1
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Rawat C, Heemers HV. Alternative splicing in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Oncogene 2024; 43:1655-1668. [PMID: 38658776 PMCID: PMC11136669 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in western men. CaP mortality results from diverse molecular mechanisms that mediate resistance to the standard of care treatments for metastatic disease. Recently, alternative splicing has been recognized as a hallmark of CaP aggressiveness. Alternative splicing events cause treatment resistance and aggressive CaP behavior and are determinants of the emergence of the two major types of late-stage treatment-resistant CaP, namely castration-resistant CaP (CRPC) and neuroendocrine CaP (NEPC). Here, we review recent multi-omics data that are uncovering the complicated landscape of alternative splicing events during CaP progression and the impact that different gene transcript isoforms can have on CaP cell biology and behavior. We discuss renewed insights in the molecular machinery by which alternative splicing occurs and contributes to the failure of systemic CaP therapies. The potential for alternative splicing events to serve as diagnostic markers and/or therapeutic targets is explored. We conclude by considering current challenges and promises associated with splicing-modulating therapies, and their potential for clinical translation into CaP patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Rawat
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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2
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Oyer HM, Steck AR, Longen CG, Venkat S, Bayrak K, Munger EB, Fu D, Castagnino PA, Sanders CM, Tancler NA, Mai MT, Myers JP, Schiewer MJ, Chen N, Mostaghel EA, Kim FJ. Sigma1 Regulates Lipid Droplet-mediated Redox Homeostasis Required for Prostate Cancer Proliferation. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:2195-2210. [PMID: 37874216 PMCID: PMC10615122 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) are dynamic organelles that serve as hubs of cellular metabolic processes. Emerging evidence shows that LDs also play a critical role in maintaining redox homeostasis and can mitigate lipid oxidative stress. In multiple cancers, including prostate cancer, LD accumulation is associated with cancer aggressiveness, therapy resistance, and poor clinical outcome. Prostate cancer arises as an androgen receptor (AR)-driven disease. Among its myriad roles, AR mediates the biosynthesis of LDs, induces autophagy, and modulates cellular oxidative stress in a tightly regulated cycle that promotes cell proliferation. The factors regulating the interplay of these metabolic processes downstream of AR remain unclear. Here, we show that Sigma1/SIGMAR1, a unique ligand-operated scaffolding protein, regulates LD metabolism in prostate cancer cells. Sigma1 inhibition triggers lipophagy, an LD selective form of autophagy, to prevent accumulation of LDs which normally act to sequester toxic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This disrupts the interplay between LDs, autophagy, buffering of oxidative stress and redox homeostasis, and results in the suppression of cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Consistent with these experimental results, SIGMAR1 transcripts are strongly associated with lipid metabolism and ROS pathways in prostate tumors. Altogether, these data reveal a novel, pharmacologically responsive role for Sigma1 in regulating the redox homeostasis required by oncogenic metabolic programs that drive prostate cancer proliferation. SIGNIFICANCE To proliferate, cancer cells must maintain productive metabolic and oxidative stress (eustress) while mitigating destructive, uncontrolled oxidative stress (distress). LDs are metabolic hubs that enable adaptive responses to promote eustress. Targeting the unique Sigma1 protein can trigger distress by disrupting the LD-mediated homeostasis required for proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley M. Oyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexandra R. Steck
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles G. Longen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjana Venkat
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Konuralp Bayrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eleanor B. Munger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paola A. Castagnino
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christina M. Sanders
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathalia A. Tancler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - My T. Mai
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Justin P. Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew J. Schiewer
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elahe A. Mostaghel
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Felix J. Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Yan Y, Guo YT, Chang CY, Li XM, Zhang MQ, Ding CH, Cui D, Sun C, Ren Y, Wang ML, Xie C, Ni Z, Sun Q, Chen F, Gou 缑金营 JY. HSP90.2 modulates 2Q2-mediated wheat resistance against powdery mildew. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1935-1945. [PMID: 36890722 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a critical food crop feeding the world, but pathogens threaten its production. Wheat Heat Shock Protein 90.2 (HSP90.2) is a pathogen-inducible molecular chaperone folding nascent preproteins. Here, we used wheat HSP90.2 to isolate clients regulated at the posttranslational level. Tetraploid wheat hsp90.2 knockout mutant was susceptible to powdery mildew, while the HSP90.2 overexpression line was resistant, suggesting that HSP90.2 was essential for wheat resistance against powdery mildew. We next isolated 1500 clients of HSP90.2, which contained a wide variety of clients with different biological classifications. We utilized 2Q2, a nucleotide-binding leucine repeat-rich protein, as a model to investigate the potential of HSP90.2 interactome in fungal resistance. The transgenic line co-suppressing 2Q2 was more susceptible to powdery mildew, suggesting 2Q2 as a novel Pm-resistant gene. The 2Q2 protein resided in chloroplasts, and HSP90.2 played a critical role in the accumulation of 2Q2 in thylakoids. Our data provided over 1500 HSP90.2 clients with a potential regulation at the protein folding process and contributed a nontypical approach to isolate pathogenesis-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Improvement Joint Center/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Ting Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Yan Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Qi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ci-Hang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dangqun Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Improvement Joint Center/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Congwei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Improvement Joint Center/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Improvement Joint Center/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng-Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaojie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Improvement Joint Center/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin-Ying Gou 缑金营
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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4
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Xu P, Yang JC, Ning S, Chen B, Nip C, Wei Q, Liu L, Johnson OT, Gao AC, Gestwicki JE, Evans CP, Liu C. Allosteric inhibition of HSP70 in collaboration with STUB1 augments enzalutamide efficacy in antiandrogen resistant prostate tumor and patient-derived models. Pharmacol Res 2023; 189:106692. [PMID: 36773708 PMCID: PMC10162009 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin proteasome activity is suppressed in enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer cells, and the heat shock protein 70/STIP1 homology and U-box-containing protein 1 (HSP70/STUB1) machinery are involved in androgen receptor (AR) and AR variant protein stabilization. Targeting HSP70 could be a viable strategy to overcome resistance to androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI) in advanced prostate cancer. Here, we showed that a novel HSP70 allosteric inhibitor, JG98, significantly suppressed drug-resistant C4-2B MDVR and CWR22Rv1 cell growth, and enhanced enzalutamide treatment. JG98 also suppressed cell growth in conditional reprogramed cell cultures (CRCs) and organoids derived from advanced prostate cancer patient samples. Mechanistically, JG98 degraded AR/AR-V7 expression in resistant cells and promoted STUB1 nuclear translocation to bind AR-V7. Knockdown of the E3 ligase STUB1 significantly diminished the anticancer effects and partially restored AR-V7 inhibitory effects of JG98. JG231, a more potent analog developed from JG98, effectively suppressed the growth of the drug-resistant prostate cancer cells, CRCs, and organoids. Notably, the combination of JG231 and enzalutamide synergistically inhibited AR/AR-V7 expression and suppressed CWR22Rv1 xenograft tumor growth. Inhibition of HSP70 using novel small-molecule inhibitors coordinates with STUB1 to regulate AR/AR-V7 protein stabilization and ARSI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joy C Yang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shu Ning
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Christopher Nip
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Liangren Liu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Oleta T Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, CA, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, CA, USA
| | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, CA, USA.
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5
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The Crucial Role of AR-V7 in Enzalutamide-Resistance of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194877. [PMID: 36230800 PMCID: PMC9563243 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) has always been considered a key driver for triggering enzalutamide resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In recent years, both the homeostasis of AR-V7 protein and AR-V7’s relationship with LncRNAs have gained great attention with in-depth studies. Starting from protein stability and LncRNA, the paper discusses and summarizes the mechanisms and drugs that affect the CRPC patients’ sensitivity to enzalutamide by regulating the protein or transcriptional stability of AR-V7, hoping to provide therapeutic ideas for subsequent research to break through the CRPC therapeutic bottleneck. Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) has the second highest incidence of malignancies occurring in men worldwide. The first-line therapy of PCa is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Nonetheless, most patients progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after being treated by ADT. As a second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, enzalutamide (ENZ) is the current mainstay of new endocrine therapies for CRPC in clinical use. However, almost all patients develop resistance during AR antagonist therapy due to various mechanisms. At present, ENZ resistance (ENZR) has become challenging in the clinical treatment of CRPC. AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7) refers to a ligand-independent and constitutively active variant of the AR and is considered a key driver of ENZR in CRPC. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms and biological behaviors of AR-V7 in ENZR of CRPC to contribute novel insights for CRPC therapy.
