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Vander Pluym D, Mason NA. Toward a comparative framework for studies of altitudinal migration. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70240. [PMID: 39219567 PMCID: PMC11364985 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The study and importance of altitudinal migration has attracted increasing interest among zoologists. Altitudinal migrants are taxonomically widespread and move across altitudinal gradients as partial or complete migrants, subjecting them to a wide array of environments and ecological interactions. Here, we present a brief synthesis of recent developments in the field and suggest future directions toward a more taxonomically inclusive comparative framework for the study of altitudinal migration. Our framework centers on a working definition of altitudinal migration that hinges on its biological relevance, which is scale-dependent and related to fitness outcomes. We discuss linguistic nuances of altitudinal movements and provide concrete steps to compare altitudinal migration phenomena across traditionally disparate study systems. Together, our comparative framework outlines a "phenotypic space" that contextualizes the biotic and abiotic interactions encountered by altitudinal migrants from divergent lineages and biomes. We also summarize new opportunities, methods, and challenges for the ongoing study of altitudinal migration. A persistent, primary challenge is characterizing the taxonomic extent of altitudinal migration within and among species. Fortunately, a host of new methods have been developed to help researchers assess the taxonomic prevalence of altitudinal migration-each with their own advantages and disadvantages. An improved comparative framework will allow researchers that study disparate disciplines and taxonomic groups to better communicate and to test hypotheses regarding the evolutionary and ecological drivers underlying variation in altitudinal migration among populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vander Pluym
- Department of Biological Sciences, Museum of Natural ScienceLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Nicholas A. Mason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Museum of Natural ScienceLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
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2
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Somveille M, Bossu CM, DeSaix MG, Alvarado AH, Gómez Villaverde S, Rodríguez Otero G, Hernández-Baños BE, Smith TB, Ruegg KC. Broad-scale seasonal climate tracking is a consequence, not a driver, of avian migratory connectivity. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14496. [PMID: 39132717 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Tracking climatic conditions throughout the year is often assumed to be an adaptive behaviour underlying seasonal migration patterns in animal populations. We investigate this hypothesis using genetic markers data to map migratory connectivity for 27 genetically distinct bird populations from 7 species. We found that the variation in seasonal climate tracking across our suite of populations at a continental scale is more likely a consequence, rather than a direct driver, of migratory connectivity, which is primarily shaped by energy efficiency-i.e., optimizing the balance between accessing available resources and movement costs. However, our results also suggest that regional-scale seasonal precipitation tracking affects population migration destinations, thus revealing a potential scale dependency of ecological processes driving migration. Our results have implications for the conservation of these migratory species under climate change, as populations tracking climate seasonally are potentially at higher risk if they adapt to a narrow range of climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Somveille
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Christen M Bossu
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew G DeSaix
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Allison H Alvarado
- Department of Biology, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, California, USA
| | | | - Genaro Rodríguez Otero
- Museo de Zoología, Departmento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Blanca E Hernández-Baños
- Museo de Zoología, Departmento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Thomas B Smith
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute for the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristen C Ruegg
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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3
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Quimbayo JP, Murphy SJ, Jarzyna MA. Functional reorganization of North American wintering avifauna. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14430. [PMID: 38714364 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Wintering birds serve as vital climate sentinels, yet they are often overlooked in studies of avian diversity change. Here, we provide a continental-scale characterization of change in multifaceted wintering avifauna and examine the effects of climate change on these dynamics. We reveal a strong functional reorganization of wintering bird communities marked by a north-south gradient in functional diversity change, along with a superimposed mild east-west gradient in trait composition change. Assemblages in the northern United States saw contractions of the functional space and increases in functional evenness and originality, while the southern United States saw smaller contractions of the functional space and stasis in evenness and originality. Shifts in functional diversity were underlined by significant reshuffling in trait composition, particularly pronounced in the western and northern United States. Finally, we find strong contributions of climate change to this functional reorganization, underscoring the importance of wintering birds in tracking climate change impacts on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Quimbayo
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen J Murphy
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Marta A Jarzyna
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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4
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Iknayan KJ, Heath SK, Terrill SB, Wenny DG, Panlasigui S, Wang Y, Beller EE, Spotswood EN. Patterns in bird and pollinator occupancy and richness in a mosaic of urban office parks across scales and seasons. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10958. [PMID: 38435017 PMCID: PMC10905236 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is a leading cause of global biodiversity loss, yet cities can provide resources required by many species throughout the year. In recognition of this, cities around the world are adopting strategies to increase biodiversity. These efforts would benefit from a robust understanding of how natural and enhanced features in urbanized areas influence various taxa. We explored seasonal and spatial patterns in occupancy and taxonomic richness of birds and pollinators among office parks in Santa Clara County, California, USA, where natural features and commercial landscaping have generated variation in conditions across scales. We surveyed birds and insect pollinators, estimated multi-species occupancy and species richness, and found that spatial scale (local, neighborhood, and landscape scale), season, and urban sensitivity were all important for understanding how communities occupied sites. Features at the landscape (distance to streams or baylands) and local scale (tree canopy, shrub, or impervious cover) were the strongest predictors of avian occupancy in all seasons. Pollinator richness was influenced by local tree canopy and impervious cover in spring, and distance to baylands in early and late summer. We then predicted the relative contributions of different spatial scales to annual bird species richness by simulating "good" and "poor" quality sites based on influential covariates returned by the previous models. Shifting from poor to good quality conditions locally increased annual avian richness by up to 6.8 species with no predicted effect on the quality of the neighborhood. Conversely, sites of poor local and neighborhood scale quality in good-quality landscapes were predicted to harbor 11.5 more species than sites of good local- and neighborhood-scale quality in poor-quality landscapes. Finally, more urban-sensitive bird species were gained at good quality sites relative to urban tolerant species, suggesting that urban natural features at the local and landscape scales disproportionately benefited them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yiwei Wang
- San Francisco Bay Bird ObservatoryMilpitasCaliforniaUSA
| | - Erin E. Beller
- Real Estate and Workplace Services Sustainability Team, Google Inc.Mountain ViewCaliforniaUSA
| | - Erica N. Spotswood
- San Francisco Estuary InstituteRichmondCaliforniaUSA
- Second NatureOaklandCaliforniaUSA
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Nadal J, Sáez D, Volponi S, Serra L, Spina F, Margalida A. The effects of cities on quail (Coturnix coturnix) migration: a disturbing story of population connectivity, health, and ecography. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:266. [PMID: 38353774 PMCID: PMC10867070 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The increasing impact of human activities on ecosystems is provoking a profound and dangerous effect, particularly in wildlife. Examining the historical migration patterns of quail (Coturnix coturnix) offers a compelling case study to demonstrate the repercussions of human actions on biodiversity. Urbanization trends, where people gravitate toward mega-urban areas, amplify this effect. The proliferation of artificial urban ecosystems extends its influence across every biome, as human reliance on infrastructure and food sources alters ecological dynamics extensively. We examine European quail migrations pre- and post-World War II and in the present day. Our study concentrates on the Italian peninsula, investigating the historical and contemporary recovery of ringed quail populations. To comprehend changes in quail migration, we utilize trajectory analysis, open statistical data, and linear generalized models. We found that while human population and economic growth have shown a linear increase, quail recovery rates exhibit a U-shaped trajectory, and cereal and legume production displays an inverse U-shaped pattern. Generalized linear models have unveiled the significant influence of several key factors-time periods, cereal and legume production, and human demographics-on quail recovery rates. These factors closely correlate with the levels of urbanization observed across these timeframes. These insights underscore the profound impact of expanding human populations and the rise of mega-urbanization on ecosystem dynamics and services. As our planet becomes more urbanized, the pressure on ecosystems intensifies, highlighting the urgent need for concerted efforts directed toward conserving and revitalizing ecosystem integrity. Simultaneously, manage the needs and demands of burgeoning mega-urban areas. Achieving this balance is pivotal to ensuring sustainable coexistence between urban improvement and the preservation of our natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Nadal
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Wildlife, Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Avd. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
| | - David Sáez
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Wildlife, Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Avd. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Stefano Volponi
- Area Avifauna Migratrice, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Via Cà Fornacetta, 9, I-40064, Ozzano Emilia BO, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Serra
- Area Avifauna Migratrice, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Via Cà Fornacetta, 9, I-40064, Ozzano Emilia BO, Italy
| | - Fernando Spina
- Area Avifauna Migratrice, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Via Cà Fornacetta, 9, I-40064, Ozzano Emilia BO, Italy
| | - Antoni Margalida
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC), Avda. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria, 12, 22700, Jaca, Spain
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Guo F, Buler JJ, Smolinsky JA, Wilcove DS. Seasonal patterns and protection status of stopover hotspots for migratory landbirds in the eastern United States. Curr Biol 2024; 34:235-244.e3. [PMID: 38091989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Migratory landbirds in North America are experiencing dramatic population declines. Although considerable research and conservation attention have been directed toward these birds' breeding and wintering grounds, far less is known about the areas used as stopover sites during migration. To address this knowledge gap, we used 5 years of weather surveillance radar data to map seasonal stopover densities of landbirds across the eastern United States during spring and autumn migration. We identified stopover hotspots covering 2.47 million ha that consistently support high densities of migratory landbirds in spring or autumn. However, only 16.7% of these sites are hotspots in both seasons. The distribution of hotspots is shifted eastward in autumn compared with spring. Deciduous forest is the most important habitat type in both seasons, with deciduous forest fragments embedded in broadly deforested regions having the highest probability of being hotspots. The concentration of birds in these forest fragments is stronger in spring, especially in the agricultural Midwest. We found generally higher stopover densities in protected areas than in unprotected areas in both seasons. Nonetheless, only one-third of identified stopover hotspots have some sort of protected status, and more than half of these protected hotspots are subject to extractive uses. A well-distributed network of well-protected stopover areas, complementing conservation efforts on the breeding and wintering grounds, is essential to sustaining healthy populations of migratory landbirds in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Guo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Jeffrey J Buler
