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Brockelman WY. What are they eating? Primates 2024; 65:203-207. [PMID: 38884898 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-024-01144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Warren Y Brockelman
- National Science and Technology Development Agency, National Biobank of Thailand, 113 Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
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Spengler RN, Kienast F, Roberts P, Boivin N, Begun DR, Ashastina K, Petraglia M. Bearing Fruit: Miocene Apes and Rosaceous Fruit Evolution. BIOLOGICAL THEORY 2023; 18:134-151. [PMID: 37214192 PMCID: PMC10191964 DOI: 10.1007/s13752-022-00413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Extinct megafaunal mammals in the Americas are often linked to seed-dispersal mutualisms with large-fruiting tree species, but large-fruiting species in Europe and Asia have received far less attention. Several species of arboreal Maloideae (apples and pears) and Prunoideae (plums and peaches) evolved large fruits starting around nine million years ago, primarily in Eurasia. As evolutionary adaptations for seed dispersal by animals, the size, high sugar content, and bright colorful visual displays of ripeness suggest that mutualism with megafaunal mammals facilitated the evolutionary change. There has been little discussion as to which animals were likely candidate(s) on the late Miocene landscape of Eurasia. We argue that several possible dispersers could have consumed the large fruits, with endozoochoric dispersal usually relying on guilds of species. During the Pleistocene and Holocene, the dispersal guild likely included ursids, equids, and elephantids. During the late Miocene, large primates were likely also among the members of this guild, and the potential of a long-held mutualism between the ape and apple clades merits further discussion. If primates were a driving factor in the evolution of this large-fruit seed-dispersal system, it would represent an example of seed-dispersal-based mutualism with hominids millions of years prior to crop domestication or the development of cultural practices, such as farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N. Spengler
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Domestication and Anthropogenic Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Kienast
- Senckenberg Research Station of Quaternary, Palaeontology, Weimar, Germany
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- isoTROPIC Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC USA
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - David R. Begun
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kseniia Ashastina
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Domestication and Anthropogenic Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Petraglia
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC USA
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland Australia
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3
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Dispersal success of a specialized tropical tree depends on complex interactions among diverse mammalian frugivores. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Pothasin P, Paradis E, Brockelman WY, Nathalang A, Khemrugka T, Lomwong N, Thripob P, Saenprasert R, Chanthorn W. Seed Size Variation of Trees and Lianas in a Tropical Forest of Southeast Asia: Allometry, Phylogeny, and Seed Trait - Plant Functional Trait Relationships. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:852167. [PMID: 35668813 PMCID: PMC9165448 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seed size is a key trait for understanding and predicting ecological processes in a plant community. In a tropical forest, trees and lianas are major components driving ecosystem function and biogeochemical processes. However, seed ecological research on both components remains limited, particularly phylogenetic patterns and relationships with other traits. Here, we compiled a unique dataset of seed size (seed mass and geometrical size metrics) based on collections of more than 5,200 seeds of 196 woody plant species, covering >98 and 70% of tree and liana stems, respectively, located on a 30-ha plot in a tropical evergreen forest in central Thailand. We aimed to (1) develop allometric equations among seed size metrics to predict seed mass; (2) examine phylogenetic influence on seed size variation; and (3) examine relationships among seed traits and several other functional plant traits. Our allometric equations relating seed mass, seed volume, and width were well-fitted with data (R 2 = 0.94, 0.87 respectively). A phylogenetic signal test found that seed size was randomly distributed across the phylogeny. To study the functional trait relationships, we separately tested seed size data of the tree and liana communities (146 and 50 species, respectively), against mean body size of frugivores, successional niches, leaf, and structural traits. For the tree community, seed size was significantly related to mean body size of frugivores, which we believe is a basic driver of seed size because it is related to the gape width affecting dispersal effectiveness. Nearly all leaf traits were significantly positively correlated with seed size (p < 0.03). The significant positive correlation of leaf area and greenness suggested the high-energy demand of large-seeded species. We found a strong positive correlation between seed size and leaf toughness, suggesting a coordination between seed size and leaf defense. However, all these patterns disappeared in the same analysis applied to the liana community. Liana seed size variation was lower than that of trees, perhaps because lianas grow in relatively more uniform conditions in the forest canopy. Frugivore size was the strongest driver of seed size variation. Our study shows a surprising contrast between trees and lianas that is worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornwiwan Pothasin
- Department of Environment Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Conservation Biology Program, School of Interdisciplinary, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, Kanchanaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Warren Y. Brockelman
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Anuttara Nathalang
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Thantiyapawn Khemrugka
- Department of Environment Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Noppawan Lomwong
- Department of Environment Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharaphan Thripob
- Department of Environment Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rampai Saenprasert
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Wirong Chanthorn
- Department of Environment Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Wilcox RC, Tarwater CE. Space use patterns and the extent of complementarity across scales in introduced seed dispersers. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Rogers HS, Donoso I, Traveset A, Fricke EC. Cascading Impacts of Seed Disperser Loss on Plant Communities and Ecosystems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012221-111742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed dispersal is key to the persistence and spread of plant populations. Because the majority of plant species rely on animals to disperse their seeds, global change drivers that directly affect animals can cause cascading impacts on plant communities. In this review, we synthesize studies assessing how disperser loss alters plant populations, community patterns, multitrophic interactions, and ecosystem functioning. We argue that the magnitude of risk to plants from disperser loss is shaped by the combination of a plant species’ inherent dependence on seed dispersal and the severity of the hazards faced by their dispersers. Because the factors determining a plant species’ risk of decline due to disperser loss can be related to traits of the plants and dispersers, our framework enables a trait-based understanding of change in plant community composition and ecosystem functioning. We discuss how interactions among plants, among dispersers, and across other trophic levels also mediate plant community responses, and we identify areas for future research to understand and mitigate the consequences of disperser loss on plants globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haldre S. Rogers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Isabel Donoso
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Evan C. Fricke
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Morales