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6
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Alizadeh-Ghodsi M, Owen KL, Townley SL, Zanker D, Rollin SP, Hanson AR, Shrestha R, Toubia J, Gargett T, Chernukhin I, Luu J, Cowley KJ, Clark A, Carroll JS, Simpson KJ, Winter JM, Lawrence MG, Butler LM, Risbridger GP, Thierry B, Taylor RA, Hickey TE, Parker BS, Tilley WD, Selth LA. Potent Stimulation of the Androgen Receptor Instigates a Viral Mimicry Response in Prostate Cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:706-724. [PMID: 36923279 PMCID: PMC10010308 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, with androgen deprivation therapy is a standard-of-care treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. Paradoxically, activation of AR can also inhibit the growth of prostate cancer in some patients and experimental systems, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. This study exploited a potent synthetic androgen, methyltestosterone (MeT), to investigate AR agonist-induced growth inhibition. MeT strongly inhibited growth of prostate cancer cells expressing AR, but not AR-negative models. Genes and pathways regulated by MeT were highly analogous to those regulated by DHT, although MeT induced a quantitatively greater androgenic response in prostate cancer cells. MeT potently downregulated DNA methyltransferases, leading to global DNA hypomethylation. These epigenomic changes were associated with dysregulation of transposable element expression, including upregulation of endogenous retrovirus (ERV) transcripts after sustained MeT treatment. Increased ERV expression led to accumulation of double-stranded RNA and a "viral mimicry" response characterized by activation of IFN signaling, upregulation of MHC class I molecules, and enhanced recognition of murine prostate cancer cells by CD8+ T cells. Positive associations between AR activity and ERVs/antiviral pathways were evident in patient transcriptomic data, supporting the clinical relevance of our findings. Collectively, our study reveals that the potent androgen MeT can increase the immunogenicity of prostate cancer cells via a viral mimicry response, a finding that has potential implications for the development of strategies to sensitize this cancer type to immunotherapies. Significance Our study demonstrates that potent androgen stimulation of prostate cancer cells can elicit a viral mimicry response, resulting in enhanced IFN signaling. This finding may have implications for the development of strategies to sensitize prostate cancer to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Alizadeh-Ghodsi
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katie L. Owen
- Cancer Evolution and Metastasis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott L. Townley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Damien Zanker
- Cancer Evolution and Metastasis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel P.G. Rollin
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Adrienne R. Hanson
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Raj Shrestha
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - John Toubia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tessa Gargett
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Igor Chernukhin
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennii Luu
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karla J. Cowley
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashlee Clark
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason S. Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kaylene J. Simpson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean M. Winter
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mitchell G. Lawrence
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cabrini Institute, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL), Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Butler
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gail P. Risbridger
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cabrini Institute, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL), Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Renea A. Taylor
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cabrini Institute, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL), Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theresa E. Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Belinda S. Parker
- Cancer Evolution and Metastasis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne D. Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Luke A. Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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7
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Macrophages and Epithelial Cells Mutually Interact through NLRP3 to Clear Infection and Enhance the Gastrointestinal Barrier. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) leads to the release of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, which then facilitates pathogen control by macrophages. The role of NLRPs in controlling infection of epithelial cells is not well understood. Our hypothesis was that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in colonic epithelial cells would promote macrophage-mediated epithelial recovery after infection with the pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. We devised a co-culture model using mouse colonic epithelial cells (CMT-93) and macrophages (J774A.1) during infection with C. rodentium. Inflammasome was activated using LPS and ATP and inhibited by YVAD. We assessed cytokine secretion (ELISA), macrophage recruitment and pathogen penetration (immunofluorescence), and epithelial barrier integrity (transepithelial electrical resistance). Macrophages were recruited to the apical membrane of epithelial cells, associated with tight junctions, promoted epithelial barrier recovery, and displaced C. rodentium. While NLRP3 was expressed in infected epithelial cells, IL-18 or IL-1β secretion remained unchanged. Supernatants from infected epithelial cells promoted infection clearance by macrophage; while this was inflammasome-independent, ATP significantly improved epithelial barrier recovery. The inflammasome appears to promote epithelial barrier function, independent of IL-18 and IL-1β secretion. Inflammasome activation in macrophages plays a dual role of promoting pathogen clearance and improving epithelial barrier integrity.
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8
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Gillis JL, Hinneh JA, Ryan NK, Irani S, Moldovan M, Quek LE, Shrestha RK, Hanson AR, Xie J, Hoy AJ, Holst J, Centenera MM, Mills IG, Lynn DJ, Selth LA, Butler LM. A feedback loop between the androgen receptor and 6-phosphogluoconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) drives prostate cancer growth. eLife 2021; 10:62592. [PMID: 34382934 PMCID: PMC8416027 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations to the androgen receptor (AR) signalling axis and cellular metabolism are hallmarks of prostate cancer. This study provides insight into both hallmarks by uncovering a novel link between AR and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Specifically, we identify 6-phosphogluoconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) as an androgen-regulated gene that is upregulated in prostate cancer. AR increased the expression of 6PGD indirectly via activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Accordingly, loss of 6PGD, AR or SREBP1 resulted in suppression of PPP activity as revealed by 1,2-13C2 glucose metabolic flux analysis. Knockdown of 6PGD also impaired growth and elicited death of prostate cancer cells, at least in part due to increased oxidative stress. We investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting 6PGD using two specific inhibitors, physcion and S3, and observed substantial anti-cancer activity in multiple models of prostate cancer, including aggressive, therapy-resistant models of castration-resistant disease as well as prospectively collected patient-derived tumour explants. Targeting of 6PGD was associated with two important tumour-suppressive mechanisms: first, increased activity of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which repressed anabolic growth-promoting pathways regulated by acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1); and second, enhanced AR ubiquitylation, associated with a reduction in AR protein levels and activity. Supporting the biological relevance of positive feedback between AR and 6PGD, pharmacological co-targeting of both factors was more effective in suppressing the growth of prostate cancer cells than single-agent therapies. Collectively, this work provides new insight into the dysregulated metabolism of prostate cancer and provides impetus for further investigation of co-targeting AR and the PPP as a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Gillis
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Josephine A Hinneh
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Natalie K Ryan
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Swati Irani
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Max Moldovan
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lake-Ee Quek
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Raj K Shrestha
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, Australia.,Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adrienne R Hanson
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Jianling Xie
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Andrew J Hoy
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- School of Medical Sciences and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Margaret M Centenera
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ian G Mills
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David J Lynn
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, Australia.,Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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9
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Dagar G, Bagchi G. Novel use of coactivators to enhance sensitivity of SEAP-based reporter assay system for visual monitoring and quantitation of androgens and antiandrogens in water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144514. [PMID: 33736142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Every year thousands of chemicals get discharged into the waterbodies of the world. These chemicals cause endocrine disruption and induce adverse health effects in human and aquatic life. Global environmental protection agencies emphasise the need to develop rapid and specific tests for identification of these endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) in water. Detection of chemicals that disrupt androgen signaling is especially important because androgen input at specific phases of life is critical for proper male development. Effect-based methods such as reporter assays are suitable tools for identification of EDCs in mixtures of unknown composition. The current study describes a stable, secreted alkaline protease (SEAP)-based reporter assay system, for visual detection of androgenic/antiandrogenic activity present in water samples. A novel feature of this system is the inclusion of coactivators, GRIP1, CARM1, p300 and mZac1b, in addition to an optimal combination of androgen response element (3× HRE), androgen receptor (AR) and the SEAP reporter gene. Incorporation of the coactivators resulted in a transcriptional fold change of 162 folds, enabling visual detection at much lower concentrations of androgen (1 picomolar) within 1 h of addition of test sample. Also, non-androgenic steroids such as estrogen, progesterone and Dexamethasone did not induce significant reporter activity, except at very high concentrations. This reporter assay can be readily converted into a high throughput format for investigation in multiple samples simultaneously, and reflects the changes that can be expected to occur inside a mammalian cell. The androgenic activity in six different water sources was evaluated using this assay. The results reveal significant androgenic activity in rivers and lakes close to Industrial areas, whereas the highest androgenic activity was observed in water containing paper and pulp mill effluents. This bioassay therefore provides a rapid, visual detection tool for effect-directed analysis of androgenic/antiandrogenic compounds in water. IMPACT STATEMENT: The current SEAP-based assay allows visual detection of androgens/antiandrogens in water, at concentrations as low as 1 picomolar, within a 1 h time period, in a high throughput format, providing a very useful technique for field users and regulatory bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Dagar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gurgaon 122413, India
| | - Gargi Bagchi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gurgaon 122413, India.
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10
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Porter LH, Bakshi A, Pook D, Clark A, Clouston D, Kourambas J, Goode DL, Risbridger GP, Taylor RA, Lawrence MG. Androgen receptor enhancer amplification in matched patient-derived xenografts of primary and castrate-resistant prostate cancer. J Pathol 2021; 254:121-134. [PMID: 33620092 DOI: 10.1002/path.5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amplifications of the androgen receptor (AR) occur in up to 80% of men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Recent studies highlighted that these amplifications not only span the AR gene but usually encompass a distal enhancer. This represents a newly recognised, non-coding mechanism of resistance to AR-directed therapies, including enzalutamide. To study disease progression before and after AR amplification, we used tumour samples from a castrate-sensitive primary tumour and castrate-resistant metastasis of the same patient. For subsequent functional and genomic studies, we established serially transplantable patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Whole genome sequencing showed that alterations associated with poor prognosis, such as TP53 and PTEN loss, existed before androgen deprivation therapy, followed by co-amplification of the AR gene and enhancer after the development of metastatic CRPC. The PDX of the primary tumour, without the AR amplification, was sensitive to AR-directed treatments, including castration, enzalutamide, and apalutamide. The PDX of the metastasis, with the AR amplification, had higher AR and AR-V7 expression in castrate conditions, and was resistant to castration, apalutamide, and enzalutamide in vivo. Treatment with a BET inhibitor outperformed the AR-directed therapies for the metastasis, resulting in tumour regression for some, but not all, grafts. Therefore, this study provides novel matched PDXs to test potential treatments that target the overabundance of AR in tumours with AR enhancer amplifications. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Porter
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Pook
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashlee Clark
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - John Kourambas
- Department of Medicine, Monash Health, Casey Hospital, Berwick, VIC, Australia
| | -
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL), Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David L Goode
- Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitchell G Lawrence
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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11
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Moon SJ, Jeong BC, Kim HJ, Lim JE, Kim HJ, Kwon GY, Jackman JA, Kim JH. Bruceantin targets HSP90 to overcome resistance to hormone therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:958-973. [PMID: 33391515 PMCID: PMC7738850 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Aberrant androgen receptor (AR) signaling via full-length AR (AR-FL) and constitutively active AR variant 7 (AR-V7) plays a key role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and resistance to hormone therapies. Simultaneous targeting of AR-FL and AR-V7 may be a promising strategy to overcome resistance to hormone therapy. This study aimed to identify novel drug candidates co-targeting AR-FL and AR-V7 activities and elucidate their molecular mechanism of anti-CRPC activities. Methods: Using a CRPC cell-based reporter assay system, we screened a small library of antimalarial agents to explore the possibility of repositioning them for CRPC treatment and identified bruceantin (BCT) as a potent anti-CRPC drug candidate. A series of cell-based, molecular, biochemical, and in vivo approaches were performed to evaluate the therapeutic potential and molecular mechanism of BCT in CRPC. These approaches include reporter gene assays, cell proliferation, RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, mouse xenografts, co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down, immobilized BCT pull-down, molecular modeling, and bioinformatic analyses. Results: We identified BCT as a highly potent inhibitor co-targeting AR-FL and AR-V7 activity. BCT inhibits the transcriptional activity of AR-FL/AR-V7 and downregulates their target genes in CRPC cells. In addition, BCT efficiently suppresses tumor growth and metastasis of CRPC cells. Mechanistically, BCT disrupts the interaction of HSP90 with AR-FL/AR-V7 by directly binding to HSP90 and inhibits HSP90 chaperone function, leading to degradation of AR-FL/AR-V7 through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Clinically, HSP90 expression is upregulated and correlated with AR/AR-V7 levels in CRPC. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that BCT could serve as a promising therapeutic candidate against CRPC and highlight the potential benefit of targeting AR-FL/AR-V7-HSP90 axis to overcome resistance caused by aberrant AR-FL/AR-V7 signaling.