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Smolinsky
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - David S Wilcove
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Alario A, Trevino M, Justen H, Woodman CJ, Roth TC, Delmore KE. Learning and memory in hybrid migratory songbirds: cognition as a reproductive isolating barrier across seasons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10866. [PMID: 37407574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid zones can be used to identify traits that maintain reproductive isolation and contribute to speciation. Cognitive traits may serve as post-mating reproductive isolating barriers, reducing the fitness of hybrids if, for example, misexpression occurs in hybrids and disrupts important neurological mechanisms. We tested this hypothesis in a hybrid zone between two subspecies of Swainson's thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) using two cognitive tests-an associative learning spatial test and neophobia test. We included comparisons across the sexes and seasons (spring migration and winter), testing if hybrid females performed worse than males (as per Haldane's rule) and if birds (regardless of ancestry or sex) performed better during migration, when they are building navigational maps and encountering new environments. We documented reduced cognitive abilities in hybrids, but this result was limited to males and winter. Hybrid females did not perform worse than males in either season. Although season was a significant predictor of performance, contrary to our prediction, all birds learned faster during the winter. The hypothesis that cognitive traits could serve as post-mating isolating barriers is relatively new; this is one of the first tests in a natural hybrid zone and non-food-caching species. We also provide one of the first comparisons of cognitive abilities between seasons. Future neurostructural and neurophysiological work should be used to examine mechanisms underlying our behavioral observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Alario
- Texas A&M University, 3528 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Marlene Trevino
- Texas A&M University, 3528 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hannah Justen
- Texas A&M University, 3528 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Timothy C Roth
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, 17603, USA
| | - Kira E Delmore
- Texas A&M University, 3528 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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8
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Teitelbaum CS, Bachner NC, Hall RJ. Post‐migratory nonbreeding movements of birds: A review and case study. Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
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9
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Estimating population dynamics trajectories of raptors from a multi-species hierarchical distance sampling model. ECOL INFORM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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10
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Schunck F, Silveira LF, Candia-Gallardo C. Seasonal altitudinal movements of birds in Brazil: a review. ZOOLOGIA 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Schunck
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Museu de Zoologia, Brazil; Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos, Brazil
| | - Luís Fábio Silveira
- Museu de Zoologia, Brazil; Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos, Brazil
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Sonnleitner J, LaZerte SE, McKellar AE, Flood NJ, Reudink MW. Rapid shifts in migration routes and breeding latitude in North American bluebirds. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Sonnleitner
- Department of Biological Sciences Thompson Rivers University Kamloops British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Ann E. McKellar
- Wildlife Research Division Environment and Climate Change Canada Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Nancy J. Flood
- Department of Biological Sciences Thompson Rivers University Kamloops British Columbia Canada
| | - Matthew W. Reudink
- Department of Biological Sciences Thompson Rivers University Kamloops British Columbia Canada
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12
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Korpach AM, Davy CM, Mills A, Fraser KC. Migratory connectivity and timing for an at-risk Canadian landbird, Eastern Whip-poor-will ( Antrostomus vociferus), from two geographically distant breeding areas. CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Determining the year-round spatial distributions of at-risk avian migratory species is critical for effective conservation. High-precision tracking enables the identification of distant breeding and nonbreeding areas and their connectivity, as well as migratory routes and associated threats. We GPS-tracked two groups of Eastern Whip-poor-wills ( Antrostomus vociferus (A. Wilson, 1812)) that breed near the northern edge of their range, in Manitoba and northwestern Ontario (“west”), and in southern Ontario (“east”), Canada. The western-breeding birds were also ∼5° of latitude farther north than the eastern birds. We aimed to determine the degree of spatiotemporal overlap between the two groups during fall migration and at tropical wintering sites. We found that western-breeding birds departed earlier on migration than eastern-breeding birds, but we did not detect a difference in arrival timing to wintering sites. The two breeding groups retained spatial structure during migration, until all routes converged to circumnavigate the Gulf of Mexico. Western-breeding birds overwintered at sites farther south than eastern-breeding birds, consistent with a leapfrog pattern of migration. Quantifying the strength of migratory connectivity in at-risk species can be a first step toward defining breeding populations and informing customized conservation strategies throughout the annual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Korpach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Christina M. Davy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, ON K9J 3C7, Canada
| | - Alex Mills
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Kevin C. Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Pfingstl T, Schäffer S, Bardel-Kahr I, Baumann J. A closer look reveals hidden diversity in the intertidal Caribbean Fortuyniidae (Acari, Oribatida). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268964. [PMID: 35704591 PMCID: PMC9200316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular genetic and morphometric investigation revealed the supposedly widespread Caribbean and Western Atlantic intertidal oribatid mite species Fortuynia atlantica to comprise at least two different species. Although there are no distinct morphological differences separating these taxa, COI and 18S sequence divergence data, as well as different species delimitation analyses, clearly identify the two species. Fortuynia atlantica is distributed in the northern Caribbean and the Western Atlantic and the new Fortuynia antillea sp. nov. is presently endemic to Barbados. Vicariance is supposed to be responsible for their genetic diversification and stabilizing selection caused by the extreme intertidal environment is suggested to be the reason for the found morphological stasis. The genetic structure of Fortuynia atlantica indicates that Bermudian populations are derived from the northern Caribbean and thus support the theory of dispersal by drifting on the Gulf Stream. Haplotype network data suggest that Bermudian and Bahamian populations were largely shaped by colonization, expansion and extinction events caused by dramatic sea level changes during the Pleistocene. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis based on 18S gene sequences indicates that the globally distributed genus Fortuynia may be a monophyletic group, whereas Caribbean and Western Atlantic members are distinctly separated from the Indo-Pacific and Western Pacific species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pfingstl
- Institute of Biology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Sylvia Schäffer
- Institute of Biology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Iris Bardel-Kahr
- Institute of Biology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Baumann
- Institute of Biology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Vincent JG, Schuster R, Wilson S, Fink D, Bennett JR. Clustering community science data to infer songbird migratory connectivity in the Western Hemisphere. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Schuster
- Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program University of Northern British Columbia Prince George British Columbia Canada
- The Nature Conservancy of Canada Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Scott Wilson
- Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Wildlife Research Division Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada Delta British Columbia Canada
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca New York USA
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15
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Kinnunen RP, Fraser KC, Schmidt C, Garroway CJ. The socioeconomic status of cities covaries with avian life‐history strategies. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka P. Kinnunen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Building University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Kevin C. Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Building University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Chloé Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Building University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Colin J. Garroway
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Building University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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16
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Fang B, Yang Z, Shen M, Wu X, Hu J. Limited increase in asynchrony between the onset of spring green-up and the arrival of a long-distance migratory bird. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148823. [PMID: 34229240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For many migrant bird species around the world, climate change has been shown to induce changes in the timings of arrival and the onset of spring food availability at breeding sites. However, whether such changes enlarged asynchrony between the timings of spring arrival of long-distance migratory birds and onset of vegetation greenness increase remain controversial. We used a 29-year phenological dataset to investigate the temporal changes in spring first-sighting date (FSD) of a long-distance migratory bird (barn swallow, Hirundo rustica), from observations at 160 local breeding sites across northern China, and the vegetation green-up onset date (VGD), determined from satellite observations of vegetation greenness. We found that both FSD and VGD trended earlier at over two-thirds of the breeding sites. FSD significantly advanced at 26.9% of the sites, and VGD significantly advanced at 23.8% of the sites. The degree of asynchrony between FSD and VGD changed significantly at one-third of the breeding sites (22.5% with an increase versus 11.3% with a decrease), leading to a limited increase of phenological mismatch. We speculated that climate change did not disrupt the climatic connections between most breeding sites and corresponding non-breeding sites (wintering grounds and migration routes). Our findings suggest that climate change may not greatly increase phenological mismatch between first arrival date of barn swallows and VGD at breeding sites. Importantly, this study should serve as a cue to encourage ecologists and conservation biologists to expand the context under which to explore the ecological consequences of phenological shifts beyond asynchrony, such as individual survival, population demography and ecosystem-level consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Naqu Alpine Grassland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tibet, China
| | - Miaogen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junhua Hu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.
