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Serrano N, Schmidt L, Eyler AA, Brownson RC. Perspectives From Public Health Practitioners and Advocates on Community Development for Active Living: What are the Lasting Impacts? Am J Health Promot 2024; 38:80-89. [PMID: 37612243 PMCID: PMC10748458 DOI: 10.1177/08901171231198403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence suggests differential impacts of community development, including gentrification and displacement. Public health practitioners and advocates are key stakeholders involved in the community development process related to active living, yet little is known about their perceptions of its impacts. We explored the perspectives of relevant leaders of public health departments and key community and advocacy organizations on community development, gentrification, and displacement. APPROACH Purposive key informant interviews. SETTING CDC State Physical Activity and Nutrition (SPAN) funding recipients. PARTICIPANTS CDC SPAN recipient leadership (n = 10 of 16) and advocacy organizations they partnered with (n = 7 of 16). METHOD Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded, and thematically analyzed with direct quotes representing key themes. RESULTS Both groups felt community development held important benefits, specifically by creating healthy living opportunities, but also potentially leading to the displacement of long-time residents. Practitioners reported the benefits were for all community members, whereas advocates noted the benefits were seen in those with privilege, and the consequences were disproportionately seen in disadvantaged communities. Both mentioned the importance and difficulty of getting diverse representation for community engagement. CONCLUSIONS Learning how key stakeholders perceive and navigate the community development process can help inform recommendations for better equity in active living community improvements. More work is needed to further elucidate best practices for health and social equity in the community development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalicio Serrano
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laurel Schmidt
- Office of Educational Innovation and Evaluation, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Amy A. Eyler
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ross C. Brownson
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Pichardo CM, Ezeani A, Pichardo MS, Agurs‐Collins T, Powell‐Wiley TM, Ryan B, Minas TZ, Bailey‐Whyte M, Tang W, Dorsey TH, Wooten W, Loffredo CA, Ambs S. Association of neighborhood gentrification with prostate cancer and immune markers in African American and European American men. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e6828. [PMID: 38151903 PMCID: PMC10807554 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies showed that neighborhood deprivation increases the risk of lethal prostate cancer. However, the role of neighborhood gentrification in prostate cancer development and outcome remains poorly understood. We examined the relationships of gentrification with prostate cancer and serum proteome-defined inflammation and immune function in a diverse cohort. METHODS The case-control study included 769 cases [405 African American (AA), 364 European American (EA) men] and 1023 controls (479 AA and 544 EA), with 219 all-cause and 59 prostate cancer-specific deaths among cases. Geocodes were linked to a neighborhood gentrification index (NGI) derived from US Census data. Cox and logistic regression, and MANOVA, were used to determine associations between NGI, as continuous or quintiles (Q), and outcomes. RESULTS Adjusting for individual socioeconomic status (SES), continuous NGI was positively associated with prostate cancer among all men (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.14). AA and low-income men experienced the highest odds of prostate cancer when residing in tracts with moderate gentrification, whereas EA men experienced reduced odds of regional/metastatic cancer with increased gentrification in SES-adjusted analyses. Continuous NGI also associated with mortality among men presenting with localized disease and low-income men in SES-adjusted Cox regression analyses. NGI was not associated with serum proteome-defined chemotaxis, inflammation, and tumor immunity suppression. CONCLUSIONS Findings show that neighborhood gentrification associates with prostate cancer and mortality in this diverse population albeit associations were heterogenous within subgroups. The observations suggest that changing neighborhood socioeconomic environments may affect prostate cancer risk and outcome, likely through multifactorial mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adaora Ezeani
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, NCINIHRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Margaret S. Pichardo
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPenn MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tanya Agurs‐Collins
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, NCINIHRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Tiffany M. Powell‐Wiley
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD)National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Brid Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute (NCI)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Tsion Zewdu Minas
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute (NCI)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Maeve Bailey‐Whyte
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute (NCI)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
- School of MedicineUniversity of LimerickLimerickIreland
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute (NCI)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