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12
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Tieu T, Wojnilowicz M, Huda P, Thurecht KJ, Thissen H, Voelcker NH, Cifuentes-Rius A. Nanobody-displaying porous silicon nanoparticles for the co-delivery of siRNA and doxorubicin. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:133-147. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01335h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics to cancer cells has the potential to yield high drug concentrations in cancer cells while minimizing any unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Tieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville
- Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing
| | - Marcin Wojnilowicz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Pie Huda
- Centre for Advanced Imaging
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
| | - Helmut Thissen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville
- Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing
| | - Anna Cifuentes-Rius
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville
- Australia
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13
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Thelen P, Taubert H, Duensing S, Kristiansen G, Merseburger AS, Cronauer MV. [The impact of the androgen receptor splice variant AR-V7 on the prognosis and treatment of advanced prostate cancer]. Aktuelle Urol 2020; 51:582-592. [PMID: 29370587 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-115426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A recently discovered mechanism enabling prostate cancer cells to escape the effects of endocrine therapies consists in the synthesis of C-terminally truncated, constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) splice variants (AR-V). Devoid of a functional C-terminal hormone/ligand binding domain, various AR-Vs are insensitive to therapies targeting the androgen/AR signalling axis. Preliminary studies suggest that AR-V7, the most common AR-V, is a promising predictive tumour marker and a relevant selection marker for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. This review critically outlines recent advances in AR-V7 diagnostics and presents an overview of current AR-V7 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Thelen
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen
| | - H. Taubert
- Urologische und Kinderurologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen
| | - S. Duensing
- Urologische Klinik, Sektion für Molekulare Uro-Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - G. Kristiansen
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53127 Bonn
| | - A. S. Merseburger
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein – Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck
| | - M. V. Cronauer
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein – Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck
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14
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Singh JK, Hutt DM, Tait B, Guy NC, Sivils JC, Ortiz NR, Payan AN, Komaragiri SK, Owens JJ, Culbertson D, Blair LJ, Dickey C, Kuo SY, Finley D, Dyson HJ, Cox MB, Chaudhary J, Gestwicki JE, Balch WE. Management of Hsp90-Dependent Protein Folding by Small Molecules Targeting the Aha1 Co-Chaperone. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:292-305.e6. [PMID: 32017918 PMCID: PMC7144688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 plays an important role in health and is a therapeutic target for managing misfolding disease. Compounds that disrupt co-chaperone delivery of clients to Hsp90 target a subset of Hsp90 activities, thereby minimizing the toxicity of pan-Hsp90 inhibitors. Here, we have identified SEW04784 as a first-in-class inhibitor of the Aha1-stimulated Hsp90 ATPase activity without inhibiting basal Hsp90 ATPase. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis reveals that SEW84 binds to the C-terminal domain of Aha1 to weaken its asymmetric binding to Hsp90. Consistent with this observation, SEW84 blocks Aha1-dependent Hsp90 chaperoning activities, including the in vitro and in vivo refolding of firefly luciferase, and the transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor in cell-based models of prostate cancer and promotes the clearance of phosphorylated tau in cellular and tissue models of neurodegenerative tauopathy. We propose that SEW84 provides a novel lead scaffold for developing therapeutic approaches to treat proteostatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay K Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darren M Hutt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bradley Tait
- Brad Tait Enterprise LLC, 80 Christian Way, North Andover, MA 01845, USA
| | - Naihsuan C Guy
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Sivils
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Nina R Ortiz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Ashley N Payan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | | | | | - David Culbertson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura J Blair
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Chad Dickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Szu Yu Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dan Finley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - H Jane Dyson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marc B Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Jaideep Chaudhary
- School of Arts and Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - William E Balch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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15
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Armstrong H, Bording-Jorgensen M, Chan R, Wine E. Nigericin Promotes NLRP3-Independent Bacterial Killing in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2296. [PMID: 31632394 PMCID: PMC6779719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered microbiota has been associated with a number of diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases, diabetes, and cancer. This dysregulation is thought to relate the host inflammatory response to enteric pathogens. Macrophages play a key role in host response to microbes and are involved in bacterial killing and clearance. This process is partially mediated through the potassium efflux-dependent, cytosolic, PYCARD-containing inflammasome protein complex. Surprisingly, we discovered an alternative mechanism for bacterial killing, independent of the NLRP3 inflammasome/PYCARD. Using the NLRP3 inflammasome-deficient Raw 264.7 and PYCARD-deficient J77 macrophages, which both lack PYCARD, we found that the potassium efflux activator nigericin enhances bacterial killing. Macrophage response to nigericin was examined by RT gene profiling and subsequent qPCR, which demonstrated altered expression of a series of genes involved in the IL-18 bacterial killing pathway. Based on our results we propose a model of bacterial killing, unrelated to NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophage cells. Improving understanding of the molecular pathways driving bacterial clearance within macrophage cells will aid in the development of novel immune-targeted therapeutics in a number of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Bording-Jorgensen
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Chan
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eytan Wine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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16
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Tieu T, Dhawan S, Haridas V, Butler LM, Thissen H, Cifuentes-Rius A, Voelcker NH. Maximizing RNA Loading for Gene Silencing Using Porous Silicon Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:22993-23005. [PMID: 31252458 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gene silencing by RNA interference is a powerful technology with broad applications. However, this technology has been hampered by the instability of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules in physiological conditions and their inefficient delivery into the cytoplasm of target cells. Porous silicon nanoparticles have emerged as a potential delivery vehicle to overcome these limitations-being able to encapsulate RNA molecules within the porous matrix and protect them from degradation. Here, key variables were investigated that influence siRNA loading into porous silicon nanoparticles. The effect of modifying the surface of porous silicon nanoparticles with various amino-functional molecules as well as the effects of salt and chaotropic agents in facilitating siRNA loading was examined. Maximum siRNA loading of 413 μg/(mg of porous silicon nanoparticles) was found when the nanoparticles were modified by a fourth generation polyamidoamine dendrimer. Low concentrations of urea or salt increased loading capacity: an increase in RNA loading by 19% at a concentration of 0.05 M NaCl or 21% at a concentration of 0.25 M urea was observed when compared to loading in water. Lastly, it was demonstrated that dendrimer-functionalized nanocarriers are able to deliver siRNA against ELOVL5, a target for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Tieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Bayview Avenue , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Sameer Dhawan
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 , India
| | - V Haridas
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 , India
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School & Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute , Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Helmut Thissen
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Bayview Avenue , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Anna Cifuentes-Rius
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Bayview Avenue , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility , 151 Wellington Road , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
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17
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Bernemann C, Humberg V, Thielen B, Steinestel J, Chen X, Duensing S, Schrader AJ, Boegemann M. Comparative Analysis of AR Variant AR-V567es mRNA Detection Systems Reveals Eminent Variability and Questions the Role as a Clinical Biomarker in Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3856-3864. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-4276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Kiliccioglu I, Konac E, Dikmen AU, Sozen S, Bilen CY. Hsp-27 and NF-κB pathway is associated with AR/AR-V7 expression in prostate cancer cells. Gene 2019; 697:138-143. [PMID: 30807779 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 and/or Hsp-27 inhibitor KRIBB-3 agents were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms mediating androgen receptor expression on prostate cancer cell lines. The decrease observed in androgen receptor and p65 expressions, particularly at 48 h, in parallel with the decrease in the phosphorylation of the p-IKK α/β and p-Hsp-27 proteins in the LNCaP cells, indicated that androgen receptor inactivation occurred after the inhibition of the NF-κB and Hsp-27. In 22Rv1 cells, androgen receptor variant-7 was also observed to be decreased in the combined dose of 48 h. The association of this decrease with the decrease in androgen receptor and p65 expressions is a supportive result for the role of NF-κB signaling in the formation of androgen receptor variant. In androgen receptor variant-7 siRNA treatment in 22Rv1 cell lines, decrease of expression of androgen receptor variant-7 as well as decrease of expression of androgen receptor and p65 were observed. The decrease statistically significant in androgen receptor and p65 expressions was even greater when siRNA treatment was followed with low dose and time (6 h) combined treatment after transfection. We also showed that increased Noxa and decreased Bcl-2 protein level, indicated that apoptotic induction after this combination. In conclusion, inhibition of NF-κB and Hsp-27 is also important, along with therapies for androgen receptor variant-7 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Kiliccioglu
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, 06510 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ece Konac
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, 06510 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Asiye Ugras Dikmen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, 06510 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinan Sozen
