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Gauthier DT, Haines AN, Vogelbein WK. Elevated temperature inhibits Mycobacterium shottsii infection and Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii disease in striped bass Morone saxatilis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 144:159-174. [PMID: 33955854 DOI: 10.3354/dao03584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis occurs with high prevalence in the wild striped bass Morone saxatilis of Chesapeake Bay, USA. Etiologic agents of mycobacteriosis in this system are dominated by Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii and Mycobacterium shottsii, both members of the M. ulcerans/M. marinum clade of mycobacteria. Striped bass occupying Chesapeake Bay during summer months where water temperatures regularly approach and occasionally exceed 30°C are thought to be near their thermal maximum, a condition hypothesized to drive high levels of disease and increased natural mortality due to temperature stress. M. shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii, however, do not grow or grow inconsistently at 30°C on artificial medium, potentially countering this hypothesis. In this work, we examine the effects of temperature (20, 25, and 30°C) on progression of experimental infections with M. shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii in striped bass. Rather than exacerbation of disease, increasing temperature resulted in attenuated bacterial density increase in the spleen and reduced pathology in the spleen and mesenteries of M. pseudoshottsii infected fish, and reduced bacterial densities in the spleen of M. shottsii infected fish. These findings indicate that M. pseudoshottsii and M. shottsii infections in Chesapeake Bay striped bass may be limited by the thermal tolerance of these mycobacteria, and that maximal disease progression may in fact occur at lower water temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Gauthier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
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Secor DH, O’Brien MHP, Gahagan BI, Watterson JC, Fox DA. Differential migration in Chesapeake Bay striped bass. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233103. [PMID: 32407398 PMCID: PMC7224545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential migration-increased migration propensity with increasing individual size-is common in migratory species. Like other forms of partial migration, it provides spatial buffering against regional differences in habitat quality and sources of mortality. We investigated differential migration and its consequences to survival and reproductive patterns in striped bass, a species with well-known plasticity in migration behaviors. A size-stratified sample of Potomac River (Chesapeake Bay) Morone saxatilis striped bass was implanted with acoustic transmitters and their subsequent coastal shelf migrations recorded over a 4-yr period by telemetry receivers throughout the Mid-Atlantic Bight and Southern New England. A generalized linear mixed model predicted that ≥ 50% of both males and females depart the Chesapeake Bay at large sizes >80 cm total length. Egressing striped bass exited through both the Chesapeake Bay mouth and Delaware Bay (via the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal), favoring the former. All large fish migrated to Massachusetts shelf waters and in subsequent years repeatedly returned to regions within Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays. Within this dominant behavior, minority behaviors included straying, skipped spawning, and residency by large individuals (those expected to migrate). Analysis of the last day of transmission indicated that small resident striped bass experienced nearly 2-fold higher loss rates (70% yr-1) than coastal shelf emigrants (37% yr-1). The study confirmed expectations for a threshold size at emigration and different mortality levels between Chesapeake Bay (resident) and ocean (migratory) population contingents; and supported the central premise of the current assessment and management framework of a two-contingent population: smaller Chesapeake Bay residents and a larger ocean contingent. An improved understanding of differential migration thus affords an opportunity to specify stock assessments according to different population sub-components, and tailor reference points and control rules between regions and fishing stakeholder groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Secor
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael H. P. O’Brien
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin I. Gahagan
- Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - J. Carter Watterson
- United States Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Atlantic, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dewayne A. Fox
- Delaware State University, College of Agriculture, Science, and Technology, Dover, Delaware, United States of America