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17
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Abu Seri N, Abd Rahman A. Impact of Climate Change on Migratory Birds in Asia. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 29. [DOI: 10.47836/pjst.29.4.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is not something that has never happened before. However, it has recently been reported that climate change has affected living things such as humans, animals and plants. Among the animals that may be vulnerable to the effects of climate change are migratory bird species. Therefore, this review paper will emphasise the checklist of migratory bird species found to be affected by climate change. Data for bird migration species in Asia are obtained from the Birdlife Data Zone. At the same time, the data for Global land surface temperature (1910-2020) and Asia land surface temperature (1910-2020) were taken from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for Environmental information. These papers showed that climate warming could affect species differently, but there are still species from certain populations not affected at all. This paper also reviewed that approximately 169 species of migratory birds in Asia are affected by climate change and severe weather. Of the total, 5 species (2.96%) are critically endangered, 8 (4.73%) endangered, 21 (12.43%) vulnerable, 27 (15.98%) near threatened and 123 (63.91%) least concern.
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Jones NK, McCormick GA. Bird-Arrival Dates and Climate Change, Sherbrooke, Quebec. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2021. [DOI: 10.1656/045.028.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norman K. Jones
- Bishop's University, Department of Environment and Geography, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7, Canada
| | - Gary A.F. McCormick
- Bishop's University, Library Learning Commons, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7, Canada
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Akresh ME, King DI, Marra PP. Hatching date influences winter habitat occupancy: Examining seasonal interactions across the full annual cycle in a migratory songbird. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9241-9253. [PMID: 34306620 PMCID: PMC8293775 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Birds experience a sequence of critical events during their life cycle, and past events can subsequently determine future performance via carry-over effects. Events during the non-breeding season may influence breeding season phenology or productivity. Less is understood about how events during the breeding season affect individuals subsequently in their life cycle. Using stable carbon isotopes, we examined carry-over effects throughout the annual cycle of prairie warblers (Setophaga discolor), a declining Nearctic-Neotropical migratory passerine bird. In drier winters, juvenile males that hatched earlier at our study site in Massachusetts, USA, occupied wetter, better-quality winter habitat in the Caribbean, as indicated by depleted carbon isotope signatures. For juveniles that were sampled again as adults, repeatability in isotope signatures indicated similar winter habitat occupancy across years. Thus, hatching date of juvenile males appears to influence lifetime winter habitat occupancy. For adult males, reproductive success did not carry over to influence winter habitat occupancy. We did not find temporally consecutive "domino" effects across the annual cycle (breeding to wintering to breeding) or interseasonal, intergenerational effects. Our finding that a male's hatching date can have a lasting effect on winter habitat occupancy represents an important contribution to our understanding of seasonal interactions in migratory birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Akresh
- Department of Environmental StudiesAntioch University New EnglandKeeneNHUSA
- Department of Environmental ConservationUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMAUSA
| | - David I. King
- U.S. Forest Service Northern Research StationUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMAUSA
| | - Peter P. Marra
- Department of Biology and McCourt School of Public PolicyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
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20
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Cárdenas-Ortiz L, Bayly NJ, Hobson KA. Fuel loads of Neotropical migrant songbirds on autumn passage through the Darién region of Colombia: Influence of migratory distance, route, ENSO, age and body size. ANIMAL MIGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ami-2020-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Available energy stores determine stopover length, migration speed and likely survival in migrating birds. We measured energy stores by estimating fuel load in 11 species of Neotropical migrant songbirds in the Darién of Colombia over five years. We evaluated 1) whether individuals flying further from breeding origin arrived with smaller fuel loads, 2) if the ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) cycle affected fuel load and 3) if species known to migrate mostly overwater arrived with less fuel relative to those migrating overland. Breeding origin, inferred from feather δ2H values, only had a significant positive effect on fuel load in Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus). Veery (Catharus fuscescens) and Swainson’s thrush had higher and lower fuel loads, respectively, in El Niño years. Multi-species mixed-effects models revealed support for larger fuel loads in larger-bodied species and in species taking overwater routes, contrary to our prediction. Across species, we found no support for common effects of breeding origin or ENSO on fuel loads, in contrast to community-wide effects of migration route and body-size. In general, the variables considered here explained little of the variance in fuel loads, suggesting that inter-individual differences likely have a greater impact than broad-scale factors in our study system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cárdenas-Ortiz
- University of Saskatchewan . Department of Biology . 112 Science Place Saskatoon S7N 5E2, Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Bayly
- SELVA: Investigación para la Conservación en el Neotrópico . Diagonal 42A # 20-37, Bogotá D.C , Colombia
| | - Keith A. Hobson
- University of Saskatchewan . Department of Biology . 112 Science Place Saskatoon S7N 5E2, Saskatchewan, Canada Environment and Climate Change Canada. 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, S7N 3H5, Saskatchewan , Canada
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21
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Somveille M, Bay RA, Smith TB, Marra PP, Ruegg KC. A general theory of avian migratory connectivity. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1848-1858. [PMID: 34173311 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Birds exhibit a remarkable array of seasonal migrations. Despite much research describing migratory behaviour, the underlying forces driving how a species' breeding and wintering populations redistribute each year, that is, migratory connectivity, remain largely unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that birds migrate in a way that minimises energy expenditure while considering intraspecific competition for energy acquisition, by developing a modelling framework that simulates an optimal redistribution of individuals between breeding and wintering areas. Using 25 species across the Americas, we find that the model accurately predicts empirical migration patterns, and thus offers a general explanation for migratory connectivity based on first ecological and energetic principles. Our model provides a strong basis for exploring additional processes underlying the ecology and evolution of migration, but also a framework for predicting how migration impacts local adaptation across seasons and how environmental change may affect population dynamics in migratory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Somveille
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachael A Bay
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas B Smith
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute for the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter P Marra
- Department of Biology and McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, DC, USA
| | - Kristen C Ruegg
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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22
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Bégin-Marchand C, Desrochers A, Taylor PD, Tremblay JA, Berrigan L, Frei B, Morales A, Mitchell GW. Spatial structure in migration routes maintained despite regional convergence among eastern populations of Swainson's Thrushes. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2021; 9:23. [PMID: 33985582 PMCID: PMC8117314 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-021-00263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migratory connectivity links the different populations across the full cycle and across the species range and may lead to differences in survival among populations. Studies on spatial and temporal migratory connectivity along migration routes are rare, especially for small migratory animals. METHODS We used an automated radio-telemetry array to assess migratory connectivity en route and between early and later stages of the fall migration of the eastern populations of Swainson's Thrush, and to assess the variation of migration pace between consecutive detection from the different receiving stations along the migratory journey. We tracked 241 individuals from across eastern Canada to determine if populations were mixing around the Gulf of Mexico. We also tested the influence of tagging longitude, latitude and age on migration pace. RESULTS Migration routes varied and converged towards the northeast coast of the Gulf of Mexico, but in this region, populations maintained finer-scale spatial structure. Migration pace increased as birds progressed south, independent of age and tagging site. CONCLUSIONS We showed that for songbirds, migratory connectivity can be maintained at fine spatial scales despite the regional convergence of populations, highlighting the importance of detailed spatial tracking for identification of population specific migration routes. Overall, our study provides a portrait of migratory movements of eastern Swainson's Thrush and a framework for understanding spatial structure in migration routes for other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bégin-Marchand
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1550 d'Estimauville, Québec, QC, G1J 0C3, Canada.