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, 06510 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cenk Y Bilen
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Wach S, Taubert H, Cronauer M. Role of androgen receptor splice variants, their clinical relevance and treatment options. World J Urol 2019; 38:647-656. [PMID: 30659302 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-02619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this review, we summarize the importance of AR variants with a particular focus on clinically relevant members of this family. METHODS A non-systematic literature review was performed based on Medline and PubMed. RESULTS Endocrine therapy represents the central paradigm for the management of prostate cancer. Eventually, in response to androgen ablation therapy, several resistance mechanisms against the endocrine therapy might develop that can circumvent the therapy approaches. One specific resistance mechanism that has gained increasing attention is the generation of alternatively spliced variants of the androgen receptor, with AR-V7 being the most prominent. More broadly, AR-V7 is one member of a group of alternatively spliced AR variants that share a common feature, the missing ligand-binding domain. These ΔLBD androgen receptor variants have shown the capability to induce androgen receptor-mediated gene transcription even under conditions of androgen deprivation and to drive cancer progression. CONCLUSION The methods used for detecting AR-Vs, at least on the mRNA level, are well-advanced and harbor the potential to be introduced into clinical diagnostics. It is important to note, that the testing, especially of AR-V7 has its limitations in predicting treatment response. More promising is the great number of active clinical trials aimed at reducing the AR-Vs, and using this to re-sensitize CRPC towards endocrine treatment might provide additional treatment options for CRPC patients in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androstadienes/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Benzamides/therapeutic use
- Benzhydryl Compounds/therapeutic use
- Benzimidazoles/therapeutic use
- Benzoquinones/therapeutic use
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Chlorohydrins/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Humans
- Isoindoles/therapeutic use
- Isoxazoles/therapeutic use
- Lactams, Macrocyclic/therapeutic use
- Male
- Niclosamide/therapeutic use
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Protein Domains/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Resorcinols/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wach
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstrasse 14, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - H Taubert
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstrasse 14, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Cronauer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
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20
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Armstrong H, Alipour M, Valcheva R, Bording-Jorgensen M, Jovel J, Zaidi D, Shah P, Lou Y, Ebeling C, Mason AL, Lafleur D, Jerasi J, Wong GKS, Madsen K, Carroll MW, Huynh HQ, Dieleman LA, Wine E. Host immunoglobulin G selectively identifies pathobionts in pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:1. [PMID: 30925932 PMCID: PMC6317230 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of complex and multifactorial disorders with unknown etiology. Chronic intestinal inflammation develops against resident intestinal bacteria in genetically susceptible hosts. We hypothesized that host intestinal immunoglobulin (Ig) G can be used to identify bacteria involved in IBD pathogenesis. RESULTS IgG-bound and -unbound microorganisms were collected from 32 pediatric terminal ileum aspirate washes during colonoscopy [non-IBD (n = 10), Crohn disease (n = 15), and ulcerative colitis (n = 7)], and composition was assessed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. In vitro analysis of invasive capacity was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization and gentamicin invasion assay; immune activation was measured by qPCR. Despite considerable inter-individual variations, IgG binding favored specific and unique mucosa-associated species in pediatric IBD patients. Burkholderia cepacia, Flavonifractor plautii, and Rumminococcus sp. demonstrated increased IgG binding, while Pseudomonas ST29 demonstrated reduced IgG binding, in IBD. In vitro validation confirmed that B. cepacia, F. plautii, and Rumminococcus display invasive potential while Pseudomonas protogens did not. CONCLUSION Using IgG as a marker of pathobionts in larger patient cohorts to identify microbes and elucidate their role in IBD pathogenesis will potentially underpin new strategies to facilitate development of novel, targeted diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches. Interestingly, this method can be used beyond the scope of this manuscript to evaluate altered gut pathobionts in a number of diseases associated with altered microbiota including arthritis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, metabolic syndrome, and carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Armstrong
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Misagh Alipour
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Rosica Valcheva
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Michael Bording-Jorgensen
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Juan Jovel
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Deenaz Zaidi
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Prachi Shah
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Yuefei Lou
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Cory Ebeling
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Andrew L. Mason
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Dawson Lafleur
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Jeremy Jerasi
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Gane K.-S. Wong
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Karen Madsen
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Matthew W. Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Hien Q. Huynh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Levinus A. Dieleman
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Eytan Wine
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
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21
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Centenera MM, Selth LA, Ebrahimie E, Butler LM, Tilley WD. New Opportunities for Targeting the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a030478. [PMID: 29530945 PMCID: PMC6280715 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent genomic analyses of metastatic prostate cancer have provided important insight into adaptive changes in androgen receptor (AR) signaling that underpin resistance to androgen deprivation therapies. Novel strategies are required to circumvent these AR-mediated resistance mechanisms and thereby improve prostate cancer survival. In this review, we present a summary of AR structure and function and discuss mechanisms of AR-mediated therapy resistance that represent important areas of focus for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Centenera
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
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22
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Armstrong CM, Gao AC. Current strategies for targeting the activity of androgen receptor variants. Asian J Urol 2018; 6:42-49. [PMID: 30775247 PMCID: PMC6363599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for advanced prostate cancer, such as enzalutamide and abiraterone, focus on inhibiting androgen receptor (AR) activity and reducing downstream signaling pathways to inhibit tumor growth. Unfortunately, cancer cells are very adaptable and, over time, these cells develop mechanisms by which they can circumvent therapeutics. One of the many mechanisms that have been discovered is the generation of AR variants. These variants are generated through alternative splicing of the full length AR and often lack the ligand binding domain. This leads to forms of the AR that are constitutively active that continue to promote prostate cancer cell growth even in the absence of ligand. The high prevalence of AR variants and their role in disease progression have prompted a number of studies investigating ways to inhibited AR variant expression and activity. Among these are the anti-helminthic drug, niclosamide, which selectively promotes degradation of AR variants over full length AR and re-sensitizes anti-androgen resistant prostate cancer cells to treatment with enzalutamide and abiraterone. Other AR variant targeting mechanisms include interfering with AR variant co-activators and the development of drugs that bind to the DNA or N-terminal AR domains, which are retained in most AR variants. The clinical efficacy of treating prostate cancer by targeting AR variants is under investigation in several clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the most relevant AR variants and discuss current AR variant targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA, USA
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23
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Moses MA, Kim YS, Rivera-Marquez GM, Oshima N, Watson MJ, Beebe KE, Wells C, Lee S, Zuehlke AD, Shao H, Bingman WE, Kumar V, Malhotra SV, Weigel NL, Gestwicki JE, Trepel JB, Neckers LM. Targeting the Hsp40/Hsp70 Chaperone Axis as a Novel Strategy to Treat Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4022-4035. [PMID: 29764864 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is characterized by reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling, in part by elevated expression of AR splice variants (ARv) including ARv7, a constitutively active, ligand binding domain (LBD)-deficient variant whose expression has been correlated with therapeutic resistance and poor prognosis. In a screen to identify small-molecule dual inhibitors of both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent AR gene signatures, we identified the chalcone C86. Binding studies using purified proteins and CRPC cell lysates revealed C86 to interact with Hsp40. Pull-down studies using biotinylated-C86 found Hsp40 present in a multiprotein complex with full-length (FL-) AR, ARv7, and Hsp70 in CRPC cells. Treatment of CRPC cells with C86 or the allosteric Hsp70 inhibitor JG98 resulted in rapid protein destabilization of both FL-AR and ARv, including ARv7, concomitant with reduced FL-AR- and ARv7-mediated transcriptional activity. The glucocorticoid receptor, whose elevated expression in a subset of CRPC also leads to androgen-independent AR target gene transcription, was also destabilized by inhibition of Hsp40 or Hsp70. In vivo, Hsp40 or Hsp70 inhibition demonstrated single-agent and combinatorial activity in a 22Rv1 CRPC xenograft model. These data reveal that, in addition to recognized roles of Hsp40 and Hsp70 in FL-AR LBD remodeling, ARv lacking the LBD remain dependent on molecular chaperones for stability and function. Our findings highlight the feasibility and potential benefit of targeting the Hsp40/Hsp70 chaperone axis to treat prostate cancer that has become resistant to standard antiandrogen therapy.Significance: These findings highlight the feasibility of targeting the Hsp40/Hsp70 chaperone axis to treat CRPC that has become resistant to standard antiandrogen therapy. Cancer Res; 78(14); 4022-35. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Moses
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yeong Sang Kim
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Genesis M Rivera-Marquez
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nobu Oshima
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew J Watson
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristin E Beebe
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Catherine Wells
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Abbey D Zuehlke
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - William E Bingman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sanjay V Malhotra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nancy L Weigel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jane B Trepel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leonard M Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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24