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, INIBIOMA‐CONICET, Univ. Nacional del Comahue Bariloche Argentina
| | - Teresa Morán López
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, INIBIOMA‐CONICET, Univ. Nacional del Comahue Bariloche Argentina
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Thierry H, Rose E, Rogers H. Landscape configuration and frugivore identity affect seed rain during restoration. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Thierry
- Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State Univ. Ames IA USA
| | - Ethan Rose
- Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State Univ. Ames IA USA
| | - Haldre Rogers
- Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State Univ. Ames IA USA
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9
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Lamperty T, Karubian J, Dunham AE. Ecological drivers of intraspecific variation in seed dispersal services of a common neotropical palm. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Lamperty
- Department of Biosciences Rice University Houston TX USA
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Jordan Karubian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA USA
- Fundación para la Conservación de los Andes Tropicales Quito Ecuador
| | - Amy E. Dunham
- Department of Biosciences Rice University Houston TX USA
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10
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González‐Castro A, Morán‐López T, Nogales M, Traveset A. Changes in the structure of seed dispersal networks when including interaction outcomes from both plant and animal perspectives. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aarón González‐Castro
- Canary Islands Ornithology and Natural History Group (GOHNIC) Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (CSIC‐IPNA) Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Teresa Morán‐López
- Grupo de ecología cuantitativa, INIBIOMA‐CONICET San Carlos De Bariloche Rio Negro Argentina
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (CSIC‐IPNA) Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Inst. Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC‐UIB) Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
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The resilient frugivorous fauna of an urban forest fragment and its potential role in vegetation enrichment. Urban Ecosyst 2021; 24:943-958. [PMID: 33432262 PMCID: PMC7787706 DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-01080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Anthropocentric defaunation affects critical ecological processes, such as seed dispersal, putting ecosystems and biomes at risk, and leading to habitat impoverishment. Diverse restoration techniques could reverse the process of habitat impoverishment. However, in most of the restoration efforts, only vegetation cover is targeted. Fauna and flora are treated as isolated components, neglecting a key component of ecosystems’ functioning, the ecological interactions. We tested whether the resilient frugivorous generalist fauna can improve habitat quality by dispersing native plant species through the use of fruit feeders as in a semideciduous seasonal urban forest fragment. A total of 32 sampling points was selected at a heavily degraded 251-ha urban forest fragment, with feeders installed at two heights monitored by camera-traps. Variable quantities of native fruits of 27 zoochorous species were offered alternately in the feeders. Based on more than 36,000 h of video records, Turdus leucomelas (Class Aves), Sapajus nigritus (Class Mammalia), and Salvator merianae (Class Reptilia) were recorded ingesting the highest fruit species richness. Didelphis albiventris (Class Mammalia) was the most frequent visitor but consumed only pulp in most of the visits. The frugivorous birds were recorded at a high visitation rate and consumed a wider variety of fruits. Our study opens a new avenue to combine the traditional approach of ecosystems recovery and ecological interactions restauration in an urban forest fragment.
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Lappan S, Sibarani M, O’Brien TG, Nurcahyo A, Andayani N, Rustiati EL, Surya RA, Morino L. Long‐term effects of forest fire on habitat use by siamangs in Southern Sumatra. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Lappan
- Department of Anthropology Appalachian State University Boone NC USA
| | - M. Sibarani
- Wildlife Conservation Society‐Indonesia Program Bogor Indonesia
| | | | - A. Nurcahyo
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology Australian National University Canberra Australia
| | - N. Andayani
- Wildlife Conservation Society‐Indonesia Program Bogor Indonesia
- Department of Biology Universitas Indonesia Depok Indonesia
| | - E. L. Rustiati
- Department of Biology Universitas Lampung Bandar Lampung Indonesia
| | - R. A. Surya
- Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Kota Agung Indonesia
| | - L. Morino
- Parc Zoologique de Paris – Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle – Sorbonne Universités Paris France
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13
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Tongkok S, He X, Alcantara MJM, Saralamba C, Nathalang A, Chanthorn W, Brockelman WY, Lin L. Composition of frugivores of Baccaurea ramiflora (Phyllanthaceae) and effects of environmental factors on frugivory in two tropical forests of China and Thailand. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Zwolak
- Department of Systematic Zoology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California at Davis Davis CA USA
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Tsunamoto Y, Naoe S, Masaki T, Isagi Y. Different contributions of birds and mammals to seed dispersal of a fleshy-fruited tree. Basic Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Morán‐López T, González‐Castro A, Morales JM, Nogales M. Behavioural complementarity among frugivorous birds and lizards can promote plant diversity in island ecosystems. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Morán‐López
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa INIBIOMA‐CONICET Universidad Nacional del Comahue San Carlos De Bariloche Rio Negro Argentina
| | | | - Juan Manuel Morales
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa INIBIOMA‐CONICET Universidad Nacional del Comahue San Carlos De Bariloche Rio Negro Argentina
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (CSIC‐IPNA) La Laguna Spain
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17
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How complementary are large frugivores for tree seedling recruitment? A case study in the Congo Basin. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s026646741900018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLarge frugivores provide critical seed dispersal services for many plant species and their extirpation from forested ecosystems can cause compositional shifts in regenerating plant cohorts. Yet, we still poorly understand whether large seed-dispersers have complementary or redundant roles for forest regeneration. Here, to assess the functional complementarity of large-bodied frugivores in forest regeneration, we quantified the effects of varying abundance of hornbills, primates and the forest elephant on the density, species richness and the mean weighted seed length of animal-dispersed tree species among seedlings in five sites in a forest–savanna mosaic in D. R. Congo, while accounting for percentage forest cover and the local presence of fruiting trees. We found that the abundance of primates was positively associated with species richness of seedlings, while percentage forest cover was negatively associated (R2 = 0.19). The abundance of hornbills, the presence of elephants and percentage forest cover were positively associated with mean seed length of the regenerating cohort (R2 = 0.13). Spatially explicit analysis indicated that some additional processes have an important influence on these response indices. Primates would seem to have a preponderant role for maintaining relatively high species richness, while hornbills and elephant would seem to be predominantly responsible for the recruitment of large-seeded trees. Our results could indicate that these taxa of frugivores play complementary functional roles for forest regeneration. This suggests that the extirpation of one or more of these dispersers would likely not be functionally compensated for by the remaining taxa, hence possibly cascading into compositional shifts.