| | - André Desrochers
- Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Philip D Taylor
- Acadia University, 33 Westwood Avenue, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
- Birds Canada, P.O. Box 6227, 17 Waterfowl Lane, Sackville, NB, E4L 1G6, Canada
| | - Junior A Tremblay
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1550 d'Estimauville, Québec, QC, G1J 0C3, Canada
- Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Lucas Berrigan
- Birds Canada, P.O. Box 6227, 17 Waterfowl Lane, Sackville, NB, E4L 1G6, Canada
| | - Barbara Frei
- McGill Bird Observatory, The Migration Research Foundation, Inc., PO Box 10005, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 0A6, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 351 boul. Saint-Joseph, Gatineau, QC, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Ana Morales
- McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste., Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Greg W Mitchell
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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Soriano-Redondo A, Gutiérrez JS, Hodgson D, Bearhop S. Migrant birds and mammals live faster than residents. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5719. [PMID: 33203869 PMCID: PMC7673136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Billions of vertebrates migrate to and from their breeding grounds annually, exhibiting astonishing feats of endurance. Many such movements are energetically costly yet there is little consensus on whether or how such costs might influence schedules of survival and reproduction in migratory animals. Here we provide a global analysis of associations between migratory behaviour and vertebrate life histories. After controlling for latitudinal and evolutionary patterns, we find that migratory birds and mammals have faster paces of life than their non-migratory relatives. Among swimming and walking species, migrants tend to have larger body size, while among flying species, migrants are smaller. We discuss whether pace of life is a determinant, consequence, or adaptive outcome, of migration. Our findings have important implications for the understanding of the migratory phenomenon and will help predict the responses of bird and mammal species to environmental change. Migration is costly. In the first global analysis of migratory vertebrates, authors report that migratory birds and mammals have faster paces of life than their non-migratory relatives, and that among swimming and walking species, migrants tend to be larger, while among flying species, migrants are smaller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Soriano-Redondo
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, TR10 9EZ, Penryn, United Kingdom.,CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge S Gutiérrez
- Conservation Biology Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Dave Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, TR10 9EZ, Penryn, United Kingdom.
| | - Stuart Bearhop
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, TR10 9EZ, Penryn, United Kingdom.
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Eyres A, Böhning‐Gaese K, Orme CDL, Rahbek C, Fritz SA. A tale of two seasons: The link between seasonal migration and climatic niches in passerine birds. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11983-11997. [PMID: 33209264 PMCID: PMC7663971 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of whether migratory birds track a specific climatic niche by seasonal movements has important implications for understanding the evolution of migration, the factors affecting species' distributions, and the responses of migrants to climate change. Despite much research, previous studies of bird migration have produced mixed results. However, whether migrants track climate is only one half of the question, the other being why residents remain in the same geographic range year-round. We provide a literature overview and test the hypothesis of seasonal niche tracking by evaluating seasonal climatic niche overlap across 437 migratory and resident species from eight clades of passerine birds. Seasonal climatic niches were based on a new global dataset of breeding and nonbreeding ranges. Overlap between climatic niches was quantified using ordination methods. We compared niche overlap of migratory species to two null expectations, (a) a scenario in which they do not migrate and (b) in comparison with the overlap experienced by closely related resident species, while controlling for breeding location and range size. Partly in accordance with the hypothesis of niche tracking, we found that the overlap of breeding versus nonbreeding climatic conditions in migratory species was greater than the overlap they would experience if they did not migrate. However, this was only true for migrants breeding outside the tropics and only relative to the overlap species would experience if they stayed in the breeding range year-round. In contrast to the hypothesis of niche tracking, migratory species experienced lower seasonal climatic niche overlap than resident species, with significant differences between tropical and nontropical species. Our study suggests that in seasonal nontropical environments migration away from the breeding range may serve to avoid seasonally harsh climate; however, different factors may drive seasonal movements in the climatically more stable tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Eyres
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurtGermany
| | - Katrin Böhning‐Gaese
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurtGermany
| | - C. David L. Orme
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondon, AscotUK
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Susanne A. Fritz
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurtGermany
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25
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Roberto-Charron A, Kennedy J, Reitsma L, Tremblay JA, Krikun R, Hobson KA, Ibarzabal J, Fraser KC. Widely distributed breeding populations of Canada warbler (Cardellina canadensis) converge on migration through Central America. BMC ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40850-020-00056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
To effectively conserve migratory species, the entire range encompassed by their annual life cycle needs to be considered. Most research on Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds has focused on the breeding grounds resulting in a general lack of knowledge regarding the wintering and migratory periods. The Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis) has declined by 71% from 1970 to 2012, at a rate of 2.9% per year, and is listed as Threatened in Canada. As with most Nearctic-Neotropical migrants, conservation efforts outside the breeding range are limited by a poor understanding of migration routes and the connectivity between specific breeding and wintering populations.
Results
To determine migratory routes of multiple breeding populations of Canada Warblers, we directly-tracked individuals using light-level geolocators deployed at four sites across the breeding range, spanning approximately 43 degrees in longitude (Alberta, Manitoba and Québec, Canada, and New Hampshire, USA). Twenty-five geolocators with usable data were recovered from three sites and were analyzed using FlightR to determine fall migration routes (n = 18) and individual wintering sites (n = 25). Individuals from all breeding populations took a western fall migration route at the Gulf of Mexico; with 77.8% of birds funnelling into a narrow geographic space along the western side of the Gulf of Mexico (97°W-99°W). We found no evidence for population-specific, parallel migration routes. Most individuals (72%) overwintered in Colombia. The remaining individuals overwintered in Venezuela.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrate convergence of migratory routes around a migration barrier for individuals originating from widely distributed breeding areas. Further, we suggest the potential importance of habitat around the Gulf of Mexico during migration and Andean forest in Colombia as overwintering habitat for this threatened species. Future research should be directed at understanding how these areas are used by Canada Warblers.
