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Skovmand L, O'Dea RE, Greig KA, Amato KR, Hendry AP. Effects of leaf herbivory and autumn seasonality on plant secondary metabolites: A meta-analysis. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10912. [PMID: 38357594 PMCID: PMC10864732 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are produced by plants to overcome environmental challenges, both biotic and abiotic. We were interested in characterizing how autumn seasonality in temperate and subtropical climates affects overall PSM production in comparison to herbivory. Herbivory is commonly measured between spring to summer when plants have high resource availability and prioritize growth and reproduction. However, autumn seasonality also challenges plants as they cope with limited resources and prepare survival for winter. This suggests a potential gap in our understanding of how herbivory affects PSM production in autumn compared to spring/summer. Using meta-analysis, we recorded overall production of 22 different PSM subgroups from 58 published papers to calculate effect sizes from herbivory studies (absence to presence) and temperate to subtropical seasonal studies (summer to autumn), while considering other variables (e.g., plant type, increase in time since herbivory, temperature, and precipitation). We also compared production of five phenolic PSM subgroups - hydroxybenzoic acids, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, hydrolysable tannins, and condensed tannins. We wanted to detect a shared response across all PSMs and found that herbivory increased overall PSM production in herbaceous plants. Herbivory was also found to have a positive effect on individual PSM subgroups, such as flavonol production, while autumn seasonality was found to have a positive effect on flavan-3-ol and condensed tannin production. We discuss how these responses might stem from plants producing some PSMs constitutively, whereas others are induced only after herbivory, and how plants produce metabolites with higher costs only during seasons when other resources for growth and reproduction are less available, while other phenolic PSM subgroups serve more than one function for plants and such functions can be season dependent. The outcome of our meta-analysis is that autumn seasonality changes some PSM production differently from herbivory, and we see value in further investigating seasonality-herbivory interactions with plant chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lota Skovmand
- Redpath Museum & Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Rose E. O'Dea
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Ecosystem SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Keri A. Greig
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | | | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum & Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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Vitasse Y, Pohl N, Walde MG, Nadel H, Gossner MM, Baumgarten F. Feasting on the ordinary or starving for the exceptional in a warming climate: Phenological synchrony between spongy moth ( Lymantria dispar) and budburst of six European tree species. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10928. [PMID: 38371870 PMCID: PMC10869895 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Global warming is affecting the phenological cycles of plants and animals, altering the complex synchronization that has co-evolved over thousands of years between interacting species and trophic levels. Here, we examined how warmer winter conditions affect the timing of budburst in six common European trees and the hatching of a generalist leaf-feeding insect, the spongy moth Lymantria dispar, whose fitness depends on the synchrony between egg hatch and leaf emergence of the host tree. We applied four different temperature treatments to L. dispar eggs and twig cuttings, that mimicked warmer winters and reduced chilling temperatures that are necessary for insect diapause and bud dormancy release, using heated open-top chambers (ambient or +3.5°C), and heated greenhouses (maintained at >6°C or >10°C). In addition, we conducted preference and performance tests to determine which tree species the larvae prefer and benefit from the most. Budburst success and twig survival were highest for all tree species at ambient temperature conditions, whereas it declined under elevated winter temperature for Tilia cordata and Acer pseudoplatanus, likely due to a lack of chilling. While L. dispar egg hatch coincided with budburst in most tree species within 10 days under ambient conditions, it coincided with budburst only in Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, and, to a lesser extent, Ulmus glabra under warmer conditions. With further warming, we, therefore, expect an increasing mismatch in trees with high chilling requirements, such as Fagus sylvatica and A. pseudoplatanus, but still good synchronization with trees having low chilling requirements, such as Q. robur and C. betulus. Surprisingly, first instar larvae preferred and gained weight faster when fed with leaves of F. sylvatica, while Q. robur ranked second. Our results suggest that spongy moth outbreaks are likely to persist in oak and hornbeam forests in western and central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Vitasse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Nora Pohl
- Southern Swedish Forest Research CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesLommaSweden
| | - Manuel G. Walde
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Hannah Nadel
- United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Forest Pest Methods LaboratoryBuzzards BayMassachusettsUSA
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Frederik Baumgarten
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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Zi H, Jing X, Liu A, Fan X, Chen S, Wang H, He J. Simulated climate warming decreases fruit number but increases seed mass. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:841-855. [PMID: 36272096 PMCID: PMC10099976 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is changing plant sexual reproduction, having consequences for species distribution and community dynamics. However, the magnitude and direction of plant reproductive efforts (e.g., number of flowers) and success (e.g., number and mass of fruits or seeds) in response to warming have not been well-characterized. Here, we generated a global dataset of simulated warming experiments, consisting of 477 pairwise comparisons for 164 terrestrial species. We found evidence that warming overall decreased fruit number and increased seed mass, but little evidence that warming influenced flower number, fruit mass, or seed number. The warming effects on seed mass were regulated by the pollination type, and insect-pollinated plants exhibited a stronger response to warming than wind-pollinated plants. We found strong evidence that warming increased the mass of seeds for the nondominant species but no evidence of this for the dominant species. There was no evidence that phylogenetic relatedness explained the effects of warming on plant reproductive effort and success. In addition, the effects of warming on flowering onset negatively related to the responses in terms of the number of fruits and seeds to warming, revealing a cascading effect of plant reproductive development. These findings provide the first quantification of the response of terrestrial plant sexual reproduction to warming and suggest that plants may increase their fitness by producing heavier seeds under a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbiao Zi
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsCollege of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Xin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsCollege of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Anrong Liu
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaomin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsCollege of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Si‐Chong Chen
- Wuhan Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- Royal Botanic Gardens KewWellcome Trust Millennium BuildingWakehurstUK
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsCollege of Ecology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Jin‐Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsCollege of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijingChina
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4
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Iler AM, CaraDonna PJ, Richardson LK, Wu ET, Fant JB, Pfeiler KC, Freymiller GA, Godfrey KN, Gorman AJ, Wilson N, Whitford MD, Edmonds GA, Stratton C, Jules ES. Genotype accounts for intraspecific variation in the timing and duration of multiple, sequential life-cycle events in a willow species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16112. [PMID: 36478327 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Phenological variation among individuals within populations is common and has a variety of ecological and evolutionary consequences, including forming the basis for population-level responses to environmental change. Although the timing of life-cycle events has genetic underpinnings, whether intraspecific variation in the duration of life-cycle events reflects genetic differences among individuals is poorly understood. METHODS We used a common garden experiment with 10 genotypes of Salix hookeriana (coastal willow) from northern California, United States to investigate the extent to which genetic variation explains intraspecific variation in the timing and duration of multiple, sequential life-cycle events: flowering, leaf budbreak, leaf expansion, fruiting, and fall leaf coloration. We used seven clones of each genotype, for a total of 70 individual trees. RESULTS Genotype affected each sequential life-cycle event independently and explained on average 62% of the variation in the timing and duration of vegetative and reproductive life-cycle events. All events were significantly heritable. A single genotype tended to be "early" or "late" across life-cycle events, but for event durations, there was no consistent response within genotypes. CONCLUSIONS This research demonstrates that genetic variation can be a major component underlying intraspecific variation in the timing and duration of life-cycle events. It is often assumed that the environment affects durations, but we show that genetic factors also play a role. Because the timing and duration of events are independent of one another, our results suggest that the effects of environmental change on one event will not necessarily cascade to subsequent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Iler
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Glencoe, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, USA
- Aarhus University, Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paul J CaraDonna
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Glencoe, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lea K Richardson
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Glencoe, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Wu
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Glencoe, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kelly C Pfeiler
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Grace A Freymiller
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Kimber N Godfrey
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Gorman
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Wilson
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Malachi D Whitford
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Grant A Edmonds
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Conner Stratton
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Erik S Jules
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
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5