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Groner ML, Hoenig JM, Pradel R, Choquet R, Vogelbein WK, Gauthier DT, Friedrichs MAM. Dermal mycobacteriosis and warming sea surface temperatures are associated with elevated mortality of striped bass in Chesapeake Bay. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9384-9397. [PMID: 30377509 PMCID: PMC6194296 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is hypothesized to alter disease dynamics, particularly when species are living at or near their thermal limits. When disease occurs in marine systems, this can go undetected, particularly if the disease is chronic and progresses slowly. As a result, population-level impacts of diseases can be grossly underestimated. Complex migratory patterns, stochasticity in recruitment, and data and knowledge gaps can hinder collection and analysis of data on marine diseases. New tools enabling quantification of disease impacts in marine environments include coupled biogeochemical hydrodynamic models (to hindcast key environmental data), and multievent, multistate mark-recapture (MMSMR) (to quantify the effects of environmental conditions on disease processes and assess population-level impacts). We used MMSMR to quantify disease processes and population impacts in an estuarine population of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Chesapeake Bay from 2005 to 2013. Our results supported the hypothesis that mycobacteriosis is chronic, progressive, and, frequently, lethal. Yearly disease incidence in fish age three and above was 89%, suggesting that this disease impacts nearly every adult striped bass. Mortality of diseased fish was high, particularly in severe cases, where it approached 80% in typical years. Severely diseased fish also had a 10-fold higher catchability than healthy fish, which could bias estimates of disease prevalence. For both healthy and diseased fish, mortality increased with the modeled average summer sea surface temperature (SST) at the mouth of the Rappahannock River; in warmer summers (average SST ≥ 29°C), a cohort is predicted to experience >90% mortality in 1 year. Regression of disease signs in mildly and moderately diseased fish was <2%. These results suggest that these fish are living at their maximum thermal tolerance and that this is driving increased disease and mortality. Management of this fishery should account for the effects of temperature and disease on impacted populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L. Groner
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceCollege of William & MaryGloucester PointVirginia
- Present address:
Prince William Sound Science Center300 Breakwater AveCordovaAlaska99574
| | - John M. Hoenig
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceCollege of William & MaryGloucester PointVirginia
| | - Roger Pradel
- CEFE UMR 5175CNRS ‐ Université Montpellier ‐ Université P. Valéry ‐ EPHEMontpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Rémi Choquet
- CEFE UMR 5175CNRS ‐ Université Montpellier ‐ Université P. Valéry ‐ EPHEMontpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Wolfgang K. Vogelbein
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceCollege of William & MaryGloucester PointVirginia
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Surmik D, Szczygielski T, Janiszewska K, Rothschild BM. Tuberculosis-like respiratory infection in 245-million-year-old marine reptile suggested by bone pathologies. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180225. [PMID: 30110474 PMCID: PMC6030318 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An absence of ancient archaeological and palaeontological evidence of pneumonia contrasts with its recognition in the more recent archaeological record. We document an apparent infection-mediated periosteal reaction affecting the dorsal ribs in a Middle Triassic eosauropterygian historically referred to as 'Proneusticosaurus' silesiacus. High-resolution X-ray microtomography and histological studies of the pathologically altered ribs revealed the presence of a continuous solid periosteal reaction with multiple superficial blebs (protrusions) on the visceral surfaces of several ribs. Increased vascularization and uneven lines of arrested growth document that the pathology was the result of a multi-seasonal disease. While visceral surface localization of this periosteal reaction represents the earliest identified evidence for pneumonia, the blebs may have an additional implication: they have only been previously recognized in humans with tuberculosis (TB). Along with this diagnosis is the presence of focal vertebral erosions, parsimoniously compared to vertebral manifestation of TB in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Surmik
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
- Park of Science and Human Evolution, 1 Maja 10, 46-040 Krasiejów, Poland
- Author for correspondence: Dawid Surmik e-mail:
| | - Tomasz Szczygielski
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Janiszewska
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bruce M. Rothschild
- Carnegie Museum, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Hoenig JM, Groner ML, Smith MW, Vogelbein WK, Taylor DM, Landers DF, Swenarton JT, Gauthier DT, Sadler P, Matsche MA, Haines AN, Small HJ, Pradel R, Choquet R, Shields JD. Impact of disease on the survival of three commercially fished species. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:2116-2127. [PMID: 28675580 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent increases in emergent infectious diseases have raised concerns about the sustainability of some marine species. The complexity and expense of studying diseases in marine systems often dictate that conservation and management decisions are made without quantitative data on population-level impacts of disease. Mark-recapture is a powerful, underutilized, tool for calculating impacts of disease on population size and structure, even in the absence of etiological information. We applied logistic regression models to mark-recapture data to obtain estimates of disease-associated mortality rates in three commercially important marine species: snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) in Newfoundland, Canada, that experience sporadic epizootics of bitter crab disease; striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the Chesapeake Bay, USA, that experience chronic dermal and visceral mycobacteriosis; and American lobster (Homarus americanus) in the Southern New England stock, that experience chronic epizootic shell disease. All three diseases decreased survival of diseased hosts. Survival of diseased adult male crabs was 1% (0.003-0.022, 95% CI) that of uninfected crabs indicating nearly complete mortality of infected crabs in this life stage. Survival of moderately and severely diseased striped bass (which comprised 15% and 11% of the population, respectively) was 84% (70-100%, 95% CI), and 54% (42-68%, 95% CI) that of healthy striped bass. The disease-adjusted yearly natural mortality rate for striped bass was 0.29, nearly double the previously accepted value, which did not include disease. Survival of moderately and severely diseased lobsters was 30% (15-60%, 95% CI) that of healthy lobsters and survival of mildly diseased lobsters was 45% (27-75%, 95% CI) that of healthy lobsters. High disease mortality in ovigerous females may explain the poor recruitment and rapid declines observed in this population. Stock assessments should account for disease-related mortality when resource management options are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hoenig
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Maya L Groner
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Matthew W Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Wolfgang K Vogelbein
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - David M Taylor
- Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 5667, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Donald F Landers
- Millstone Power Station Environmental Laboratory, Dominion, Rope Ferry Road, Waterford, Connecticut, 06385, USA
| | - John T Swenarton
- Millstone Power Station Environmental Laboratory, Dominion, Rope Ferry Road, Waterford, Connecticut, 06385, USA
| | - David T Gauthier
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Philip Sadler
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Mark A Matsche
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, 904 South Morris Street, Oxford, Maryland, 21654, USA
| | - Ashley N Haines
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Hamish J Small
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Roger Pradel
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Université P. Valéry, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Rémi Choquet
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Université P. Valéry, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jeffrey D Shields
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
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Samuel MD, Storm DJ. Chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer: infection, mortality, and implications for heterogeneous transmission. Ecology 2016; 97:3195-3205. [PMID: 27870037 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting free-ranging and captive cervids that now occurs in 24 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. Despite the potential threat of CWD to deer populations, little is known about the rates of infection and mortality caused by this disease. We used epidemiological models to estimate the force of infection and disease-associated mortality for white-tailed deer in the Wisconsin and Illinois CWD outbreaks. Models were based on age-prevalence data corrected for bias in aging deer using the tooth wear and replacement method. Both male and female deer in the Illinois outbreak had higher corrected age-specific prevalence with slightly higher female infection than deer in the Wisconsin outbreak. Corrected ages produced more complex models with different infection and mortality parameters than those based on apparent prevalence. We found that adult male deer have a more than threefold higher risk of CWD infection than female deer. Males also had higher disease mortality than female deer. As a result, CWD prevalence was twofold higher in adult males than females. We also evaluated the potential impacts of alternative contact structures on transmission dynamics in Wisconsin deer. Results suggested that transmission of CWD among male deer during the nonbreeding season may be a potential mechanism for producing higher rates of infection and prevalence characteristically found in males. However, alternatives based on high environmental transmission and transmission from females to males during the breeding season may also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Samuel
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Daniel J Storm
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA.,Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Rhinelander, Wisconsin, 54501, USA