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Pyle P, Foster KR, Godwin CM, Kaschube DR, Saracco JF. Yearling proportion correlates with habitat structure in a boreal forest landbird community. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8898. [PMID: 32355574 PMCID: PMC7185041 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Landbird vital rates, such as productivity and adult survivorship, can be estimated by modeling mist-netting capture data. The proportion in which an adult breeding bird is 1 year of age (a “yearling”), however, has been studied only minimally in a few landbird species. Here we relate yearling proportion to habitat-structure covariates, including reclamation age, in a boreal forest landbird community. Data were collected at 35 constant-effort mist-netting stations over a 6-year period, and consisted of 12,714 captures of adults, of 29 landbird species, including 4,943 captures of yearlings. Accuracy of age determination (yearling or older) was assessed based on recapture data and error rates were estimated at a mean of 8.1% (range 0.0–19.4%) among the 29 species, with 20 species showing age-error rates <10%. The estimated mean yearling proportion was 0.407, ranging from 0.178 to 0.613 among species. Remote-sensed Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), a measure of habitat greenness, was positively correlated with age since reclamation up to 20 years, at which time it became comparable to that of natural stations. The probability of capturing a yearling for species associated with mature forest was lower at stations with higher EVI and the opposite was the case for species favoring successional habitats. These results suggest that yearling birds are being excluded from preferred breeding habitats by older birds through despotism and/or that yearlings are simply selecting poorer habitat due to lack of breeding experience or other factors. This dynamic appears to be operating in multiple species within this forest landbird community. Captured yearlings may also be “floaters”, or non-breeding individuals not holding territories. However, presuming that yearlings show lower reproductive success whether floating or not, our results suggest that stations with high yearling proportions could be located within sink as opposed to source habitats. Overall, we infer that yearling proportion may become an important vital-rate measure of habitat quality and reclamation efforts, when combined with indices of population size, productivity, reproductive condition and survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pyle
- The Institute for Bird Populations, Petaluma, CA, USA
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27
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Florida's Strategic Position for Collaborative Automated Telemetry Tracking of Avian Movements Across the Americas. JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.3996/082019-jfwm-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ramírez‐Cruz GA, Solano‐Zavaleta I, Méndez‐Janovitz M, Zúñiga‐Vega JJ. Demographic and spatial responses of resident bird populations to the arrival of migratory birds within an urban environment. POPUL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo A. Ramírez‐Cruz
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Israel Solano‐Zavaleta
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Marcela Méndez‐Janovitz
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - J. Jaime Zúñiga‐Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México Mexico
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Cresswell W, Kazeh NW, Patchett R. Local human population increase in the non‐breeding areas of long‐distance migrant bird species is only weakly associated with their declines, even for synanthropic species. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Will Cresswell
- Centre for Biological Diversity University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | | | - Robert Patchett
- Centre for Biological Diversity University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
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30
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Sergio F, Tavecchia G, Tanferna A, Blas J, Blanco G, Hiraldo F. When and where mortality occurs throughout the annual cycle changes with age in a migratory bird: individual vs population implications. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17352. [PMID: 31758057 PMCID: PMC6874661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual cycle of most animals is structured into discrete stages, such as breeding, migration and dispersal. While there is growing appreciation of the importance of different stages of an organism’s annual cycle for its fitness and population dynamics, almost nothing is known about if and how such seasonal effects can change through a species lifespan. Here, we take advantage of the opportunity offered by a long-term satellite/GPS-tracking study and a reliable method of remote death-detection to show that certain stages of both the annual and life cycle of a migratory long-lived raptor, the Black kite Milvus migrans, may represent sensitive bottlenecks for survival. In particular, migratory journeys caused bursts of concentrated-mortality throughout life, but the relative importance of stage-specific survival changed with age. On the other hand, the balance between short-stages of high mortality and long-stages of low mortality made population-growth similarly dependent on all portions of the annual cycle. Our results illustrate how the population dynamics of migratory organisms can be inextricably linked to ecological pressures balanced over multiple stages of the annual cycle and thus multiple areas of the globe, suggesting the frequent need for challenging conservation strategies targeting all portions of a species year-round range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Sergio
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, C/Americo Vespucio 26, 41092, Seville, Spain.
| | - Giacomo Tavecchia
- Animal Demography and Ecology Unit (GEDA), IMEDEA (CSIC/UIB), C/M. Marques 21, 07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - Alessandro Tanferna
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, C/Americo Vespucio 26, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Julio Blas
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, C/Americo Vespucio 26, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Guillermo Blanco
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Hiraldo
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, C/Americo Vespucio 26, 41092, Seville, Spain
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31
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Jahn AE, Cereghetti J, Cueto VR, Hallworth MT, Levey DJ, Marini MÂ, Masson D, Pizo MA, Sarasola JH, Tuero DT. Breeding latitude predicts timing but not rate of spring migration in a widespread migratory bird in South America. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5752-5765. [PMID: 31160996 PMCID: PMC6540664 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the processes that determine avian migratory strategies in different environmental contexts is imperative to understanding the constraints to survival and reproduction faced by migratory birds across the planet.We compared the spring migration strategies of Fork-tailed Flycatchers (Tyrannus s. savana) that breed at south-temperate latitudes (i.e., austral migrants) vs. tropical latitudes (i.e., intratropical migrants) in South America. We hypothesized that austral migrant flycatchers are more time-selected than intratropical migrants during spring migration. As such, we predicted that austral migrants, which migrate further than intratropical migrants, will migrate at a faster rate and that the rate of migration for austral migrants will be positively correlated with the onset of spring migration.We attached light-level geolocators to Fork-tailed Flycatchers at two tropical breeding sites in Brazil and at two south-temperate breeding sites in Argentina and tracked their movements until the following breeding season.Of 286 geolocators that were deployed, 37 were recovered ~1 year later, of which 28 provided useable data. Rate of spring migration did not differ significantly between the two groups, and only at one site was there a significantly positive relationship between date of initiation of spring migration and arrival date.This represents the first comparison of individual migratory strategies among conspecific passerines breeding at tropical vs. temperate latitudes and suggests that austral migrant Fork-tailed Flycatchers in South America are not more time-selected on spring migration than intratropical migrant conspecifics. Low sample sizes could have diminished our power to detect differences (e.g., between sexes), such that further research into the mechanisms underpinning migratory strategies in this poorly understood system is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E. Jahn
- Departamento de ZoologiaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaRio ClaroBrazil
| | - Joaquín Cereghetti
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de La PampaLa PampaArgentina
| | - Víctor R. Cueto
- Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica (CIEMEP)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia ‘‘San Juan Bosco’’EsquelArgentina
| | - Michael T. Hallworth
- Migratory Bird CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteWashington, DCUSA
| | | | | | - Diego Masson
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y MuseoUniversidad Nacional de La PlataLa PlataArgentina
| | - Marco A. Pizo
- Departamento de ZoologiaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaRio ClaroBrazil
| | - José Hernán Sarasola
- Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA)Universidad Nacional de La Pampa (UNLPam), and Instituto de las Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Santa Rosa, La PampaArgentina
| | - Diego T. Tuero
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesInstituto IEGEBA (CONICET‐UBA)Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
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Schuster R, Wilson S, Rodewald AD, Arcese P, Fink D, Auer T, Bennett JR. Optimizing the conservation of migratory species over their full annual cycle. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1754. [PMID: 30988288 PMCID: PMC6465267 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited knowledge of the distribution, abundance, and habitat associations of migratory species hinders effective conservation actions. We use Neotropical migratory birds as a model group to compare approaches to prioritize land conservation needed to support ≥30% of the global abundances of 117 species. Specifically, we compare scenarios from spatial optimization models to achieve conservation targets by: 1) area requirements for conserving >30% abundance of each species for each week of the year independently vs. combined; 2) including vs. ignoring spatial clustering of species abundance; and 3) incorporating vs. avoiding human-dominated landscapes. Solutions integrating information across the year require 56% less area than those integrating weekly abundances, with additional reductions when shared-use landscapes are included. Although incorporating spatial population structure requires more area, geographical representation among priority sites improves substantially. These findings illustrate that globally-sourced citizen science data can elucidate key trade-offs among opportunity costs and spatiotemporal representation of conservation efforts. Conservation decisions to protect land used by migratory birds rely on understanding species’ dynamic habitat associations. Here the authors identify conservation scenarios needed to maintain >30% of the abundances of 117 migratory birds across the Americas, considering spatial and temporal patterns of species abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Schuster
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada. .,Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Scott Wilson
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.,Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Amanda D Rodewald
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.,Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Fernow Hall, #111, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Tom Auer
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Joseph R Bennett
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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Hill JM, Renfrew RB. Migratory patterns and connectivity of two North American grassland bird species. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:680-692. [PMID: 30680148 PMCID: PMC6342103 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective management and conservation of migratory bird populations require knowledge and incorporation of their movement patterns and space use throughout the annual cycle. To investigate the little-known migratory patterns of two grassland bird species, we deployed 180 light-level geolocators on Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) and 29 Argos-GPS tags on Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) at Konza Prairie, Kansas, USA, and six US Department of Defense (DoD) installations distributed across the species' breeding ranges. We analyzed location data from 34 light-level geolocators and five Argos-GPS tags attached for 1 year to Grasshopper Sparrows and Eastern Meadowlarks, respectively. Grasshopper Sparrows were present on the breeding grounds from mid-April through early October, substantially longer than previously estimated, and migrated on average ~2,500 km over ~30 days. Grasshopper Sparrows exhibited strong migratory connectivity only at a continental scale. The North American Great Lakes region likely serves as a migratory divide for Midwest and East Coast Grasshopper Sparrows; Midwest populations (Kansas, Wisconsin, and North Dakota; n = 13) largely wintered in Texas or Mexico, whereas East Coast populations (Maryland and Massachusetts, n = 20) wintered in the northern Caribbean or Florida. Our data from Eastern Meadowlarks provided evidence for a diversity of stationary and short- and long-distance migration strategies. By providing the most extensive examination of the nonbreeding movement ecology for these two North American grassland bird species to date, we refine information gaps and provide key insight for their management and conservation.