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Antonopoulou E, Ladomery M. Targeting Splicing in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051287. [PMID: 29693622 PMCID: PMC5983716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 95% of human genes are alternatively spliced, expressing splice isoforms that often exhibit antagonistic functions. We describe genes whose alternative splicing has been linked to prostate cancer; namely VEGFA, KLF6, BCL2L2, ERG, and AR. We discuss opportunities to develop novel therapies that target specific splice isoforms, or that target the machinery of splicing. Therapeutic approaches include the development of small molecule inhibitors of splice factor kinases, splice isoform specific siRNAs, and splice switching oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effrosyni Antonopoulou
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Michael Ladomery
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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25
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Zhang K, Yan F, Lei X, Wei D, Lu H, Zhu Z, Xiang A, Ye Z, Wang L, Zheng W, Li X, Yuan J, Lu Z, Yuan J. Androgen receptor‑mediated upregulation of quaking affects androgen receptor‑related prostate cancer development and anti‑androgen receptor therapy. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:8203-8211. [PMID: 29658587 PMCID: PMC5984001 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) has a crucial role in prostate cancer. RNA‑binding protein‑mediated post‑transcriptional regulation is important in the initiation and development of cancer. The present study attempted to elucidate the mutual association of AR and RNA‑binding protein quaking (QKI) in the development of prostate cancer. Dual‑luciferase reporter demonstrated that AR can positively regulate the expression of QKI in prostate cancer cell lines due to its effective transcription regulating function. In addition, QKI may increase expression of AR by heat shock protein 90, which is a coactivator of AR, and silencing QKI can increase the sensitive of Casodex, which is an antagonist of AR in castration‑resistant prostate cancer. This may be a new strategy for advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yan
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Di Wei
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Huanyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - An Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zichen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wanxiang Zheng
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xi'an Li
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jiarui Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195‑5852, USA
| | - Zifan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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26
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The androgen receptor variant AR-V7 is gaining attention as a potential predictive marker for as well as one of the resistance mechanisms to the most current anti-androgen receptor (AR) therapies in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Accordingly, development of next-generation drugs that directly or indirectly target AR-V7 signaling is urgently needed. Areas covered: We review proposed mechanisms of drug resistance in relation to AR-V7 status, the mechanisms of generation of AR-V7, and its transcriptome, cistrome, and interactome. Pharmacological agents that interfere with these processes are being developed to counteract pan AR and AR-V7-specific signaling. Also, we address the current status of the preclinical and clinical studies targeting AR-V7 signaling. Expert opinion: AR-V7 is considered a true therapeutic target, however, it remains to be determined if AR-V7 is a principal driver or merely a bystander requiring heterodimerization with co-expressed full-length AR or other variants to drive CRPC progression. While untangling AR-V7 biology, multiple strategies are being developed to counteract drug resistance, including selective blockade of AR-V7 signaling as well as inhibition of pan-AR signaling. Ideally anti-AR therapies will be combined with agents preventing activation and enrichment of AR negative tumor cells that are otherwise depressed by AR activity axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Uo
- a Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Stephen R Plymate
- a Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center VA Puget Sound Health Care System , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Cynthia C Sprenger
- a Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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27
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Dysregulated fibronectin trafficking by Hsp90 inhibition restricts prostate cancer cell invasion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2090. [PMID: 29391407 PMCID: PMC5794796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa) and is responsible for the folding, stabilization and maturation of multiple oncoproteins, which are implicated in PCa progression. Compared to first-in-class Hsp90 inhibitors such as 17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) that were clinically ineffective, second generation inhibitor AUY922 has greater solubility and efficacy. Here, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of patient-derived PCa explants identified cytoskeletal organization as highly enriched with AUY922 treatment. Validation in PCa cell lines revealed that AUY922 caused marked alterations to cell morphology, and suppressed cell motility and invasion compared to vehicle or 17-AAG, concomitant with dysregulation of key extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin (FN1). Interestingly, while the expression of FN1 was increased by AUY922, FN1 secretion was significantly decreased. This resulted in cytosolic accumulation of FN1 protein within late endosomes, suggesting that AUY922 disrupts vesicular secretory trafficking pathways. Depletion of FN1 by siRNA knockdown markedly reduced the invasive capacity of PCa cells, phenocopying AUY922. These results highlight a novel mechanism of action for AUY922 beyond its established effects on cellular mitosis and survival and, furthermore, identifies extracellular matrix cargo delivery as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of aggressive PCa.
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28
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Luo J, Attard G, Balk SP, Bevan C, Burnstein K, Cato L, Cherkasov A, De Bono JS, Dong Y, Gao AC, Gleave M, Heemers H, Kanayama M, Kittler R, Lang JM, Lee RJ, Logothetis CJ, Matusik R, Plymate S, Sawyers CL, Selth LA, Soule H, Tilley W, Weigel NL, Zoubeidi A, Dehm SM, Raj GV. Role of Androgen Receptor Variants in Prostate Cancer: Report from the 2017 Mission Androgen Receptor Variants Meeting. Eur Urol 2017; 73:715-723. [PMID: 29258679 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although a number of studies have demonstrated the importance of constitutively active androgen receptor variants (AR-Vs) in prostate cancer, questions still remain about the precise role of AR-Vs in the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). OBJECTIVE Key stakeholders and opinion leaders in prostate cancer convened on May 11, 2017 in Boston to establish the current state of the field of AR-Vs. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The meeting "Mission Androgen Receptor Variants" was the second of its kind sponsored by the Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF). This invitation-only event was attended by international leaders in the field and representatives from sponsoring organizations (PCF and industry sponsors). Eighteen faculty members gave short presentations, which were followed by in-depth discussions. Discussions focused on three thematic topics: (1) potential of AR-Vs as biomarkers of therapeutic resistance; (2) role of AR-Vs as functionally active CRPC progression drivers; and (3) utility of AR-Vs as therapeutic targets in CRPC. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The three meeting organizers synthesized this meeting report, which is intended to summarize major data discussed at the meeting and identify key questions as well as strategies for addressing these questions. There was a critical consensus that further study of the AR-Vs is an important research focus in CRPC. Contrasting views and emphasis, each supported by data, were presented at the meeting, discussed among the participants, and synthesized in this report. CONCLUSIONS This article highlights the state of knowledge and outlines the most pressing questions that need to be addressed to advance the AR-V field. PATIENT SUMMARY Although further investigation is needed to delineate the role of androgen receptor (AR) variants in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, advances in measurement science have enabled development of blood-based tests for treatment selection. Detection of AR variants (eg, AR-V7) identified a patient population with poor outcomes to existing AR-targeting therapies, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic agents currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Bevan
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine (ICTEM), Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Kerry Burnstein
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura Cato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Johann S De Bono
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Martin Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hannelore Heemers
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Urology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mayuko Kanayama
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ralf Kittler
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joshua M Lang
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard J Lee
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Matusik
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen Plymate
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington and VAPSHCS GRECC, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Howard Soule
- Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Wayne Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nancy L Weigel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Urology and Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Munkley J, Livermore K, Rajan P, Elliott DJ. RNA splicing and splicing regulator changes in prostate cancer pathology. Hum Genet 2017; 136:1143-1154. [PMID: 28382513 PMCID: PMC5602090 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in mRNA splice patterns have been associated with key pathological mechanisms in prostate cancer progression. The androgen receptor (abbreviated AR) transcription factor is a major driver of prostate cancer pathology and activated by androgen steroid hormones. Selection of alternative promoters by the activated AR can critically alter gene function by switching mRNA isoform production, including creating a pro-oncogenic isoform of the normally tumour suppressor gene TSC2. A number of androgen-regulated genes generate alternatively spliced mRNA isoforms, including a prostate-specific splice isoform of ST6GALNAC1 mRNA. ST6GALNAC1 encodes a sialyltransferase that catalyses the synthesis of the cancer-associated sTn antigen important for cell mobility. Genetic rearrangements occurring early in prostate cancer development place ERG oncogene expression under the control of the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 promoter to hijack cell behaviour. This TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene shows different patterns of alternative splicing in invasive versus localised prostate cancer. Alternative AR mRNA isoforms play a key role in the generation of prostate cancer drug resistance, by providing a mechanism through which prostate cancer cells can grow in limited serum androgen concentrations. A number of splicing regulator proteins change expression patterns in prostate cancer and may help drive key stages of disease progression. Up-regulation of SRRM4 establishes neuronal splicing patterns in neuroendocrine prostate cancer. The splicing regulators Sam68 and Tra2β increase expression in prostate cancer. The SR protein kinase SRPK1 that modulates the activity of SR proteins is up-regulated in prostate cancer and has already given encouraging results as a potential therapeutic target in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, England, UK
| | - Karen Livermore
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, England, UK
| | - Prabhakar Rajan
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, England, UK.
