation Engineering Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Peiqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Provincial Prescription Mining and Innovative Translational Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China,Gansu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine New Product Creation Engineering Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Xiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Provincial Prescription Mining and Innovative Translational Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China,Gansu Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine New Product Creation Engineering Laboratory, Gansu University of Chinese MedicineLanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
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Laba S, Mallett G, Amarnath S. The depths of PD-1 function within the tumor microenvironment beyond CD8 + T cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1045-1055. [PMID: 34048897 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1; CD279) is a cell surface receptor that is expressed in both innate and adaptive immune cells. The role of PD-1 in adaptive immune cells, specifically in CD8+ T cells, has been thoroughly investigated but its significance in other immune cells is yet to be well established. This review will address the role of PD-1 based therapies in enhancing non-CD8+ T cell immune responses within cancer. Specifically, the expression and function of PD-1 in non-CD8+ immune cell compartments such as CD4+ T helper cell subsets, myeloid cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) will be discussed. By understanding the immune cell specific function of PD-1 within tissue resident innate and adaptive immune cells, it will be possible to stratify patients for PD-1 based therapies for both immunogeneic and non-immunogeneic neoplastic disorders. With this knowledge from fundamental and translational studies, PD-1 based therapies can be utilized to enhance T cell independent immune responses in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Laba
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Grace Mallett
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Shoba Amarnath
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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8
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Sun P, Antwi SO, Sartorius K, Zheng X, Li X. Tumor Microenvironment, Clinical Features, and Advances in Therapy for Bone Metastasis in Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194888. [PMID: 36230816 PMCID: PMC9563035 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant neoplasms worldwide, accounting for about 770,000 deaths in 2020. The incidence of gastric cancer bone metastasis (GC-BM) is low, about 0.9–13.4%, and GC patients develop GC-BM because of a suitable bone microenvironment. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and tumor cells interact with each other, secreting cytokines such as PTHrP, RANK-L, IL-6, and other growth factors that disrupt the normal bone balance and promote tumor growth. The functions and numbers of immune cells in the bone microenvironment are continuously inhibited, resulting in bone balance disorder due to the cytokines released from destroyed bone and growing tumor cells. Patients with GC-BM are generally younger than 65 years old and they often present with a later stage of the disease, as well as more aggressive tumors. They usually have shorter overall survival (OS) because of the occurrence of skeletal-related events (SREs) and undetected bone destruction due to the untimely bone inspection. Current treatments of GC-BM focus mainly on gastric cancer and SRE-related treatment. This article reviews the clinical features, possible molecular pathogeneses, and the most commonly used diagnostic methods and treatments of bone metastasis in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Sun
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213004, China
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213004, China
| | - Samuel O. Antwi
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- The Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium (AHPBCC), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Kurt Sartorius
- The Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium (AHPBCC), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
- UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Unit, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213004, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213004, China
- The Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium (AHPBCC), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.L.)
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Wang D, Ye Q, Gu H, Chen Z. The role of lipid metabolism in tumor immune microenvironment and potential therapeutic strategies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:984560. [PMID: 36172157 PMCID: PMC9510836 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.984560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant lipid metabolism is nonnegligible for tumor cells to adapt to the tumor microenvironment (TME). It plays a significant role in the amount and function of immune cells, including tumor-associated macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells and marrow-derived suppressor cells. It is well-known that the immune response in TME is suppressed and lipid metabolism is closely involved in this process. Immunotherapy, containing anti-PD1/PDL1 therapy and adoptive T cell therapy, is a crucial clinical cancer therapeutic strategy nowadays, but they display a low-sensibility in certain cancers. In this review, we mainly discussed the importance of lipid metabolism in the formation of immunosuppressive TME, and explored the effectiveness and sensitivity of immunotherapy treatment by regulating the lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danting Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery (Surgical Oncology), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qizhen Ye
- Department of Breast Surgery (Surgical Oncology), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haochen Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery (Surgical Oncology), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery (Surgical Oncology), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhigang Chen,
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Han B, Fang T, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Gao J, Xue Y. Association of the TGFβ gene family with microenvironmental features of gastric cancer and prediction of response to immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:920599. [PMID: 36119489 PMCID: PMC9478444 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.920599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the complex tumor microenvironment, TGFβ is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in regulating cellular processes such as cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis. TGFβ defines three subtypes (TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3), of which TGFβ is highly expressed in many cancers, especially those showing high dissemination potential. In addition, increased expression of TGFβ in multiple cancers is usually positively correlated with epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and coordinated with the expression of genes driving EMT-related genes. TGFβ signaling in the tumor microenvironment inhibits the antitumor function of multiple immune cell populations, including T cells and natural killer cells, and the resulting immunosuppression severely limits the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and other immunotherapeutic approaches. As a major pathway to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy effects, the role of TGFβ signaling inhibitors have been evaluated in many clinical trials. However, the potential functions and mechanisms of TGFβ1, TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 in gastric cancer progression and tumor immunology are unclear. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed TGFβ1, TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 and gastric cancer microenvironmental features, including immune cell infiltration, EMT, hypoxia, mutation, immunotherapy and drug treatment, based on HMUCH sequencing data (GSE184336) and public databases. We also validated the protein expression levels of TGFβ in gastric cancer tissues as well as the role of TGFβ factor in cytology experiments. This report reveals the important role of the TGFβ gene family in gastric cancer and provides possible relationships and potential mechanisms of TGFβ in gastric cancer.
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Wang GJ, Huangfu LT, Gao XY, Gan XJ, Xing XF, Ji JF. A Novel Classification and Scoring Method Based on Immune-Related Transcription Factor Regulation Patterns in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887244. [PMID: 35656510 PMCID: PMC9152319 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role in tumorigenesis and anti-tumor immunity. However, the potential role of large-scale transcription factor regulation patterns in the progression in gastric cancer (GC) is unknown. Methods We comprehensively assessed the relevance of immune-related TF (IRTF) regulation patterns in anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy in 1,136 gastric cancer (GC) patients, and evaluated the IRTF score based on IRTF regulation patterns using random forests. Results Two distinct IRTF regulation patterns were identified, which demonstrating the distinct characteristics in clinical phenotypes, tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), immunogenicity and prognosis in GC. Subsequently, the IRTF score was established to quantify the IRTF regulation pattern for each GC patient. Analysis of large conventional therapy cohorts showed low IRTF score was associated with a better prognosis. In addition, analysis of multiple immunotherapy cohorts showed low IRTF score was also linked to enhanced response to immunotherapy. Conclusion TF regulation patterns were found to play an important role in the complex immune regulatory relationships in GC. Evaluation of the IRTF regulation patterns in patients will enhance our understanding of immune specificities, and thus, provide effective strategies for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Division of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Long-Tao Huangfu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Division of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Jun Gan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Division of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Division of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Fu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Division of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
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12
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Yang X, Li X, Cheng Y, Zhou J, Shen B, Zhao L, Wang J. Comprehensive Analysis of the Glycolysis-Related Gene Prognostic Signature and Immune Infiltration in Endometrial Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:797826. [PMID: 35223866 PMCID: PMC8879138 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.797826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolic reprogramming and immune imbalance play important roles in the progression of cancers. The purpose of this study is to develop a glycolysis-related prognostic signature for endometrial cancer (EC) and analyze its relationship with immune function. The mRNA expression profiling of the glycolysis-related genes and clinical data of EC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We identified a glycolysis-related gene prognostic signature for predicting the prognosis of EC by using The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression and found the patients in the high-risk group had worse survival prognosis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the gene signature was an independent prognostic factor for EC. The ROC curve confirmed the accuracy of the prognostic signature (AUC = 0.730). Then, we constructed a nomogram to predict the 1–5 years survival rate of EC patients. The association between the gene signature and immune function was analyzed based on the “ESTIMATE” and “CIBERSORT” algorithm, which showed the immune and ESTIMATE scores of patients in the high-risk group were lower, while the low immune and ESTIMATE scores were associated with a worse prognosis of patients. The imbalance of immune cells was also found in the high-risk group. Further, the protein of CDK1, a gene in the signature, was found to be closely related to prognosis of EC and inhibition of CDK1 could inhibit migration and promote apoptosis of EC cells. This study reveals a link between glycolysis-related gene signature and immunity, and provides personalized therapeutic targets for EC.