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Lapointe D, Vogelbein WK, Fabrizio MC, Gauthier DT, Brill RW. Temperature, hypoxia, and mycobacteriosis: effects on adult striped bass Morone saxatilis metabolic performance. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 108:113-27. [PMID: 24553417 DOI: 10.3354/dao02693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis, a chronic bacterial disease of fishes, is prevalent in adult striped bass from Chesapeake Bay (USA). Although environmental factors may play a role in disease expression, the interaction between the disease and environmental stress remains unexplored. We therefore examined the individual and interactive effects of elevated temperature, hypoxia, and mycobacteriosis on the metabolism of wild-caught adult striped bass from Chesapeake Bay using respirometry. Because the spleen is the primary target organ of mycobacteriosis in striped bass, we hypothesized that the disease interferes with the ability of fish to increase their hematocrit in the face of increasing oxygen demands. We determined standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate under normoxia (MMRN), critical oxygen saturation (S(crit)), and MMR under hypoxia (3 mg O(2) l-1: MMR(H)) for healthy and visibly diseased fish (i.e. exhibiting skin lesions indicative of mycobacteriosis). Measurements were taken at a temperature within the preferred thermal range (20°C) and at an elevated temperature (28°C) considered stressful to striped bass. In addition, we calculated aerobic scope (AS(N) = MMR(N) - SMR, AS(H) = MMR(H) - SMR) and factorial scope (FS(N) = MMR(N) SMR-1, FS(H) = MMR(H) SMR-1). SMR increased with increasing temperature, and hypoxia reduced MMR, AS, and FS. Mycobacteriosis alone did not affect either MMR(N) or MMR(H). However, elevated temperature affected the ability of diseased striped bass to tolerate hypoxia (S(crit)). Overall, our data indicate that striped bass performance under hypoxia is impaired, and that elevated water temperatures, hypoxia, and severe mycobacteriosis together reduce aerobic scope more than any of these stressors acting alone. We conclude that the scope for activity of diseased striped bass in warm hypoxic waters is significantly compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lapointe
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA Ecosystem Processes Division, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey 07732, USA Present address: Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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Antuofermo E, Pais A, Nuvoli S, Hetzel U, Burrai GP, Rocca S, Caffara M, Giorgi I, Pedron C, Prearo M. Mycobacterium chelonae associated with tumor-like skin and oral masses in farmed Russian sturgeons (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii). BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:18. [PMID: 24423126 PMCID: PMC3898693 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-tuberculous mycobacteria responsible for piscine mycobacteriosis usually produce visceral granulomas in both freshwater and marine species. In this study, the first occurrence of Mycobacterium chelonae associated with tumor-like lesions in the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) is reported. Fifteen sturgeons from an Italian fish farm showing skin and oral cauliflower-like masses were investigated by histopathology, bacterial culture and molecular analyses. Results A total of 20 masses different in size located in the mouth and in pectoral and caudal fins (characterized by abundant calcium deposits and by mild to moderate granulomatous inflammation) were observed with a significant different degree of histological severity. All internal organs of the fish were negative for mycobacteria, Ziehl-Neelsen was positive in only one of the oral masses, whereas bacterial and PCR analyses detected the presence of M. chelonae for almost all the skin and oral masses. Based on these results, a calcinosis of dystrophic origin associated with a chronic granulomatous inflammation was considered as a primary diagnosis consequent to tissue injury in areas susceptible to trauma. Conclusions We hypothesized that the occurrence of M. chelonae in farmed sturgeons was only a secondary event related to its presence in a stressful rearing environment and subsequent to a dystrophic calcinosis occurred in previously damaged tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Antuofermo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Mycobacterium chelonae associated with tumor-like skin and oral masses in farmed Russian sturgeons (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii). BMC Vet Res 2014. [PMID: 24423126 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10%e2%80%9318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-tuberculous mycobacteria responsible for piscine mycobacteriosis usually produce visceral granulomas in both freshwater and marine species. In this study, the first occurrence of Mycobacterium chelonae associated with tumor-like lesions in the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) is reported. Fifteen sturgeons from an Italian fish farm showing skin and oral cauliflower-like masses were investigated by histopathology, bacterial culture and molecular analyses. RESULTS A total of 20 masses different in size located in the mouth and in pectoral and caudal fins (characterized by abundant calcium deposits and by mild to moderate granulomatous inflammation) were observed with a significant different degree of histological severity. All internal organs of the fish were negative for mycobacteria, Ziehl-Neelsen was positive in only one of the oral masses, whereas bacterial and PCR analyses detected the presence of M. chelonae for almost all the skin and oral masses. Based on these results, a calcinosis of dystrophic origin associated with a chronic granulomatous inflammation was considered as a primary diagnosis consequent to tissue injury in areas susceptible to trauma. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesized that the occurrence of M. chelonae in farmed sturgeons was only a secondary event related to its presence in a stressful rearing environment and subsequent to a dystrophic calcinosis occurred in previously damaged tissues.