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Chen Y, Collins SL, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Yang X, An H, Hu G, Xin C, Zhou J, Sheng X, He M, Zhang P, Guo Z, Zhang H, Li L, Ma M. Warming reduced flowering synchrony and extended community flowering season in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Ecology 2023; 104:e3862. [PMID: 36062319 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The timing of phenological events is highly sensitive to climate change, and may influence ecosystem structure and function. Although changes in flowering phenology among species under climate change have been reported widely, how species-specific shifts will affect phenological synchrony and community-level phenology patterns remains unclear. We conducted a manipulative experiment of warming and precipitation addition and reduction to explore how climate change affected flowering phenology at the species and community levels in an alpine meadow on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that warming advanced the first and last flowering times differently and with no consistent shifts in flowering duration among species, resulting in the entire flowering period of species emerging earlier in the growing season. Early-flowering species were more sensitive to warming than mid- and late-flowering species, thereby reducing flowering synchrony among species and extending the community-level flowering season. However, precipitation and its interactions with warming had no significant effects on flowering phenology. Our results suggest that temperature regulates flowering phenology from the species to community levels in this alpine meadow community, yet how species shifted their flowering timing and duration in response to warming varied. This species-level divergence may reshape flowering phenology in this alpine plant community. Decreasing flowering synchrony among species and the extension of community-level flowering seasons under warming may alter future trophic interactions, with cascading consequences to community and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hang An
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guorui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunming Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiongjie Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingrui He
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Panhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zengpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Miaojun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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6
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Rasmussen NL, Yang LH. Timing of a plant-herbivore interaction alters plant growth and reproduction. Ecology 2023; 104:e3854. [PMID: 36054762 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenological shifts have the potential to change species interactions, but relatively few studies have used experimental manipulations to examine the effects of variation in timing of an interspecific interaction across a series of life stages of a species. Although previous experimental studies have examined the consequences of phenological timing in plant-herbivore interactions for both plants and their herbivores, less is known about their effects on subsequent plant reproduction. Here, we conducted an experiment to determine how shifts in the phenological timing of monarch (Danaus plexippus) larval herbivory affected milkweed (Asclepias fascicularis) host plant performance, including effects on growth and subsequent effects on flower and seed pod phenology and production. We found that variation in the timing of herbivory affected both plant growth and reproduction, with measurable effects several weeks to several months after herbivory ended. The timing of herbivory had qualitatively different effects on vegetative and reproductive biomass: early-season herbivory had the strongest effects on plant size, whereas late-season herbivory had the strongest effects on the production of viable seeds. These results show that phenological shifts in herbivory can have persistent and qualitatively different effects on different life stages across the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick L Rasmussen
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Division of Integrated Science and Engineering, California Department of Water Resources, West Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Louie H Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Cao R, Lu G, Zhang T, Li Z, Wu X, Sun S. Invertebrate herbivory accelerates shift towards forbs caused by warming in a sedge‐dominated alpine meadow. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Huaiyin Normal University Huaian China
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Guihua Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Huaiyin Normal University Huaian China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Huaiyin Normal University Huaian China
| | - Zhengpeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection Huaiyin Normal University Huaian China
| | - Xinwei Wu
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
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Hassan T, Ahmad R, Wani SA, Gulzar R, Waza SA, Khuroo AA. Climate warming-driven phenological shifts are species-specific in woody plants: evidence from twig experiment in Kashmir Himalaya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:1771-1785. [PMID: 35759146 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidences in support of climate warming-driven phenological shifts are still scarce, particularly from the developing world. Here, we investigated the effect of experimental warming on flowering phenology of selected woody plants in Kashmir Himalaya. We selected the twigs of four congeneric pairs of temperate woody species (Prunus, Populus, Ulmus, Viburnum)-typical spring-flowering plants in the region. Using randomised block design, we monitored these winter dormant twigs in controlled growth chambers to study the effect of different temperature regimes (9, 17, 20 and 23 °C) and species identity on the patterns of phenological shifts. We observed a significant phenological shift in all the species showing preponement in the first flower out and senescence phases ranging from 0.56 to 3.0 and 0.77 to 4.04 days per degree increase in temperature, respectively. The duration of flowering phase in all the species showed a corresponding decrease along the gradient of increasing temperature, which was more driven by preponement of the flower senescence than the start of flowering. The patterns of phenological shifts were highly species-specific, and the magnitude of these shifts significantly varied in all the four pairs of congeneric species despite their phylogenetic similarity. Our study provides experimental support to the previous long-term observation and herbarium-based studies showing that the patterns of phenological shifts in response to global climate warming are likely to vary between species, even those belonging to same evolutionary stock. Our findings highlight that a one-size-fits-all strategy to manage the likely impacts of climate warming-induced phenological shifts will seldom succeed, and should instead be designed for the specific phenological responses of species and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabasum Hassan
- Centre for Biodiversity & Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Rameez Ahmad
- Centre for Biodiversity & Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Sajad A Wani
- Centre for Biodiversity & Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Ruquia Gulzar
- Centre for Biodiversity & Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Showkat A Waza
- Mountain Crop Research Station (MCRS) Sagam, SKUAST Kashmir, Anantnag, 192124, J&K, India
| | - Anzar Ahmad Khuroo
- Centre for Biodiversity & Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India.
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Guo J, Zhao C, Zhang L, Han Y, Cao R, Liu Y, Sun S. Water table decline alters arthropod community structure by shifting plant communities and leaf nutrients in a Tibetan peatland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:151944. [PMID: 34838919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water table decline is one of the most serious environmental problems in the peatland in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, the effect of water table decline on the structure of aboveground arthropod communities is still not clear. We investigated changes in the abundance of different arthropod groups, and estimated the abundance, height, and biomass of the plant community in a soil water table reduction experiment to reveal the effect of water table decline on the arthropod community structure. The effect of water level decline on herbivorous arthropods varied according to the feeding habits. Specifically, water table decline treatment decreased the abundance of grass-preferring herbivores but increased the abundance of forb-preferring herbivores. However, the density of predators (e.g., spiders) did not change significantly. The variations in arthropod communities were correlated with the increase in forbs and leaf nitrogen content in the water table decline treatments. Our experiment demonstrated that the effect of water table decline on plant communities cascades upwardly to alter the arthropod community. Such trophic interactions should be considered in studies aimed at predicting shifts in the arthropods communities in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Guo
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Cancan Zhao
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Luna Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Yangyang Han
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinzhan Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Ekholm A, Faticov M, Tack AJM, Roslin T. Herbivory in a changing climate-Effects of plant genotype and experimentally induced variation in plant phenology on two summer-active lepidopteran herbivores and one fungal pathogen. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8495. [PMID: 35136555 PMCID: PMC8796927 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With climate change, spring warming tends to advance plant leaf-out. While the timing of leaf-out has been shown to affect the quality of leaves for herbivores in spring, it is unclear whether such effects extend to herbivores active in summer. In this study, we first examined how spring and autumn phenology of seven Quercus robur genotypes responded to elevated temperatures in spring. We then tested whether the performance of two summer-active insect herbivores (Orthosia gothica and Polia nebulosa) and infection by a pathogen (Erysiphe alphitoides) were influenced by plant phenology, traits associated with genotype or the interaction between these two. Warm spring temperatures advanced both bud development and leaf senescence in Q. robur. Plants of different genotype differed in terms of both spring and autumn phenology. Plant phenology did not influence the performance of two insect herbivores and a pathogen, while traits associated with oak genotype had an effect on herbivore performance. Weight gain for O. gothica and ingestion for P. nebulosa differed by a factor of 4.38 and 2.23 among genotypes, respectively. Herbivore species active in summer were influenced by traits associated with plant genotype but not by phenology. This suggest that plant attackers active in summer may prove tolerant to shifts in host plant phenology-a pattern contrasting with previously documented effects on plant attackers active in spring and autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ekholm
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Maria Faticov
- Department of EcologyEnvironment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Department of EcologyEnvironment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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11
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Iler AM, CaraDonna PJ, Forrest JR, Post E. Demographic Consequences of Phenological Shifts in Response to Climate Change. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011921-032939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
When a phenological shift affects a demographic vital rate such as survival or reproduction, the altered vital rate may or may not have population-level consequences. We review the evidence that climate change affects populations by shifting species’ phenologies, emphasizing the importance of demographic life-history theory. We find many examples of phenological shifts having both positive and negative consequences for vital rates. Yet, few studies link phenological shifts to changes in vital rates known to drive population dynamics, especially in plants. When this link is made, results are largely consistent with life-history theory: Phenological shifts have population-level consequences when they affect survival in longer-lived organisms and reproduction in shorter-lived organisms. However, there are just as many cases in which demographic mechanisms buffer population growth from phenologically induced changes in vital rates. We provide recommendations for future research aiming to understand the complex relationships among climate, phenology, and demography, which will help to elucidate the extent to which phenological shifts actually alter population persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Iler
