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Ponstingel D. The governance of community gardens as commons and its role in the socio-ecological outcomes of gardening in Austin, Texas, USA. SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL PRACTICE RESEARCH 2022; 4:355-376. [PMID: 36407756 PMCID: PMC9651095 DOI: 10.1007/s42532-022-00133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Community gardens represent vacant lots in urban areas with public or private land ownership that community members use primarily for urban agriculture. This research studies community gardens in Austin, Texas (USA), with the focus on: (1) approaches taken to govern community gardens and (2) socio-ecological outcomes of gardening associated with the implemented models of governance. Social outcomes are represented by the level of gardeners' satisfaction and perceptions of their success. Environmental outcomes represent ecological services provided by gardens as green spaces and expressed through net primary productivity (NPP), which measures carbon sequestration. This paper argues that these types of outcomes in community gardens are codependent and affect each other, and the governance approach determines what forms this interdependence takes. This study employs Ostrom's socio-ecological systems (SES) framework that reflects both social and natural aspects of community gardening and explains the connection between the governance approaches, gardeners' perception of their success, and changes in carbon sequestration. This paper uses a mixed-methods approach with key informant interviews with managers of community gardens yielding both qualitative and quantitative data. Remote sensing analysis is applied to calculate the amount of biomass for the carbon sequestration model using remote sensing imagery from the ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) and Planet Inc. The analysis reveals that the highest measurements of the social and ecological performance in community gardens in Austin are associated with 'bottom-up' governance structures where community members are in charge of decision-making and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Ponstingel
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
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2
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Aryal K, Maraseni T, Apan A. How much do we know about trade-offs in ecosystem services? A systematic review of empirical research observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151229. [PMID: 34715235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As an important domain of sustainability science, trade-offs in ecosystem services (ES) is crucial for spatial planning to sustainably manage natural resources while satisfying the needs of local and non-local beneficiaries. However, there is still a growing debate in understanding, characterization, and visualization of the trade-off relationships. This paper systematically reviews a total of 473 articles, published in the last 16 years (2005-2020) through 135 academic journals, based on empirical studies conducted in over 80 countries, and led by the researcher from over 50 countries. Trade-off relationships are often visualized as spatial associations of ES, but very few articles have characterized trade-offs as the causal interaction among ES. More than two-thirds of the studies were carried out in temperate and sub-tropical regions, but we depicted an under-representation of the critical ecosystems in tropics. About 90% of the articles were based on funded research but the involvement of government institutions was very low (<10%). Trade-off analysis was based only on biophysical constraints of the ecosystem, as observed in more than 80% of the selected articles, without due regards of the divergence in utility functions of different stakeholders and ecosystem beneficiaries. This study identifies a total of 198 pairs of conflicting ES, of which the trade-off between crop production and carbon/climate services has the highest records of observation (i.e., as identified by 20% of the total studies). Further, this study identifies the major drivers (i.e., ecological and social) and stakeholders (i.e., land users and government agencies) of trade-off in ES, and major gaps in the analytical approach to understand the trade-off relationships. Based on our findings, we have discussed and recommended a number of research trajectories, including trans-disciplinary research considering both biophysical constraints and utility functions, in order to guide the future direction of sustainability science through the creation of win-win scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Aryal
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia; Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forests and Environment, Sudoorpaschim Province, Dhangadhi, Nepal
| | - Tek Maraseni
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia; Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Armando Apan
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia
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The Rich Diversity of Urban Allotment Gardens in Europe: Contemporary Trends in the Context of Historical, Socio-Economic and Legal Conditions. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131911076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Urban allotment gardens (AGs) provide a unique combination of productive and recreational spaces for the inhabitants of European cities. Although the reasons behind the decision to have a plot, as well as the mode of use and gardening practices, are well recognised in the literature, these issues are mainly considered in relation to particular case studies within a single country. The regional diversity of European allotment gardens is still poorly understood, however. This knowledge gap became an incentive for us to carry out the present study. The research was conducted in seven countries: Austria, Estonia, Germany, France, Portugal, Poland and the UK. Surveys were used to assess the motivations of users regarding plot uses and gardening practices. Information was also collected during desk research and study visits, making use of available statistical data. Allotment gardens in Europe are currently very diverse, and vary depending on the historical, legal, economic and social conditions of a given country, and also as determined by geographical location. Three main types of plots were distinguished, for: cultivation, recreation–cultivation, and cultivation–recreation. The recreational use of AGs has replaced their use for food production in countries with a long history of urban gardening. The only exception is the UK. In some countries, the production of food on an AG plot is still its main function; however, the motivations for this are related to better quality and taste (the UK), as well as the economic benefits of self-grown fruits and vegetables (Portugal, Estonia). Among the wide range of motivations for urban gardening in Europe, there is increasing emphasis on active recreation, contact with nature and quality food supply.