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Chanthorn W, Hartig F, Brockelman WY, Srisang W, Nathalang A, Santon J. Defaunation of large-bodied frugivores reduces carbon storage in a tropical forest of Southeast Asia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10015. [PMID: 31292478 PMCID: PMC6620352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that defaunation of large-bodied frugivores reduces above-ground carbon storage in tropical forests of South America and Africa, but not, or less so, in Southeast Asian tropical forests. Here we analyze the issue using the seed dispersal network (data of interaction between trees and animal seed dispersers) and forest composition of a 30-ha forest dynamics plot in central Thailand, where an intact fauna of primates, ungulates, bears and birds of all sizes still exists. We simulate the effect of two defaunation scenarios on forest biomass: 1) only primates extirpated (a realistic possibility in near future), and 2) extirpation of all large-bodied frugivores (LBF) including gibbons, macaques, hornbills and terrestrial mammals, the main targets of poachers in this region. For each scenario, we varied the population size reduction of the LBF dispersed tree species from 20% to 100%. We find that tree species dependent on seed dispersal by large-bodied frugivores (LBF) account for nearly one-third of the total carbon biomass on the plot, and that the community turnover following a complete defaunation would result in a carbon reduction of 2.4% to 3.0%, depending on the defaunation scenario and the model assumptions. The reduction was always greater than 1% when the defaunation intensity was at least 40%. These effect sizes are comparable to values reported for Neotropical forests, suggesting that the impact of defaunation on carbon deficit is not necessarily lower in Southeast Asian forests. The problem of defaunation in Asia, and the mutual benefits between biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation, should therefore not be neglected by global policies to reduce carbon emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wirong Chanthorn
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Jatujak District, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Warren Y Brockelman
- BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Wacharapong Srisang
- Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Faculty of Science and Agricultural Technology, Lampang, Thailand
| | - Anuttara Nathalang
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jantima Santon
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Naoe S, Masaki T, Sakai S. Effects of temporal variation in community-level fruit abundance on seed dispersal by birds across woody species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1792-1801. [PMID: 30303524 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY In animal-dispersed plants, seed dispersal patterns of the same species in the same habitat can greatly differ among individuals and temporally. Many studies have revealed the pervasive effects of spatial variation in fruit abundance on seed dispersal of individual plants. By contrast, very few studies have investigated the temporal variation in seed dispersal. METHODS We investigated the effects of conspecific and community-level fruit abundance on fruit removal rate and seed dispersal distance of six bird-dispersed woody species in a Japanese temperate forest for 3 yr. The six species share similar fruit characteristics but have different fruiting seasons. In addition, we also considered the effects of bird seasonality in diet and species composition on seed dispersal. KEY RESULTS Inter-annual and inter-seasonal variation in community-level fruit abundance determined both fruit removal and the seed dispersal distance across species, but the effect differed with seasonal changes in bird behavior. Abundant fruit satiated fruit removal by birds only during fruit-feeding periods, not during insect-feeding periods. A scarcity of fruit increased the dispersal distance, but only during the migratory period. This difference was probably due to the different foraging behaviors of passing migrants and territorial birds. CONCLUSIONS Our results illustrated that temporal variation in community-level fruit abundance could be a determining factor for seed dispersal in temperate forests. The effects of temporal variations in fruit abundance on seed dispersal patterns should be investigated in other ecosystems in order to understand their importance and associations with frugivore phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Naoe
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
| | - Takashi Masaki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Shoko Sakai
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
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Razafindratsima OH, Dunham AE. Frugivores bias seed-adult tree associations through nonrandom seed dispersal: a phylogenetic approach. Ecology 2018; 97:2094-2102. [PMID: 27859187 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Frugivores are the main seed dispersers in many ecosystems, such that behaviorally driven, nonrandom patterns of seed dispersal are a common process; but patterns are poorly understood. Characterizing these patterns may be essential for understanding spatial organization of fruiting trees and drivers of seed-dispersal limitation in biodiverse forests. To address this, we studied resulting spatial associations between dispersed seeds and adult tree neighbors in a diverse rainforest in Madagascar, using a temporal and phylogenetic approach. Data show that by using fruiting trees as seed-dispersal foci, frugivores bias seed dispersal under conspecific adults and under heterospecific trees that share dispersers and fruiting time with the dispersed species. Frugivore-mediated seed dispersal also resulted in nonrandom phylogenetic associations of dispersed seeds with their nearest adult neighbors, in nine out of the 16 months of our study. However, these nonrandom phylogenetic associations fluctuated unpredictably over time, ranging from clustered to overdispersed. The spatial and phylogenetic template of seed dispersal did not translate to similar patterns of association in adult tree neighborhoods, suggesting the importance of post-dispersal processes in structuring plant communities. Results suggest that frugivore-mediated seed dispersal is important for structuring early stages of plant-plant associations, setting the template for post-dispersal processes that influence ultimate patterns of plant recruitment. Importantly, if biased patterns of dispersal are common in other systems, frugivores may promote tree coexistence in biodiverse forests by limiting the frequency and diversity of heterospecific interactions of seeds they disperse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onja H Razafindratsima
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA.,BP 33, Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, 312, Madagascar
| | - Amy E Dunham
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA.,BP 33, Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, 312, Madagascar