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Science Conservation and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois 60022, USA
| | - Paul J. CaraDonna
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Science Conservation and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois 60022, USA
| | | | - Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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12
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Ekholm A, Faticov M, Tack AJM, Berger J, Stone GN, Vesterinen E, Roslin T. Community phenology of insects on oak: local differentiation along a climatic gradient. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ekholm
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7044 Uppsala SE‐750 07 Sweden
| | - Maria Faticov
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 20A Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 20A Stockholm Sweden
| | - Josef Berger
- Department of Biology Biodiversity Unit Lund University Sölvegatan 37 Lund 22362 Sweden
| | - Graham N. Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL United Kingdom
| | - Eero Vesterinen
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7044 Uppsala SE‐750 07 Sweden
- Department of Biology University of Turku Vesilinnantie 5 Turku FI‐20014 Finland
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7044 Uppsala SE‐750 07 Sweden
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13
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Quantification of adulteration in traded ayurvedic raw drugs employing machine learning approaches with DNA barcode database. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:463. [PMID: 34745814 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adulteration of expensive raw drugs with inferior taxa has become a routine practice, conceding the quality and safety of derived herbal products. In this regard, the study addresses the development of an integrated approach encompassing DNA barcode and HPTLC fingerprinting to authenticate chiefly traded ayurvedic raw drugs in south India [viz. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight and Arn., Sida alnifolia L. and Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.] from its adulterants. Consortium of Barcode of Life (CBOL) recommended DNA barcode gene regions viz. nuclear ribosomal-Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA-ITS), maturase K (matK), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) and psbA-trnH spacer regions along with HPTLC profiling were experimented and a reference database was created. Further, an integrated analytical approach employing genetic distance-based Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree and Artificial Intelligence (AI)based Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA)-Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) and Barcoding with Logic (BLOG) were employed to prove efficacy of DNA barcode tool. Even though, among the four barcodes, psbA-trnH (S. alnifolia and its adulterants, T. arjuna and its adulterants) or ITS region (S. asoca and its adulterants, D. gangeticum and its adulterants) showed highest inter specific divergences in the selected Biological Reference Materials (BRMs), rbcL or matK barcode regions alone were successful for authentication of traded samples. The automated species identification techniques, WEKA and BLOG, experimented for the first time in India for raw drug validation, could achieve rapid and precise identification. A national certification agency for raw drug authentication employing an integrated approach involving a DNA barcoding tool along with standard organoleptic and analytical methods can strengthen and ensure safety and quality of herbal medicines in India. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03001-5.
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14
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Kharouba HM, Yang LH. Disentangling the direct, indirect, and combined effects of experimental warming on a plant–insect herbivore interaction. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Kharouba
- Center for Population Biology University of California Davis California 95616 USA
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1N 9B4 Canada
| | - Louie H. Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis California 95616 USA
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15
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Liu Y, He F. Warming intensifies soil pathogen negative feedback on a temperate tree. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2297-2307. [PMID: 33891310 PMCID: PMC8456973 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The soil pathogen-induced Janzen-Connell (JC) effect is considered as a primary mechanism regulating plant biodiversity worldwide. As predicted by the framework of the classic plant disease triangle, severity of plant diseases is often influenced by temperature, yet insufficient understanding of how increasing temperatures affect the JC effect contributes uncertainty in predictions about how global warming affects biodiversity. We conducted a 3-yr field warming experiment, combining open-top chambers with pesticide treatment, to test the effect of elevated temperatures on seedling mortality of a temperate tree species, Prunus padus, from a genus with known susceptibility to soil-borne pathogens. Elevated temperature significantly increased the mortality of P. padus seedlings in the immediate vicinity of parent trees, concurrent with increased relative abundance of pathogenic fungi identified to be virulent to Prunus species. Our study offers experimental evidence suggesting that global warming significantly intensifies the JC effect on a temperate tree species due to increased relative abundance of pathogenic fungi. This work advances our understanding about changes in the JC effect linked to ongoing global warming, which has important implications for predicting tree diversity in a warmer future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity StudyTiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem ResearchSchool of Ecology and Environmental SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200241China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological SecurityShanghai200092China
| | - Fangliang He
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity StudyTiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem ResearchSchool of Ecology and Environmental SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200241China
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlberta,T6G 2H1Canada
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16
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Meineke EK, Davis CC, Davies TJ. Phenological sensitivity to temperature mediates herbivory. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2315-2327. [PMID: 33735502 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Species interactions drive ecosystem processes and are a major focus of global change research. Among the most consequential interactions expected to shift with climate change are those between insect herbivores and plants, both of which are highly sensitive to temperature. Insect herbivores and their host plants display varying levels of synchrony that could be disrupted or enhanced by climate change, yet empirical data on changes in synchrony are lacking. Using evidence of herbivory on herbarium specimens collected from the northeastern United States and France from 1900 to 2015, we provide evidence that plant species with temperature-sensitive phenologies experience higher levels of insect damage in warmer years, while less temperature-sensitive, co-occurring species do not. While herbivory might be mediated by interactions between warming and phenology through multiple pathways, we suggest that warming might lengthen growing seasons for phenologically sensitive plant species, exposing their leaves to herbivores for longer periods of time in warm years. We propose that elevated herbivory in warm years may represent a previously underappreciated cost to phenological tracking of climate change over longer timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Meineke
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Departments of Botany, Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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17
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Bhattarai P, Zheng Z, Bhatta KP, Adhikari YP, Zhang Y. Climate-Driven Plant Response and Resilience on the Tibetan Plateau in Space and Time: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:480. [PMID: 33806382 PMCID: PMC7998909 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Climate change variation on a small scale may alter the underlying processes determining a pattern operating at large scale and vice versa. Plant response to climate change on individual plant levels on a fine scale tends to change population structure, community composition and ecosystem processes and functioning. Therefore, we reviewed the literature on plant response and resilience to climate change in space and time at different scales on the Tibetan Plateau. We report that spatiotemporal variation in temperature and precipitation dynamics drives the vegetation and ecosystem function on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), following the water-energy dynamics hypothesis. Increasing temperature with respect to time increased the net primary productivity (NPP) on most parts of the Tibetan Plateau, but the productivity dynamics on some parts were constrained by 0.3 °C decade-1 rising temperature. Moreover, we report that accelerating studies on plant community assemblage and their contribution to ecosystem functioning may help to identify the community response and resilience to climate extremes. Furthermore, records on species losses help to build the sustainable management plan for the entire Tibetan Plateau. We recommend that incorporating long-term temporal data with multiple factor analyses will be helpful to formulate the appropriate measures for a healthy ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Bhattarai
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.B.); (Z.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhoutao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.B.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Kuber Prasad Bhatta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Yagya Prasad Adhikari
- Department of Biogeography, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Yangjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.B.); (Z.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Unnikrishnan R, Sumod M, Jayaraj R, Sujanapal P, Dev SA. The efficacy of machine learning algorithm for raw drug authentication in Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. employing a DNA barcode database. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:605-617. [PMID: 33854287 PMCID: PMC7981360 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a valuable resource for traditional as well as modern medicine. Consequently huge demand has exerted a heavy strain on the existing natural resources. Due to over exploitation and unscientific collection most of the commercially traded ayurvedic plants are in the phase of depletion. Adulteration of expensive raw drugs with inferior taxa has become a common practice to meet the annual demand of the ayurvedic industry. Although there are several recommended methods for proper identification varying from the traditional taxonomic to organoleptic and physiochemical, it is difficult to authenticate ayurvedic raw drugs available in extremely dried, powdered or shredded forms. In this regard, the study addresses proper authentication and illicit trade in Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. using CBOL recommended standard barcode regions viz. nuclear ribosomal-Internally Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA- ITS), maturase K (matK), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL), and psbA-trnH spacer regions. Further, an integrated analytical approach employing Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree and Machine Learning Approach, Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis was employed to prove efficacy of the method. The automated species identification technique, Artificial Intelligence uses the ability of computers to build models that can receive the input data and then conduct statistical analyses which significantly reduces the human labour. Concurrently, scientific management, restoration, cultivation and conservation measures should be given utmost priority to reduce the depletion of wild resources as well as to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the herbal industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Unnikrishnan