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13
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Cui MY, Yi X, Zhu DX, Wu J. Aberrant lipid metabolism reprogramming and immune microenvironment for gastric cancer: a literature review. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 10:3829-3842. [PMID: 35116681 PMCID: PMC8797372 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-21-655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective We summarize the aberrant lipid metabolism disorders associated with enzyme activity and expression changes and related immune microenvironment for gastric cancer. Background Gastric cancer is a malignant tumor of the primary digestive system with high incidence, poor prognosis characterized by extensive metastasis and poor effect with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. One of the most important metabolic characteristics of cancer cells is lipid metabolism reprogramming to adapt to the tumor micro-environment. Methods The focus of research in recent years has also been on lipid metabolism disorders, particularly aberrant metabolism of fatty acids (FAs) in gastric cancer cells, as well as an upregulation of the expression and activity of key enzymes in lipid metabolism. These changes remind us of the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. These metabolic changes are not unique to cancer cells. Changes in metabolic procedures also determine the function and viability of immune cells. In the immune microenvironment of gastric cancer, the metabolic competition and interaction between cancer cells and immune cells are not very clear, while a deeper understanding of the topic is critical to targeting the differential metabolic requirements of them that comprise an immune response to cancer offers an opportunity to selectively regulate immune cell function. Conclusions Recent research suggests that targeting metabolism is an emerging and potentially promising treatment strategy for gastric cancer patients. We need to explore it further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ying Cui
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xing Yi
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Dan-Xia Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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14
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Fang W, Shi C, Wang Y, Song J, Zhang L. microRNA-128-3p inhibits CD4+ regulatory T cells enrichment by targeting interleukin 16 in gastric cancer. Bioengineered 2021; 13:1025-1038. [PMID: 34968167 PMCID: PMC8805824 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2017566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed that microRNA (miR)-128-3p is expressed at low levels in gastric cancer (GC), and low miR-128-3p expression promotes the growth of GC cells. However, whether the dysregulation of miR-128-3p expression affects tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and leads to immune escape remains unclear. In the present study, predictive bioinformatics approaches showed that miR-128-3p expression was inversely correlated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte enrichment. When CD4 + T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were enriched, lower miR-128-3p expression was associated with worse overall survival. However, when numbers of CD8 + T cells were decreased, the upregulation of miR-128-3p expression had a favorable effect on GC prognosis. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and cell biology experiments revealed that interleukin 16 (IL16) was the target of miR-128-3p and was negatively regulated by miR-128-3p. In addition, GC cells were cocultured with T lymphocytes, and the subsequent flow cytometric analysis showed that overexpression of miR-128-3p in tumor cells decreased the percentages of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs by downregulating IL16 expression in GC, whereas miR-128-3p inhibition had the opposite effect. Moreover, the recombinant IL16 reversed the effects of miR-128-3p overexpression, and a competitive antibody against the IL16 receptor CD4 also reversed the effects of miR-128-3p knockdown. These studies identified the mechanism by which the miR-128-3p/IL16 axis promotes the infiltration of CD4+ Tregs in GC, and this mechanism will be a promising therapeutic target in GC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidan Fang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chao Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianping Song
- Department of Oncology, Nanchang First Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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15
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Hao Z, Li R, Wang Y, Li S, Hong Z, Han Z. Landscape of Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cell in Tumor Immunotherapy. Biomark Res 2021; 9:77. [PMID: 34689842 PMCID: PMC8543853 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a group of immature cells that produced by emergency myelopoiesis. Emerging evidences have identified the vital role of MDSC in cancer microenvironment, in which MDSC exerts both immunological and non-immunological activities to assist the progression of cancer. Advances in pre-clinical research have provided us the understanding of MDSC in cancer context from the perspective of molecular mechanism. In clinical scenario, MDSC and its subsets have been discovered to exist in peripheral blood and tumor site of patients from various types of cancers. In this review, we highlight the clinical value of MDSC in predicting prognosis of cancer patients and the responses of immunotherapies, therefore to propose the MDSC-inhibiting strategy in the scenario of cancer immunotherapies. Phenotypes and biological functions of MDSC in cancer microenvironment are comprehensively summarized to provide potential targets of MDSC-inhibiting strategy from the aspect of molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaonian Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing TianTan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Gynecology and Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shuangying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenya Hong
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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16
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Rocha S, Basto AP, Ijsselsteijn ME, Teles SP, Azevedo MM, Gonçalves G, Gullo I, Almeida GM, Maqueda JJ, Oliveira MI, Carneiro F, Barata JT, Graça L, de Miranda NFCC, Carvalho J, Oliveira C. Immunophenotype of Gastric Tumors Unveils a Pleiotropic Role of Regulatory T Cells in Tumor Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030421. [PMID: 33498681 PMCID: PMC7865950 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) patients display increased regulatory T cell (Tregs) numbers in peripheral blood and among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Nevertheless, the role of Tregs in GC progression remains controversial. Here, we sought to explore the impact of Tregs in GCs with distinct histology, and whether Tregs can directly influence tumor cell behavior and GC development. We performed a comprehensive immunophenotyping of 82 human GC cases, through an integrated analysis of multispectral immunofluorescence detection of T cells markers and patient clinicopathological data. Moreover, we developed 3D in vitro co-cultures with Tregs and tumor cells that were followed by high-throughput and light-sheet imaging, and their biological features studied with conventional/imaging flow cytometry and Western blotting. We showed that Tregs located at the tumor nest were frequent in intestinal-type GCs but did not associate with increased levels of effector T cells. Our in vitro results suggested that Tregs preferentially infiltrated intestinal-type GC spheroids, induced the expression of IL2Rα and activation of MAPK signaling pathway in tumor cells, and promoted spheroid growth. Accumulation of Tregs in intestinal-type GCs was increased at early stages of the stomach wall invasion and in the absence of vascular and perineural invasion. In this study, we proposed a non-immunosuppressive mechanism through which Tregs might directly modulate GC cells and thereby promote tumor growth. Our findings hold insightful implications for therapeutic strategies targeting intestinal-type GCs and other tumors with similar immune context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rocha
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.R.); (S.P.T.); (M.M.A.); (I.G.); (G.M.A.); (J.J.M.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Program on Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Applied to Health Sciences, ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Afonso P Basto
- iMM—Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.P.B.); (J.T.B.); (L.G.)
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marieke E Ijsselsteijn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.E.I.); (N.F.C.C.d.M.)
| | - Sara P Teles
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.R.); (S.P.T.); (M.M.A.); (I.G.); (G.M.A.); (J.J.M.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria M Azevedo
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.R.); (S.P.T.); (M.M.A.); (I.G.); (G.M.A.); (J.J.M.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Gilza Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Irene Gullo
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.R.); (S.P.T.); (M.M.A.); (I.G.); (G.M.A.); (J.J.M.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriela M Almeida
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.R.); (S.P.T.); (M.M.A.); (I.G.); (G.M.A.); (J.J.M.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Joaquín J Maqueda
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.R.); (S.P.T.); (M.M.A.); (I.G.); (G.M.A.); (J.J.M.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta I Oliveira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.R.); (S.P.T.); (M.M.A.); (I.G.); (G.M.A.); (J.J.M.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - João T Barata
- iMM—Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.P.B.); (J.T.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Luís Graça
- iMM—Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.P.B.); (J.T.B.); (L.G.)