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McConkey KR, Nathalang A, Brockelman WY, Saralamba C, Santon J, Matmoon U, Somnuk R, Srinoppawan K. Different megafauna vary in their seed dispersal effectiveness of the megafaunal fruit Platymitra macrocarpa (Annonaceae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198960. [PMID: 30020929 PMCID: PMC6051586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The world’s largest terrestrial animals (megafauna) can play profound roles in seed dispersal. Yet, the term ‘megafauna’ is often used to encompass a diverse range of body sizes and physiologies of, primarily, herbivorous animals. To determine the extent to which these animals varied in their seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE), we compared the contribution of different megafauna for the large-fruited Platymitra macrocarpa (Annonaceae), in a tropical evergreen forest in Thailand. We quantified ‘seed dispersal effectiveness’ by measuring the quantity and quality contributions of all consumers of P. macrocarpa fruit. Seed dispersal quantity was the proportion of the crop consumed by each species. Quality was defined as the proportion of seeds handled by each animal taxon that survived to produce a 2-month seedling. Megafauna (elephants, sambar deer, bears) dispersed 78% of seeds that produced seedlings, with 21% dispersed by gibbons (a medium-sized frugivore). The main megafaunal consumers displayed different dispersal strategies. Elephants were the most effective dispersers (37% of seedlings) and they achieved this by being high-quality and low-quantity dispersers. Bears displayed a similar strategy but were especially rare visitors to the trees (24% of the total seedlings produced). Sambar were high-quantity dispersers, but most seeds they handled did not survive and they were responsible for only 17% of seedlings. Gibbons displayed a high SDE relative to their body size, but they probably cannot match the role of elephants despite being more regular consumers of the fruit. The low density and poor regeneration of P. macrocarpa in the study site suggest that current dispersal rates by megafauna are insufficient, possibly reflecting reduced or missing megafauna populations. We show that different megafaunal species disperse seeds in different ways and may make unique contributions to the reproductive success of the plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R. McConkey
- School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore, India
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (KRM); (AN)
| | - Anuttara Nathalang
- Ecology Lab, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- * E-mail: (KRM); (AN)
| | - Warren Y. Brockelman
- Ecology Lab, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University–Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chanpen Saralamba
- Conservation Biology Program, Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus, Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi, Thailand
| | - Jantima Santon
- Ecology Lab, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Umaporn Matmoon
- Ecology Lab, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Rathasart Somnuk
- Ecology Lab, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kanchit Srinoppawan
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
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Guan ZH, Ma CY, Fei HL, Huang B, Ning WH, Ni QY, Jiang XL, Fan PF. Ecology and social system of northern gibbons living in cold seasonal forests. Zool Res 2018; 39:255-265. [PMID: 29551759 PMCID: PMC5968854 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Gibbons in China represent the northernmost margin of present day gibbon species distribution (around N25°). Compared to tropical habitats, northern gibbon habitats are characterized by low temperatures and remarkable seasonal variation in fruit abundance. How gibbons adapt to their cold and seasonal habitats and what ecological factors affect their sociality are key questions for understanding their ecology and social system evolution, the elucidation of which will contribute to the conservation of these special populations/species. According to preliminary short-term studies, northern gibbons consume more leaves and use larger home ranges than tropical gibbons. Interestingly, some Nomascus groups consist of more than one adult female. However, these preliminary results are not well understood or incorporated into current socio-ecological theories regarding gibbon species. To better understand northern gibbons, our team has systematically studied three habituated groups of Nomascus concolor, three groups of N. nasutus, and two habituated groups of Hoolock tianxing since 2002. In this paper, we stress the challenges facing gibbons living in northern habitats and summarize their behavioral adaptations to their harsh environments. We also describe the northern gibbon social system and discuss the potential relationships between their ecology and sociality. Finally, we highlight future research questions related to northern gibbons in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Guan
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Forest Disaster Warning and Control Key Laboratory, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Chang-Yong Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Han-Lan Fei
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Bei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Wen-He Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Qing-Yong Ni
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xue-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Peng-Fei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong 510275, China; E-mail:
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Jacobsen RM, Sverdrup-Thygeson A, Kauserud H, Birkemoe T. Revealing hidden insect-fungus interactions; moderately specialized, modular and anti-nested detritivore networks. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2017.2833. [PMID: 29618548 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological networks are composed of interacting communities that influence ecosystem structure and function. Fungi are the driving force for ecosystem processes such as decomposition and carbon sequestration in terrestrial habitats, and are strongly influenced by interactions with invertebrates. Yet, interactions in detritivore communities have rarely been considered from a network perspective. In the present study, we analyse the interaction networks between three functional guilds of fungi and insects sampled from dead wood. Using DNA metabarcoding to identify fungi, we reveal a diversity of interactions differing in specificity in the detritivore networks, involving three guilds of fungi. Plant pathogenic fungi were relatively unspecialized in their interactions with insects inhabiting dead wood, while interactions between the insects and wood-decay fungi exhibited the highest degree of specialization, which was similar to estimates for animal-mediated seed dispersal networks in previous studies. The low degree of specialization for insect symbiont fungi was unexpected. In general, the pooled insect-fungus networks were significantly more specialized, more modular and less nested than randomized networks. Thus, the detritivore networks had an unusual anti-nested structure. Future studies might corroborate whether this is a common aspect of networks based on interactions with fungi, possibly owing to their often intense competition for substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rannveig M Jacobsen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Høgskoleveien 12, 1433 Ås, Norway .,The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Høgskoleveien 12, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Håvard Kauserud
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE), University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone Birkemoe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Høgskoleveien 12, 1433 Ås, Norway