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
- Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - M. Sumod
- Sustainable Forest Management Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - R. Jayaraj
- Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - P. Sujanapal
- Sustainable Forest Management Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - Suma Arun Dev
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
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19
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Alatalo JM, Jägerbrand AK, Dai J, Mollazehi MD, Abdel‐Salam AG, Pandey R, Molau U. Effects of ambient climate and three warming treatments on fruit production in an alpine, subarctic meadow community. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:411-422. [PMID: 33792046 PMCID: PMC8251864 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Climate change is having major impacts on alpine and arctic regions, and inter-annual variations in temperature are likely to increase. How increased climate variability will impact plant reproduction is unclear. METHODS In a 4-year study on fruit production by an alpine plant community in northern Sweden, we applied three warming regimes: (1) a static level of warming with open-top chambers (OTC), (2) press warming, a yearly stepwise increase in warming, and (3) pulse warming, a single-year pulse event of higher warming. We analyzed the relationship between fruit production and monthly temperatures during the budding period, fruiting period, and whole fruit production period and the effect of winter and summer precipitation on fruit production. RESULTS Year and treatment had a significant effect on total fruit production by evergreen shrubs, Cassiope tetragona, and Dryas octopetala, with large variations between treatments and years. Year, but not treatment, had a significant effect on deciduous shrubs and graminoids, both of which increased fruit production over the 4 years, while forbs were negatively affected by the press warming, but not by year. Fruit production was influenced by ambient temperature during the previous-year budding period, current-year fruiting period, and whole fruit production period. Minimum and average temperatures were more important than maximum temperature. In general, fruit production was negatively correlated with increased precipitation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that predicted increased climate variability and increased precipitation due to climate change may affect plant reproductive output and long-term community dynamics in alpine meadow communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M. Alatalo
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesCollege of Arts and SciencesQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
- Environmental Science CenterQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Annika K. Jägerbrand
- Calluna ABHästholmsvägen 28131 30NackaSweden
- Department of Environmental and BiosciencesRydberg Laboratory of Applied Science (RLAS)School of Business, Engineering and ScienceHalmstad UniversityP.O. Box 823SE‐301 18HalmstadSweden
| | - Junhu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and SimulationInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- China‐Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth SciencesCAS‐HECIslamabad45320Pakistan
| | - Mohammad D. Mollazehi
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and PhysicsCollege of Arts and SciencesQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Abdel‐Salam G. Abdel‐Salam
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and PhysicsCollege of Arts and SciencesQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Rajiv Pandey
- Division of Forestry StatisticsIndian Council of Forestry Research and EducationDehradunIndia
| | - Ulf Molau
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgP.O. Box 461SE‐405 30GothenburgSweden
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20
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Liu Y, Li G, Wu X, Niklas KJ, Yang Z, Sun S. Linkage between species traits and plant phenology in an alpine meadow. Oecologia 2021; 195:409-419. [PMID: 33423112 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04846-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant phenology differs largely among coexisting species within communities that share similar habitat conditions. However, the factors explaining such phenological diversity of plants have not been fully investigated. We hypothesize that species traits, including leaf mass per area (LMA), seed mass, stem tissue mass density (STD), maximum plant height (Hmax), and relative growth rate in height (RGRH), explain variation in plant phenology, and tested this hypothesis in an alpine meadow. Results showed that both LMA and STD were positively correlated with the onset (i.e., beginning) and offset (i.e., ending) times of the four life history events including two reproductive events (flowering and fruiting) and two vegetative events (leafing and senescing). In contrast, RGRH was negatively correlated with the four life phenological events. Moreover, Hmax was positively correlated with reproductive events but not with vegetative events. However, none of the eight phenological events was associated with seed size. In addition, the combination of LMA and STD accounted for 50% of the variation in plant phenologies. Phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis showed plant phylogeny weakened the relationships between species traits vs. phenologies. Phylogeny significantly regulated the variation in the ending but not the beginning of phenologies. Our results indicate that species traits are robust indicators for plant phenologies and can be used to explain the diversity of plant phenologies among co-occurring herbaceous species in grasslands. The findings highlight the important role of the combination of and trade-offs between functional traits in determing plant phenology diversity in the alpine meadow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhan Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Guoyong Li
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Xinwei Wu
- Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China
| | - Karl J Niklas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Zhongling Yang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Restoration, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China
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21
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Kankaanpää T, Abrego N, Vesterinen E, Roslin T. Microclimate structures communities, predation and herbivory in the High Arctic. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:859-874. [PMID: 33368254 PMCID: PMC8049004 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In a warming world, changes in climate may result in species‐level responses as well as changes in community structure through knock‐on effects on ecological interactions such as predation and herbivory. Yet, the links between these responses at different levels are still inadequately understood. Assessing how microclimatic conditions affect each of them at local scales provides information essential for understanding the consequences of macroclimatic changes projected in the future. Focusing on the rapidly changing High Arctic, we examine how a community based on a common resource species (avens, Dryas spp.), a specialist insect herbivore (Sympistis zetterstedtii) and natural enemies of lepidopteran herbivores (parasitoids) varies along a multidimensional microclimatic gradient. We ask (a) how parasitoid community composition varies with local abiotic conditions, (b) how the community‐level response of parasitoids is linked to species‐specific traits (koino‐ or idiobiont life cycle strategy and phenology) and (c) whether the effects of varying abiotic conditions extend to interaction outcomes (parasitism rates on the focal herbivore and realized herbivory rates). We recorded the local communities of parasitoids, herbivory rates on Dryas flowers and parasitism rates in Sympistis larvae at 20 sites along a mountain slope. For linking community‐level responses to microclimatic conditions with parasitoid traits, we used joint species distribution modelling. We then assessed whether the same abiotic variables also affect parasitism and herbivory rates, by applying generalized linear and additive mixed models. We find that parasitism strategy and phenology explain local variation in parasitoid community structure. Parasitoids with a koinobiont strategy preferred high‐elevation sites with higher summer temperatures or sites with earlier snowmelt and lower humidity. Species of earlier phenology occurred with higher incidence at sites with cooler summer temperatures or later snowmelt. Microclimatic effects also extend to parasitism and herbivory, with an increase in the parasitism rates of the main herbivore S. zetterstedtii with higher temperature and lower humidity, and a matching increase in herbivory rates. Our results show that microclimatic variation is a strong driver of local community structure, species interactions and interaction outcomes in Arctic ecosystems. In view of ongoing climate change, these results predict that macroclimatic changes will profoundly affect arctic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Kankaanpää
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nerea Abrego
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Vesterinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Wan L, Long Y, Hui J, Zhang H, Hou Z, Tan J, Pan Y, Sun S. Effect of norfloxacin on algae-cladoceran grazer-larval damselfly food chains: Algal morphology-mediated trophic cascades. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127166. [PMID: 32559891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic norfloxacin (NOR) has recently been demonstrated to affect the swimming behavior of zooplankton species and phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions, which may further affect trophic cascades. To test this hypothesis, two food chains (Scenedesmus quadricauda-Daphnia magna-larval damselfly and Chlorella vulgaris-D. magna-larval damselfly) were used to examine the effect of NOR concentrations (0, 0.5, 5, and 25 mg L-1) on trophic cascades. In the absence of NOR, larval damselflies reduced grazer density and increased algal density, regardless of algal species. In the presence of NOR, increasing NOR concentration strengthened the positive effect of larval damselflies on the growth of C. vulgaris because larval damselflies suppressed grazer density more efficiently resulting from reduced swimming ability in the grazers. Conversely, increasing NOR concentration reduced the positive effect on the growth of S. quadricauda due to inhibited grazer-induced colony formation in S. quadricauda. Therefore, exposure to NOR altered the direction and strength of trophic cascades and showed species-specific differences, depending on algal morphology-mediated indirect interactions. These findings provide novel insights into how NOR affects aquatic food chains and reveal the importance of algal traits in determining trophic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yaoyue Long
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jin Hui
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhiyong Hou
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Jiexin Tan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ying Pan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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23