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MYCOBACTERIOSIS,MYCOBACTERIUM CHELONAE, IN A CAPTIVE YELLOW STINGRAY (UROBATIS JAMAICENSIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2013; 44:470-4. [DOI: 10.1638/2012-0018r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Haines AN, Gauthier DT, Nebergall EE, Cole SD, Nguyen KM, Rhodes MW, Vogelbein WK. First report of Streptococcus parauberis in wild finfish from North America. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:270-5. [PMID: 23769635 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcosis is a common cause of pathology and mortality in fishes resulting in significant economic losses for the aquaculture industry. One etiologic agent of the disease, Streptococcus parauberis, has been associated with fish mortalities in Spain and Korea. Here we report the first identification of S. parauberis in wild finfish in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Gram-positive cocci were isolated from the spleens of striped bass, Morone saxatilis, and identified via species-specific primers and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Biochemical characterization and antibiotic susceptibility tests were used to compare local isolates to isolates infecting aquacultured fishes and dairy cattle. This is also the first report of a plasmid in S. parauberis from any host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Haines
- Norfolk State University, Department of Biology, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA.
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Gauthier DT, Audemard CA, Carlsson JEL, Darden TL, Denson MR, Reece KS, Carlsson J. Genetic population structure of US atlantic coastal striped bass (Morone saxatilis). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 104:510-20. [PMID: 23682125 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/est031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic population structure of anadromous striped bass along the US Atlantic coast was analyzed using 14 neutral nuclear DNA microsatellites. Young-of-the-year and adult striped bass (n = 1114) were sampled from Hudson River, Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Analyses indicated clear population structure with significant genetic differentiation between all regions. Global multilocus F ST was estimated at 0.028 (P < 0.001). Population structure followed an isolation-by-distance model and temporal sampling indicated a stable population structure more than 2 years at all locations. Significant structure was absent within Hudson River, whereas weak but significant genetic differences were observed between northern and southern samples in Chesapeake Bay. The largest and smallest effective striped bass population sizes were found in Chesapeake Bay and South Carolina, respectively. Coalescence analysis indicated that the highest historical gene flow has been between Chesapeake Bay and Hudson River populations, and that exchange has not been unidirectional. Bayesian analysis of contemporary migration indicated that Chesapeake Bay serves as a major source of migrants for Atlantic coastal regions from Albemarle Sound northward. In addition to examining population genetic structure, the data acquired during this project were capable of serving as a baseline for assigning fish with unknown origin to source region.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Gauthier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, 202E Mills Godwin Building, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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Gauthier DT, Helenthal AM, Rhodes MW, Vogelbein WK, Kator HI. Characterization of photochromogenic Mycobacterium spp. from Chesapeake Bay striped bass Morone saxatilis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 95:113-124. [PMID: 21848119 DOI: 10.3354/dao02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A large diversity of Mycobacterium spp. has been isolated from striped bass Morone saxatilis in Chesapeake Bay, USA. The new species M. shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii are the dominant isolates, while the classical fish pathogen M. marinum is found much less frequently. M. fortuitum and M. chelonae, other Mycobacterium spp. known to commonly infect fishes, have not yet been aseptically isolated from striped bass within Chesapeake Bay. While M. pseudoshottsii and M. shottsii have been phenotypically and genotypically characterized, other less common mycobacterial isolates have not. In the present study, we describe 17 photochromogenic isolates from Chesapeake Bay striped bass using phenotypic characterization and multilocus sequencing of 16S rRNA, hsp65 and rpoB genes. Genetic characterization reveals that these isolates are related to widely divergent portions of the mycobacterial phylogeny; however, some interesting trends are observed, such as a majority of isolates (10/17) belonging to the M. simiae-related grouping. Five additional isolates were assigned to the slow-growing mycobacteria (including 2 identified as M. marinum), while 2 are clearly shown to belong genetically to the fast-growing mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Gauthier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA.