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Noel F C C de Miranda
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.E.I.); (N.F.C.C.d.M.)
| | - Joana Carvalho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.R.); (S.P.T.); (M.M.A.); (I.G.); (G.M.A.); (J.J.M.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.R.); (S.P.T.); (M.M.A.); (I.G.); (G.M.A.); (J.J.M.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225-570-785
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17
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Zeng D, Long H, Zhu B. Antitumor effects of targeting myeloid-derived suppressive cells. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:5787-5797. [PMID: 35117939 PMCID: PMC8798346 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.01.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with major regulatory functions, which are expanded in pathological conditions, including cancers, infections and autoimmune diseases. Evidence has identified MDSCs as critical cells driving immune suppression in tumor microenvironments. Treatments targeting MDSCs have shown promising results in preclinical studies and some clinical trials. In this review, we discuss therapeutic approaches targeting MDSCs, which may benefit future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zeng
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haixia Long
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Ren W, Zhang X, Li W, Feng Q, Feng H, Tong Y, Rong H, Wang W, Zhang D, Zhang Z, Tu S. Circulating and tumor-infiltrating arginase 1-expressing cells in gastric adenocarcinoma patients were mainly immature and monocytic Myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8056. [PMID: 32415175 PMCID: PMC7229115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a group of heterogeneous cells derived from immature myeloid cells (IMCs). MDSCs are known to play important roles in tumor immune evasion. While we know that there are a large number of circulating and tumor-infiltrating MDSCs existing in gastric cancer (GC) patients, the phenotypic characteristics and arginase 1 (ARG1) expression levels of these MDSCs remain very unclear. In our study, flow cytometric analysis of circulating MDSCs from 20 gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) patients found that ≥80% ARG1-expressing MDSCs were mainly early-stage MDSCs (HLA-DR-CD33+CD14-CD15-MDSCs). In addition, our investigation showed that tumor-infiltrating MDSCs from 6 GAC patients consisted of >35% ARG1-expressing naïve MDSCs (HLA-DR-CD33-CD11b-CD14-CD15-MDSCs), >15% early-stage MDSCs and >40% monocytic MDSCs (HLA-DR-CD14+MDSCs). This preliminary study describes the phenotypic characteristics and ARG1 expression levels of MDSCs from GAC patients and shows that circulating and tumor-infiltrating ARG1-expressing cells were mainly immature and monocytic MDSCs, which provides information to better understand the mechanisms that allow gastric cancer cells to evade the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiHong Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No.19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| | - XuRan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No.19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - WenBo Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No.19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No.19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - HuiJie Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No.19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No.19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Hao Rong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No.19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No.19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No.19 Renmin Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - ZhenQiang Zhang
- Immunology Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No.156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - ShiChun Tu
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
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19
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Ji L, Qian W, Gui L, Ji Z, Yin P, Lin GN, Wang Y, Ma B, Gao WQ. Blockade of β-Catenin-Induced CCL28 Suppresses Gastric Cancer Progression via Inhibition of Treg Cell Infiltration. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2004-2016. [PMID: 32156780 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is frequently observed in human gastric cancer. Elucidation of the tumor immune microenvironment is essential for understanding tumorigenesis and for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies. However, it remains unclear how β-catenin signaling regulates the tumor immune microenvironment in the stomach. Here, we identify CCL28 as a direct transcriptional target gene of β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF). Protein levels of β-catenin and CCL28 positively correlated in human gastric adenocarcinoma. β-Catenin-activated CCL28 recruited regulatory T (Treg) cells in a transwell migration assay. In a clinically relevant mouse gastric cancer model established by Helicobacter (H.) felis infection and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treatment, inhibition of β-catenin/TCF activity by a pharmacologic inhibitor iCRT14 suppressed CCL28 expression and Treg cell infiltration in the stomach. Moreover, an anti-CCL28 antibody attenuated Treg cell infiltration and tumor progression in H. felis/MNU mouse models. Diphtheria toxin-induced Treg cell ablation restrained gastric cancer progression in H. felis/MNU-treated DEREG (Foxp3-DTR) mice, clarifying the tumor-promoting role of Treg cells. Thus, the β-catenin-CCL28-Treg cell axis may serve as an important mechanism for immunosuppression of the stomach tumor microenvironment. Our findings reveal an immunoregulatory role of β-catenin signaling in stomach tumors and highlight the therapeutic potential of CCL28 blockade for the treatment of gastric cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate an immunosuppressive role of tumor-intrinsic β-catenin signaling and the therapeutic potential of CCL28 blockade in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongzhong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guan Ning Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Chaoul N, Mancarella S, Lupo L, Giannelli G, Dituri F. Impaired Anti-Tumor T cell Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030627. [PMID: 32182707 PMCID: PMC7139707 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Different subsets of lymphocytes have the capacity to promote or counteract the progression of solid cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, to determine the infiltrative ability and functional status of major immune cell subtypes into tumor may lead to novel insights from the perspective of immunotherapy. After obtaining single cell suspensions from freshly collected specimens of HCC tumor, along with paired peritumor tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 14 patients, we flow-cytometrically identified and quantified the relative frequencies of lymphocyte subsets within the tissues of origin. We found that the recruitment in the tumor of cytotoxic cells, namely the terminally differentiated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (TEFF), is impaired, whereas the effector memory CD4+ T cells (TEM) are more attracted in this site. Concerning the other subsets, the frequency of NK CD56hi and NKT CD56hi cells infiltration in the tumor is increased, whereas that of NKT CD56low is reduced. Although CD4+ and CD8+ T cells settled in the tumor show a higher degree of activation than the circulating counterpart, they occur with a more exhausted phenotype. Overall, these data demonstrate the prevalently immunosuppressive nature of HCC microenvironment, and prompt us to search for strategies to enhance the activity of anti-tumor immune cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Chaoul
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Serena Mancarella
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis," Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Luigi Lupo
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis," Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Francesco Dituri
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis," Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
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21
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Luker AJ, Graham LJ, Smith TM, Camarena C, Zellner MP, Gilmer JJS, Damle SR, Conrad DH, Bear HD, Martin RK. The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, guadecitabine, targets tumor-induced myelopoiesis and recovers T cell activity to slow tumor growth in combination with adoptive immunotherapy in a mouse model of breast cancer. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:8. [PMID: 32106810 PMCID: PMC7045411 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-0337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) present a significant obstacle to cancer immunotherapy because they dampen anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell responses. Previous groups, including our own, have reported on the myelo-depletive effects of certain chemotherapy agents. We have shown previously that decitabine increased tumor cell Class I and tumor antigen expression, increased ability of tumor cells to stimulate T lymphocytes, depleted tumor-induced MDSC in vivo and augmented immunotherapy of a murine mammary carcinoma. Results In this study, we expand upon this observation by testing a next-generation DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi), guadecitabine, which has increased stability in the circulation. Using the 4 T1 murine mammary carcinoma model, in BALB/cJ female mice, we found that guadecitabine significantly reduces tumor burden in a T cell-dependent manner by preventing excessive myeloid proliferation and systemic accumulation of MDSC. The remaining MDSC were shifted to an antigen-presenting phenotype. Building upon our previous publication, we show that guadecitabine enhances the therapeutic effect of adoptively transferred antigen-experienced lymphocytes to diminish tumor growth and improve overall survival. We also show guadecitabine’s versatility with similar tumor reduction and augmentation of immunotherapy in the C57BL/6 J E0771 murine breast cancer model. Conclusions Guadecitabine depleted and altered MDSC, inhibited growth of two different murine mammary carcinomas in vivo, and augmented immunotherapeutic efficacy. Based on these findings, we believe the immune-modulatory effects of guadecitabine can help rescue anti-tumor immune response and contribute to the overall effectiveness of current cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Luker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Laura J Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Timothy M Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Carmen Camarena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Matt P Zellner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jamie-Jean S Gilmer
- Department of Biology, College of Humanities and Sciences, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sheela R Damle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Daniel H Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Harry D Bear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca K Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA. .,Massey Cancer Center, VCU, Box 980678, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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22
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Uppal A, Dehal A, Chang SC, Barrak D, Naeini Y, Jalas JR, Bilchik AJ. The Immune Microenvironment Impacts Survival in Western Patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 24:28-38. [PMID: 31625020 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of CD3+ T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD45RO+ memory T cells, and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells at the invasive margin (IM) and tumor center (TC) has correlated with survival in gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) patients from East Asia, independent of anatomic staging. The reason for improved survival in East Asians compared with Western patients is a subject of debate. This study examined the immune profiles of a cohort of Western patients with GA, and their association with overall survival (OS). METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, and FOXP3 was performed on a randomly selected resected GA specimens from 88 Western patients. Cutoffs for high or low expression of each marker were determined with maximally selected rank statistics, and multivariable Cox proportional-hazards models constructed to evaluate the relationship between OS and expression of each marker at the IM and TC. RESULTS Immune cell density was independent of anatomic staging. High expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD45RO at the IM along with CD4 and FOXP3 at the TC were associated with improved OS. A combined marker of CD3, CD8, CD45RO, and FOXP3 associated with OS in East Asian GA was also validated. DISCUSSION This is the first report in US patients to demonstrate that high expression of multiple subsets of T lymphocytes in GA is associated with better OS independent of clinical factors and anatomic stage. Further evaluation of immune-modulating mechanisms may explain survival differences between Western and Eastern patients and provide opportunity for novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhineet Uppal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, 2200 Santa Monica Blvd, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Ahmed Dehal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, 2200 Santa Monica Blvd, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Shu-Ching Chang
- Medical Data Research Center, Providence St. Joseph Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dany Barrak
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yalda Naeini
- Department of Pathology, Providence St. John's Medical Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - John R Jalas
- Department of Pathology, Providence St. John's Medical Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Anton J Bilchik
- Department of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, 2200 Santa Monica Blvd, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA.