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Hai BT, Chen J, McConkey KR, Dayananda SK. Gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae) provide key seed dispersal for the Pacific walnut (Dracontomelon dao), in Asia's lowland tropical forest. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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McConkey KR. Seed Dispersal by Primates in Asian Habitats: From Species, to Communities, to Conservation. INT J PRIMATOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-0013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Fricke EC, Tewksbury JJ, Rogers HS. Defaunation leads to interaction deficits, not interaction compensation, in an island seed dispersal network. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e190-e200. [PMID: 28727281 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Following defaunation, the loss of interactions with mutualists such as pollinators or seed dispersers may be compensated through increased interactions with remaining mutualists, ameliorating the negative cascading impacts on biodiversity. Alternatively, remaining mutualists may respond to altered competition by reducing the breadth or intensity of their interactions, exacerbating negative impacts on biodiversity. Despite the importance of these responses for our understanding of the dynamics of mutualistic networks and their response to global change, the mechanism and magnitude of interaction compensation within real mutualistic networks remains largely unknown. We examined differences in mutualistic interactions between frugivores and fruiting plants in two island ecosystems possessing an intact or disrupted seed dispersal network. We determined how changes in the abundance and behavior of remaining seed dispersers either increased mutualistic interactions (contributing to "interaction compensation") or decreased interactions (causing an "interaction deficit") in the disrupted network. We found a "rich-get-richer" response in the disrupted network, where remaining frugivores favored the plant species with highest interaction frequency, a dynamic that worsened the interaction deficit among plant species with low interaction frequency. Only one of five plant species experienced compensation and the other four had significant interaction deficits, with interaction frequencies 56-95% lower in the disrupted network. These results do not provide support for the strong compensating mechanisms assumed in theoretical network models, suggesting that existing network models underestimate the prevalence of cascading mutualism disruption after defaunation. This work supports a mutualist biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship, highlighting the importance of mutualist diversity for sustaining diverse and resilient ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Fricke
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Joshua J Tewksbury
- Colorado Global Hub, Future Earth, Boulder, CO, USA
- Sustainability, Energy and Environment Complex, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- School of Global Environmental Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Haldre S Rogers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Pérez-Méndez N, Rodríguez A, Nogales M. Intra-specific downsizing of frugivores affects seed germination of fleshy-fruited plant species. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Suwanvecho U, Brockelman WY, Nathalang A, Santon J, Matmoon U, Somnuk R, Mahannop N. High interannual variation in the diet of a tropical forest frugivore (Hylobates lar
). Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udomlux Suwanvecho
- Ecology Lab, BIOTEC; Klong Luang; 113 Science Park, Klong 1 Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Warren Y. Brockelman
- Ecology Lab, BIOTEC; Klong Luang; 113 Science Park, Klong 1 Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Mahidol University; Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya Phutthamonthon Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Anuttara Nathalang
- Ecology Lab, BIOTEC; Klong Luang; 113 Science Park, Klong 1 Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Jantima Santon
- Ecology Lab, BIOTEC; Klong Luang; 113 Science Park, Klong 1 Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Umaporn Matmoon
- Ecology Lab, BIOTEC; Klong Luang; 113 Science Park, Klong 1 Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Rathasart Somnuk
- Ecology Lab, BIOTEC; Klong Luang; 113 Science Park, Klong 1 Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Narong Mahannop
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation; National Park Division; 61 Phaholyothin Rd Jatujak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand
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Jara-Guerrero A, Escribano-Avila G, Espinosa CI, De la Cruz M, Méndez M. White-tailed deer as the last megafauna dispersing seeds in Neotropical dry forests: the role of fruit and seed traits. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jara-Guerrero
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja; CP.: 11-01-608 Loja Ecuador
| | - Gema Escribano-Avila
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja; CP.: 11-01-608 Loja Ecuador
- IMEDEA- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); Esporles Illes Balears Spain
| | - Carlos Iván Espinosa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja; CP.: 11-01-608 Loja Ecuador
| | - Marcelino De la Cruz
- Departamento de Biología y Geología; Física y Química Inorgánica; Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; E-28933 Madrid Spain
| | - Marcos Méndez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología; Física y Química Inorgánica; Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; E-28933 Madrid Spain
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Sekar N, Lee CL, Sukumar R. Functional nonredundancy of elephants in a disturbed tropical forest. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:1152-1162. [PMID: 28218805 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conservation efforts are often motivated by the threat of global extinction. Yet if conservationists had more information suggesting that extirpation of individual species could lead to undesirable ecological effects, they might more frequently attempt to protect or restore such species across their ranges even if they were not globally endangered. Scientists have seldom measured or quantitatively predicted the functional consequences of species loss, even for large, extinction-prone species that theory suggests should be functionally unique. We measured the contribution of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to the dispersal of 3 large-fruited species in a disturbed tropical moist forest and predicted the extent to which alternative dispersers could compensate for elephants in their absence. We created an empirical probability model with data on frugivory and seed dispersal from Buxa Tiger Reserve, India. These data were used to estimate the proportion of seeds consumed by elephants and other frugivores that survive handling and density-dependent processes (Janzen-Connell effects and conspecific intradung competition) and germinate. Without compensation, the number of seeds dispersed and surviving density-dependent effects decreased 26% (Artocarpus chaplasha), 42% (Careya arborea), and 72% (Dillenia indica) when elephants were absent from the ecosystem. Compensatory fruit removal by other animals substantially ameliorated these losses. For instance, reductions in successful dispersal of D. indica were as low as 23% when gaur (Bos gaurus) persisted, but median dispersal distance still declined from 30% (C. arborea) to 90% (A. chaplasha) without elephants. Our results support the theory that the largest animal species in an ecosystem have nonredundant ecological functionality and that their extirpation is likely to lead to the deterioration of ecosystem processes such as seed dispersal. This effect is likely accentuated by the overall defaunation of many tropical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Sekar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, U.S.A
- Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Chia-Lo Lee
- Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, U.S.A
| | - Raman Sukumar
- Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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Culot L, Bello C, Batista JLF, do Couto HTZ, Galetti M. Synergistic effects of seed disperser and predator loss on recruitment success and long-term consequences for carbon stocks in tropical rainforests. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7662. [PMID: 28794422 PMCID: PMC5550475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extinction of large frugivores has consequences for the recruitment of large-seeded plants with potential lasting effects on carbon storage in tropical rainforests. However, previous studies relating frugivore defaunation to changes in carbon storage ignore potential compensation by redundant frugivores and the effects of seed predators on plant recruitment. Based on empirical data of the recruitment success of a large-seeded hardwood tree species (Cryptocarya mandioccana, Lauraceae) across a defaunation gradient of seed dispersers and predators, we show that defaunation increases both seed dispersal limitation and seed predation. Depending on the level of seed predator loss, plant recruitment is reduced by 70.7–94.9% as a result of the loss of seed dispersers. The loss of large seed predators increases the net seed mortality by 7–30% due to the increased abundance of small granivorous rodents. The loss of large seed dispersers can be buffered by the compensatory effects of smaller frugivores in seed removal, but it is not sufficient to prevent a decrease in plant recruitment. We show that the conservation of both seed predators and dispersers is necessary for the recruitment of large-seeded plants. Since these plants contribute substantially to carbon stocks, defaunation can jeopardize the maintenance of tropical forest carbon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Culot
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Primatologia, Avenida 24A, 1515, 13506-900, CP199, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. .,Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, Avenida 24A, 1515, 13506-900, CP199, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Bello
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, Avenida 24A, 1515, 13506-900, CP199, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - João Luis Ferreira Batista
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ) / Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Hilton Thadeu Zarate do Couto
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ) / Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, Avenida 24A, 1515, 13506-900, CP199, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Blendinger PG. Functional Equivalence in Seed Dispersal Effectiveness of Podocarpus parlatorei in Andean Fruit-Eating Bird Assemblages. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Donoso I, Schleuning M, García D, Fründ J. Defaunation effects on plant recruitment depend on size matching and size trade-offs in seed-dispersal networks. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20162664. [PMID: 28566481 PMCID: PMC5454253 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defaunation by humans causes a loss of large animals in many ecosystems globally. Recent work has emphasized the consequences of downsizing in animal communities for ecosystem functioning. However, no study so far has integrated network theory and life-history trade-offs to mechanistically evaluate the functional consequences of defaunation in plant-animal networks. Here, we simulated an avian seed-dispersal network and its derived ecosystem function seedling recruitment to assess the relative importance of different size-related mechanisms. Specifically, we considered size matching (between bird size and seed size) and size trade-offs, which are driven by differences in plant or animal species abundance (negative size-quantity relationship) as well as in recruitment probability and disperser quality (positive size-quality relationship). Defaunation led to impoverished seedling communities in terms of diversity and seed size, but only if models accounted for size matching. In addition, size trade-off in plants, in concert with size matching, provoked rapid decays in seedling abundance in response to defaunation. These results underscore a disproportional importance of large animals for ecosystem functions. Downsizing in ecological networks will have severe consequences for ecosystem functioning, especially in interaction networks that are structured by size matching between plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Donoso
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas and Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UMIB, CSIC-Uo-PA), University of Oviedo, Valentín Andrés Álvarez s/n, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Daniel García
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas and Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UMIB, CSIC-Uo-PA), University of Oviedo, Valentín Andrés Álvarez s/n, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jochen Fründ
- Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Strasse 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Lugon AP, Boutefeu M, Bovy E, Vaz-de-Mello FZ, Huynen MC, Galetti M, Culot L. Persistence of the effect of frugivore identity on post-dispersal seed fate: consequences for the assessment of functional redundancy. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Lugon
- Groupe de recherche en Primatologie; Unité de Biologie du comportement; Université de Liège (ULG); Quai van Beneden, 22 Bât. I1 B-4020 Liège Belgium
- Laboratório de Primatologia; Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); C.P. 199 Rio Claro São Paulo 13506-900 Brazil
| | - Marion Boutefeu
- Groupe de recherche en Primatologie; Unité de Biologie du comportement; Université de Liège (ULG); Quai van Beneden, 22 Bât. I1 B-4020 Liège Belgium
- Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação; Departamento de Ecologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); C.P. 199 Rio Claro São Paulo 13506-900 Brazil
| | - Emilie Bovy
- Groupe de recherche en Primatologie; Unité de Biologie du comportement; Université de Liège (ULG); Quai van Beneden, 22 Bât. I1 B-4020 Liège Belgium
- Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação; Departamento de Ecologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); C.P. 199 Rio Claro São Paulo 13506-900 Brazil
| | - Fernando Z. Vaz-de-Mello
- Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá Mato Grosso 78060-900 Brazil
| | - Marie-Claude Huynen
- Groupe de recherche en Primatologie; Unité de Biologie du comportement; Université de Liège (ULG); Quai van Beneden, 22 Bât. I1 B-4020 Liège Belgium
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação; Departamento de Ecologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); C.P. 199 Rio Claro São Paulo 13506-900 Brazil
| | - Laurence Culot
- Laboratório de Primatologia; Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); C.P. 199 Rio Claro São Paulo 13506-900 Brazil
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Heymann EW, Culot L, Knogge C, Noriega Piña TE, Tirado Herrera ER, Klapproth M, Zinner D. Long-term consistency in spatial patterns of primate seed dispersal. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1435-1441. [PMID: 28261455 PMCID: PMC5330868 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed dispersal is a key ecological process in tropical forests, with effects on various levels ranging from plant reproductive success to the carbon storage potential of tropical rainforests. On a local and landscape scale, spatial patterns of seed dispersal create the template for the recruitment process and thus influence the population dynamics of plant species. The strength of this influence will depend on the long-term consistency of spatial patterns of seed dispersal. We examined the long-term consistency of spatial patterns of seed dispersal with spatially explicit data on seed dispersal by two neotropical primate species, Leontocebus nigrifrons and Saguinus mystax (Callitrichidae), collected during four independent studies between 1994 and 2013. Using distributions of dispersal probability over distances independent of plant species, cumulative dispersal distances, and kernel density estimates, we show that spatial patterns of seed dispersal are highly consistent over time. For a specific plant species, the legume Parkia panurensis, the convergence of cumulative distributions at a distance of 300 m, and the high probability of dispersal within 100 m from source trees coincide with the dimension of the spatial-genetic structure on the embryo/juvenile (300 m) and adult stage (100 m), respectively, of this plant species. Our results are the first demonstration of long-term consistency of spatial patterns of seed dispersal created by tropical frugivores. Such consistency may translate into idiosyncratic patterns of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard W Heymann