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Khurana N, Kim H, Chandra PK, Talwar S, Sharma P, Abdel-Mageed AB, Sikka SC, Mondal D. Multimodal actions of the phytochemical sulforaphane suppress both AR and AR-V7 in 22Rv1 cells: Advocating a potent pharmaceutical combination against castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2774-2786. [PMID: 28901514 PMCID: PMC5780030 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) cells expressing full-length androgen receptor (AR-FL) are susceptible to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, outgrowth of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) can occur due to the expression of constitutively active (ligand-independent) AR splice variants, particularly AR-V7. We previously demonstrated that sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate phytochemical, can decrease AR-FL levels in the PCa cell lines, LNCaP and C4-2B. Here, we examined the efficacy of SFN in targeting both AR-FL and AR-V7 in the CRPC cell line, CWR22Rv1 (22Rv1). MTT cell viability, wound-heal assay, and colony forming unit (CFU) measurements revealed that 22Rv1 cells are resistant to the anti-androgen, enzalutamide (ENZ). However, co-exposure to SFN sensitized these cells to the potent anticancer effects of ENZ (P<0.05). Immunoblot analyses showed that SFN (5–20 µM) rapidly decreases both AR-FL and AR-V7 levels, and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) depicted decreased AR in both cytoplasm and nucleus with SFN treatment. SFN increased both ubiquitination and proteasomal activity in 22Rv1 cells. Studies using a protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide) or a proteasomal inhibitor (MG132) indicated that SFN increases both ubiquitin-mediated aggregation and subsequent proteasomal-degradation of AR proteins. Previous studies reported that SFN inhibits the chaperone activity of heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and induces the nuclear factor erythroid-2-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor. Therefore, we investigated whether the Hsp90 inhibitor, ganetespib (G) or the Nrf2 activator, bardoxolone methyl (BM) can similarly suppress AR levels in 22Rv1 cells. Low doses of G and BM, alone or in combination, decreased both AR-FL and AR-V7 levels, and combined exposure to G+BM sensitized 22Rv1 cells to ENZ. Therefore, adjunct treatment with the phytochemical SFN or a safe pharmaceutical combination of G+BM may be effective against CRPC cells, especially those expressing AR-V7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Khurana
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hogyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Partha K Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sudha Talwar
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Asim B Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Suresh C Sikka
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Debasis Mondal
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Wang H, Sun M, Guo J, Ma L, Jiang H, Gu L, Wen H, Liao S, Chen J, Zeng B, Li Y, Li Y, Yu X, Feng Y, Zhou Y. 3-O-(Z)-coumaroyloleanolic acid overcomes Cks1b-induced chemoresistance in lung cancer by inhibiting Hsp90 and MEK pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 135:35-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Paltoglou S, Das R, Townley SL, Hickey TE, Tarulli GA, Coutinho I, Fernandes R, Hanson AR, Denis I, Carroll JS, Dehm SM, Raj GV, Plymate SR, Tilley WD, Selth LA. Novel Androgen Receptor Coregulator GRHL2 Exerts Both Oncogenic and Antimetastatic Functions in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3417-3430. [PMID: 28473532 PMCID: PMC5497757 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alteration to the expression and activity of androgen receptor (AR) coregulators in prostate cancer is an important mechanism driving disease progression and therapy resistance. Using a novel proteomic technique, we identified a new AR coregulator, the transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2), and demonstrated its essential role in the oncogenic AR signaling axis. GRHL2 colocalized with AR in prostate tumors and was frequently amplified and upregulated in prostate cancer. Importantly, GRHL2 maintained AR expression in multiple prostate cancer model systems, was required for cell proliferation, enhanced AR's transcriptional activity, and colocated with AR at specific sites on chromatin to regulate genes relevant to disease progression. GRHL2 is itself an AR-regulated gene, creating a positive feedback loop between the two factors. The link between GRHL2 and AR also applied to constitutively active truncated AR variants (ARV), as GRHL2 interacted with and regulated ARVs and vice versa. These oncogenic functions of GRHL2 were counterbalanced by its ability to suppress epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell invasion. Mechanistic evidence suggested that AR assisted GRHL2 in maintaining the epithelial phenotype. In summary, this study has identified a new AR coregulator with a multifaceted role in prostate cancer, functioning as an enhancer of the oncogenic AR signaling pathway but also as a suppressor of metastasis-related phenotypes. Cancer Res; 77(13); 3417-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Paltoglou
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rajdeep Das
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Scott L Townley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Theresa E Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerard A Tarulli
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Isabel Coutinho
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rayzel Fernandes
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adrienne R Hanson
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Iza Denis
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stephen R Plymate
- Department of Medicine and VAPSHCS, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Thomas JD, Longen CG, Oyer HM, Chen N, Maher CM, Salvino JM, Kania B, Anderson KN, Ostrander WF, Knudsen KE, Kim FJ. Sigma1 Targeting to Suppress Aberrant Androgen Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2439-2452. [PMID: 28235766 PMCID: PMC5462524 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of androgen receptor (AR) activity in prostate cancer by androgen depletion or direct AR antagonist treatment, although initially effective, leads to incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) via compensatory mechanisms including resurgence of AR and AR splice variant (ARV) signaling. Emerging evidence suggests that Sigma1 (also known as sigma-1 receptor) is a unique chaperone or scaffolding protein that contributes to cellular protein homeostasis. We reported previously that some Sigma1-selective small molecules can be used to pharmacologically modulate protein homeostasis pathways. We hypothesized that these Sigma1-mediated responses could be exploited to suppress AR protein levels and activity. Here we demonstrate that treatment with a small-molecule Sigma1 inhibitor prevented 5α- dihydrotestosterone-mediated nuclear translocation of AR and induced proteasomal degradation of AR and ARV, suppressing the transcriptional activity and protein levels of both full-length and splice-variant AR. Consistent with these data, RNAi knockdown of Sigma1 resulted in decreased AR levels and transcriptional activity. Furthermore, Sigma1 physically associated with ARV7 and ARv567es as well as full-length AR. Treatment of mice xenografted with ARV-driven CRPC tumors with a drug-like small-molecule Sigma1 inhibitor significantly inhibited tumor growth associated with elimination of AR and ARV7 in responsive tumors. Together, our data show that Sigma1 modulators can be used to suppress AR/ARV-driven prostate cancer cells via regulation of pharmacologically responsive Sigma1-AR/ARV interactions, both in vitro and in vivoCancer Res; 77(9); 2439-52. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles G Longen
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Halley M Oyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christina M Maher
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph M Salvino
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Blase Kania
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelsey N Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William F Ostrander
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Felix J Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Ailanthone targets p23 to overcome MDV3100 resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13122. [PMID: 27959342 PMCID: PMC5159881 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) antagonist MDV3100 is the first therapeutic approach in treating castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), but tumours frequently become drug resistant via multiple mechanisms including AR amplification and mutation. Here we identify the small molecule Ailanthone (AIL) as a potent inhibitor of both full-length AR (AR-FL) and constitutively active truncated AR splice variants (AR-Vs). AIL binds to the co-chaperone protein p23 and prevents AR's interaction with HSP90, thus resulting in the disruption of the AR-chaperone complex followed by ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation of AR as well as other p23 clients including AKT and Cdk4, and downregulates AR and its target genes in PCa cell lines and orthotopic animal tumours. In addition, AIL blocks tumour growth and metastasis of CRPC. Finally, AIL possesses favourable drug-like properties such as good bioavailability, high solubility, lack of CYP inhibition and low hepatotoxicity. In general, AIL is a potential candidate for the treatment of CRPC. Prostate cancers often become castration resistant due to alternative expression of androgen receptor (AR) splice variants. Here, the authors screened a library of natural compounds and identified Ailanthone as a potent inhibitor of AR through its binding to the co-chaperone protein p23 that, by preventing AR interaction with HSP90, results in ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation of the receptor.
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Armstrong HK, Koay YC, Irani S, Das R, Nassar ZD, Selth LA, Centenera MM, McAlpine SR, Butler LM. A Novel Class of Hsp90 C-Terminal Modulators Have Pre-Clinical Efficacy in Prostate Tumor Cells Without Induction of a Heat Shock Response. Prostate 2016; 76:1546-1559. [PMID: 27526951 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there is compelling rationale to use heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors for treatment of advanced prostate cancer, agents that target the N-terminal ATP-binding site of Hsp90 have shown little clinical benefit. These N-terminal binding agents induce a heat shock response that activates compensatory heat shock proteins, which is believed to contribute in part to the agents' lack of efficacy. Here, we describe the functional characterization of two novel agents, SM253 and SM258, that bind the N-middle linker region of Hsp90, resulting in reduced client protein activation and preventing C-terminal co-chaperones and client proteins from binding to Hsp90. METHODS Inhibition of Hsp90 activity in prostate cancer cells by SM253 and SM 258 was assessed by pull-down assays. Cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis were assayed in prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, 22Rv1, PC-3) cultured with N-terminal Hsp90 inhibitors (AUY922, 17-AAG), SM253 or SM258. Expression of HSR heat shock proteins, Hsp90 client proteins and co-chaperones was assessed by immunoblotting. Efficacy of the SM compounds was evaluated in human primary prostate tumors cultured ex vivo by immunohistochemical detection of Hsp70 and Ki67. RESULTS SM253 and SM258 exhibit antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity in multiple prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, 22Rv1, and PC-3) at low micromolar concentrations. Unlike the N-terminal inhibitors AUY922 and 17-AAG, these SM agents do not induce expression of Hsp27, Hsp40, or Hsp70, proteins that are characteristic of the heat shock response, in any of the prostate cell lines analyzed. Notably, SM258 significantly reduced proliferation within 2 days in human primary prostate tumors cultured ex vivo, without the significant induction of Hsp70 that was caused by AUY922 in the tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first evidence of efficacy of this class of C-terminal modulators of Hsp90 in human prostate tumors, and indicate that further evaluation of these promising new agents is warranted. Prostate 76:1546-1559, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Armstrong
- School of Medicine and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yen Chin Koay
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Swati Irani
- School of Medicine and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rajdeep Das
- School of Medicine and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zeyad D Nassar
- School of Medicine and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- School of Medicine and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margaret M Centenera
- School of Medicine and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shelli R McAlpine
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Lisa M Butler
- School of Medicine and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Coutinho I, Day TK, Tilley WD, Selth LA. Androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a lesson in persistence. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T179-T197. [PMID: 27799360 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis drives all stages of prostate cancer, including the lethal, drug-resistant form of the disease termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which arises after failure of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Persistent AR activity in spite of ADT and the second-generation AR-targeting agents enzalutamide and abiraterone is achieved in many cases by direct alterations to the AR signaling axis. Herein, we provide a detailed description of how such alterations contribute to the development and progression of CRPC. Aspects of this broad and ever-evolving field specifically addressed in this review include: the etiology and significance of increased AR expression; the frequency and role of gain-of-function mutations in the AR gene; the function of constitutively active, truncated forms of the AR termed AR variants and the clinical relevance of alterations to the activity and expression of AR coregulators. Additionally, we examine the novel therapeutic strategies to inhibit these classes of therapy resistance mechanisms, with an emphasis on emerging agents that act in a manner distinct from the current ligand-centric approaches. Throughout, we discuss how the central role of AR in prostate cancer and the constant evolution of the AR signaling axis during disease progression represent archetypes of two key concepts in oncology, oncogene addiction and therapy-mediated selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Coutinho
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tanya K Day
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Androgen receptor CAG and GGN repeat length variation contributes more to the tumorigenesis of osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:68151-68155. [PMID: 27626686 PMCID: PMC5356545 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is involved in the differentiation and growth of many cancers. We hypothesized that two microsatellite polymorphic variants, AR (CAG)n and (GGN)n repeats, were also associated with the development of Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and Osteosarcoma. In current study, we conducted two case-control studies in a Chinese population to investigate the possible relationship between these two AR repeat polymorphisms and the risk of PTC and Osteosarcoma. The AR CAG repeat length was significantly associated with both risk of PTC and Osteosarcoma. Subjects with shorter AR CAG repeats had a higher risk of developing PTC (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.17–1.85, P = 0.001) and Osteosarcoma (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.19–1.97, P = 9.2 × 10–4). Specifically, shorter GGN repeats also contribute a significant increased risk of Osteosarcoma (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03–1.77, P = 0.030). Our results contribute to a better understanding of the complex hormone related mechanisms underlying PTC and Osteosarcoma.