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Shah AA, Dillon ME, Hotaling S, Woods HA. High elevation insect communities face shifting ecological and evolutionary landscapes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 41:1-6. [PMID: 32553896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is proceeding rapidly in high mountain regions worldwide. Rising temperatures will impact insect physiology and associated fitness and will shift populations in space and time, thereby altering community interactions and composition. Shifts in space are expected as insects move upslope to escape warming temperatures and shifts in time will occur with changes in phenology of resident high-elevation insects. Clearly, spatiotemporal shifts will not affect all species equally. Terrestrial insects may have more opportunities than aquatic insects to exploit microhabitats, potentially buffering them from warming. Such responses of insects to warming may also fuel evolutionary change, including hitchhiking of maladaptive alleles and genetic rescue. Together, these considerations suggest a striking restructuring of high-elevation insect communities that remains largely unstudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha A Shah
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
| | - Michael E Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Scott Hotaling
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - H Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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Jabis MD, Winkler DE, Kueppers LM. Warming acts through earlier snowmelt to advance but not extend alpine community flowering. Ecology 2020; 101:e03108. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D. Jabis
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California Berkeley 133 Mulford Hall Berkeley California 94720‐3114 USA
| | - Daniel E. Winkler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine California 92697‐2525 USA
- United States Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center 2290 S W Resource Boulevard Moab Utah 84532 USA
| | - Lara M. Kueppers
- Energy and Resources Group University of California Berkeley 310 Barrows Hall Berkeley California 94720‐3050 USA
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley California 94720 USA
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25
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Yang LH, Cenzer ML, Morgan LJ, Hall GW. Species-specific, age-varying plant traits affect herbivore growth and survival. Ecology 2020; 101:e03029. [PMID: 32115691 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal windows of opportunity represent intervals of time within a year during which organisms have improved prospects of achieving life history aims such as growth or reproduction, and may be commonly structured by temporal variation in abiotic factors, bottom-up factors, and top-down factors. Although seasonal windows of opportunity are likely to be common, few studies have examined the factors that structure seasonal windows of opportunity in time. Here, we experimentally manipulated host-plant age in two milkweed species (Asclepias fascicularis and Asclepias speciosa) in order to investigate the role of plant-species-specific and plant-age-varying traits on the survival and growth of monarch caterpillars (Danaus plexippus). We show that the two plant species showed diverging trajectories of defense traits with increasing age. These species-specific and age-varying host-plant traits significantly affected the growth and survival of monarch caterpillars through both resource quality- and quantity-based constraints. The effects of plant age on monarch developmental success were comparable to and sometimes larger than those of plant-species identity. We conclude that species-specific and age-varying plant traits are likely to be important factors with the potential to structure seasonal windows of opportunity for monarch development, and examine the implications of these findings for both broader patterns in the ontogeny of plant defense traits and the specific ecology of milkweed-monarch interactions in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louie H Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Meredith L Cenzer
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Laura J Morgan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Griffin W Hall
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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26
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Denney DA, Jameel MI, Bemmels JB, Rochford ME, Anderson JT. Small spaces, big impacts: contributions of micro-environmental variation to population persistence under climate change. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa005. [PMID: 32211145 PMCID: PMC7082537 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Individuals within natural populations can experience very different abiotic and biotic conditions across small spatial scales owing to microtopography and other micro-environmental gradients. Ecological and evolutionary studies often ignore the effects of micro-environment on plant population and community dynamics. Here, we explore the extent to which fine-grained variation in abiotic and biotic conditions contributes to within-population variation in trait expression and genetic diversity in natural plant populations. Furthermore, we consider whether benign microhabitats could buffer local populations of some plant species from abiotic stresses imposed by rapid anthropogenic climate change. If microrefugia sustain local populations and communities in the short term, other eco-evolutionary processes, such as gene flow and adaptation, could enhance population stability in the longer term. We caution, however, that local populations may still decline in size as they contract into rare microhabitats and microrefugia. We encourage future research that explicitly examines the role of the micro-environment in maintaining genetic variation within local populations, favouring the evolution of phenotypic plasticity at local scales and enhancing population persistence under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Denney
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M Inam Jameel
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jordan B Bemmels
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mia E Rochford
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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27
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Faticov M, Ekholm A, Roslin T, Tack AJM. Climate and host genotype jointly shape tree phenology, disease levels and insect attacks. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Faticov
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
| | - Adam Ekholm
- Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
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28
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Bemmels JB, Anderson JT. Climate change shifts natural selection and the adaptive potential of the perennial forb Boechera stricta in the Rocky Mountains. Evolution 2019; 73:2247-2262. [PMID: 31584183 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heritable genetic variation is necessary for populations to evolve in response to anthropogenic climate change. However, antagonistic genetic correlations among traits may constrain the rate of adaptation, even if substantial genetic variation exists. We examine potential genetic responses to selection by comparing multivariate genetic variance-covariances of traits and fitness (multivariate Robertson-Price identities) across different environments in a reciprocal transplant experiment of the forb Boechera stricta in the Rocky Mountains. By transplanting populations into four common gardens arrayed along an elevational gradient, and exposing populations to control and snow removal treatments, we simulated future and current climates and snowmelt regimes. Genetic variation in flowering and germination phenology declined in plants moved downslope to warmer, drier sites, suggesting that these traits may have a limited ability to evolve under future climates. Simulated climate change via snow removal altered the strength of selection on flowering traits, but we found little evidence that genetic correlations among traits are likely to affect the rate of adaptation to climate change. Overall, our results suggest that climate change may alter the evolutionary potential of B. stricta, but reduced expression of genetic variation may be a larger impediment to adaptation than constraints imposed by antagonistic genetic correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B Bemmels
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602.,Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, PO Box 519, Crested Butte, Colorado, 81224
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29
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Zhang C, Ma Z, Zhou H, Zhao X. Long-term warming results in species-specific shifts in seed mass in alpine communities. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7416. [PMID: 31396451 PMCID: PMC6679644 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Global warming can cause variation in plant functional traits due to phenotypic plasticity or rapid microevolutionary change. Seed mass represents a fundamental axis of trait variation in plants, from an individual to a community scale. Here, we hypothesize that long-term warming can shift the mean seed mass of species. Methods We tested our hypothesis in plots that had been warmed over 18 years in alpine meadow communities with a history of light grazing (LG) and heavy grazing (HG) on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. In this study, seeds were collected during the growing season of 2015. Results We found that warming increased the mean seed mass of 4 (n = 19) species in the LG meadow and 6 (n = 20) species in the HG meadow, while decreasing the mean seed mass of 6 species in the LG and HG meadows, respectively. For 7 species, grazing history modified the effect of warming on seed mass. Therefore, we concluded that long-term warming can shift the mean seed mass at the species level. However, the direction of this variation is species-specific. Our study suggests that mean seed mass of alpine plant species appears to decrease in warmer (less stressful) habitats based on life-history theory, but it also suggests there may be an underlying trade-off in which mean seed mass may increase due to greater thermal energy inputs into seed development. Furthermore, the physical and biotic environment modulating this trade-off result in complex patterns of variation in mean seed mass of alpine plant species facing global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Regions in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Regions in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Huakun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Regions in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xinquan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Regions in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
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30
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Implications of seasonal and annual heat accumulation for population dynamics of an invasive defoliator. Oecologia 2019; 190:703-714. [PMID: 31292715 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing temperatures can drive changes in the distribution and abundance of insects. The time of year when warming occurs (e.g., spring vs. autumn) may disparately influence the phenology of herbivorous insects and their host plants. We investigated the role of changing phenology in recent outbreaks of larch casebearer, an invasive defoliator of eastern larch in North America. We quantified degree-days required for eastern larch to break bud and larch casebearer to develop through each life stage from the onset of development in spring to autumnal dormancy. We developed degree-day models to reconstruct (1) spring phenological synchrony and (2) cumulative proportion of larvae reaching the overwintering stage based on historical climate data. The consequences of warmer autumns and winters (i.e., pre-spring warming) for the incidence and timing of spring activation of larvae were also investigated. Our results suggested that no significant changes have occurred in spring phenological synchrony, but the estimated proportions of larvae reaching the overwintering stage have significantly increased through time. Autumnal warming resulted in delayed spring activation, suggesting that warmer temperatures may act antagonistically on casebearer development, depending on time of year and intensity of warming. Our results provide evidence that increases in annual degree-day accumulation may have helped facilitate recent outbreaks of this invasive defoliator in North America.