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23
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Li L, Ouyang Y, Wang W, Hou D, Zhu Y. The landscape and prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in gastric cancer. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7993. [PMID: 31844561 PMCID: PMC6910118 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. The tumor microenvironment, especially tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs), exhibits crucial roles both in promoting and inhibiting cancer growth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the landscape of TIICs and develop a prognostic nomogram in GC. Materials and Methods A gene expression profile obtained from a dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to quantify the proportion of 22 TIICs in GC by the CIBERSORT algorithm. LASSO regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression were applied to select the best survival-related TIICs and develop an immunoscore formula. Based on the immunoscore and clinical information, a prognostic nomogram was built, and the predictive accuracy of it was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and the calibration plot. Furthermore, the nomogram was validated by data from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) dataset. Results In the GC samples, macrophages (25.3%), resting memory CD4 T cells (16.2%) and CD8 T cells (9.7%) were the most abundant among 22 TIICs. Seven TIICs were filtered out and used to develop an immunoscore formula. The AUC of the prognostic nomogram in the TCGA set was 0.772, similar to that in the ICGC set (0.730) and whole set (0.748), and significantly superior to that of TNM staging alone (0.591). The calibration plot demonstrated an outstanding consistency between the prediction and actual observation. Survival analysis revealed that patients with GC in the high-immunoscore group exhibited a poor clinical outcome. The result of multivariate analysis revealed that the immunoscore was an independent prognostic factor. Discussion The immunoscore could be used to reinforce the clinical outcome prediction ability of the TNM staging system and provide a convenient tool for risk assessment and treatment selection for patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhai Li
- Department of General Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yiming Ouyang
- Department of General Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Wenrong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Dezhi Hou
- Department of General Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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24
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Gastric Cancer in the Era of Immune Checkpoint Blockade. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1079710. [PMID: 31662748 PMCID: PMC6778883 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1079710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most important malignancies worldwide because of its high incidence and mortality. The very low survival rates are mainly related to late diagnosis and limited treatment options. GC is the final clinical outcome of a stepwise process that starts with a chronic and sustained inflammatory reaction mounted in response to Helicobacter pylori infection. The bacterium modulates innate and adaptive immunity presumably as part of the strategies to survive, which favors the creation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment that ultimately facilitates GC progression. T-cell exhaustion, which is characterized by elevated expression of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins, is one of the most salient manifestations of immunosuppressive microenvironments. It has been consistently demonstrated that the tumor-immune microenvironment(TIME)‐exhausted phenotype can be reverted by blocking ICs with monoclonal antibodies. Although these therapies are associated with long-lasting response rates, only a subset of patients derive clinical benefit, which varies according to tumor site. The search for biomarkers to predict the response to IC inhibition is a matter of intense investigation as this may contribute to maximize disease control, reduce side effects, and minimize cost. The approval of pembrolizumab for its use in GC has rocketed immuno-oncology research in this cancer type. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge centered around the immune contexture and recent findings in connection with IC inhibition in GC.
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25
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Recent advances in the study of regulatory T cells in gastric cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:560-567. [PMID: 31181438 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), which features a complex pathogenesis and mechanism, remains refractory. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which have been implicated in the progression of gastric cancer, play an immunosuppressive role in the tumor microenvironment. However, the prognostic value of Treg infiltration is still controversial in GC patients. Recently, the association of Tregs with the clinicopathological characteristics of GC patients, the prognostic value of Tregs alone or its combination with other factors to GC patients, the role of Tregs in GC tumor microenvironment, clinical applications and Tregs-targeted therapies for GC patients have become hot issues. In this review, we are going to discuss these scientific researches which focused on these topics.
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26
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Du Y, Wei Y. Therapeutic Potential of Natural Killer Cells in Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3095. [PMID: 30719024 PMCID: PMC6348255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers, with a high incidence of cancer death. Despite various therapeutic approaches, the cures and prognosis of advanced GC remain poor. Natural killer (NK) cells, which are known as important lymphocytes in innate immunity, play vital roles in suppressing GC initiation, progression, and metastases. A wide range of clinical settings shows that increasing the number of NK cells or improving NK cell antitumor activity is promising in GC patients. NK cell adoptive therapy (especially expanded NK cells) is a safe and well-tolerated method, which can enhance NK cell cytotoxicity against GC. Meanwhile, cytokines, immunomodulatory drugs, immune checkpoint blockades, antibodies, vaccines, and gene therapy have been found to directly or indirectly activate NK cells to improve their killing activity toward GC. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in the relationship between NK cells and GC and point out all the innovative strategies that can enhance NK cells' function to inhibit the growth of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongchang Wei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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27
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Roles of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer Metastasis: Immunosuppression and Beyond. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 67:89-102. [PMID: 30386868 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the direst face of cancer, and it is not a feature solely dependent on cancer cells; however, a complex interaction between cancer cells and host causes this process. Investigating the mechanisms of metastasis can lead to its control. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are key components of tumor microenvironment that favor cancer progression. These cells result from altered myelopoiesis in response to the presence of tumor. The most recognized function of MDSCs is suppressing anti-tumor immune responses. Strikingly, these cells are among important players in cancer dissemination and metastasis. They can exert their effect on metastatic process by affecting anti-cancer immunity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell formation, angiogenesis, establishing premetastatic niche, and supporting cancer cell survival and growth in metastatic sites. In this article, we review and discuss the mechanisms by which MDSCs contribute to cancer metastasis.