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Kent ML, Buchner C, Watral VG, Sanders JL, Ladu J, Peterson TS, Tanguay RL. Development and maintenance of a specific pathogen-free (SPF) zebrafish research facility for Pseudoloma neurophilia. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 95:73-9. [PMID: 21797038 PMCID: PMC3956677 DOI: 10.3354/dao02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoloma neurophilia (Microsporidia) is very common in zebrafish Danio rerio research facilities. A new zebrafish facility has been established at the Sinnhuber Aquatic Resource Laboratory (SARL), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A., and this was an opportunity to establish a specific pathogen-free (SPF) colony of zebrafish for this microsporidium. Progeny from 9 zebrafish lines (n=2203) were initially transferred to the SARL facility in 2007 following PCR screening of broodstock and a subpopulation of progeny (258 of 1000 fish from each family). Screening of fish for P. neurophilia within the facility was conducted as follows: (1) Moribund or dead fish were examined by histology. (2) Each line was regenerated on a 4 mo rotation, and a subsample of each of these major propagations (60 fry, in pools of 10) was PCR-screened at 10 d post hatch. (3) Adult fish (approximately 1 yr old) from each line were euthanized; 20 fish were examined by histology and the brains of another 60 fish (in pools of 5) were screened by PCR. (4) This screening was replicated on sentinel fish held in 4 tanks receiving effluent water from all tanks in the facility (20 fish per tank). (5) Four-month old fish (n=760) from a toxicology study conducted within the laboratory were examined by histology. To date, we have evaluated 2800 fish by PCR and 1222 fish by histology without detecting P. neurophilia. Thus, we have established 9 lines of zebrafish SPF for P. neurophilia. However, 26 fish exhibited mycobacteriosis, with acid-fast bacteria present in tissue sections, and 49 other fish had incidental lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
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Zerihun MA, Berg V, Lyche JL, Colquhoun DJ, Poppe TT. Mycobacterium salmoniphilum infection in burbot Lota lota. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 95:57-64. [PMID: 21797036 DOI: 10.3354/dao02347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Burbot Lota lota sampled from lakes Mjosa and Losna in southeastern Norway between 2005 and 2008 were found to be infected with Mycobacterium salmoniphilum at a culture-positive prevalence of 18.6 and 3.3%, respectively. The condition factor (CF) of mycobacteria-affected fish sampled from Mjøsa in 2008 was lower than the average CF of total sampled fish the same year. Externally visible pathological changes included skin ulceration, petechiae, exopthalmia and cataract. Internally, the infections were associated with capsulated, centrally necrotic granulomas, containing large numbers of acid-fast bacilli, found mainly in the mesenteries, spleen, heart and swim bladder. Mycobacterial isolates recovered on Middlebrook 7H10 agar were confirmed as M. salmoniphilum by phenotypical investigation and by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA, rpoB and Hsp65genes as well as the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) locus. This study adds burbot to the list of fish species susceptible to piscine mycobacteriosis and describes M. salmoniphilum infection in a non-salmonid fish for the first time.