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31
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Pearson KD. Spring- and fall-flowering species show diverging phenological responses to climate in the Southeast USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:481-492. [PMID: 30734127 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenological shifts (e.g., earlier flowering dates) are known consequences of climate change that may alter ecosystem functioning, productivity, and ecological interactions across trophic levels. Temperate, subalpine, and alpine regions have largely experienced advancement of spring phenology with climate warming, but the effects of climate change in warm, humid regions and on autumn phenology are less well understood. In this study, nearly 10,000 digitized herbarium specimen records were used to examine the phenological sensitivities of fall- and spring-flowering asteraceous plants to temperature and precipitation in the US Southeastern Coastal Plain. Climate data reveal warming trends in this already warm climate, and spring- and fall-flowering species responded differently to this change. Spring-flowering species flowered earlier at a rate of 1.8-2.3 days per 1 °C increase in spring temperature, showing remarkable congruence with studies of northern temperate species. Fall-flowering species flowered slightly earlier with warmer spring temperatures, but flowering was significantly later with warmer summer temperatures at a rate of 0.8-1.2 days per 1 °C. Spring-flowering species exhibited slightly later flowering times with increased spring precipitation. Fall phenology was less clearly influenced by precipitation. These results suggest that even warm, humid regions may experience phenological shifts and thus be susceptible to potentially detrimental effects such as plant-pollinator asynchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelin D Pearson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Dr, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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32
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Mo L, Luo P, Mou C, Yang H, Wang J, Wang Z, Li Y, Luo C, Li T, Zuo D. Winter plant phenology in the alpine meadow on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:1033-1045. [PMID: 29982286 PMCID: PMC6266106 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is no knowledge of winter plant phenology and its controlling factors on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Thus, we conducted a 4 year winter phenology and growth dynamics study in the alpine meadow on the eastern QTP. METHODS From November 2013 to March 2017, the phenology of the 'winter-growth' and 'winter-green' species was recorded every 5 d. In November-February from 2014 to 2015, the above-ground biomass (AGB) in random plots was calculated to distinguish different growth patterns among winter growing species. The percentage of winter abundance relative to the summer population for forbs and the percentage of absolute coverage for grasses (W/S) were calculated to describe the importance of the winter population to the summer population. The soil moisture (SM) and soil temperature (ST) were used to explore the controlling factors on the AGB. Pearson's correlation analysis between winter phenology data and environmental variables, including air temperature (Tair), snow cover fraction (SCF), SM and ST, was used to investigate the factors affecting winter phenology during November-February from 2014 to 2017. KEY RESULTS There were 107 species in total in the sites, including ten 'winter-growth' species and four 'winter-green' species. Among the 'winter-green' species, Festuca ovina and Deschampsia cespitosa were the dominant species in the sites. The 'winter-growth' species grew new leaves or ramets or transitioned to reproductive growth. Gentiana spathulifolia even flowered in winter. 'Winter-growth' made important contributions to the annual AGB, e.g. winter growth of G. spathulifolia accounted for 23.26 % of its annual AGB, while 14.74 % of the annual AGB of G. crassuloides was from winter growth. In addition, winter warming and snowfall reduction under global climate change on the eastern QTP may decrease the AGB increment of the 'winter-growth' and delay the green-up onset date of 'winter-green' species. Also, winter warming and snowfall reduction may advance the first flowering date of 'winter-growth' species. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous views that plants on the QTP were generally considered to remain dormant in winter, our study revealed that alpine meadow plants had strong winter growth which suggested the importance of re-evaluating the dynamics of ecosystem function of alpine meadow, including its contribution to the global carbon balance. It was also shown that soil moisture availability is more important than warmer temperature in controlling the green-up onset of 'winter-green' species on the eastern QTP, which contrasts with the traditional view that warmer winters could advance green-up. As snowmelt is the only source of soil water in winter, the prediction of the green-up trend may be further complicated by snowfall variation in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mo
- Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengxiang Mou
- Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Institute of Agriculture Environment and Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Luo
- Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Li
- Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Dandan Zuo
- Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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33
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Toftegaard T, Posledovich D, Navarro‐Cano JA, Wiklund C, Gotthard K, Ehrlén J. Butterfly–host plant synchrony determines patterns of host use across years and regions. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tenna Toftegaard
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm Univ. SE106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Diana Posledovich
- Dept of Zoology Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre of Climate Research Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
| | - José A. Navarro‐Cano
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm Univ. SE106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Desertification Research Centre (CSIC‐UV‐GV) Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Dept of Zoology Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre of Climate Research Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Bolin Centre of Climate Research Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
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Cao Y, Xiao Y, Zhang S, Hu W. Simulated warming enhances biological invasion of Solidago canadensis and Bidens frondosa by increasing reproductive investment and altering flowering phenology pattern. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16073. [PMID: 30375415 PMCID: PMC6207732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenological and reproductive shifts of plants due to climate change may have important influences on population dynamics. Climate change may also affect invasive species by changing their phenology and reproduction, but few studies have explored this possibility. Here, we investigated the impact of climate change on the phenology, reproduction and invasion potential of two alien Solidago canadensis and Bidens frondosa and one native weed, Pterocypsela laciniata, all of which are in the Asteraceae family. The three species responded to simulated climate change by increasing reproductive investments and root/leaf ratio, prolonging flowering duration, and while the two alien species also displayed a mass-flowering pattern. Moreover, our experimental results indicated that the alien invasive species may have greater phenological plasticity in response to simulated warming than that of the native species (P. laciniata). As such, climate change may enhance the invasion and accelerate the invasive process of these alien plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, 343009, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, 343009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi'an Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, 343009, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, 343009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sisi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, 343009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, 343009, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, 343009, People's Republic of China
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35
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Farzan S, Yang LH. Experimental shifts in phenology affect fitness, foraging, and parasitism in a native solitary bee. Ecology 2018; 99:2187-2195. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Farzan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Louie H. Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
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36
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Piatscheck F, Van Goor J, Houston DD, Nason JD. Ecological factors associated with pre-dispersal predation of fig seeds and wasps by fig-specialist lepidopteran larvae. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Rudolf VHW. Nonlinear effects of phenological shifts link interannual variation to species interactions. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1395-1406. [PMID: 29749640 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of species interactions are seasonally structured and depend on species' relative phenologies. However, differences in the phenologies of species naturally vary across years and are altered by ongoing climate change around the world. By combining experiments that shifted the relative hatching of two competing tadpole species across a productivity gradient with simulations of inter-annual variation in arrival times I tested how phenological variation across years can alter the strength and outcome of interspecific competition. Shifting the relative timing of hatching (phenology) of a species fundamentally altered interspecific competition, and the effect of shifting the timing on competition was highly non-linear for most demographic rates. Furthemore, this relationship varied with productivity of the system. As a consequence, (a) shifts in relative timing of phenologies had small or large effects depending on the average natural timing of interactions, and (b) changes in the inter-annual variation in onset of interaction alone can alter species interactions in simulations even when mean phenologies (timing) remain unchanged across years. Studies on phenologies traditionally focus on directional shifts in the mean of phenologies, but these results suggest that we also need to consider inter-annual variation in phenologies of interacting species to predict dynamics of natural communities and how they will be modified by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker H W Rudolf
- Program in Ecology, & Evolutionary Biology, BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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38