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28
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Lazăr DC, Avram MF, Romoșan I, Cornianu M, Tăban S, Goldiș A. Prognostic significance of tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy: Novel insights and future perspectives in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3583-3616. [PMID: 30166856 PMCID: PMC6113718 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i32.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a decrease in gastric cancer incidence, the development of novel biologic agents and combined therapeutic strategies, the prognosis of gastric cancer remains poor. Recently, the introduction of modern immunotherapy, especially using immune checkpoint inhibitors, led to an improved prognosis in many cancers. The use of immunotherapy was also associated with manageable adverse event profiles and promising results in the treatment of patients with gastric cancer, especially in heavily pretreated patients. These data have led to an accelerated approval of some checkpoint inhibitors in this setting. Understanding the complex relationship between the host immune microenvironment and tumor and the immune escape phenomenon leading to cancer occurrence and progression will subsequently lead to the identification of prognostic immune markers. Furthermore, this understanding will result in the discovery of both new mechanisms for blocking tumor immunosuppressive signals and pathways to stimulate the local immune response by targeting and modulating different subsets of immune cells. Due to the molecular heterogeneity of gastric cancers associated with different clinico-biologic parameters, immune markers expression and prognosis, novel immunotherapy algorithms should be personalized and addressed to selected subsets of gastric tumors, which have been proven to elicit the best clinical responses. Future perspectives in the treatment of gastric cancer include tailored dual immunotherapies or a combination of immunotherapy with other targeted agents with synergistic antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cornelia Lazăr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Timişoara 300041, Timiş County, Romania
| | - Mihaela Flavia Avram
- Department of Surgery X, 1st Surgery Clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Timişoara 300041, Timiş County, Romania
| | - Ioan Romoșan
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Timişoara 300041, Timiş County, Romania
| | - Mărioara Cornianu
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Timişoara 300041, Timiş County, Romania
| | - Sorina Tăban
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Timişoara 300041, Timiş County, Romania
| | - Adrian Goldiș
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Timişoara 300041, Timiş County, Romania
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29
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Liu Y, Wei G, Cheng WA, Dong Z, Sun H, Lee VY, Cha SC, Smith DL, Kwak LW, Qin H. Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1181-1195. [PMID: 29855694 PMCID: PMC11028324 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with an immune suppressive phenotype. They represent a critical component of the immune suppressive niche described in cancer, where they support immune escape and tumor progression through direct effects on both the innate and adaptive immune responses, largely by contributing to maintenance of a high oxidative stress environment. The number of MDSCs positively correlates with protumoral activity, and often diminishes the effectiveness of immunotherapies, which is particularly problematic with the emergence of personalized medicine. Approaches targeting MDSCs showed promising results in preclinical studies and are under active investigation in clinical trials in combination with various immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we discuss MDSC targets and therapeutic approaches targeting MDSC that have the aim of enhancing the existing tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Liu
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Guowei Wei
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Wesley A Cheng
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Dong
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Han Sun
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Vincent Y Lee
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Soung-Chul Cha
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - D Lynne Smith
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Larry W Kwak
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Hong Qin
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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30
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Lanitis E, Dangaj D, Irving M, Coukos G. Mechanisms regulating T-cell infiltration and activity in solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:xii18-xii32. [PMID: 29045511 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocytes play a critical role in cancer immunity as evidenced by their presence in resected tumor samples derived from long-surviving patients, and impressive clinical responses to various immunotherapies that reinvigorate them. Indeed, tumors can upregulate a wide array of defense mechanisms, both direct and indirect, to suppress the ability of Tcells to reach the tumor bed and mount curative responses upon infiltration. In addition, patient and tumor genetics, previous antigenic experience, and the microbiome, are all important factors in shaping the T-cell repertoire and sensitivity to immunotherapy. Here, we review the mechanisms that regulate T-cell homing, infiltration, and activity within the solid tumor bed. Finally, we summarize different immunotherapies and combinatorial treatment strategies that enable the immune system to overcome barriers for enhanced tumor control and improved patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lanitis
- The Ludwig Branch for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges
| | - D Dangaj
- The Ludwig Branch for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges
| | - M Irving
- The Ludwig Branch for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges
| | - G Coukos
- The Ludwig Branch for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Wang Y, Song Y, Che X, Zhang L, Wang Q, Zhang X, Qu J, Li Z, Xu L, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Hou K, Liu Y, Qu X. Caveolin‑1 enhances RANKL‑induced gastric cancer cell migration. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:1287-1296. [PMID: 30015970 PMCID: PMC6072394 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical pathway involving receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL) induces the activation of osteoclasts and the migration of a variety of tumor cells, including breast and lung cancer. In our previous study, the expression of RANK was identified on the surface of gastric cancer cells, however, whether the RANKL/RANK pathway is involved in the regulation of gastric cancer cell migration remains to be fully elucidated. Lipid rafts represent a major platform for the regulation of cancer signaling; however, their involvement in RANKL‑induced migration remains to be elucidated. To investigate the potential roles and mechanism of RANKL/RANK in gastric cancer migration and metastasis, the present study examined the expression of RANK by western blot analysis and the expression of caveolin‑1 (Cav‑1) in gastric cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry, in addition to cell migration which is measured by Transwell migration assay. The aggregation of lipid reft was observed by fluorescence microscopy and western blotting was used to measure signaling changes in associated pathways. The results showed that RANKL induced gastric cancer cell migration, accompanied by the activation of Cav‑1 and aggregation of lipid rafts. Nystatin, a lipid raft inhibitor, inhibited the activation of Cav‑1 and markedly reversed RANKL‑induced gastric cancer cell migration. The RANKL‑induced activation of Cav‑1 has been shown to occur with the activation of proto‑oncogene tyrosine‑protein kinase Src (c‑Src). The c‑Src inhibitor, PP2, inhibited the activation of Cav‑1 and lipid raft aggregation, and reversed RANKL‑induced gastric cancer cell migration. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that Cav‑1 was involved in RANKL‑induced cell migration in lung, renal and breast cancer cells. These results suggested that RANKL induced gastric cancer cell migration, likely through mechanisms involving the c‑Src/Cav‑1 pathway and lipid raft aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yongxi Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jinglei Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yibo Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Kezuo Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Yuan CL, Liang R, Liu ZH, Li YQ, Luo XL, Ye JZ, Lin Y. Bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor overexpression inhibits gastric tumor cell invasion via the transforming growth factor-β/epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5422-5430. [PMID: 29805551 PMCID: PMC5958702 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma is one of the most common human malignancies and remains the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Gastric carcinoma is characterized by early-stage metastasis and is typically diagnosed in the advanced stage. Previous results have indicated that bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) overexpression has been demonstrated to inhibit growth and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of the BAMBI-mediated signaling pathway in the progression of gastric cancer are poorly understood. In the present study, to assess whether BAMBI overexpression inhibited the growth and aggressiveness of gastric carcinoma cells through regulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling pathway, the growth and metastasis of gastric carcinoma cells were analyzed following BAMBI overexpression and knockdown in vitro and in vivo. Molecular changes in the TGF-β/EMT signaling pathway were studied in gastric carcinoma cells following BAMBI overexpression and knockdown. DNA methylation of the gene regions encoding the TGF-β/EMT signaling pathway was investigated in gastric carcinoma cells. Tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice was analyzed after mice were subjected to endogenous overexpression of BAMBI. Results indicated that BAMBI overexpression significantly inhibited gastric carcinoma cell growth and aggressiveness, whereas knockdown of BAMBI significantly promoted its growth and metastasis compared with the control (P<0.01). The TGF-β/EMT signaling pathway was downregulated in BAMBI-overexpressed gastric carcinoma cells; however, signaling was promoted following BAMBI knockdown. In addition, it was observed that BAMBI overexpression significantly downregulated the DNA methylation of the gene regions encoding the TGF-β/EMT signaling pathway (P<0.01). Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated BAMBI overexpression also promoted apoptosis in gastric cancer cells and significantly inhibited growth of gastric tumors in murine xenografts (P<0.01). In conclusion, the present findings suggest that BAMBI overexpression inhibited the TGF-β/EMT signaling pathway and suppressed the invasiveness of gastric tumors, suggesting BAMBI may be a potential target for the treatment of gastric carcinoma via regulation of the TGF-β/EMT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Yuan
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Rong Liang
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Liu
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ling Luo
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Zhou Ye
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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A New Paradigm for Tissue Diagnostics: Tools and Techniques to Standardize Tissue Collection, Transport, and Fixation. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 6:135-143. [PMID: 29780664 PMCID: PMC5956061 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Studying and developing preanalytical tools and technologies for the purpose of obtaining high-quality samples for histological assays is a growing field. Currently, there does not exist a standard practice for collecting, fixing, and monitoring these precious samples. There has been some advancement in standardizing collection for the highest profile tumor types, such as breast, where HER2 testing drives therapeutic decisions. This review examines the area of tissue collection, transport, and monitoring of formalin diffusion and details a prototype system that could be used to help standardize tissue collection efforts. Recent Findings We have surveyed recent primary literature sources and conducted several site visits to understand the most error-prone processes in histology laboratories. This effort identified errors that resulted from sample collection techniques and subsequent transport delays from the operating room (OR) to the histology laboratories. We have therefore devised a prototype sample collection and transport concept. The system consists of a custom data logger and cold transport box and takes advantage of a novel cold + warm (named 2 + 2) fixation method. Summary This review highlights the beneficial aspects of standardizing tissue collection, fixation, and monitoring. In addition, a prototype system is introduced that could help standardize these processes and is compatible with use directly in the OR and from remote sites.