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4
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A Review of Urban Green and Blue Infrastructure from the Perspective of Food-Energy-Water Nexus. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14154583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Small scale urban green-blue infrastructure (indicated as GBI hereafter) comprises huge underexploited areas for urban development and planning. This review article aims to highlight the relevance and knowledge gaps regarding GBI from the perspective of the food–energy–water (FEW) nexus, these being key resources for the survival of human communities. In particular, this review was focused on publications on urban ecosystem services (positive effects) and dis-services (negative effects) associated with different GBI typologies. The review proved that GBI can contribute environmentally, socially, and economically to FEW security and urban sustainability. Yet, such positive effects must be considered against ecosystem dis-services tradeoffs, including urban food production, commonly connected with heavy water and energy consumption, specifically under dry climate conditions, and sometimes related to an excessive use of manure, pesticides, or fertilizers. These conditions could pose either a risk to water quality and local insect survival or serve enhanced mosquito breeding because of irrigation. Up to now, the review evidenced that few nexus modeling techniques have been discussed in terms of their benefits, drawbacks, and applications. Guidance is provided on the choice of an adequate modeling approach. Water, energy, and food are intrinsically associated physically. However, depending on their management, their tradeoffs are often increased. There is a need to minimize these tradeoffs and to build up synergies between food, energy, and water using a holistic approach. This is why the FEW nexus approach offers good insights to address the relation between three important individual resource components of sustainability.
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Orsini F, Pennisi G, Michelon N, Minelli A, Bazzocchi G, Sanyé-Mengual E, Gianquinto G. Features and Functions of Multifunctional Urban Agriculture in the Global North: A Review. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.562513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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6
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Tian Y, Wu H, Zhang G, Wang L, Zheng D, Li S. Perceptions of ecosystem services, disservices and willingness-to-pay for urban green space conservation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 260:110140. [PMID: 32090834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While planning and management of urban green space (UGS) remain primarily driven by policymakers and expert knowledge, increasing attention has been paid to the general public's perception of and demand for UGS. This study was conducted to provide price-related outcomes to support UGS-related decision making and achieve an improved understanding of the causal relationships underpinning the residents' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for UGS conservation. An extensive survey with 3000 urban residents from three provincial capital cities in central China (i.e., Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang) was conducted. We applied structural equation modelling to examine a range of hypothetical causal relationships among residents' perceptions about ecosystem services/disservices provided by UGS, frequency of UGS visits, socioeconomic status (SES) and WTP for the conservation of five different types of UGS. We found that residents had an average WTP of 202.4 CNY or 30.6 USD per year cross UGS types, with the attached green space having the greatest WTP (223.0 CNY or 33.7 USD per year), followed by park (215.4 CNY or 32.6 USD year), square (201.7 CNY or 30.5 USD year), suburban ecological (190.1 CNY or 28.7 USD year) and protective (182.0 CNY or 27.5 USD year) green spaces. Perceptions of UGS's ecosystem services had a positive causal impact on WTP, while perceptions of ecosystem disservices would have a negative impact. The frequency of UGS visits was found to amplify WTP at a limited level. It could further heighten and diminish the perceptions of ecosystem services and disservices. Participants with higher SES typically had greater perceptions of UGS's ecosystem services and WTP. Finally, we found that the structure of the causal relationships on WTP varied between cities, highlighting the importance of considering the fine-level impacts of biophysical environment jointly. Our results could help urban planners to understand better the ways urban green space was perceived and anticipate the likely effects of changing spatial patterns of UGS on the benefits and nuisances experienced by the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Hongjuan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Guangshi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Luocen Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1107, USA.
| | - Duo Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Sen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK; Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK.
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7
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Assessing the Ecosystem Services of Various Types of Urban Green Spaces Based on i-Tree Eco. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12041630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urban green spaces play a crucial role in maintaining urban ecosystem sustainability by providing numerous ecosystem services. How to quantify and evaluate the ecological benefits and services of urban green spaces remains a hot topic currently, while the evaluation is barely applied or implemented in urban design and planning. In this study, super-high-resolution aerial images were used to acquire the spatial distribution of urban green spaces; a modified pre-stratified random sampling method was applied to obtain the vegetation information of the four types of urban green spaces in Luohe, a common plain city in China; and i-Tree Eco model was further used to assess the vegetation structure and various ecosystem services including air quality improvement, rainfall interception, carbon storage, and sequestration provided by four types of urban green spaces. The modeling results reveal that there were about 1,006,251 trees in this area. In 2013, all the trees in these green spaces could store about 54,329 t of carbon, sequester about 4973 t of gross carbon, remove 92 t of air pollutants, and avoid 122,637 m3 of runoff. The study illustrates an innovative method to reveal different types of urban green spaces with distinct ecosystem service productivity capacity to better understand their various roles in regulating the urban environment. The results could be used to assist urban planners and policymakers to optimize urban green space structure and composition to maximize ecosystem services provision.
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8
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Mngumi LE. Ecosystem services potential for climate change resilience in peri-urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-020-00411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEcosystem services provide considerable development opportunities, including incorporating land use planning and enhancing climate change resilience in peri-urban communities. However, the application of this concept in planning and enhancing climate change resilience is negligible in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This article reviews state-of-the-art research on the potential contribution of peri-urban ecosystem services to climate change resilience in SSA and identifies research gaps for further work. This study was conducted through systematic review of articles from the Web of Science. The literature shows limited knowledge on peri-urban ecosystem services research globally and SSA in particular. The gaps in this knowledge stem from inadequate conceptualization and lack of understanding about how such knowledge can be translated into policy, planning and management and, hence, realizing development goals. In nutshell, the potential for climate change resilience of well-managed peri-urban ecosystem services includes reducing the physical exposure of peri-urban areas to floods and droughts and minimizing climate change risks through increased socio-economic resilience to hazard impacts and provision of the carbon sequestration function. However, specific peri-urban studies describing ecosystem service types and how they can be synchronized into mainstream urban planning and climate change resilience strategies are lacking in most SSA urban regions/landscapes. Therefore, case studies need to be conducted to contextualize and downscale the concept in peri-urban areas and to determine how the concept can be synchronized into broad urban planning and strategies for enhancing resilience to climate change in vulnerable urban and peri-urban communities.