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany
| | - Laurence Culot
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany; Laboratório de Primatologia Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Rio Claro SP Brazil; Primatology Research Group Behavioral Biology UnitUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Christoph Knogge
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany; Present address: Caixa Postal 47 Nazaré Paulista São Paulo12960-000 Brazil
| | | | | | - Matthias Klapproth
- Kognitive Ethologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Kognitive Ethologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany
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LI N, YANG W, FANG S, LI X, LIU Z, LENG X, AN S. Dispersal of invasivePhytolacca americanaseeds by birds in an urban garden in China. Integr Zool 2017; 12:26-31. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning LI
- School of Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Wen YANG
- School of Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Shubo FANG
- Fisheries and Life Science School; Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai China
| | - Xinhai LI
- Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhanchen LIU
- College of Biology and the Environment; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing China
| | - Xin LENG
- School of Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Shuqing AN
- School of Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
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Pérez-Méndez N, Jordano P, García C, Valido A. The signatures of Anthropocene defaunation: cascading effects of the seed dispersal collapse. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24820. [PMID: 27091677 PMCID: PMC4835773 DOI: 10.1038/srep24820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activity is driving population declines and extinctions of large-bodied, fruit-eating animals worldwide. Loss of these frugivores is expected to trigger negative cascading effects on plant populations if remnant species fail to replace the seed dispersal services provided by the extinct frugivores. A collapse of seed dispersal may not only affect plant demography (i.e., lack of recruitment), but should also supress gene flow via seed dispersal. Yet little empirical data still exist demonstrating the genetic consequences of defaunation for animal-dispersed plant species. Here, we first document a significant reduction of seed dispersal distances along a gradient of human-driven defaunation, with increasing loss of large- and medium-bodied frugivores. We then show that local plant neighbourhoods have higher genetic similarity, and smaller effective population sizes when large seed dispersers become extinct (i.e., only small frugivores remain) or are even partially downgraded (i.e., medium-sized frugivores providing less efficient seed dispersal). Our results demonstrate that preservation of large frugivores is crucial to maintain functional seed dispersal services and their associated genetic imprints, a central conservation target. Early signals of reduced dispersal distances that accompany the Anthropogenic defaunation forecast multiple, cascading effects on plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), C/Americo Vespucio s/n, La Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), C/Americo Vespucio s/n, La Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina García
- Plant Biology, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos (CIBIO/InBio), Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Vairão. 4485-661, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alfredo Valido
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), C/Americo Vespucio s/n, La Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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Making dispersal syndromes and networks useful in tropical conservation and restoration. Glob Ecol Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Temporal variations in seed dispersal patterns of a bird-dispersed tree, Swida controversa (Cornaceae), in a temperate forest. Ecol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-015-1324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rother DC, Pizo MA, Jordano P. Variation in seed dispersal effectiveness: the redundancy of consequences in diversified tropical frugivore assemblages. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora C. Rother
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Univ. Estadual Paulista; Avda. 24A, no. 1515, Bela Vista CEP 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP Brazil
- Lab. de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Univ. de São Paulo; Av. Pádua Dias, no. 11, São Dimas, SP CEP 13418-260 Piracicaba, SP Brazil
| | - Marco A. Pizo
- Depto de Zoologia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Avda. 24A, no. 1515, Bela Vista CEP 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP Brazil
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC; Isla de La Cartuja. Avda. Americo Vespucio, S/N ES-41092 Sevilla Spain
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Sekar N, Lee CL, Sukumar R. In the elephant's seed shadow: the prospects of domestic bovids as replacement dispersers of three tropical Asian trees. Ecology 2015; 96:2093-105. [PMID: 26405735 DOI: 10.1890/14-1543.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As populations of the world's largest animal species decline, it is unclear how ecosystems will react to their local extirpation. Due to the unique ecological characteristics of megaherbivores such as elephants, seed dispersal is one ecosystem process that may be affected as populations of large animals are decimated. In typically disturbed South Asian ecosystems, domestic bovids (cattle, Bosprimigenius, and buffalo, Bubalus bubalis) may often be the species most available to replace Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) as endozoochorous dispersers of large-fruited mammal-dispersed species. We use feeding trials, germination trials, and movement data from the tropical moist forests of Buxa Tiger Reserve (India) to examine whether domestic bovids are viable replacements for elephants in the dispersal of three large- fruited species: Dillenia indica, Artocarpus chaplasha, and Careya arborea. We find that (1) once consumed, seeds are between 2.5 (C. arborea) and 26.5 (D. indica) times more likely to pass undigested into elephant dung than domestic bovid dung; and (2) seeds from elephant dung germinated as well as or better than seeds taken from bovid dung for all plant species, with D. indica seeds from elephant dung 1.5 times more likely to germinate. Furthermore, since wild elephants have less constrained movements than even free-roaming domestic bovids, we calculate that maximum dispersal by elephants is between 9.5 and 11.2 times farther than that of domestic bovids, with about 20% of elephant-dispersed seeds being moved farther than the maximum distance seeds are moved by bovids. Our findings suggest that, while bovids are able to disperse substantial numbers of seeds over moderate distances for two of the three study species, domestic bovids will be unable to routinely emulate the reliable, long-distance dispersal of seeds executed by elephants in this tropical moist forest. Thus while domestic bovids can attenuate the effects of losing elephants as dispersers, they may not be able to prevent the decline of various mammal-dispersed fruiting species in the face of overhunting, habitat fragmentation, and climate change.