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Intravital microscopy in the study of the tumor microenvironment: from bench to human application. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20165-20178. [PMID: 29732011 PMCID: PMC5929454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a dynamic imaging modality that allows for the real time observation of biologic processes in vivo, including angiogenesis and immune cell interactions. In the setting of preclinical cancer models, IVM has facilitated an understanding of the tumor associated vasculature and the role of effector immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Novel approaches to apply IVM to human malignancies have thus far focused on cancer diagnosis and tumor vessel characterization, but have the potential to provide advances in the field of personalized medicine by identifying individual patients who may respond to systemically delivered chemotherapeutic drugs or immunotherapeutic agents. In this review, we highlight the role that IVM has had in investigating tumor vasculature and the tumor microenvironment in preclinical studies and discuss its current and future applications to directly observe human tumors.
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The Microenvironment in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020040. [PMID: 29652813 PMCID: PMC6027429 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) can cause a wide variety of cancers upon infection of different cell types and induces a highly variable composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME). This TME consists of both innate and adaptive immune cells and is not merely an aspecific reaction to the tumor cells. In fact, latent EBV-infected tumor cells utilize several specific mechanisms to form and shape the TME to their own benefit. These mechanisms have been studied largely in the context of EBV+ Hodgkin lymphoma, undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and EBV+ gastric cancer. This review describes the composition, immune escape mechanisms, and tumor cell promoting properties of the TME in these three malignancies. Mechanisms of susceptibility which regularly involve genes related to immune system function are also discussed, as only a small proportion of EBV-infected individuals develops an EBV-associated malignancy.
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36
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Wang L, Zhou D, Ren H, Chen Y. Effects of modified FOLFOX-6 chemotherapy on cellular immune function in patients with gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8635-8640. [PMID: 29805598 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunosuppression serves an important role in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. However, the effect of chemotherapy on the immune function of patients remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate changes in cellular immune function and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in patients with gastric cancer prior to and following chemotherapy. In the peripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer, the percentage of CD4+ T cells was substantially decreased compared with that of healthy controls (11.39±5.91 vs. 22.34±3.37%, respectively; P<0.05). High frequencies of CD8+ T cells and Tregs were also observed in the peripheral blood of patients. Although the number of T cells decreased following chemotherapy (the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ cells were 8.99±7.31 and 16.00±4.51%, respectively), the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells increased (0.31±0.17 vs. 0.56±0.22; P<0.05). Furthermore, the level of C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) was increased in patients prior to chemotherapy compared with healthy controls. As the sole receptor for CCL20, a high level of expression of C-C motif chemokine receptor 6 on circulating Tregs was also identified in the patients, which decreased following chemotherapy. These results suggest that chemotherapy may efficiently promote cellular immune function and inhibit immunosuppression in patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Donger Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Ren
- Department of Burns and Wound Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
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37
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Immune-based identification of cancer patients at high risk of progression. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:97-102. [PMID: 29554496 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are highly heterogeneous structures where malignant cells interact with a large variety of cell populations, including a clinically-relevant immune component. We review and compare the most recent methods designed to analyze and quantify the composition of immune and stromal microenvironment of tumors and discuss their use in identification of patients for high risk of progression. If the impact of the various immune components on patient's relapse share common rules in most malignancies, clear cell renal cell tumors behave differently with regards to immunity. We focus on this specific pathology to show how the tumor interacts with the host's immune system and how this intricate relationship shapes the clinical outcome.
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38
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Wei M, Shen D, Mulmi Shrestha S, Liu J, Zhang J, Yin Y. The Progress of T Cell Immunity Related to Prognosis in Gastric Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3201940. [PMID: 29682534 PMCID: PMC5848132 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3201940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy all over the world, and the factors that can affect progress and prognosis of the gastric cancer patients are various, such as TNM stages, invasive depth, and lymph node metastasis ratio. T cell immunity is important component of human immunity system and immunity responding to tumor and dysfunction or imbalance of T cell immunity will lead to serious outcomes for body. T cell immunity includes many different types of cells, CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, memory cell, and so on, and each of them has special function on antitumor response or tumor immune escape which is revealed in lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and so on. But its correlation with gastric cancer is not clear. Our review was preformed to explore the relationship between the progress and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) and T cell immunity. According to recent researches, T cell immunity may have an important role in the progress and prognosis of GCs, but its function is affected by location, category, related molecule, and interaction between the cells, and some effects still are controversial. More researches are needed to clarify this correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wei
- Gastroenterology Department, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Duo Shen
- Gastroenterology Department, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sachin Mulmi Shrestha
- Gastroenterology Department, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Gastroenterology Department, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Gastroenterology Department, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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39
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Feng F, Sun L, Zheng G, Liu S, Liu Z, Xu G, Guo M, Lian X, Fan D, Zhang H. Low lymphocyte-to-white blood cell ratio and high monocyte-to-white blood cell ratio predict poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5281-5291. [PMID: 28029656 PMCID: PMC5354908 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous results regarding the prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in gastric cancer are conflicting, and full analysis of other blood test parameters are lacking. We therefore examined the associations between various blood test parameters and prognosis in 3243 gastric cancer patients randomly divided into training (n=1621) and validation (n=1622) sets. Optimal cut-off values of 0.663 for neutrophil-to-white blood cell ratio (NWR), 0.288 for lymphocyte-to-white blood cell ratio (LWR), 0.072 for monocyte-to-white blood cell ratio (MWR), 2.604 for NLR, 0.194 for monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and 130.675 for PLR were identified in the training set. Univariate and survival analyses revealed that high NWR, low LWR, high MWR, high NLR, high MLR, and high PLR are all associated with a poor prognosis in gastric cancer. However, multivariate analysis revealed that only LWR, and MWR are independent prognostic predictors, and prognostic value increased when LWR and MWR were considered in combination. These findings suggest that low LWR and high MWR are each predictive of a poor prognosis, and exhibit greater prognostic value when considered in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Feng
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Sun
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gaozan Zheng
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shushang Liu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Man Guo
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Lian
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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40
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Ammannagari N, Atasoy A. Current status of immunotherapy and immune biomarkers in gastro-esophageal cancers. J Gastrointest Oncol 2018; 9:196-207. [PMID: 29564185 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2017.06.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal (GE) cancers continue to be a significant cause of mortality globally. Despite therapeutic advances in oncology, the prognosis of advanced GE cancer remains exceedingly poor. Immunotherapy has caused a major paradigm shift in the field of oncology. Not all patients benefit from these agents and several studies are trying to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers to better inform and guide treatment decisions. The potential role of immunotherapy in GE cancers is emerging. These cancer types are molecularly and immunologically heterogeneous, and this heterogeneity influences the tumor microenvironment posing a significant challenge to studying biomarkers of response to immunotherapy. Here in this article, we discuss the need for new therapeutic approaches in GE cancers, review the emerging data on the activity of checkpoint inhibitors and the role of biomarkers in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajlan Atasoy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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41
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NF-kappaB: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010024. [PMID: 29315242 PMCID: PMC5793177 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor family that regulates a large number of genes that are involved in important physiological processes, including survival, inflammation, and immune responses. More recently, constitutive expression of NF-κB has been associated with several types of cancer. In addition, microorganisms, such as viruses and bacteria, cooperate in the activation of NF-κB in tumors, confirming the multifactorial role of this transcription factor as a cancer driver. Recent reports have shown that the NF-κB signaling pathway should receive attention for the development of therapies. In addition to the direct effects of NF-κB in cancer cells, it might also impact immune cells that can both promote or prevent tumor development. Currently, with the rise of cancer immunotherapy, the link among immune cells, inflammation, and cancer is a major focus, and NF-κB could be an important regulator for the success of these therapies. This review discusses the contrasting roles of NF-κB as a regulator of pro- and antitumor processes and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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42