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Schmaljohann H. The start of migration correlates with arrival timing, and the total speed of migration increases with migration distance in migratory songbirds: a cross-continental analysis. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2019; 7:25. [PMID: 31417677 PMCID: PMC6689889 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-019-0169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthropogenic changes in the climate and environment have globally affected ecological processes such that the spatiotemporal occurrence of the main annual cycle events (i.e., breeding, wintering, moulting, and migration) has shifted in migratory birds. Variation in arrival timing at migratory destinations can be proximately caused by an altered start of migration, total migration distance, and/or total speed of migration. Quantifying the relative contributions of these causes is important because this will indicate the mechanisms whereby birds could potentially adjust their annual cycle in response to global change. However, we have relatively little quantitative information about how each of these factors contributes to variation in arrival timing. My main aims are to estimate how arrival timing is correlated with variation in the start of migration and the total migration distance and how the total speed of migration may change with the total migration distance and body mass in a comprehensive analysis including multiple species. METHODS For this purpose, I considered individual tracks covering complete migrations from multiple species and distinguished between within- and between-species effects. RESULTS Assuming that the within- and between-species effects quantified under this approach agree with the effects acting at the individual level, starting migration one day later or increasing the total migration distance by 1000 km would result in later arrival timing by 0.4-0.8 days or 2-5 days, respectively. The generality with which the start of migration is correlated with arrival timing within species suggests that this is the general biological mechanism regulating arrival timing, rather than the total migration distance. The total speed of migration was positively correlated with the total migration distance but not with the bird's body mass. CONCLUSIONS As the start of migration is endogenously controlled and/or affected by hatching date, directional selection can probably act on existing within-species/within-population variation to alter arrival timing. This factor and the importance of variation in the start of migration for arrival timing suggest that migratory species/populations in which there is sufficient variation in the start of migration and transgenerational processes affect the corresponding timing may present an advantage over others in coping with anthropogenic-induced global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Schmaljohann
- Faculty of Biology/Environmental Sciences, University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Institute of Avian Research “Vogelwarte Helgoland”, An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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Dokter AM, Farnsworth A, Fink D, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Hochachka WM, La Sorte FA, Robinson OJ, Rosenberg KV, Kelling S. Seasonal abundance and survival of North America's migratory avifauna determined by weather radar. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1603-1609. [PMID: 30224817 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Avian migration is one of Earth's largest processes of biomass transport, involving billions of birds. We estimated continental biomass flows of nocturnal avian migrants across the contiguous United States using a network of 143 weather radars. We show that, relative to biomass leaving in autumn, proportionally more biomass returned in spring across the southern United States than across the northern United States. Neotropical migrants apparently achieved higher survival during the combined migration and non-breeding period, despite an average three- to fourfold longer migration distance, compared with a more northern assemblage of mostly temperate-wintering migrants. Additional mortality expected with longer migration distances was probably offset by high survival in the (sub)tropics. Nearctic-Neotropical migrants relying on a 'higher survivorship' life-history strategy may be particularly sensitive to variations in survival on the overwintering grounds, highlighting the need to identify and conserve important non-breeding habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan M Dokter
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | | | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Orin J Robinson
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth V Rosenberg
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,American Bird Conservancy, Washington DC, USA
| | - Steve Kelling
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Guaraldo AC, Kelly JF, Marini MÂ. Independent trophic behavior and breeding success of a resident flycatcher and a coexisting migratory congener. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André C. Guaraldo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservaçäo; Behavioral Ecology and Ornithology Lab; Universidade de Federal do Paraná; Curitiba 81530-900 Brazil
| | - Jeffrey F. Kelly
- Department of Biology; Oklahoma Biological Survey; University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma USA
| | - Miguel Â. Marini
- Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília DF Brazil
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Heist KW, Bowden TS, Ferguson J, Rathbun NA, Olson EC, Nolfi DC, Horton R, Gosse JC, Johnson DH, Wells MT. Radar quantifies migrant concentration and Dawn reorientation at a Great Lakes shoreline. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2018; 6:15. [PMID: 30181878 PMCID: PMC6114834 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-018-0135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of flying migrants encounter the Great Lakes and other large water bodies on long-distance flights each spring and fall, but quantitative data regarding how they traverse these obstacles are limited. Shorelines are known areas of migrant concentration due to the ecological barrier effect, but details on the magnitude of this concentration and the flight behaviors causing it are largely unknown and difficult to quantify. Mobile avian radar can provide a unique view of how birds and bats move across landscapes by tracking thousands of individual migrants moving through a sample volume that extends multiple kilometers in radius. RESULTS During the spring of 2014 we used two avian radar units to compare migration patterns at shoreline (1.5 km from the shore) and inland (20 km from the shore) sites along the eastern shoreline of Lake Michigan in the north-central US. We found shoreline activity to be 27% greater than inland activity over all time periods, and 132% greater during the hour surrounding dawn. An analysis of flight directions found that migrants flew to the north and northwest during dusk and night, with many heading out over the lake, but shifted direction towards the east at dawn, as those flying over water reoriented towards land. This shift in direction, which was most intense at the shoreline, may contribute to the higher concentrations of migrants observed at shorelines in this study and others. CONCLUSIONS These findings help confirm and quantify the phenomenon of nocturnal migrant reorientation at dawn, and also stress the functional importance of coastal regions for aerial migrants. The high use of coasts by migrants highlights the importance of conserving shoreline stopover habitat, which often competes with anthropogenic uses. We suggest using a high degree of caution when assessing potential impacts from development in these sensitive environments, and encourage protection of these high-use areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Heist
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, 5600 American Blvd. West, Ste. 990, Bloomington, MN 55437 USA
| | - Tim S. Bowden
- Bureau of Land Management, Surprise Field Station, 602 Cressler St., Cedarville, CA 96104 USA
| | - Jake Ferguson
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 135 Skok Hall, 2003 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Nathan A. Rathbun
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, 5600 American Blvd. West, Ste. 990, Bloomington, MN 55437 USA
| | - Erik C. Olson
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, 5600 American Blvd. West, Ste. 990, Bloomington, MN 55437 USA
| | - Daniel C. Nolfi
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Eastern Idaho Field Office, 4425 Burley Drive, Suite A, Chubbuck, ID 83202 USA
| | - Rebecca Horton
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Ecological and Water Resources, 1200 Warner Road, St. Paul, MN 55404 USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Gosse
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, 5600 American Blvd. West, Ste. 990, Bloomington, MN 55437 USA
| | - Douglas H. Johnson
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 135 Skok Hall, 2003 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Michael T. Wells
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, 5600 American Blvd. West, Ste. 990, Bloomington, MN 55437 USA