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38
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Uo T, Dvinge H, Sprenger CC, Bradley RK, Nelson PS, Plymate SR. Systematic and functional characterization of novel androgen receptor variants arising from alternative splicing in the ligand-binding domain. Oncogene 2016; 36:1440-1450. [PMID: 27694897 PMCID: PMC5344735 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of intact ligand-binding domain (LBD) ensures the strict androgen-dependent regulation of androgen receptor (AR): binding of androgen induces structural reorganization of LBD resulting in release of AR from HSP90, suppression of nuclear export which otherwise dominates over import and nuclear translocation of AR as a transcription factor. Thus, loss or defects of the LBD abolish constraint from un-liganded LBD as exemplified by constitutively active AR variants (AR-Vs), which are associated with emerging resistance mechanism to anti-AR therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Recent analysis of the AR splicing landscapes revealed mCRPC harboring multiple AR-Vs with diverse patterns of inclusion/exclusion of exons (exons 4–8) corresponding to LBD to produce namely exon-skipping variants. In silico construction for these AR-Vs revealed four novel AR-Vs having unique features: Exclusion of specified exons introduces a frameshift in variants v5es, v6es and v7es. ARv56es maintains the reading frame resulting in the inclusion of the C-terminal half of the LBD. We systematically characterized these AR-Vs regarding their subcellular localization, affinity for HSP90 and transactivation capability. Notably, ARv5es was free from HSP90, exclusively nuclear, and constitutively active similarly as previously reported for v567es. In contrast, v6es and v7es were similar in that they are cytoplasmic, transcriptionally inactive and bind HSP90, ARv56es was present in both nucleus and cytoplasm, does not bind HSP90 and is transcriptionally inactive. Converting these transcriptionally inactive AR-Vs into active forms, we identified the two separate elements that allosterically suppress otherwise constitutively active AR-Vs; one in exon 5 for v6es and v7es and the other in exon 8 for v56es. Our findings identify a novel constitutively active AR-V, ARv5es and establish a method to predict potential activities of AR-Vs carrying impaired LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Uo
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H Dvinge
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division and Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C C Sprenger
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R K Bradley
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division and Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P S Nelson
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S R Plymate
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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39
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Pollock JA, Wardell SE, Parent AA, Stagg DB, Ellison SJ, Alley HM, Chao CA, Lawrence SA, Stice JP, Spasojevic I, Baker JG, Kim SH, McDonnell DP, Katzenellenbogen JA, Norris JD. Inhibiting androgen receptor nuclear entry in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:795-801. [PMID: 27501397 PMCID: PMC5030124 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Clinical resistance to the second-generation antiandrogen enzalutamide in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), despite persistent androgen receptor (AR) activity in tumors, highlights an unmet medical need for next-generation antagonists. We have identified and characterized tetra-aryl cyclobutanes (CBs) as a new class of competitive AR antagonists that exhibit a unique mechanism of action. These CBs are structurally distinct from current antiandrogens (hydroxyflutamide, bicalutamide, and enzalutamide) and inhibit AR-mediated gene expression, cell proliferation, and tumor growth in several models of CRPC. Conformational profiling revealed that CBs stabilize an AR conformation resembling an unliganded receptor. Using a variety of techniques, it was determined that the AR-CB complex was not recruited to AR-regulated promoters and, like apo AR, remains sequestered in the cytoplasm, bound to heat shock proteins. Thus, we have identified third-generation AR antagonists whose unique mechanism of action suggests that they may have therapeutic potential in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Pollock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Suzanne E. Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Alexander A. Parent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - David B. Stagg
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Stephanie J. Ellison
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Holly M. Alley
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Christina A. Chao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Scott A. Lawrence
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - James P. Stice
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Cancer Institute, Pharmaceutical Research – PK/PD Core Laboratory, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jennifer G. Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Donald P. McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - John A. Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - John D. Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
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40
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Ferraldeschi R, Welti J, Powers MV, Yuan W, Smyth T, Seed G, Riisnaes R, Hedayat S, Wang H, Crespo M, Nava Rodrigues D, Figueiredo I, Miranda S, Carreira S, Lyons JF, Sharp S, Plymate SR, Attard G, Wallis N, Workman P, de Bono JS. Second-Generation HSP90 Inhibitor Onalespib Blocks mRNA Splicing of Androgen Receptor Variant 7 in Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2731-42. [PMID: 27197266 PMCID: PMC4874658 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to available hormone therapies in prostate cancer has been associated with alternative splicing of androgen receptor (AR) and specifically, the expression of truncated and constitutively active AR variant 7 (AR-V7). The transcriptional activity of steroid receptors, including AR, is dependent on interactions with the HSP90 chaperone machinery, but it is unclear whether HSP90 modulates the activity or expression of AR variants. Here, we investigated the effects of HSP90 inhibition on AR-V7 in prostate cancer cell lines endogenously expressing this variant. We demonstrate that AR-V7 and full-length AR (AR-FL) were depleted upon inhibition of HSP90. However, the mechanisms underlying AR-V7 depletion differed from those for AR-FL. Whereas HSP90 inhibition destabilized AR-FL and induced its proteasomal degradation, AR-V7 protein exhibited higher stability than AR-FL and did not require HSP90 chaperone activity. Instead, HSP90 inhibition resulted in the reduction of AR-V7 mRNA levels but did not affect total AR transcript levels, indicating that HSP90 inhibition disrupted AR-V7 splicing. Bioinformatic analyses of transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing data confirmed that the second-generation HSP90 inhibitor onalespib altered the splicing of at least 557 genes in prostate cancer cells, including AR. These findings indicate that the effects of HSP90 inhibition on mRNA splicing may prove beneficial in prostate cancers expressing AR-V7, supporting further clinical investigation of HSP90 inhibitors in malignancies no longer responsive to androgen deprivation. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2731-42. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ferraldeschi
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom. Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapies Group, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Welti
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Marissa V Powers
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Yuan
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Tomoko Smyth
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George Seed
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Riisnaes
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Somaieh Hedayat
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Wang
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mateus Crespo
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Nava Rodrigues
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Figueiredo
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Miranda
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Carreira
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - John F Lyons
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Swee Sharp
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Plymate
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and GRECC at VAPSHCS Seattle, Washington. Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine and GRECC at VAPSHCS Seattle, Washington
| | - Gerhardt Attard
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom. Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapies Group, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Workman
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom. Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapies Group, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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41
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Hickey TE, Irvine CM, Dvinge H, Tarulli GA, Hanson AR, Ryan NK, Pickering MA, Birrell SN, Hu DG, Mackenzie PI, Russell R, Caldas C, Raj GV, Dehm SM, Plymate SR, Bradley RK, Tilley WD, Selth LA. Expression of androgen receptor splice variants in clinical breast cancers. Oncotarget 2015; 6:44728-44. [PMID: 26554309 PMCID: PMC4792588 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of androgen receptor (AR) signaling is increasingly being recognized in breast cancer, which has elicited clinical trials aimed at assessing the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for metastatic disease. In prostate cancer, resistance to ADT is frequently associated with the emergence of androgen-independent splice variants of the AR (AR variants, AR-Vs) that lack the LBD and are constitutively active. Women with breast cancer may be prone to a similar phenomenon. Herein, we show that in addition to the prototypical transcript, the AR gene produces a diverse range of AR-V transcripts in primary breast tumors. The most frequently and highly expressed variant was AR-V7 (exons 1/2/3/CE3), which was detectable at the mRNA level in > 50% of all breast cancers and at the protein level in a subset of ERα-negative tumors. Functionally, AR-V7 is a constitutively active and ADT-resistant transcription factor that promotes growth and regulates a transcriptional program distinct from AR in ERα-negative breast cancer cells. Importantly, we provide ex vivo evidence that AR-V7 is upregulated by the AR antagonist enzalutamide in primary breast tumors. These findings have implications for treatment response in the ongoing clinical trials of ADT in breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Benzamides
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Databases, Genetic
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- MCF-7 Cells
- Nitriles
- Phenylthiohydantoin/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylthiohydantoin/pharmacology
- Protein Isoforms
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E. Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Connie M. Irvine
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Heidi Dvinge
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gerard A. Tarulli
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Adrienne R. Hanson
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Natalie K. Ryan
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Marie A. Pickering
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen N. Birrell
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Peter I. Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Roslin Russell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ganesh V. Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Scott M. Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen R. Plymate
- Department of Medicine and VAPSHCS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert K. Bradley
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wayne D. Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Luke A. Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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42
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Centenera MM, Carter SL, Gillis JL, Marrocco-Tallarigo DL, Grose RH, Tilley WD, Butler LM. Co-targeting AR and HSP90 suppresses prostate cancer cell growth and prevents resistance mechanisms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:805-18. [PMID: 26187127 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persistent androgen receptor (AR) signaling in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) underpins the urgent need for therapeutic strategies that better target this pathway. Combining classes of agents that target different components of AR signaling has the potential to delay resistance and improve patient outcomes. Many oncoproteins, including the AR, rely on the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) for functional maturation and stability. In this study, enhanced anti-proliferative activity of the Hsp90 inhibitors 17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) and AUY922 in androgen-sensitive and CRPC cells was achieved when the agents were used in combination with AR antagonists bicalutamide or enzalutamide. Moreover, significant caspase-dependent cell death was achieved using sub-optimal agent doses that individually have no effect. Expression profiling demonstrated regulation of a broadened set of AR target genes with combined 17-AAG and bicalutamide compared with the respective single agent treatments. This enhanced inhibition of AR signaling was accompanied by impaired chromatin binding and nuclear localization of the AR. Importantly, expression of the AR variant AR-V7 that is implicated in resistance to AR antagonists was not induced by combination treatment. Likewise, the heat shock response that is typically elicited with therapeutic doses of Hsp90 inhibitors, and is a potential mediator of resistance to these agents, was significantly reduced by combination treatment. In summary, the co-targeting strategy in this study more effectively inhibits AR signaling than targeting AR or HSP90 alone and prevents induction of key resistance mechanisms in prostate cancer cells. These findings merit further evaluation of this therapeutic strategy to prevent CRPC growth.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Anilides/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzoquinones/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Gene Expression Profiling
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Lactams, Macrocyclic/pharmacology
- Male
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/prevention & control
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tosyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Centenera
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Sarah L Carter
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Joanna L Gillis
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Deborah L Marrocco-Tallarigo
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Randall H Grose
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute PO Box 11060, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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43
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Abstract
Androgen receptor splice variants (AR-Vs)--which are expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cell lines and clinical samples--lack the C-terminal ligand-binding domain and are constitutively active. AR-Vs are, therefore, resistant to traditional androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). AR-Vs are induced by several mechanisms, including ADT, and might contribute to the progression of CRPC and resistance to ADT. AR-Vs could represent a novel therapeutic target for prostate cancer, especially in CRPC.