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Jeon SJ, Gonsalves LC, Jacobs JM, Rhodes M, Councilman J, Baya A, May EB, Fast MD. Short-term infection of striped bass Morone saxatilis with Mycobacterium marinum. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 94:117-124. [PMID: 21648240 DOI: 10.3354/dao02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Striped bass Morone saxatilis were studied in order to characterize their immune responses over the short term following challenge with Mycobacterium marinum. The expression of immunity-related genes (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, Nramp and TGF-beta) quickly increased following infection with M. marinum, but these genes were subsequently down-regulated despite the fact that bacterial counts remained high. The number of monocytes and neutrophils also initially increased at 1 d postinfection. This confirms the importance of these types of cells in initial inflammation and mycobacterial infection in striped bass. The phagocytic index of splenic leukocytes over these same time frames did not change significantly following infection. The discrete window in which inflammatory mechanisms were stimulated in striped bass may be related to the intracellular nature of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Jeon
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, USA
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Identifying the age cohort responsible for transmission in a natural outbreak of Bordetella bronchiseptica. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001224. [PMID: 21187891 PMCID: PMC3002977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the major routes of disease transmission and reservoirs of infection are needed to increase our understanding of disease dynamics and improve disease control. Despite this, transmission events are rarely observed directly. Here we had the unique opportunity to study natural transmission of Bordetella bronchiseptica--a directly transmitted respiratory pathogen with a wide mammalian host range, including sporadic infection of humans--within a commercial rabbitry to evaluate the relative effects of sex and age on the transmission dynamics therein. We did this by developing an a priori set of hypotheses outlining how natural B. bronchiseptica infections may be transmitted between rabbits. We discriminated between these hypotheses by using force-of-infection estimates coupled with random effects binomial regression analysis of B. bronchiseptica age-prevalence data from within our rabbit population. Force-of-infection analysis allowed us to quantify the apparent prevalence of B. bronchiseptica while correcting for age structure. To determine whether transmission is largely within social groups (in this case litter), or from an external group, we used random-effect binomial regression to evaluate the importance of social mixing in disease spread. Between these two approaches our results support young weanlings--as opposed to, for example, breeder or maternal cohorts--as the age cohort primarily responsible for B. bronchiseptica transmission. Thus age-prevalence data, which is relatively easy to gather in clinical or agricultural settings, can be used to evaluate contact patterns and infer the likely age-cohort responsible for transmission of directly transmitted infections. These insights shed light on the dynamics of disease spread and allow an assessment to be made of the best methods for effective long-term disease control.
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Blazer VS, Iwanowicz LR, Starliper CE, Iwanowicz DD, Barbash P, Hedrick JD, Reeser SJ, Mullican JE, Zaugg SD, Burkhardt MR, Kelble J. Mortality of centrarchid fishes in the Potomac drainage: survey results and overview of potential contributing factors. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2010; 22:190-218. [PMID: 21192549 DOI: 10.1577/h10-002.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Skin lesions and spring mortality events of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and selected other species were first noted in the South Branch of the Potomac River in 2002. Since that year morbidity and mortality have also been observed in the Shenandoah and Monocacy rivers. Despite much research, no single pathogen, parasite, or chemical cause for the lesions and mortality has been identified. Numerous parasites, most commonly trematode metacercariae and myxozoans; the bacterial pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, and Flavobacterium columnare; and largemouth bass virus have all been observed. None have been consistently isolated or observed at all sites, however, nor has any consistent microscopic pathology of the lesions been observed. A variety of histological changes associated with exposure to environmental contaminants or stressors, including intersex (testicular oocytes), high numbers of macrophage aggregates, oxidative damage, gill lesions, and epidermal papillomas, were observed. The findings indicate that selected sensitive species may be stressed by multiple factors and constantly close to the threshold between a sustainable (healthy) and nonsustainable (unhealthy) condition. Fish health is often used as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health, and these findings raise concerns about environmental degradation within the Potomac River drainage. Unfortunately, while much information has been gained from the studies conducted to date, due to the multiple state jurisdictions involved, competing interests, and other issues, there has been no coordinated approach to identifying and mitigating the stressors. This synthesis emphasizes the need for multiyear, interdisciplinary, integrative research to identify the underlying stressors and possible management actions to enhance ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Blazer
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, USA.