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Latta SC, Brouwer NL, Mejía DA, Paulino MM. Avian community characteristics and demographics reveal how conservation value of regenerating tropical dry forest changes with forest age. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5217. [PMID: 30018861 PMCID: PMC6044266 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of secondary forests following the abandonment of agriculture may have important implications for bird conservation, but few studies have examined the dynamics of this process. We studied bird use of a chronosequence of differently-aged abandoned pastures regenerating to dry forest to better understand how the value of these habitats to birds changes over time. In a five year study on Hispaniola, we recorded 7,315 net captures of 60 species of landbirds in sites that began the study at two, five, 10, and 20 years post-abandonment, and in mature native dry forest. Twenty-five species made up 97% of all net captures. Highest capture rates were in the two youngest sites. These early-successional habitats had many over-wintering Neotropical migrants; among residents, granivores and frugivores predominated. In contrast, both the twenty-year-old and mature forest sites had few migrants, more resident insectivores and omnivorous species, and a greater proportion of endemics. Age and sex ratios, body condition and site persistence suggest early successional sites were sub-optimal for most over-wintering migrants, but habitat improved with age for three migratory species; results for permanent residents varied among species. Remnant trees and understory shrubs in the agroecological matrix likely contributed to avian diversity in regenerating dry forest sites, and proximity to mature forest also likely affected the diversity and abundance of birds in regenerating habitat. Our study shows that regenerating forests do not fully compensate for loss of mature dry forest habitat, even after 24 years of regeneration; natural restoration of complex microhabitats in dry forest sites converted to agriculture may take decades or longer. The highest value of regenerating forests may be as habitat for some over-wintering Neotropical migrants, and in creating a buffer zone that enhances biodiversity conservation by re-integrating these lands into the protected tracts of mature forest needed by the islands more unique and endemic bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Latta
- Department of Conservation and Field Research, National Aviary, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Nathan L Brouwer
- Department of Conservation and Field Research, National Aviary, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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López-Segoviano G, Arenas-Navarro M, Vega E, Arizmendi MDC. Hummingbird migration and flowering synchrony in the temperate forests of northwestern Mexico. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5131. [PMID: 30002968 PMCID: PMC6037137 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many species of birds are morphologically and physiologically adapted for migration. Migratory movements of birds can range from thousands of kilometers, such as when birds migrate from wintering to breeding sites in summer, to several kilometers, such as when birds migrate among habitats in a single mountain system. The main factor that influences bird migration is the seasonal fluctuation of food resources; climate, predation, competition for resources and endogenous programming are also important factors. Hummingbirds are highly dependent on nectar, so their migration is likely correlated with the blooming of plant species. The ecological implications of altitudinal migration in the mountains of North America as well as the latitudinal migration of Selasphorus rufus through Mexico are still poorly understood. To explore these issues, over three non-consecutive years, we evaluated interannual variation in the phenologies of a latitudinal migrant (S. rufus) and an altitudinal migrant (Amazilia beryllina) and their visited plants. Methods We assessed the relationship between two migratory hummingbirds and flower abundance in 20 fixed-radius plots (25 m radius). All available flowers were counted along transects (40 × 5 m) inside each fixed-radius plot. Sampling was performed every 10 days from November 12 through February 20 of 2010–2011, 2013–2014 and 2015–2016, resulting in a total of 11 samples of each plot per period. Phenological variation and the relationships among hummingbird abundance, flower abundance and vegetation type were evaluated using a generalized additive mixed model. Results S. rufus abundance was related to sampling time in the first and third periods; this relationship was not significant in the second period. A. beryllina abundance was related with the sampling time over all three periods. The abundance of S. rufus hummingbirds was significantly related to the number of Salvia iodantha flowers. The abundance of A. beryllina hummingbirds was related to the number of S. iodantha and Cestrum thyrsoideum flowers and the total number of flowers. We found a non-significant correlation between S. rufus and A. beryllina abundance and vegetation types. Conclusion Contrary to expectations, the long-distance migration of S. rufus was not consistent over the sampling periods. The migration of S. rufus through the study region may be altered by changes in climate, as has occurred with other species of migratory birds. In the present study, the migration of S. rufus was correlated with the blooming of S. iodantha. In comparison, the altitudinal migrant A. beryllina responded to the availability of floral resources but was not associated with a particular plant. The migration of this latter species in the area probably depends on multiple factors, including climatic and demographic factors, but is particularly dependent on the supply of floral resources and competition for these resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel López-Segoviano
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Coordinación del Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Maribel Arenas-Navarro
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Coordinación del Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Vega
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Maria Del Coro Arizmendi
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
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40
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Le PT, Ballen LB, Essner RL, Minchin PR. Avian Habitat Use in a Chronosequence of Bottomland Hardwood Forest-Restoration Sites. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2018. [DOI: 10.1656/045.025.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Campus Box 1651, Edwardsville, IL 62026
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 171, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217
| | - Lindley B. Ballen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Campus Box 1651, Edwardsville, IL 62026
- Umpqua Community College, 1140 Umpqua College Rd, Roseburg, OR 97471
| | - Richard L. Essner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Campus Box 1651, Edwardsville, IL 62026
| | - Peter R. Minchin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Campus Box 1651, Edwardsville, IL 62026
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Wilson S, Saracco JF, Krikun R, Flockhart DTT, Godwin CM, Foster KR. Drivers of demographic decline across the annual cycle of a threatened migratory bird. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7316. [PMID: 29743651 PMCID: PMC5943453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Migratory species are rapidly declining but we rarely know which periods of the annual cycle are limiting for most species. This knowledge is needed to effectively allocate conservation resources to the periods of the annual cycle that best promote species recovery. We examined demographic trends and response to human footprint for Canada warblers (Cardellina canadensis), a threatened Neotropical migrant, using range-wide data (1993–2016) from the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) program on the breeding grounds. Declines in abundance were steepest in the eastern breeding region, followed by the western region. Breeding productivity did not decline in any region. In contrast, we observed declining recruitment in all regions, low apparent survival in the east and west, and a decline in apparent survival in the east. Abundance declined with increasing disturbance around MAPS stations. Between 1993 and 2009, the human footprint index on the breeding range increased by 0.11% in contrast to a 14% increase on the wintering range. Landscape-scale disturbance on the breeding grounds may influence abundance in some regions; however, the observed trends in demography and footprint suggests limitation during the non-breeding period as the likely driver of overall declines, particularly for eastern populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Wilson
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel by Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - James F Saracco
- The Institute for Bird Populations, PO Box 1346, Point Reyes Station, CA, 94956, USA
| | - Richard Krikun
- Lesser Slave Lake Bird Observatory, Box 1076, Slave Lake, AB, T0G2A0, Canada
| | - D T Tyler Flockhart
- Lesser Slave Lake Bird Observatory, Box 1076, Slave Lake, AB, T0G2A0, Canada.,University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Appalachian Laboratory, 301 Braddock Road, Frostburg, MD, 21532, USA
| | - Christine M Godwin
- Owl Moon Environmental Inc., 324 Killdeer Way, Fort McMurray, Alberta, T9K 0R3, Canada
| | - Kenneth R Foster
- Owl Moon Environmental Inc., 324 Killdeer Way, Fort McMurray, Alberta, T9K 0R3, Canada
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Reid JM, Travis JMJ, Daunt F, Burthe SJ, Wanless S, Dytham C. Population and evolutionary dynamics in spatially structured seasonally varying environments. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1578-1603. [PMID: 29575449 PMCID: PMC6849584 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly imperative objectives in ecology are to understand and forecast population dynamic and evolutionary responses to seasonal environmental variation and change. Such population and evolutionary dynamics result from immediate and lagged responses of all key life‐history traits, and resulting demographic rates that affect population growth rate, to seasonal environmental conditions and population density. However, existing population dynamic and eco‐evolutionary theory and models have not yet fully encompassed within‐individual and among‐individual variation, covariation, structure and heterogeneity, and ongoing evolution, in a critical life‐history trait that allows individuals to respond to seasonal environmental conditions: seasonal migration. Meanwhile, empirical studies aided by new animal‐tracking technologies are increasingly demonstrating substantial within‐population variation in the occurrence and form of migration versus year‐round residence, generating diverse forms of ‘partial migration’ spanning diverse species, habitats and spatial scales. Such partially migratory systems form a continuum between the extreme scenarios of full migration and full year‐round residence, and are commonplace in nature. Here, we first review basic scenarios of partial migration and associated models designed to identify conditions that facilitate the maintenance of migratory polymorphism. We highlight that such models have been fundamental to the development of partial migration theory, but are spatially and demographically simplistic compared to the rich bodies of population dynamic theory and models that consider spatially structured populations with dispersal but no migration, or