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44
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Ware KE, Garcia-Blanco MA, Armstrong AJ, Dehm SM. Biologic and clinical significance of androgen receptor variants in castration resistant prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:T87-T103. [PMID: 24859991 PMCID: PMC4277180 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As prostate cancer (PCa) progresses to the lethal castration resistant and metastatic form, genetic and epigenetic adaptation, clonal selection, and evolution of the tumor microenvironment contribute to the emergence of unique biological characteristics under the selective pressure of external stresses. These stresses include the therapies applied in the clinic or laboratory and the exposures of cancers to hormonal, paracrine, or autocrine stimuli in the context of the tumor micro- and macro-environment. The androgen receptor (AR) is a key gene involved in PCa etiology and oncogenesis, including disease development, progression, response to initial hormonal therapies, and subsequent resistance to hormonal therapies. Alterations in the AR signaling pathway have been observed in certain selection contexts and contribute to the resistance to agents that target hormonal regulation of the AR, including standard androgen deprivation therapy, antiandrogens such as enzalutamide, and androgen synthesis inhibition with abiraterone acetate. One such resistance mechanism is the synthesis of constitutively active AR variants lacking the canonical ligand-binding domain. This review focuses on the etiology, characterization, biological properties, and emerging data contributing to the clinical characteristics of AR variants, and suggests approaches to full-length AR and AR variant biomarker validation, assessment, and systemic targeting in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Ware
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartments of Molecular Genetics and MedicineDuke University, 213 Research Dr, 0045 CARL Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USADepartment of MedicineDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMasonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADepartment of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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45
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Kahn B, Collazo J, Kyprianou N. Androgen receptor as a driver of therapeutic resistance in advanced prostate cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:588-95. [PMID: 24948871 PMCID: PMC4062951 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis in the progression of prostate cancer is a cornerstone to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms causing castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Resistance of advanced prostate cancer to available treatment options makes it a clinical challenge that results in approximately 30,000 deaths of American men every year. Since the historic discovery by Dr. Huggins more than 70 years ago, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the principal treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Initially, ADT induces apoptosis of androgen-dependent prostate cancer epithelial cells and regression of androgen-dependent tumors. However, the majority of patients with advanced prostate cancer progress and become refractory to ADT due to emergence of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells driven by aberrant AR activation. Microtubule-targeting agents such as taxanes, docetaxel and paclitaxel, have enjoyed success in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer; although new, recently designed mitosis-specific agents, such as the polo-kinase and kinesin-inhibitors, have yielded clinically disappointing results. Docetaxel, as a first-line chemotherapy, improves prostate cancer patient survival by months, but tumor resistance to these therapeutic agents inevitably develops. On a molecular level, progression to CRPC is characterized by aberrant AR expression, de novo intraprostatic androgen production, and cross talk with other oncogenic pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that reactivation of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) processes may facilitate the development of not only prostate cancer but also prostate cancer metastases. EMT is characterized by gain of mesenchymal characteristics and invasiveness accompanied by loss of cell polarity, with an increasing number of studies focusing on the direct involvement of androgen-AR signaling axis in EMT, tumor progression, and therapeutic resistance. In this article, we discuss the current knowledge of mechanisms via which the AR signaling drives therapeutic resistance in prostate cancer metastatic progression and the novel therapeutic interventions targeting AR in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Departments of Urology and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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McCarty MF, Hejazi J, Rastmanesh R. Beyond androgen deprivation: ancillary integrative strategies for targeting the androgen receptor addiction of prostate cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2014; 13:386-95. [PMID: 24867960 DOI: 10.1177/1534735414534728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The large majority of clinical prostate cancers remain dependent on androgen receptor (AR) activity for proliferation even as they lose their responsiveness to androgen deprivation or antagonism. AR activity can be maintained in these circumstances by increased AR synthesis--often reflecting increased NF-κB activation; upregulation of signaling pathways that promote AR activity in the absence of androgens; and by emergence of AR mutations or splice variants lacking the ligand-binding domain, which render the AR constitutively active. Drugs targeting the N-terminal transactivating domain of the AR, some of which are now in preclinical development, can be expected to inhibit the activity not only of unmutated ARs but also of the mutant forms and splice variants selected for by androgen deprivation. Concurrent measures that suppress AR synthesis or boost AR turnover could be expected to complement the efficacy of such drugs. A number of nutraceuticals that show efficacy in prostate cancer xenograft models--including polyphenols from pomegranate, grape seed, and green tea, the crucifera metabolite diindolylmethane, and the hormone melatonin--have the potential to suppress AR synthesis via downregulation of NF-κB activity; clinical doses of salicylate may have analogous efficacy. The proteasomal turnover of the AR is abetted by diets with a high ratio of long-chain omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids, which are beneficial in prostate cancer xenograft models; berberine and sulforaphane, by inhibiting AR's interaction with its chaperone Hsp90, likewise promote AR proteasomal degradation and retard growth of human prostate cancer in nude mice. Hinge region acetylation of the AR is required for optimal transactivational activity, and low micromolar concentrations of the catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) can inhibit such acetylation--possibly explaining the ability of EGCG administration to suppress androgenic activity and cell proliferation in prostate cancer xenografts. Hence, it is proposed that regimens featuring an N-terminal domain-targeting drug, various nutraceuticals/drugs that downregulate NF-κB activity, and/or supplemental intakes of fish oil, berberine, sulforaphane, and EGCG have potential for blocking proliferation of prostate cancer by targeting its characteristic addiction to androgen receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jalal Hejazi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rastmanesh
- National Nutrition and Food Sciences Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Chan SC, Dehm SM. Constitutive activity of the androgen receptor. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 70:327-66. [PMID: 24931201 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417197-8.00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States. The androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis is central to all stages of PCa pathophysiology and serves as the main target for endocrine-based therapy. The most advanced stage of the disease, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), is presently incurable and accounts for most PCa mortality. In this chapter, we highlight the mechanisms by which the AR signaling axis can bypass endocrine-targeted therapies and drive progression of CRPC. These mechanisms include alterations in growth factor, cytokine, and inflammatory signaling pathways, altered expression or activity of transcriptional coregulators, AR point mutations, and AR gene amplification leading to AR protein overexpression. Additionally, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying the synthesis of constitutively active AR splice variants (AR-Vs) lacking the COOH-terminal ligand-binding domain, as well as the role and regulation of AR-Vs in supporting therapeutic resistance in CRPC. Finally, we summarize the ongoing development of inhibitors targeting discrete AR functional domains as well as the status of new biomarkers for monitoring the AR signaling axis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Chiu Chan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Mostaghel EA, Plymate SR, Montgomery B. Molecular pathways: targeting resistance in the androgen receptor for therapeutic benefit. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:791-8. [PMID: 24305618 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor signaling is critical in the development and progression of prostate cancer, leading to intensive efforts to elucidate all potential points of inflection for therapeutic intervention. These efforts have revealed new mechanisms of resistance and raise the possibility that known mechanisms may become even more relevant in the context of effective androgen receptor suppression. These mechanisms include tumoral appropriation of alternative androgen sources, alterations in androgen receptor expression, androgen receptor mutations, truncated androgen receptor variants, alterations and cross-talk in recruitment of cofactors to androgen receptor binding sites in the genome, and androgen receptor-driven oncogenic gene fusions. New agents such as enzalutamide, EPI-001, androgen receptor-specific peptidomimetics, novel HSP90 inhibitors, and PARP inhibitors, as well as new approaches to cotargeting the androgen receptor pathway, point to the potential for more complete and durable control of androgen receptor-mediated growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe A Mostaghel
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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