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10
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Egerer M, Lin BB, Kendal D. Towards better species identification processes between scientists and community participants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133738. [PMID: 31400691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban gardens are a model system for understanding the intersection between biodiversity conservation and citizen science. They contain high plant diversity that contributes to urban flora. However, this diversity is challenging to document due to site access and complex plant taxonomy with hybrids and cultivars. Community research participation provides a tool to measure plant diversity and distribution by engaging gardeners who are most familiar with their plants to report on their garden's species richness using citizen science. Yet there is little empirical exploration of plant identification consistency between citizen scientists and scientific researchers. This could lead to reporting differences (e.g., missing species, multiple reporting of the same species) due to spatial and temporal effects, different perspectives and knowledge systems, and cultural context. We leverage a scientific survey of garden plants and a questionnaire asking gardeners to report on the species in their gardens to perform an opportunistic comparison of gardener and researcher reported plant diversity in community gardens. The comparison shows that gardeners interpret instructions to report plants quite variably, with some reporting all species (including herbaceous weeds) and crop varieties, while others reporting only their main crop species. Scientist on the other hand seek clarity in terms of species and variety and report all species located in the plot, including the small weed species that are overlooked by some gardeners. Consistency could be improved if researchers are more specific about their reporting expectations when asking community members to participate in data collection. We use this case study to communicate that paired citizen scientist-researcher data collection and dialogue between groups is necessary to improve methods for conducting consistent and collaborative assessments of biological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Egerer
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California - Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; School of Technology, Environments and Design, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia; Department of Ecology, Ecosystem Science/Plant Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Rothenburgstr. 12, 12165 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Brenda B Lin
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, 107-121 Station St., Aspendale, 3195, VIC, Australia
| | - Dave Kendal
- School of Technology, Environments and Design, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia; School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, 3121, VIC, Australia
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11
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Egerer MH, Lin BB, Threlfall CG, Kendal D. Temperature variability influences urban garden plant richness and gardener water use behavior, but not planting decisions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:111-120. [PMID: 30053661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban environments are being subject to increasing temperatures due to the combined effects of global climate change and urban heat. These increased temperatures, coupled with human planting preferences and green space management practices, influence how urban plants grow and survive. Urban community gardens are an increasingly popular land use, and a green space type that is influenced by unique climate-human behavior interactions. Despite ongoing rapid temperature changes in cities, it is unknown how gardeners are adapting to these changes, and to what extent changes influence planting decisions and patterns of urban plant diversity. In this study, we monitored the variation in daily air temperatures and measured plant species richness at the garden and garden plot scale in 11 community gardens in Melbourne, Australia. We surveyed >180 gardeners to better understand the relationships between temperature variation, garden plant species diversity, and gardener management practices. We found that garden scale temperature variability is driven by regional context, and temperatures are more stable in landscapes with higher impervious surface cover. Gardeners agreed that climatic/temperature changes are influencing their watering behavior, but not their plant selection. Instead plant selection is being driven by desired food production. Yet, when comparing two bioregions, temperature did have a measurable relationship with garden plant composition in the region with more temperature variation. Temperature variability negatively related to plant species richness within garden plots, providing evidence that plant survival is related to climate at this scale in such regions. Although gardeners may be able to water more in response to regional climate changes, gardeners are unlikely to be able to completely control the effects of temperature on plant survival in more variable conditions. This suggests the inner city with more stable temperatures (albeit potentially hotter for longer due to heat island) may accommodate more species diverse gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika H Egerer
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | | | - Caragh G Threlfall
- School of Ecosystem & Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Dave Kendal
- School of Ecosystem & Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia; Geography and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia.
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12
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Lin BB, Egerer MH, Ossola A. Urban Gardens as a Space to Engender Biophilia: Evidence and Ways Forward. FRONTIERS IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2018. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2018.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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13
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Urban Re-Greening: A Case Study in Multi-Trophic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in a Post-Industrial Landscape. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The biodiversity of urban and post-industrial ecosystems is a highly relevant and growing new frontier in ecological research. Even so, the functionality of these ecosystems may not always be successfully predicted based on prior biodiversity and ecosystem functioning theory. Indeed, evidence suggests that the general biological impoverishment within the urban context envisioned thirty years ago was overstated. Many of the world’s urban centers support some degree of biodiversity that is indigenous, as well as a complex array of non-native species, resulting in highly functional, and often, novel communities. For over two decades, a multi-disciplinary team has examined the sub-lethal impact of soil metal contamination on the multi-trophic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of a post-industrial brownfield in the New York City metropolitan area. We do this through examinations of photosynthesis, carbon allocation, and soil enzyme activity as well as multi-trophic metal translocation via the plant and rhizosphere. In this paper, we synthesize the findings of our research network and apply the results to a framework of functional diversity. Due to the unique constraints many post-industrial lands impose on communities, functional diversity may be more meaningful to ecosystem health than species richness.