consider populations experiencing strong seasonality and full obligate migration. Second, to provide an overarching conceptual framework for spatio‐temporal population dynamics, we define a ‘partially migratory meta‐population’ system as a spatially structured set of locations that can be occupied by different sets of resident and migrant individuals in different seasons, and where locations that can support reproduction can also be linked by dispersal. We outline key forms of within‐individual and among‐individual variation and structure in migration that could arise within such systems and interact with variation in individual survival, reproduction and dispersal to create complex population dynamics and evolutionary responses across locations, seasons, years and generations. Third, we review approaches by which population dynamic and eco‐evolutionary models could be developed to test hypotheses regarding the dynamics and persistence of partially migratory meta‐populations given diverse forms of seasonal environmental variation and change, and to forecast system‐specific dynamics. To demonstrate one such approach, we use an evolutionary individual‐based model to illustrate that multiple forms of partial migration can readily co‐exist in a simple spatially structured landscape. Finally, we summarise recent empirical studies that demonstrate key components of demographic structure in partial migration, and demonstrate diverse associations with reproduction and survival. We thereby identify key theoretical and empirical knowledge gaps that remain, and consider multiple complementary approaches by which these gaps can be filled in order to elucidate population dynamic and eco‐evolutionary responses to spatio‐temporal seasonal environmental variation and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | - Justin M J Travis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | - Francis Daunt
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, U.K
| | - Sarah J Burthe
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, U.K
| | - Sarah Wanless
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, U.K
| | - Calvin Dytham
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bradley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Gregory M Yanega
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Steen V, Skagen SK, Noon BR. Preparing for an uncertain future: migrating shorebird response to past climatic fluctuations in the Prairie Potholes. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Steen
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
- U.S. Geological Survey; Fort Collins Science Center; Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Susan K. Skagen
- U.S. Geological Survey; Fort Collins Science Center; Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Barry R. Noon
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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Battey CJ, Linck EB, Epperly KL, French C, Slager DL, Sykes PW, Klicka J. A Migratory Divide in the Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris). Am Nat 2018; 191:259-268. [DOI: 10.1086/695439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Jean-Gagnon F, Legagneux P, Gilchrist G, Bélanger S, Love OP, Bêty J. The impact of sea ice conditions on breeding decisions is modulated by body condition in an arctic partial capital breeder. Oecologia 2017; 186:1-10. [PMID: 29143150 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-4002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Determining how environmental conditions interact with individual intrinsic properties is important for unravelling the underlying mechanisms that drive variation in reproductive decisions among migratory species. We investigated the influence of sea ice conditions and body condition at arrival on the breeding propensity, i.e. the decision to reproduce or not within a single breeding season, and timing of laying in migrating common eiders (Somateria mollissima) breeding in the Arctic. Using Radarsat satellite images acquired from 2002 to 2013, we estimated the proportion of open water in the intertidal zone in early summer to track the availability of potential foraging areas for pre-breeding females. Timing of ice-breakup varied by up to 20 days across years and showed strong relationship with both breeding propensity and the timing of laying of eiders: fewer pre-breeding individuals were resighted nesting in the colony and laying was also delayed in years with late ice-breakup. Interestingly, the effect of sea ice dynamics on reproduction was modulated by the state of individuals at arrival on the breeding grounds: females arriving in low condition were more affected by a late ice-breakup. Open water accessibility in early summer, a likely proxy of food availability, is thus crucial for reproductive decisions in a (partial) capital breeder. Our predictive capacity in determining how Arctic-breeding seabirds respond to changes in environmental conditions will require incorporating such cross-seasonal cumulative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie Jean-Gagnon
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada. .,Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, RavenRoad, Ottawa, ON, K1A OH3, Canada.
| | - P Legagneux
- Département de BIOLOGIE, Géographie et Chimie et Centre D'études Nordique, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée Des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - G Gilchrist
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, RavenRoad, Ottawa, ON, K1A OH3, Canada
| | - S Bélanger
- Département de BIOLOGIE, Géographie et Chimie et Centre D'études Nordique, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée Des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - O P Love
- Department of Biological Sciences and Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER), University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - J Bêty
- Département de BIOLOGIE, Géographie et Chimie et Centre D'études Nordique, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée Des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
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48
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Malpica A, Covarrubias S, Villegas-Patraca R, Herrera-Alsina L. Ecomorphological structure of avian communities changes upon arrival of wintering species. Basic Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Huang AC, Bishop CA, McKibbin R, Drake A, Green DJ. Wind conditions on migration influence the annual survival of a neotropical migrant, the western yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens auricollis). BMC Ecol 2017; 17:29. [PMID: 28797249 PMCID: PMC5553749 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-017-0139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-distance migratory birds in North America have undergone precipitous declines over the past half-century. Although the trend is clear, for many migrating species underpinning the exact causes poses a challenge to conservation due to the numerous stressors that they encounter. Climate conditions during all phases of their annual cycle can have important consequences for their survival. Here, using 15 years of capture-recapture dataset, we determined the effects of various climate factors during the breeding, wintering, and migrating stages on the annual survival of a western yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens auricollis) population breeding in southwestern Canada. Results El Niño effects over the entire annual cycle had little influence on the annual apparent survival of yellow-breasted chats. However, we found evidence that wind conditions during migration, specifically average westerly wind speed or the frequency of storm events, had significant adverse effects on adult annual apparent survival. In comparison, precipitation levels on wintering ground had little to no influence on adult annual apparent survival, whereas growing degree days on the breeding ground had moderate but positive effects. Conclusions In the face of climate change and its predicted impacts on climate processes, understanding the influence of weather conditions on the survival of migrating birds can allow appropriate conservation strategies to be adopted for chats and other declining neotropical migrants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-017-0139-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Huang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, BC, Canada. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Christine A Bishop
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, BC, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - René McKibbin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Drake
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Imlay T, Steiner J, Bird D. Age and experience affect the reproductive success of captive Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) subspecies. CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two explanations are often used to interpret the positive relationship between reproductive success and age: (1) trade-offs between current and future breeding and (2) age-related improvements in competence. Captive populations provide a unique opportunity to test these explanations because several mechanisms that result in age-related improvements in competence are managed. We modelled the effect of age and experience on the reproductive success of captive migrant Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus L., 1766) subspecies (formerly Lanius ludovicianus migrans W. Palmer, 1898). Female shrikes had the highest reproductive success during mid-life and lower success at 1–2 years of age and over 10 years. Both experienced male and female shrikes had higher fledgling success than inexperienced individuals. Although captive populations breed in controlled settings with few limitations, this work suggests that both explanations (i.e., trade-offs and age-related improvements in competence) are important for understanding reproductive success. Furthermore, management of the captive shrike population can be informed by these relationships to maximize the number of young produced for release to supplement the wild population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.L. Imlay
- Wildlife Preservation Canada, 5420 Highway 6 North, Guelph, ON N1E 3N7, Canada
| | - J.C. Steiner
- Wildlife Preservation Canada, 5420 Highway 6 North, Guelph, ON N1E 3N7, Canada
| | - D.M. Bird
- Department of Natural Resources Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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