- Data Science & Artificial Intelligence, R&DAstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Tiffany H. Dorsey
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute (NCI)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - William Wooten
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center Biostatistics Shared ServiceBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Christopher A. Loffredo
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute (NCI)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
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Pichardo CM, Chambers EC, Sanchez-Johnsen LAP, Pichardo MS, Gallo L, Talavera GA, Pirzada A, Roy A, Castañeda SF, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Perreira KM, Teng Y, Rodriguez CB, Allison M, Carlson JA, Daviglus ML, Plascak JJ. Association of census-tract level gentrification and income inequality with 6-year incidence of metabolic syndrome in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, an epidemiologic cohort study. Soc Sci Med 2023; 336:116222. [PMID: 37776783 PMCID: PMC11185427 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome varies by socio-demographic characteristics, with younger (18-29 years) and older (50-69 years) Hispanic/Latino having higher prevalence compared to other groups. While there is substantial research on neighborhood influences on cardiometabolic health, there are mixed findings regarding the effects of gentrification and few studies have included Hispanic/Latinos. The role of neighborhood income inequality on metabolic health remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES Examined associations of neighborhood gentrification and income inequality with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) using data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The HCHS/SOL is a community-based cohort of adults of Hispanic/Latinos (aged 18-74). Analyses included 6710 adults who did not meet criteria for MetsS at baseline (2008-2011) and completed the visit 2 examination (2014-2017). Poisson regressions estimated odds ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for neighborhood gentrification and change in income inequality with MetSyn incidence. MAIN OUTCOME AND EXPOSURE MEASURES Gentrification was measured with an index that included changes (2000 to 2006-2010) in education, poverty, and income. Change in neighborhood income inequality (2005-2009 to 2012-2016) was measured using the Gini coefficient of income distribution. MetSyn was defined using National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. RESULTS Among 6647 Hispanic/Latino adults, 23% (N = 1530) had incident MetSyn. In models adjusted for socio-demographic, health insurance status, and neighborhood characteristics, gentrification (IRR, 1.00, 95%CI, 0.96-1.03) and income inequality change (IRR, 1.00, 95%CI, 0.99-1.00) were not associated with MetSyn at visit 2. There was no association between cross-sectional income inequality (2005-2009) and MetSyn at visit 2 (IRR, 0.97, 95%CI, 0.82-1.15). CONCLUSION Neighborhood gentrification and income inequality change were not associated with incidence of MetSyn over 6 years among Hispanic/Latino adults. This study demonstrated that income-based residential changes alone may not be sufficient to explain neighborhood influences on health outcomes among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Pichardo
- National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20815, USA; University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Earle C Chambers
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, The Bronx, NY, 1046, USA
| | - Lisa A P Sanchez-Johnsen
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA; Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW), Institute for Health and Equity, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, and MCW Cancer Center, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Margaret S Pichardo
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Surgery, 3400 Spruce St # 4, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Linda Gallo
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 5500 Campanile Drive; San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA
| | - Gregory A Talavera
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 5500 Campanile Drive; San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA
| | - Amber Pirzada
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Minority Health Research, College of Medicine West (MC 764) 1819 West Polk Street, Suite 246, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Amanda Roy
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Sheila F Castañeda
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 5500 Campanile Drive; San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA
| | - Ramon A Durazo-Arvizu
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Krista M Perreira
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 321 S Columbia St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yanping Teng
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, 123 W. Franklin Street, Suite 450 CB #8030 Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Carmen B Rodriguez
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Allison
- University of California San Diego, School of Health Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jordan A Carlson
- Children's Mercy Kansas City Hospital, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Minority Health Research, College of Medicine West (MC 764) 1819 West Polk Street, Suite 246, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jesse J Plascak
- Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Starling-Loving Hall, 320 W 10th Ave b302, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Sims KD, Willis MD, Hystad PW, Batty GD, Bibbins-Domingo K, Smit E, Odden MC. Neighborhood Characteristics and Elevated Blood Pressure in Older Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2335534. [PMID: 37747730 PMCID: PMC10520741 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.35534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance The local environment remains an understudied contributor to elevated blood pressure among older adults. Untargeted approaches can identify neighborhood conditions interrelated with racial segregation that drive hypertension disparities. Objective To evaluate independent associations of sociodemographic, economic, and housing neighborhood factors with elevated blood pressure. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cohort study, the sample included Health and Retirement Study participants who had between 1 and 3 sets of biennial sphygmomanometer readings from 2006 to 2014 or 2008 to 2016. Statistical analyses were conducted from February 5 to November 30, 2021. Exposures Fifty-one standardized American Community Survey census tract variables (2005-2009). Main Outcomes and Measures Elevated sphygmomanometer readings over the study period (6-year period prevalence): a value of at least 140 mm Hg for systolic blood pressure and/or at least 90 mm Hg for diastolic blood pressure. Participants were divided 50:50 into training and test data sets. Generalized estimating equations were used to summarize multivariable associations between each neighborhood variable and the period prevalence of elevated blood pressure, adjusting for individual-level covariates. Any neighborhood factor associated (Simes-adjusted for multiple comparisons P ≤ .05) with elevated blood pressure in the training data set was rerun in the test data set to gauge model performance. Lastly, in the full cohort, race- and ethnicity-stratified associations were evaluated for each identified neighborhood factor on the likelihood of elevated blood pressure. Results Of 12 946 participants, 4565 (35%) had elevated sphygmomanometer readings (median [IQR] age, 68 [63-73] years; 2283 [50%] male; 228 [5%] Hispanic or Latino, 502 [11%] non-Hispanic Black, and 3761 [82%] non-Hispanic White). Between 2006 and 2016, a lower likelihood of elevated blood pressure was observed (relative risk for highest vs lowest tertile, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.96) among participants residing in a neighborhood with recent (post-1999) in-migration of homeowners. This association was precise among participants with non-Hispanic White and other race and ethnicity (relative risk, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.97) but not non-Hispanic Black participants (relative risk, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.85-1.11; P = .48 for interaction) or Hispanic or Latino participants (relative risk, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.65-1.09; P = .78 for interaction). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of older adults, recent relocation of homeowners to a neighborhood was robustly associated with reduced likelihood of elevated blood pressure among White participants but not their racially and ethnically marginalized counterparts. Our findings indicate that gentrification may influence later-life blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D. Sims
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary D. Willis
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Perry W. Hystad
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - G. David Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
- Editor in Chief, JAMA
| | - Ellen Smit
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - Michelle C. Odden
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Serrano N, Realmuto L, Graff KA, Hirsch JA, Andress L, Sami M, Rose K, Smith A, Irani K, McMahon J, Devlin HM. Healthy Community Design, Anti-displacement, and Equity Strategies in the USA: A Scoping Review. J Urban Health 2023; 100:151-180. [PMID: 36580236 PMCID: PMC9798938 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-022-00698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent investments in built environment infrastructure to create healthy communities have highlighted the need for equity and environmental justice. Although the benefits of healthy community design (e.g., connecting transportation systems and land use changes) are well established, some reports suggest that these changes may increase property values. These increases can raise the risk of displacement for people with low incomes and/or who are from racial and ethnic minority groups, who would then miss out on benefits from changes in community design. This review scanned the literature for displacement mitigation and prevention measures, with the goal of providing a compilation of available strategies for a wide range of audiences including public health practitioners. A CDC librarian searched the Medline, EbscoHost, Scopus, and ProQuest Central databases, and we identified grey literature using Google and Google Scholar searches. The indexed literature search identified 6 articles, and the grey literature scan added 18 articles. From these 24 total articles, we identified 141 mitigation and prevention strategies for displacement and thematically characterized each by domain using an adapted existing typology. This work provides a well-categorized inventory for practitioners and sets the stage for future evaluation research on the implementation of strategies and practices to reduce displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalicio Serrano
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Lindsey Realmuto
- College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kaitlin A. Graff