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Lee S, Choi S, Kim SY, Yun MJ, Kim HI. Potential Utility of FDG PET-CT as a Non-invasive Tool for Monitoring Local Immune Responses. J Gastric Cancer 2017; 17:384-393. [PMID: 29302378 PMCID: PMC5746659 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2017.17.e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The tumor microenvironment is known to be associated with the metabolic activity of cancer cells and local immune reactions. We hypothesized that glucose metabolism measured by 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) (18F-FDG PET-CT) would be associated with local immune responses evaluated according to the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 56 patients who underwent 18F-FDG PET-CT prior to gastrectomy. In resected tumor specimens, TIL subsets, including cluster of differentiation (CD) 3, CD4, CD8, Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), and granzyme B, were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) was calculated as: (10×serum albumin value)+(0.005×peripheral lymphocyte counts). Additionally, the maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) was calculated to evaluate the metabolic activity of cancer cells. Results The SUVmax was positively correlated with larger tumor size (R=0.293; P=0.029) and negatively correlated with PNI (R=−0.407; P=0.002). A higher SUVmax showed a marginal association with higher CD3 (+) T lymphocyte counts (R=0.227; P=0.092) and a significant association with higher Foxp3 (+) T lymphocyte counts (R=0.431; P=0.009). No other clinicopathological characteristics were associated with SUVmax or TILs. Survival analysis, however, indicated that neither SUVmax nor Foxp3 held prognostic significance. Conclusions FDG uptake on PET-CT could be associated with TILs, especially regulatory T cells, in gastric cancer. This finding may suggest that PET-CT could be of use as a non-invasive tool for monitoring the tumor microenvironment in patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungho Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seohee Choi
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Medical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Yun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.,Medical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
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43
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Yuan L, Xu B, Yuan P, Zhou J, Qin P, Han L, Chen G, Wang Z, Run Z, Zhao P, Gao Q. Tumor-infiltrating CD4 + T cells in patients with gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:114. [PMID: 29213216 PMCID: PMC5712164 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T lymphocytes play an indispensably important role in clearing virus and tumor antigen. There is little knowledge about impacts of inhibitory molecules with cytokine on tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T-cells in the presence of gastric cancer (GC). This study investigated the distribution of tumor-infiltrating T-cells subset and the differentiation as well as inhibitory phenotype of T-cells from blood and tissues of GC patients. Materials and methods Patients with GC diagnosed on the basis of pre-operative staging and laparotomy findings were approached for enrollment between 2014 and 2015 at the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China. Phenotypic analysis based on isolation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and intracellular IFN-γ staining assay is conducted. Statistical analysis is performed to show significance. Results The results showed that the percentage of CD4+ T-cells among CD3+ cells in tumors was significantly higher than that in the matched paraneoplastic tissue. CD4+ CD25high CD127low regulatory T-cells (Tregs), PD-1+, Tim-3+, and PD-1+ Tim-3+ cells were up-regulated on tumor infiltrating T-cells from patients with GC compared to their expressions on corresponding peripheral blood and peritumoral T-cells. Blockades of PD-1+ and Tim-3+ were effective in restoring tumor infiltrating T-cells’ production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Combined PD-1+ and Tim-3+ inhibition had a synergistic effect on IFN-γ secretion by CD4+ T-cells. Conclusion The results suggested that the composition, inhibitors, and location of the immune infiltrate should be considered when evaluating antitumor immunotherapy. A new insight into the mechanisms underlying T cell dysfunction is provided. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-017-0489-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Benling Xu
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxue Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Qin
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Han
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Chen
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenlei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Zengci Run
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Quanli Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan People's Republic of China.,Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan People's Republic of China
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44
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Abstract
Despite the success of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), anti-PD1 ligand 1 (PDL1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) therapies in advanced cancer, a considerable proportion of patients remain unresponsive to these treatments (known as innate resistance). In addition, one-third of patients relapse after initial response (known as adaptive resistance), which suggests that multiple non-redundant immunosuppressive mechanisms coexist within the tumour microenvironment. A major immunosuppressive mechanism is the adenosinergic pathway, which now represents an attractive new therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Activation of this pathway occurs within hypoxic tumours, where extracellular adenosine exerts local suppression through tumour-intrinsic and host-mediated mechanisms. Preclinical studies in mice with adenosine receptor antagonists and antibodies have reported favourable antitumour immune responses with some definition of the mechanism of action. Currently, agents targeting the adenosinergic pathway are undergoing first-in-human clinical trials as single agents and in combination with anti-PD1 or anti-PDL1 therapies. In this Review, we describe the complex interplay of adenosine and adenosine receptors in the development of primary tumours and metastases and discuss the merits of targeting one or more components that compose the adenosinergic pathway. We also review the early clinical data relating to therapeutic agents inhibiting the adenosinergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Vijayan
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arabella Young
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Michele W L Teng
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
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45
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Cho J, Lee J, Bang H, Kim ST, Park SH, An JY, Choi MG, Lee JH, Sohn TS, Bae JM, Kang WK, Kim S, Kim KM. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression predicts survival in patients with gastric carcinoma with microsatellite instability. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13320-13328. [PMID: 28076847 PMCID: PMC5355099 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed in a subgroup of gastric cancers that may benefit from immunotherapy. Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) is a potential predictive factor for response to immunotherapy targeting the PD-1 or its ligand PD-L1. The relationship between PD-L1 expression and MSI-H status remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated PD-L1 expression in patients with MSI-H gastric cancer. We analyzed PD-L1 expression in 78 MSI-H gastric cancer tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. PD-L1 expression was classified as expression on tumor cells or on immune cells. We observed PD-L1 expression in 48 gastric cancer samples (61.5%), consisting of 7 (9.0%) cases with tumor PD-L1 expression and 47 (60.3%) cases with immune cell PD-L1 expression. Immune cell PD-L1 expression was frequently associated with intestinal type cancer by the Lauren classification (p = 0.015), with a lower risk of lymph node metastasis (p = 0.027) and lower tumor stages (p = 0.029) compared to MSI-H gastric cancers without PD-L1 expression. Moreover, immune cell PD-L1 expression was an independent favorable prognostic factor for overall survival (versus PD-L1 negative; hazard ratio, 3.451; 95% confidence interval, 1.172–12.745; p = 0.025). In MSI-H gastric cancer, PD-L1 expression was observed to be independently associated with a longer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhun Cho
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heejin Bang
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Park
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeong An
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Gew Choi
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sung Sohn
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Moon Bae
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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46
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Increased tumor-infiltrating CD45RA -CCR7 - regulatory T-cell subset with immunosuppressive properties foster gastric cancer progress. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3002. [PMID: 28817117 PMCID: PMC5596574 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are major components of tumor-infiltrating immune cells with potent immunosuppressive properties in gastric cancer (GC) microenvironment. However, different subsets of the Tregs and their relevance to GC are unknown. Here, we found that patients with GC showed a significantly higher Tregs infiltration in tumors, and CD45RA−CCR7− Treg subset constituted most tumor-infiltrating Tregs. Tumor-infiltrating CD45RA−CCR7− Treg subset with an effector/memory phenotype accumulated in tumors and expressed low level of HLA-DR. Gastric tumor-derived TNF-α induced CD45RA−CCR7− Treg subset with similar phenotype to their status in tumors and inhibited their HLA-DR expression via activating STAT3 phosphorylation. These tumor-associated CD45RA−CCR7− Treg subset exerted superior immunosuppressive properties to effectively suppress CD8+ T cells’ anti-tumor function including CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ and granzyme B (GrB) production as well as CD8+ T-cell proliferation in vitro, and also contributed to the growth and progression of human gastric tumors in vivo, via IL-10 secretion and cell–cell contact mechanisms. Moreover, increased tumor-infiltrating CD45RA−CCR7− Treg subset as well as higher intratumoral CD45RA−CCR7− Treg/CD8+ T-cell ratio was associated with advanced disease progression and reduced GC patient survival. This study therefore identifies a novel immunosuppressive pathway involving CD45RA−CCR7− Treg subset development within the GC microenvironment. Efforts to inhibit this pathway may therefore prove a valuable strategy to prevent, and to treat this immune suppressive of GC.