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Robinson SI, McLaughlin ÓB, Marteinsdóttir B, O'Gorman EJ. Soil temperature effects on the structure and diversity of plant and invertebrate communities in a natural warming experiment. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:634-646. [PMID: 29368345 PMCID: PMC6849623 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is predicted to significantly alter species physiology, biotic interactions and thus ecosystem functioning, as a consequence of coexisting species exhibiting a wide range of thermal sensitivities. There is, however, a dearth of research examining warming impacts on natural communities. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland to investigate the changes in above-ground terrestrial plant and invertebrate communities along a soil temperature gradient (10°C-30°C). The α-diversity of plants and invertebrates decreased with increasing soil temperature, driven by decreasing plant species richness and increasing dominance of certain invertebrate species in warmer habitats. There was also greater species turnover in both plant and invertebrate communities with increasing pairwise temperature difference between sites. There was no effect of temperature on percentage cover of vegetation at the community level, driven by contrasting effects at the population level. There was a reduction in the mean body mass and an increase in the total abundance of the invertebrate community, resulting in no overall change in community biomass. There were contrasting effects of temperature on the population abundance of various invertebrate species, which could be explained by differential thermal tolerances and metabolic requirements, or may have been mediated by changes in plant community composition. Our study provides an important baseline from which the effect of changing environmental conditions on terrestrial communities can be tracked. It also contributes to our understanding of why community-level studies of warming impacts are imperative if we are to disentangle the contrasting thermal responses of individual populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinikka I. Robinson
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonAscotUK
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiLahtiFinland
| | - Órla B. McLaughlin
- AgroécologieAgroSup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Bryndís Marteinsdóttir
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
- The Soil Conservation Service of IcelandHellaIceland
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39
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Xi X, Dong Y, Tian X, Xu H, Zhou Q, Niklas KJ, Sun S. Domestic honeybees affect the performance of pre-dispersal seed predators in an alpine meadow. Oecologia 2018; 187:113-122. [PMID: 29492691 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flowering plants interact simultaneously with mutualistic pollinators and antagonistic herbivores such that plant-mediated interactions between pollinators and herbivores must exist. Although the effects of herbivores on pollinator behavior have been investigated extensively, the effect of pollinators on herbivore performance has seldom been explored. We hypothesized that insect pollinators could improve the survival and growth of pre-dispersal seed predators by increasing seed production. We tested this hypothesis along three transects radiating from well-established apiaries in an alpine meadow by supplementing pollination in sites close to and distant from apiaries and subsequently examining seed production of the dominant nectariferous plant species Saussurea nigrescens (Asteraceae) and the performance of three dominant pre-dispersal seed predators (tephritid fly species). Pollen supplementation (1) significantly increased seed set and mass of developed seed per capitulum (i.e., flowerhead) in the distant but not the close sites, (2) did not change the survival and growth rates of the smaller-bodied species (Tephritis femoralis and Campiglossa nigricauda) at either site, but (3) improved the performance of the larger-bodied seed predator (Terellia megalopyge) at distant sites but not close sites. In addition, the larger-bodied tephritid fly showed higher infestation rates and relative abundance in the close sites than in the distant sites, whereas the smaller-bodied species had lower relative abundances in the close sites and similar infestation rates in both site types. These observations demonstrate contrasting effects of plant mutualists on the performance of antagonists with potential consequences for population sizes of insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Xi
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuran Dong
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xingjun Tian
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Haigen Xu
- Nanjing Research Institute of Environmental Sciences of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Jiangwangmiao 8, Nanjing, 200042, China
| | - Qingping Zhou
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, 16 South Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Karl J Niklas
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China. .,Center for Ecological Studies, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Section 4, Renminnan Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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40
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Panetta AM, Stanton ML, Harte J. Climate warming drives local extinction: Evidence from observation and experimentation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaaq1819. [PMID: 29507884 PMCID: PMC5833995 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing concern about elevated extinction risk as global temperatures rise, it is difficult to confirm causal links between climate change and extinction. By coupling 25 years of in situ climate manipulation with experimental seed introductions and both historical and current plant surveys, we identify causal, mechanistic links between climate change and the local extinction of a widespread mountain plant (Androsace septentrionalis). Climate warming causes precipitous declines in population size by reducing fecundity and survival across multiple life stages. Climate warming also purges belowground seed banks, limiting the potential for the future recovery of at-risk populations under ameliorated conditions. Bolstered by previous reports of plant community shifts in this experiment and in other habitats, our findings not only support the hypothesis that climate change can drive local extinction but also foreshadow potentially widespread species losses in subalpine meadows as climate warming continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Panetta
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616–5270, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
| | - Maureen L. Stanton
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616–5270, USA
| | - John Harte
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720–3050, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720–3114, USA
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41
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Posledovich D, Toftegaard T, Wiklund C, Ehrlén J, Gotthard K. Phenological synchrony between a butterfly and its host plants: Experimental test of effects of spring temperature. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:150-161. [PMID: 29048758 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Climate-driven changes in the relative phenologies of interacting species may potentially alter the outcome of species interactions. Phenotypic plasticity is expected to be important for short-term response to new climate conditions, and differences between species in plasticity are likely to influence their temporal overlap and interaction patterns. As reaction norms of interacting species may be locally adapted, any such climate-induced change in interaction patterns may vary among localities. However, consequences of spatial variation in plastic responses for species interactions are understudied. We experimentally explored how temperature affected synchrony between spring emergence of a butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, and onset of flowering of five of its host plant species across a latitudinal gradient. We also studied potential effects on synchrony if climate-driven northward expansions would be faster in the butterflies than in host plants. Lastly, to assess how changes in synchrony influence host use we carried out an experiment to examine the importance of the developmental stage of plant reproductive structures for butterfly oviposition preference. In southern locations, the butterflies were well-synchronized with the majority of their local host plant species across temperatures, suggesting that thermal plasticity in butterfly development matches oviposition to host plant development and that thermal reaction norms of insects and plants result in similar advancement of spring phenology in response to warming. In the most northern region, however, relative phenology between the butterfly and two of its host plant species changed with increased temperature. We also show that the developmental stage of plants was important for egg-laying, and conclude that temperature-induced changes in synchrony in the northernmost region are likely to lead to shifts in host use in A. cardamines if spring temperatures become warmer. Northern expansion of butterfly populations might possibly have a positive effect on keeping up with host plant phenology with more northern host plant populations. Considering that the majority of insect herbivores exploit multiple plant species differing in their phenological response to spring temperatures, temperature-induced changes in synchrony might lead to shifts in host use and changes in species interactions in many temperate communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tenna Toftegaard
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Differential responses of body growth to artificial warming between parasitoids and hosts and the consequences for plant seed damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15472. [PMID: 29133829 PMCID: PMC5684347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature increase may disrupt trophic interactions by differentially changing body growth of the species involved. In this study, we tested whether the response of body growth to artificial warming (~2.2 °C) of a solitary koinobiont endo-parasitoid wasp (Pteromalus albipennis, Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) differed from its main host tephritid fly (Tephritis femoralis, Diptera: Tephritidae; pre-dispersal seed predator), and whether the plant seed damage caused by wasp-parasitized and unparasitized maggots (larval flies) were altered by warming. In contrast to the significant and season-dependent effects of warming on body growth of the host tephritid fly reported in one of our previous studies, the effect of artificial warming on body growth was non-significant on the studied wasp. Moreover, the warming effect on seed damage due to unparasitized maggots was significant and varied with season, but the damage by parasitized maggots was not altered by warming. Distinct responses of body growth to warming between parasitoids studied here and hosts assessed in a previous study indicate that temperature increase may differentially affect life history traits of animals along food chains, which is likely to affect trophic interactions.