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14
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Dobbs C, Escobedo FJ, Clerici N, de la Barrera F, Eleuterio AA, MacGregor-Fors I, Reyes-Paecke S, Vásquez A, Zea Camaño JD, Hernández HJ. Urban ecosystem Services in Latin America: mismatch between global concepts and regional realities? Urban Ecosyst 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-018-0805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Burr A, Hall DM, Schaeg N. The perfect lawn: exploring neighborhood socio-cultural drivers for insect pollinator habitat. Urban Ecosyst 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-018-0798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Functional landscapes in cities: a systems approach. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-017-0346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Avolio ML, Pataki DE, Trammell TLE, Endter-Wada J. Biodiverse cities: the nursery industry, homeowners, and neighborhood differences drive urban tree composition. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L. Avolio
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Diane E. Pataki
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Tara L. E. Trammell
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Joanna Endter-Wada
- Department of Environment and Society; Utah State University; Logan Utah 84322-5215 USA
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18
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Egerer M, Ossola A, Lin BB. Creating Socioecological Novelty in Urban Agroecosystems from the Ground Up. Bioscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bix144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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van der Jagt APN, Szaraz LR, Delshammar T, Cvejić R, Santos A, Goodness J, Buijs A. Cultivating nature-based solutions: The governance of communal urban gardens in the European Union. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:264-275. [PMID: 28823804 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In many countries in the European Union (EU), the popularity of communal urban gardening (CUG) on allotments and community gardens is on the rise. Given the role of this practice in increasing urban resilience, most notably social resilience, municipalities in the Global North are promoting CUG as a nature-based solution (NbS). However, the mechanisms by which institutional actors can best support and facilitate CUG are understudied, which could create a gap between aspiration and reality. The aim of this study is therefore to identify what governance arrangements contribute to CUG delivering social resilience. Through the EU GREEN SURGE project, we studied six CUG initiatives from five EU-countries, representing different planning regimes and traditions. We selected cases taking a locally unique or innovative approach to dealing with urban challenges. A variety of actors associated with each of the cases were interviewed to achieve as complete a picture as possible regarding important governance arrangements. A cross-case comparison revealed a range of success factors, varying from clearly formulated objectives and regulations, municipal support, financial resources and social capital through to the availability of local food champions and facilitators engaging in community building. Municipalities can support CUG initiatives by moving beyond a rigid focus on top-down control, while involved citizens can increase the impact of CUG by pursuing political, in addition to hands-on, activities. We conclude that CUG has clear potential to act as a nature-based solution if managed with sensitivity to local dynamics and context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P N van der Jagt
- Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin EH25 9SY, United Kingdom; Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Luca R Szaraz
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Tim Delshammar
- Department of Streets and Parks, City of Malmö, SE.205 80 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Rozalija Cvejić
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Artur Santos
- University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Julie Goodness
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Arjen Buijs
- Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Alien plants as mediators of ecosystem services and disservices in urban systems: a global review. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Bellamy CC, van der Jagt APN, Barbour S, Smith M, Moseley D. A spatial framework for targeting urban planning for pollinators and people with local stakeholders: A route to healthy, blossoming communities? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:255-268. [PMID: 28662451 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pollinators such as bees and hoverflies are essential components of an urban ecosystem, supporting and contributing to the biodiversity, functioning, resilience and visual amenity of green infrastructure. Their urban habitats also deliver health and well-being benefits to society, by providing important opportunities for accessing nature nearby to the homes of a growing majority of people living in towns and cities. However, many pollinator species are in decline, and the loss, degradation and fragmentation of natural habitats are some of the key drivers of this change. Urban planners and other practitioners need evidence to carefully prioritise where they focus their resources to provide and maintain a high quality, multifunctional green infrastructure network that supports pollinators and people. We provide a modelling framework to inform green infrastructure planning as a nature based solution with social and ecological benefits. We show how habitat suitability models (HSM) incorporating remote sensed vegetation data can provide important information on the influence of urban landcover composition and spatial configuration on species distributions across cities. Using Edinburgh, Scotland, as a case study city, we demonstrate this approach for bumble bees and hoverflies, providing high resolution predictive maps that identify pollinator habitat hotspots and pinch points across the city. By combining this spatial HSM output with health deprivation data, we highlight 'win-win' opportunity areas in most need of improved green infrastructure to support pollinator habitat quality and connectivity, as well as societal health and well-being. In addition, in collaboration with municipal planners, local stakeholders, and partners from a local greenspace learning alliance, we identified opportunities for citizen engagement activities to encourage interest in wildlife gardening as part of a 'pollinator pledge'. We conclude that this quantitative, spatially explicit and transferable approach provides a useful decision-making tool for targeting nature-based solutions to improve biodiversity and increase environmental stewardship, with the aim of providing a more attractive city to live, work and invest in.