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Quantitative PCR assay for Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii and Mycobacterium shottsii and application to environmental samples and fishes from the Chesapeake Bay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:6171-9. [PMID: 20656856 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01091-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the Chesapeake Bay are currently experiencing a very high prevalence of mycobacteriosis associated with newly described Mycobacterium species, Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii and M. shottsii. The ecology of these mycobacteria outside the striped bass host is currently unknown. In this work, we developed quantitative real-time PCR assays for M. pseudoshottsii and M. shottsii and applied these assays to DNA extracts from Chesapeake Bay water and sediment samples, as well as to tissues from two dominant prey of striped bass, Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) and bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli). Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii was found to be ubiquitous in water samples from the main stem of the Chesapeake Bay and was also present in water and sediments from the Rappahannock River, Virginia. M. pseudoshottsii was also detected in menhaden and anchovy tissues. In contrast, M. shottsii was not detected in water, sediment, or prey fish tissues. In conjunction with its nonpigmented phenotype, which is frequently found in obligately pathogenic mycobacteria of humans, this pattern of occurrence suggests that M. shottsii may be an obligate pathogen of striped bass.
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Sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK-1) regulates Mycobacterium smegmatis infection in macrophages. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10657. [PMID: 20498849 PMCID: PMC2871783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase-1 is known to mediate Mycobacterium smegmatis induced inflammatory responses in macrophages, but its role in controlling infection has not been reported to date. We aimed to unravel the significance of SphK-1 in controlling M. smegmatis infection in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our results demonstrated for the first time that selective inhibition of SphK-1 by either D, L threo dihydrosphingosine (DHS; a competitive inhibitor of Sphk-1) or Sphk-1 siRNA rendered RAW macrophages sensitive to M. smegmatis infection. This was due to the reduction in the expression of iNOs, p38, pp-38, late phagosomal marker, LAMP-2 and stabilization of the RelA (pp-65) subunit of NF-kappaB. This led to a reduction in the generation of NO and secretion of TNF-alpha in infected macrophages. Congruently, overexpression of SphK-1 conferred resistance in macrophages to infection which was due to enhancement in the generation of NO and expression of iNOs, pp38 and LAMP-2. In addition, our results also unraveled a novel regulation of p38MAPK by SphK-1 during M. smegmatis infection and generation of NO in macrophages. Enhanced NO generation and expression of iNOs in SphK-1++ infected macrophages demonstrated their M-1(bright) phenotype of these macrophages. These findings thus suggested a novel antimycobacterial role of SphK-1 in macrophages.
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Gauthier DT, Vogelbein WK, Rhodes MW, Reece KS. Nested polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Mycobacterium shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii in striped bass. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2008; 20:192-201. [PMID: 19306608 DOI: 10.1577/h07-037.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wild striped bass Morone saxatilis in Chesapeake Bay are experiencing a high prevalence of mycobacteriosis, which produces granulomatous lesions of the skin and visceral organs. Culture-based studies have indicated that the newly described species Mycobacterium shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii are the dominant isolates from diseased fish. The classical fish pathogen M. marinum is also found, albeit at much lower frequencies. Both M. shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii are extremely slow-growing on standard selective media, and up to 12 months may be required for isolation and characterization. Epidemiological studies of mycobacteriosis in Chesapeake Bay would therefore benefit from rapid molecular assays with which to detect these species in fish. In this paper, we describe the development of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays capable of detecting M. shottsii, M. pseudoshottsii, and, in most instances, coinfections thereof in striped bass tissues. In addition, PCR-RFLP assays were designed to detect M. marinum and other as-yet-undescribed Mycobacterium spp. present in Chesapeake Bay striped bass. Comparison of these molecular assays with culture-based techniques using splenic tissue from wild striped bass yielded generally concordant results and demonstrated the applicability of these techniques to the study of wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Gauthier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA.
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