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
- McKing Consulting Corporation, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jana A. Hirsch
- Urban Health Collaborative and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Lauri Andress
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA USA
| | - Mojgan Sami
- Department of Public Health, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA USA
| | - Ken Rose
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Akimi Smith
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Katherine Irani
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jean McMahon
- Coordination Operations and Response Element, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Heather M. Devlin
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
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Smith GS, Archibald P, Thorpe RJ. Race and obesity disparities among adults living in gentrifying neighborhoods. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:93-99. [PMID: 35083727 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of research seeking to understand race disparities in obesity among individuals living in a gentrifying neighborhood. American Community Survey data were used to identify gentrifying neighborhoods. In a cross-sectional analysis, these data were then linked to the 2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, yielding an analytic sample of 887 Black and White adults. Obesity was based on body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2. After controlling for potential confounders, Black adults living in gentrifying neighborhoods had a higher prevalence of obesity (PR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.88) than White adults living in gentrifying neighborhoods. Gentrification may have no impact on reducing Black-White obesity disparities in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - P Archibald
- Department of Social Work, College of Staten Island-City University of New York School of Health Science, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - R J Thorpe
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program for Research On Men's Health, Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Climate Change, Environmental Disasters, and Health Inequities: The Underlying Role of Structural Inequalities. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 9:80-89. [PMID: 35338470 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-022-00336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review and analyze recent literature in public health, urban planning, and disaster management to better understand the relationships between climate change, natural disasters, and root causes of health disparities in the USA. RECENT FINDINGS Existing scholarship establishes clear linkages between climate change and increasing occurrences and severity of natural disasters across the USA. The frequency and types of disasters vary by region and impact both short and long-term health outcomes. Current research highlights health inequities affecting lower income and minoritized communities disproportionately, but data-driven studies critically examining the role of structural inequalities in climate-induced health disparities are sparse. Adding to the body of knowledge, our conceptual framework maps how long-standing structural inequalities in policy, practice, and funding shape vulnerability of lower-income, racially and ethnically marginalized individuals. Vulnerability follows three common pathways: disparities in "exposure", "sensitivity", and "resiliency" before, during, and after a climate disaster. We recommend that future research, policy, and practice shift towards solutions that unearth and address the structural biases that cause environmental disaster and health inequities.
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Smith GS, McCleary RR, Thorpe RJ. Racial Disparities in Hypertension Prevalence within US Gentrifying Neighborhoods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217889. [PMID: 33126467 PMCID: PMC7662342 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Racial disparities in hypertension remain a persistent public health concern in the US. While several studies report Black–White differences in the health impacts of gentrification, little is known concerning the impact of living in a gentrifying neighborhood on hypertension disparities. Data from the American Community Survey were used to identify gentrifying neighborhoods across the US from 2006 to 2017. Health and demographic data were obtained for non-Hispanic Black and White respondents of the 2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) residing in gentrifying neighborhoods. Modified Poisson models were used to determine whether there is a difference in the prevalence of hypertension of individuals by their race/ethnicity for those that live in gentrifying neighborhoods across the US. When compared to Whites living within gentrifying neighborhoods, Blacks living within gentrifying neighborhoods had a similar prevalence of hypertension. The non-existence of Black–White hypertension disparities within US gentrifying neighborhoods underscores the impact of neighborhood environment on race differences in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genee S. Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (R.R.M.); (R.J.T.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-443-287-6735
| | - Rachael R. McCleary
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (R.R.M.); (R.J.T.J.)
| | - Roland J. Thorpe
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (R.R.M.); (R.J.T.J.)
- Program for Research on Men’s Health, Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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