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Koptur S, Dutton A. The FIU Nature Preserve: Achieving Biological Conservation Through Diversification of Stakeholders. SOUTHEAST NAT 2017. [DOI: 10.1656/058.016.0sp1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Koptur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - Alexandra Dutton
- Office of University Sustainability, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
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Matias DMS, Leventon J, Rau AL, Borgemeister C, von Wehrden H. A review of ecosystem service benefits from wild bees across social contexts. AMBIO 2017; 46:456-467. [PMID: 27878448 PMCID: PMC5385664 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the role of wild bees in both social and ecological systems, we conducted a quantitative and qualitative review of publications dealing with wild bees and the benefits they provide in social contexts. We classified publications according to several attributes such as services and benefits derived from wild bees, types of bee-human interactions, recipients of direct benefits, social contexts where wild bees are found, and sources of changes to the bee-human system. We found that most of the services and benefits from wild bees are related to food, medicine, and pollination. We also found that wild bees directly provide benefits to communities to a greater extent than individuals. In the social contexts where they are found, wild bees occupy a central role. Several drivers of change affect bee-human systems, ranging from environmental to political drivers. These are the areas where we recommend making interventions for conserving the bee-human system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Margaret S. Matias
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Center for Development Research, University of Bonn, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Leventon
- Faculty of Sustainability, Institute of Ethics and Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Leuphana University, Scharnhorstr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Rau
- Faculty of Sustainability, Center for Methods, Leuphana University, Scharnhorstr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Christian Borgemeister
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Center for Development Research, University of Bonn, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henrik von Wehrden
- Faculty of Sustainability, Center for Methods, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University, Scharnhorstr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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24
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Analysis of Urban Green Spaces Based on Sentinel-2A: Case Studies from Slovakia. LAND 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/land6020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Normandin É, Vereecken NJ, Buddle CM, Fournier V. Taxonomic and functional trait diversity of wild bees in different urban settings. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3051. [PMID: 28286711 PMCID: PMC5344019 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is one of the major anthropogenic processes contributing to local habitat loss and extirpation of numerous species, including wild bees, the most widespread pollinators. Little is known about the mechanisms through which urbanization impacts wild bee communities, or the types of urban green spaces that best promote their conservation in cities. The main objective of this study was to describe and compare wild bee community diversity, structure, and dynamics in two Canadian cities, Montreal and Quebec City. A second objective was to compare functional trait diversity among three habitat types (cemeteries, community gardens and urban parks) within each city. Bees were collected using pan traps and netting on the same 46 sites, multiple times, over the active season in 2012 and 2013. A total of 32,237 specimens were identified, representing 200 species and 6 families, including two new continental records, Hylaeus communis Nylander (1852) and Anthidium florentinum (Fabricius, 1775). Despite high community evenness, we found significant abundance of diverse species, including exotic ones. Spatio-temporal analysis showed higher stability in the most urbanized city (Montreal) but low nestedness of species assemblages among the three urban habitats in both cities. Our study demonstrates that cities are home to diverse communities of wild bees, but in turn affect bee community structure and dynamics. We also found that community gardens harbour high levels of functional trait diversity. Urban agriculture therefore contributes substantially to the provision of functionally diverse bee communities and possibly to urban pollination services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Normandin
- Centre de Recherche en Innovation sur les Végétaux, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas J Vereecken
- Landscape Ecology & Plant Production Systems Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Christopher M Buddle
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Valérie Fournier
- Centre de Recherche en Innovation sur les Végétaux, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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26
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Lin BB, Philpott SM, Jha S, Liere H. Urban Agriculture as a Productive Green Infrastructure for Environmental and Social Well-Being. ADVANCES IN 21ST CENTURY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4113-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Chan J, Pennisi L, Francis CA. Social-Ecological Refuges: Reconnecting In Community Gardens In Lincoln, Nebraska. J ETHNOBIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-36.4.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Norton BA, Evans KL, Warren PH. Urban Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology: Patterns, Processes and Planning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40823-016-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Foster G, Bennett J, Sparks T. An assessment of bumblebee (Bombus spp) land use and floral preference in UK gardens and allotments cultivated for food. Urban Ecosyst 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-016-0604-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Kim JH, Jobbágy EG, Jackson RB. Trade-offs in water and carbon ecosystem services with land-use changes in grasslands. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:1633-1644. [PMID: 27755701 DOI: 10.1890/15-0863.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing pressures for food, fiber, and fuel continue to drive global land-use changes. Efforts to optimize ecosystem services under alternative land uses are often hampered by the complex interactions and trade-offs among them. We examined the effects of land-use changes on ecosystem carbon storage and groundwater recharge in grasslands of Argentina and the United States to (1) understand the relationships between both services, (2) predict their responses to vegetation shifts across environmental gradients, and (3) explore how market or policy incentives for ecosystem services could affect land-use changes. A trade-off of ecosystem services was evident in most cases, with woody encroachment increasing carbon storage (+29 Mg C/ha) but decreasing groundwater recharge (-7.3 mm/yr) and conversions to rain-fed cultivation driving opposite changes (-32 Mg C/ha vs. +13 mm/yr). In contrast, crops irrigated with ground water tended to reduce both services compared to the natural grasslands they replaced. Combining economic values of the agricultural products together with the services, we highlight potentials for relatively modest financial incentives for ecosystem services to abate land-use changes and for incentives for carbon to drive land-use decisions over those of water. Our findings also identify key opportunities and caveats for some win-win and lose-lose land-use changes for more integrative and sustainable strategies for land management.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kim
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA.
| | - Esteban G Jobbágy
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, IMASL, Universidad Nacional de San Luis/CONICET, Ejército de los Andes 950, D5700HHW San Luis, Argentina
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
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31
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Urban Green Infrastructure Impacts on Climate Regulation Services in Sydney, Australia. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8080788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Gittleman M, Farmer CJQ, Kremer P, McPhearson T. Estimating stormwater runoff for community gardens in New York City. Urban Ecosyst 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-016-0575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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34
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Zivanovic AJ, Luck GW. Social and environmental factors drive variation in plant and bird communities across urban greenspace in Sydney, Australia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 169:210-222. [PMID: 26773425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether environmental or social factors alone, or a combination of social-ecological factors were more effective at explaining patterns in plant and bird assemblages across urban greenspaces. Thirty publicly accessible, passive recreation greenspaces provided by municipal councils (i.e. city parks) were surveyed in a highly urbanised city - Sydney, Australia. Plant communities were influenced most by topography and park management approach, and to a lesser extent by land-use history. Greenspaces with greater topographic variation and that were co-managed with local citizen groups hosted higher plant species richness and abundance. Bird species richness within greenspaces increased with increasing distance from the central business district and decreasing distance from freshwater. Bird abundance was best explained by a combination of social-ecological factors, with abundance increasing with increasing site (greenspace) age, increasing percent concrete groundcover of a site and increasing proximity to the central business district. We identified a group of 'rare city parks', dissimilar in ecological composition that hosted more complex and species rich plant communities compared to 'common city parks'. We suggest this difference is likely because rare city parks received management and maintenance input from local citizen groups, whereas common city parks were managed and maintained exclusively by local councils. How different social factors, such as management approach and ongoing maintenance, are linked to the ecology of urban greenspaces are key areas for future investigation to help create sustainable urban landscapes that provide maximum benefits to urban residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlea J Zivanovic
- School of Environmental Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia; Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia.
| | - Gary W Luck
- School of Environmental Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia; Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia.