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McConkey KR, Brockelman WY, Saralamba C, Nathalang A. Effectiveness of primate seed dispersers for an “oversized” fruit,Garcinia benthamii. Ecology 2015; 96:2737-47. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1931.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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The Asian elephant is amongst the top three frugivores of two tree species with easily edible fruit. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467415000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Large animal species are prone to local extirpation, but ecologists cannot yet predict how the loss of megaherbivores affects ecosystem processes such as seed dispersal. Few studies have compared the quantity and quality of seed dispersal by megaherbivores versus alternative frugivores in the wild, particularly for plant species with fruit easily consumed by many frugivorous species. In a disturbed tropical moist forest in India, we examine whether megaherbivores are a major frugivore of two tree species with easily edible, mammal-dispersed fruit. We quantify the relative fruit removal rates of Artocarpus chaplasha and Careya arborea, by the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and alternative dispersers. Through focal watches and camera trapping, we found the elephant to be amongst the top three frugivores for each tree species. Furthermore, seed transects under A. chaplasha show that arboreal frugivores discard seeds only a short distance from the parental tree, underscoring the elephant's role as a long-distance disperser. Our data provide unprecedented support for an old notion: megaherbivores may be key dispersers for a broad set of mammal-dispersed fruiting species, and not just fruit inaccessible to smaller frugivores. As such, the elephant may be particularly important for the functional ecology of the disturbed forests it still inhabits across tropical Asia.
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Differential contribution of frugivorous birds to dispersal patterns of the endangered Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis). Sci Rep 2015; 5:10045. [PMID: 25942698 PMCID: PMC4419539 DOI: 10.1038/srep10045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of forest generalists and specialists to the dispersal pattern of tree species is not well understood. Specialists are considered low-quality dispersers because their dispersal distance is often short. However, disregard for seed deposition site may result in underestimation of the dispersal quality of specialists. The present study estimated the contribution of generalist and specialist species to the dispersal patterns of the endangered Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis) in a subtropical patchy forest in Southeast China. A relatively diverse assemblage of frugivorous birds visited T. chinensis source trees, and specialist Hypsipetes leucocephalus and generalist Urocissa erythrorhyncha were by far the highest-quantity dispersers. Considering dispersal effectiveness, the quantity aspect of effectiveness differed between the specialist assemblage and generalist assemblage; the contribution of specialists to the quantity part of effectiveness was significantly higher than that of generalists despite the relatively low diversity of specialists. After foraging, both specialist H. leucocephalus and generalist U. erythrorhyncha significantly contributed to the number of seedlings, and their contributions to seedling recruitment did not differ with regard to quality. Our results highlight the ability of T. chinensis to recruit an effective disperser assemblage in patchy habitats, thus increasing its persistence in this disturbed habitat.
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Culot L, Huynen M, Heymann EW. Partitioning the relative contribution of one‐phase and two‐phase seed dispersal when evaluating seed dispersal effectiveness. Methods Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Culot
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Avenida 24A 1515 CP199 Rio Claro SP Brazil
- Primatology Research Group Behavioral Biology Unit University of Liège Quai van Beneden 22 Bât. I1 4020 Liège Belgium
- Abteilung Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ) Kellnerweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Marie‐Claude Huynen
- Primatology Research Group Behavioral Biology Unit University of Liège Quai van Beneden 22 Bât. I1 4020 Liège Belgium
| | - Eckhard W. Heymann
- Abteilung Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ) Kellnerweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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50
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McConkey KR, Brockelman WY, Saralamba C. Mammalian Frugivores With Different Foraging Behavior Can Show Similar Seed Dispersal Effectiveness. Biotropica 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim R. McConkey
- School of Natural Sciences and Engineering; National Institute of Advanced Studies; Indian Institute of Science Campus; Bangalore 560012 India
- A.V. Rama Rao Research Foundation; 54 Sai Enclave Habshiguda Hyderabad 50000 India
| | - Warren Y. Brockelman
- Ecology Lab; Bioresources Technology Unit; Biotec; 113 Science Park Paholyothin Road Klong Luang PathumThani 12120 Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Mahidol University; Salaya Campus Phutthamonthon Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Chanpen Saralamba
- Conservation Biology Program; Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus; 199 Moo 9 Lumsum SaiYok Kanchanaburi 71150 Thailand
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