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47
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Park C, Cho J, Lee J, Kang SY, An JY, Choi MG, Lee JH, Sohn TS, Bae JM, Kim S, Kim ST, Park SH, Park JO, Kang WK, Sohn I, Jung SH, Kang MS, Kim KM. Host immune response index in gastric cancer identified by comprehensive analyses of tumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1356150. [PMID: 29147610 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1356150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated/microsatellite-unstable (MSI) gastric carcinomas (GC) constitute immune-active principal cellular components of tumor microenvironment and contribute to better prognosis. With the remarkable success of cancer immunotherapies, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of tumor-immune interactions in patients with GC in the context of host immune response. To identify GC subtype-specific immune response gene set, we tested differentially expressed genes for MSI and EBV+ GC subtypes in randomly selected test set (n = 278) in merged ACRG-SMC microarray and TCGA RNA sequencing data set. We identified Host ImmunE Response index (HIERÏ) consisting of 29 immune genes classifying GC patients into robust 3 groups with prognostic significance. Immune-high cluster 1 was enriched with PD-L1High/EBV+/MSI/TILHigh with the best clinical outcome while immune-low cluster 3 displayed worst outcome and exemplified with PD-L1Low/EBV-/MSS. The results were validated in the same cohort (n = 279) and independent cohort (n = 181) with RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. Unexpectedly, nearly half of GC in cluster 1 were EBV-/MSS and 10% of cluster 3 GC were EBV+/MSI GC patients, suggesting that in addition to EBV+/MSI GC subtypes, EBV-/MSS subtype also constitutes almost half of high immune cluster and would be a good candidate for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. In contrary, almost 10% of EBV+/MSI GC patients may not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Thus, our HIERÏ gene signature demonstrates the potential to subclassify tumor immunity levels, predict prognosis and help immunotherapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charny Park
- Department of Pathology & Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Clinical Genome Analysis and Precision Medicine Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhun Cho
- Department of Pathology & Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Young Kang
- Department of Pathology & Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeong An
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Gew Choi
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sung Sohn
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Moon Bae
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insuk Sohn
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin Ho Jung
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Soo Kang
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Lifetech Institute of iNtRON Biotechnology, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology & Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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48
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Shoji H, Tada K, Kitano S, Nishimura T, Shimada Y, Nagashima K, Aoki K, Hiraoka N, Honma Y, Iwasa S, Takashima A, Kato K, Boku N, Honda K, Yamada T, Heike Y, Hamaguchi T. The peripheral immune status of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells correlates the survival in advanced gastric cancer patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95083-95094. [PMID: 29221113 PMCID: PMC5707007 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic significance of peripheral immune status in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) remains unclear. Results From July 2013 through December 2014, 37 patients were enrolled. Among patients with 25 subsets of immune cells, patients in the high group of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (Gr-MDSCs) showed significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) than those in the low group (3.98 vs. 8.78 months; hazards ratio (HR), 2.61; p = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, the high Gr-MDSCs value was also associated with shorter PFS (HR, 4.60; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.79-11.8; p = 0.001). Although significant difference was not found in univariate analysis, the high Gr-MDSCs group was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) (HR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.23-6.80; p = 0.015) in multivariate analysis. Materials and Methods In this explorative prospective study, peripheral blood samples were collected from AGC patients before initiating first-line cisplatin-based chemotherapy (S-1 + cisplatin or S-1 + cisplatin + docetaxel). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed for 25 immune subsets by multicolor flow cytometry. PFS and OS were compared between the patients divided into high and low (≥ and < median, respectively) groups based on the median value for each immune cell subset. Conclusions The peripheral immune status of Gr-MDSCs appears to affect the prognosis in AGC. Further research is needed to confirm the clinical value of the level of circulating Gr-MDSCs as a prognostic and/or predictive marker in AGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Shoji
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Course of Advanced Clinical Research of Cancer, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Tada
- Immunotherapy and Cell Therapy Service, St. Lucas International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Nagashima
- Department of Global Clinical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazunori Aoki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Honma
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Iwasa
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Takashima
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Kato
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narikazu Boku
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Honda
- Division of Chemotherapy and Clinical Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tesshi Yamada
- Course of Advanced Clinical Research of Cancer, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Chemotherapy and Clinical Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Heike
- Immunotherapy and Cell Therapy Service, St. Lucas International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hamaguchi
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Solinas C, Pusole G, Demurtas L, Puzzoni M, Mascia R, Morgan G, Giampieri R, Scartozzi M. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in gastrointestinal tumors: Controversies and future clinical implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 110:106-116. [PMID: 28109400 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation following infections, autoimmune diseases or exposure to environmental irritants plays a crucial role in tumor development and influences the host immune response to neoplastic cells. The presence of an anti-tumor immune infiltrate is often associated with better outcomes in gastro-intestinal primary cancers, particularly in those with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H). Immunotherapeutic drugs inhibiting the PD-1 and PD-L1 pathway showed promising results in the treatment of these patients in the metastatic setting. The aim of this review is to resume the role tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) play in gastrointestinal tumors, underlining their potential value as a prognostic and predictive biomarker. TILs assessment could identify subsets of patients with high extent of TILs and better prognosis, that could be spared from adjuvant systemic treatments. Immune infiltration parameters might be additional predictors of a greater benefit from the immunotherapy with the immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Solinas
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet and Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard de Waterloo, 127 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Grazia Pusole
- Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Policlinico Universitario ss 554 bivio Sestu km 4.5, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Laura Demurtas
- Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Policlinico Universitario ss 554 bivio Sestu km 4.5, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Marco Puzzoni
- Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Policlinico Universitario ss 554 bivio Sestu km 4.5, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Roberta Mascia
- Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Policlinico Universitario ss 554 bivio Sestu km 4.5, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | | | | | - Mario Scartozzi
- Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Policlinico Universitario ss 554 bivio Sestu km 4.5, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
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