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35
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Raymond CM, Bieling C, Fagerholm N, Martin-Lopez B, Plieninger T. The farmer as a landscape steward: Comparing local understandings of landscape stewardship, landscape values, and land management actions. AMBIO 2016; 45:173-84. [PMID: 26346276 PMCID: PMC4752565 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We develop a landscape stewardship classification which distinguishes between farmers' understanding of landscape stewardship, their landscape values, and land management actions. Forty semi-structured interviews were conducted with small-holder (<5 acres), medium-holders (5-100 acres), and large-holders (>100 acres) in South-West Devon, UK. Thematic analysis revealed four types of stewardship understandings: (1) an environmental frame which emphasized the farmers' role in conserving or restoring wildlife; (2) a primary production frame which emphasized the farmers' role in taking care of primary production assets; (3) a holistic frame focusing on farmers' role as a conservationist, primary producer, and manager of a range of landscape values, and; (4) an instrumental frame focusing on the financial benefits associated with compliance with agri-environmental schemes. We compare the landscape values and land management actions that emerged across stewardship types, and discuss the global implications of the landscape stewardship classification for the engagement of farmers in landscape management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Raymond
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Barbara Hardy Institute, University of South Australia, PO Box 190, Stirling, SA, 5152, Australia.
| | - Claudia Bieling
- Institute of Social Sciences in Agriculture, Chair of Societal Transition and Agriculture, University of Hohenheim, Schloss Museumsflügel, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nora Fagerholm
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Berta Martin-Lopez
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK.
- Social-Ecological Systems Laboratory, Department Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin, 2, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tobias Plieninger
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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36
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Rich KJ, Ridealgh M, West SE, Cinderby S, Ashmore M. Exploring the Links between Post-Industrial Landscape History and Ecology through Participatory Methods. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136522. [PMID: 26309041 PMCID: PMC4550255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing recognition of the importance for local biodiversity of post-mining sites, many of which lie near communities that have suffered significant social and economic deprivation as the result of mine closures. However, no studies to date have actively used the knowledge of local communities to relate the history and treatment of post-mining sites to their current ecological status. We report a study of two post-mining sites in the Yorkshire coalfield of the UK in which the local community were involved in developing site histories and assessing plant and invertebrate species composition. Site histories developed using participatory GIS revealed that the sites had a mixture of areas of spontaneous succession and technical reclamation, and identified that both planned management interventions and informal activities influenced habitat heterogeneity and ecological diversity. Two groups of informal activity were identified as being of particular importance. Firstly, there has been active protection by the community of flower-rich habitats of conservation value (e.g. calcareous grassland) and distinctive plant species (e.g. orchids) which has also provided important foraging resources for butterfly and bumblebee species. Secondly, disturbance by activities such as use of motorbikes, informal camping, and cutting of trees and shrubs for fuel, as well as planned management interventions such as spreading of brick rubble, has provided habitat for plant species of open waste ground and locally uncommon invertebrate species which require patches of bare ground. This study demonstrates the importance of informal, and often unrecorded, activities by the local community in providing diverse habitats and increased biodiversity within a post-mining site, and shows that active engagement with the local community and use of local knowledge can enhance ecological interpretation of such sites and provide a stronger basis for successful future management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Rich
- Environment Department, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Ridealgh
- Environment Department, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. West
- Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Steve Cinderby
- Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Ashmore
- Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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37
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Effects of forest type and urbanization on species composition and diversity of urban forest in Changchun, Northeast China. Urban Ecosyst 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-015-0473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Lin BB, Philpott SM, Jha S. The future of urban agriculture and biodiversity-ecosystem services: Challenges and next steps. Basic Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Defining and measuring the social-ecological quality of urban greenspace: a semi-systematic review. Urban Ecosyst 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-015-0456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Andersson E, Nykvist B, Malinga R, Jaramillo F, Lindborg R. A social-ecological analysis of ecosystem services in two different farming systems. AMBIO 2015; 44 Suppl 1:S102-12. [PMID: 25576285 PMCID: PMC4288997 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this exploratory study we use existing in situ qualitative and quantitative data on biophysical and social indicators to compare two contrasting Swedish farming systems (low intensity and high intensity) with regard to ecosystem service supply and demand of a broad suite of services. We show that the value (demand) placed on a service is not necessarily connected to the quantity (supply) of the service, most clearly shown for the services recreation, biodiversity, esthetic experience, identity, and cultural heritage. To better capture this complexity we argue for the need to develop portfolios of indicators for different ecosystem services and to further investigate the different aspects of supply and demand. The study indicates that available data are often ill-suited to answer questions about local delivery of services. If ecosystem services are to be included in policy, planning, and management, census data need to be formatted and scaled appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Andersson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Nykvist
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Linnégatan 87D, 115 23 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Malinga
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fernando Jaramillo
- Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Regina Lindborg
- Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Queiroz C, Meacham M, Richter K, Norström AV, Andersson E, Norberg J, Peterson G. Mapping bundles of ecosystem services reveals distinct types of multifunctionality within a Swedish landscape. AMBIO 2015; 44 Suppl 1:S89-101. [PMID: 25576284 PMCID: PMC4289005 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem services (ES) is a valuable concept to be used in the planning and management of social-ecological landscapes. However, the understanding of the determinant factors affecting the interaction between services in the form of synergies or trade-offs is still limited. We assessed the production of 16 ES across 62 municipalities in the Norrström drainage basin in Sweden. We combined GIS data with publically available information for quantifying and mapping the distribution of services. Additionally, we calculated the diversity of ES for each municipality and used correlations and k-means clustering analyses to assess the existence of ES bundles. We found five distinct types of bundles of ES spatially agglomerated in the landscape that could be explained by regional social and ecological gradients. Human-dominated landscapes were highly multifunctional in our study area and urban densely populated areas were hotspots of cultural services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Queiroz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106-91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Megan Meacham
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106-91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Richter
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106-91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert V. Norström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106-91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Andersson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106-91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon Norberg
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106-91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Garry Peterson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 106-91 Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Andersson E, Barthel S, Borgström S, Colding J, Elmqvist T, Folke C, Gren Å. Reconnecting cities to the biosphere: stewardship of green infrastructure and urban ecosystem services. AMBIO 2014; 43:445-53. [PMID: 24740616 PMCID: PMC3989518 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Within-city green infrastructure can offer opportunities and new contexts for people to become stewards of ecosystem services. We analyze cities as social-ecological systems, synthesize the literature, and provide examples from more than 15 years of research in the Stockholm urban region, Sweden. The social-ecological approach spans from investigating ecosystem properties to the social frameworks and personal values that drive and shape human interactions with nature. Key findings demonstrate that urban ecosystem services are generated by social-ecological systems and that local stewards are critically important. However, land-use planning and management seldom account for their role in the generation of urban ecosystem services. While the small scale patchwork of land uses in cities stimulates intense interactions across borders much focus is still on individual patches. The results highlight the importance and complexity of stewardship of urban biodiversity and ecosystem services and of the planning and governance of urban green infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Andersson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Barthel
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Borgström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Colding
- The Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Elmqvist
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Folke
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Gren
- The Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Haase D, Larondelle N, Andersson E, Artmann M, Borgström S, Breuste J, Gomez-Baggethun E, Gren Å, Hamstead Z, Hansen R, Kabisch N, Kremer P, Langemeyer J, Rall EL, McPhearson T, Pauleit S, Qureshi S, Schwarz N, Voigt A, Wurster D, Elmqvist T. A quantitative review of urban ecosystem service assessments: concepts, models, and implementation. AMBIO 2014; 43:413-33. [PMID: 24740614 PMCID: PMC3989520 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although a number of comprehensive reviews have examined global ecosystem services (ES), few have focused on studies that assess urban ecosystem services (UES). Given that more than half of the world's population lives in cities, understanding the dualism of the provision of and need for UES is of critical importance. Which UES are the focus of research, and what types of urban land use are examined? Are models or decision support systems used to assess the provision of UES? Are trade-offs considered? Do studies of UES engage stakeholders? To address these questions, we analyzed 217 papers derived from an ISI Web of Knowledge search using a set of standardized criteria. The results indicate that most UES studies have been undertaken in Europe, North America, and China, at city scale. Assessment methods involve bio-physical models, Geographical Information Systems, and valuation, but few study findings have been implemented as land use policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Haase
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Åsa Gren
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics in Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zoé Hamstead
- Milano School of International Affairs, Management and Urban Policy, The New School, New York, NY USA
| | | | - Nadja Kabisch
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peleg Kremer
- Tishman Environment and Design Center, The New School, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | - Timon McPhearson
- Tishman Environment and Design Center, The New School, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | - Nina Schwarz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Voigt
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Kim BF, Poulsen MN, Margulies JD, Dix KL, Palmer AM, Nachman KE. Urban community gardeners' knowledge and perceptions of soil contaminant risks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87913. [PMID: 24516570 PMCID: PMC3916346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although urban community gardening can offer health, social, environmental, and economic benefits, these benefits must be weighed against the potential health risks stemming from exposure to contaminants such as heavy metals and organic chemicals that may be present in urban soils. Individuals who garden at or eat food grown in contaminated urban garden sites may be at risk of exposure to such contaminants. Gardeners may be unaware of these risks and how to manage them. We used a mixed quantitative/qualitative research approach to characterize urban community gardeners' knowledge and perceptions of risks related to soil contaminant exposure. We conducted surveys with 70 gardeners from 15 community gardens in Baltimore, Maryland, and semi-structured interviews with 18 key informants knowledgeable about community gardening and soil contamination in Baltimore. We identified a range of factors, challenges, and needs related to Baltimore community gardeners' perceptions of risk related to soil contamination, including low levels of concern and inconsistent levels of knowledge about heavy metal and organic chemical contaminants, barriers to investigating a garden site's history and conducting soil tests, limited knowledge of best practices for reducing exposure, and a need for clear and concise information on how best to prevent and manage soil contamination. Key informants discussed various strategies for developing and disseminating educational materials to gardeners. For some challenges, such as barriers to conducting site history and soil tests, some informants recommended city-wide interventions that bypass the need for gardener knowledge altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent F. Kim
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melissa N. Poulsen
- CLF-Lerner Fellow, Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jared D. Margulies
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katie L. Dix
- Community Greening Resource Network, Parks & People Foundation, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Palmer
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keeve E. Nachman
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Bennett AB, Gratton C. Measuring natural pest suppression at different spatial scales affects the importance of local variables. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:1077-1085. [PMID: 23068163 DOI: 10.1603/en11328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The role biodiversity plays in the provision of ecosystem services is widely recognized, yet few ecological studies have identified characteristics of natural systems that support and maintain ecosystem services. The purpose of this study was to identify landscape variables correlated with natural pest suppression carried out by arthropod natural enemies, predators and parasitoids. We conducted two field experiments, one observational and one experimental, where landscape variables at broad and local scales were measured and related to natural pest suppression. The first experiment measured natural pest suppression at 16 sites across an urban to rural landscape gradient in south central Wisconsin. We found natural enemy diversity positively affected natural pest suppression, whereas flower diversity negatively affected pest suppression. No relationship was found between natural pest suppression and broad scale variables, which measured the percentage of different land cover classes in the surrounding landscape. In the second experiment, we established small (2- by 3-m) replicated plots that experimentally varied flower diversity (0, 1, or 7 species) within a plot. We found no significant relationship between natural pest suppression and the different levels of flower diversity. The fact that we only found differences in natural pest suppression in our first experiment, which measured natural pest suppression at sites separated by larger distances than our second experiment, suggests the more appropriate scale for measuring ecosystem services performed by mobile organisms like insects, is across broad spatial scales where variation in natural enemies communities and the factors that affect them become more apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Bennett
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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46
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Kudryavtsev A, Krasny ME, Stedman RC. The impact of environmental education on sense of place among urban youth. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00318.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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47
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Residential landscapes as social-ecological systems: a synthesis of multi-scalar interactions between people and their home environment. Urban Ecosyst 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-011-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Hale J, Knapp C, Bardwell L, Buchenau M, Marshall J, Sancar F, Litt JS. Connecting food environments and health through the relational nature of aesthetics: gaining insight through the community gardening experience. Soc Sci Med 2011; 72:1853-63. [PMID: 21596466 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Current environmental and health challenges require us to identify ways to better align aesthetics, ecology, and health. At the local level, community gardens are increasingly praised for their therapeutic qualities. They also provide a lens through which we can explore relational processes that connect people, ecology and health. Using key-informant interview data, this research explores gardeners' tactile, emotional, and value-driven responses to the gardening experience and how these responses influence health at various ecological levels (n = 67 participants, 28 urban gardens). Our findings demonstrate that gardeners' aesthetic experiences generate meaning that encourages further engagement with activities that may lead to positive health outcomes. Gardeners directly experience nearby nature by 'getting their hands dirty' and growing food. They enjoy the way vegetables taste and form emotional connections with the garden. The physical and social qualities of garden participation awaken the senses and stimulate a range of responses that influence interpersonal processes (learning, affirming, expressive experiences) and social relationships that are supportive of positive health-related behaviors and overall health. This research suggests that the relational nature of aesthetics, defined as the most fundamental connection between people and place, can help guide community designers and health planners when designing environment and policy approaches to improve health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hale
- Department of Environmental Health, Colorado School of Public Health, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Wolf KL, Blahna DJ, Brinkley W, Romolini M. Environmental stewardship footprint research: linking human agency and ecosystem health in the Puget Sound region. Urban Ecosyst 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-011-0175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Ernstson H, van der Leeuw SE, Redman CL, Meffert DJ, Davis G, Alfsen C, Elmqvist T. Urban transitions: on urban resilience and human-dominated ecosystems. AMBIO 2010; 39:531-45. [PMID: 21141773 PMCID: PMC3357675 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-010-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization is a global multidimensional process paired with increasing uncertainty due to climate change, migration of people, and changes in the capacity to sustain ecosystem services. This article lays a foundation for discussing transitions in urban governance, which enable cities to navigate change, build capacity to withstand shocks, and use experimentation and innovation in face of uncertainty. Using the three concrete case cities--New Orleans, Cape Town, and Phoenix--the article analyzes thresholds and cross-scale interactions, and expands the scale at which urban resilience has been discussed by integrating the idea from geography that cities form part of "system of cities" (i.e., they cannot be seen as single entities). Based on this, the article argues that urban governance need to harness social networks of urban innovation to sustain ecosystem services, while nurturing discourses that situate the city as part of regional ecosystems. The article broadens the discussion on urban resilience while challenging resilience theory when addressing human-dominated ecosystems. Practical examples of harnessing urban innovation are presented, paired with an agenda for research and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Ernstson
- Department of Systems Ecology and Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sander E. van der Leeuw
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, SHESC—ASU, 900 S. Cady Mall, P.O. Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402 USA
| | - Charles L. Redman
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change and the School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875502, Tempe, AZ 85287-5502 USA
| | - Douglas J. Meffert
- Tulane/Xavier Center for Bioenvironmental Research, Tulane University, Health & Environmental Research Bldg, 1324 Tulane Avenue, SL-3, New Orleans Louisiana, 70112 USA
| | - George Davis
- Urban Conservation Programme,, South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, SANBI, Private Bag X7, Claremont, 7735 South Africa
| | - Christine Alfsen
- Columbia University/UNESCO Joint Program on Biosphere and Society (CUBES) and Urban Biosphere Network (URBIS), UNESCO, UNESCO Office in New York, 2 United Nations Plaza, Room 900, New York, NY 10017 USA
| | - Thomas Elmqvist
- Department of Systems Ecology and Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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