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43
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Ju RT, Gao L, Wei SJ, Li B. Spring warming increases the abundance of an invasive specialist insect: links to phenology and life history. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14805. [PMID: 29093523 PMCID: PMC5665933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Under global warming, shifts in phenological synchrony between insects and host plants (i.e., changes in the relative timing of the interaction) may reduce resource availability to specialist insects. Some specialists, however, can flexibly track the shifts in host-plant phenology, allowing them to obtain sufficient resources and therefore to benefit from rising temperatures. Here, we investigated the effects of experimental warming on the life history of an invasive, specialist lace bug (Corythucha ciliata) and on the leaf expansion of its host plant (Platanus × acerifolia) in two spring seasons under field conditions in Shanghai, China. We found that a 2 °C increase in mean air temperature advanced the timing of the expansion of host leaves and of the activities of overwintering adult insects in both years but did not disrupt their synchrony. Warming also directly increased the reproduction of overwintering adults and enhanced the development and survival of their offspring. These results indicate that C. ciliata can well track the earlier emergence of available resources in response to springtime warming. Such plasticity, combined with the direct effects of rising temperatures, may increase the insect’s population size and outbreak potential in eastern China under climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ting Ju
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Shu-Juan Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Bo Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Li X, Liu L, Gu X, Xiang J. Heavy collecting induces smaller and deeper Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus in the wild. PLANT DIVERSITY 2017; 39:208-213. [PMID: 30159513 PMCID: PMC6112289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus is a well-known traditional Chine medicinal herb. However, the demand for this herb is leading to over-collection and its decline in the wild. This study aims to investigate the ecological conditions of Fritillaria cirrhosa under the influence of human disturbance, biotic species interactions and climatic conditions. We established a total of 78 plots at 14 sites of F. cirrhosa in its distribution center, the Hengduan Mountains area. At each site, we estimated the abundance of F. cirrhosa at different distances from roads. The diameter and height of F. cirrhosa fruit and bulbs were measured and compared to underground bulb depth. We then analyzed the effects of environmental conditions and human disturbance on the abundance of F. cirrhosa using variance partitioning. We found that (1) abundance of F. cirrhosa and their underground bulb depth showed a significant linear increase with the distance from the main road; (2) the diameter/height of fruits and the diameter/height of fruits/bulbs showed significantly different responses to the human disturbance; (3) the community associates, climate and spatial conditions can explain 58%, 22% and 27%, respectively, of the variance in the F. cirrhosa abundance. These results highlight the fact that human disturbance and biotic factors have a great influence on the survival of F. cirrhosa, even more than climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Shangri-La Alpine Botanical Garden, Shangri-la 674400, China
| | - Xu Gu
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jianying Xiang
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Corresponding author.
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45
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Lemoine NP, Doublet D, Salminen J, Burkepile DE, Parker JD. Responses of plant phenology, growth, defense, and reproduction to interactive effects of warming and insect herbivory. Ecology 2017; 98:1817-1828. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P. Lemoine
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University 3000 NE 151st Street North Miami Florida 33181 USA
| | - Dejeanne Doublet
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science Boston University 685 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Juha‐Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group Department of Chemistry University of Turku Turku FI‐20500 Finland
| | - Deron E. Burkepile
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University 3000 NE 151st Street North Miami Florida 33181 USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - John D. Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 647 Contees Wharf Road Edgewater Maryland 21037 USA
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46
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Chevillot X, Drouineau H, Lambert P, Carassou L, Sautour B, Lobry J. Toward a phenological mismatch in estuarine pelagic food web? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173752. [PMID: 28355281 PMCID: PMC5371289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of species phenology in response to climate change are now unquestionable. Until now, most studies have reported precocious occurrence of life cycle events as a major phenological response. Desynchronizations of biotic interactions, in particular predator-prey relationships, are however assumed to strongly impact ecosystems' functioning, as formalized by the Match-Mismatch Hypothesis (MMH). Temporal synchronicity between juvenile fish and zooplankton in estuaries is therefore of essential interest since estuaries are major nursery grounds for many commercial fish species. The Gironde estuary (SW France) has suffered significant alterations over the last three decades, including two Abrupt Ecosystem Shifts (AES), and three contrasted intershift periods. The main objective of this study was to depict modifications in fish and zooplankton phenology among inter-shift periods and discuss the potential effects of the resulting mismatches at a community scale. A flexible Bayesian method was used to estimate and compare yearly patterns of species abundance in the estuary among the three pre-defined periods. Results highlighted (1) an earlier peak of zooplankton production and entrance of fish species in the estuary and (2) a decrease in residence time of both groups in the estuary. Such species-specific phenological changes led to changes in temporal overlap between juvenile fish and their zooplanktonic prey. This situation questions the efficiency and potentially the viability of nursery function of the Gironde estuary, with potential implications for coastal marine fisheries of the Bay of Biscay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Benoit Sautour
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC–OASU, Station Marine d'Arcachon, Arcachon, France
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Rasmussen NL, Rudolf VHW. Individual and combined effects of two types of phenological shifts on predator–prey interactions. Ecology 2016; 97:3414-3421. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick L. Rasmussen
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Volker H. W. Rudolf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Rice University Houston Texas 77251‐1892 USA
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Bhattarai GP, Meyerson LA, Anderson J, Cummings D, Allen WJ, Cronin JT. Biogeography of a plant invasion: genetic variation and plasticity in latitudinal clines for traits related to herbivory. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh P. Bhattarai
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
| | - Laura A. Meyerson
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences University of Rhode Island 1 Greenhouse Road Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Jack Anderson
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences University of Rhode Island 1 Greenhouse Road Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - David Cummings
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences University of Rhode Island 1 Greenhouse Road Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Warwick J. Allen
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
| | - James T. Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
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Birkemoe T, Bergmann S, Hasle TE, Klanderud K. Experimental warming increases herbivory by leaf-chewing insects in an alpine plant community. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6955-6962. [PMID: 28725372 PMCID: PMC5513215 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming is predicted to affect species and trophic interactions worldwide, and alpine ecosystems are expected to be especially sensitive to changes. In this study, we used two ongoing climate warming (open-top chambers) experiments at Finse, southern Norway, to examine whether warming had an effect on herbivory by leaf-chewing insects in an alpine Dryas heath community. We recorded feeding marks on the most common vascular plant species in warmed and control plots at two experimental sites at different elevations and carried out a brief inventory of insect herbivores. Experimental warming increased herbivory on Dryas octopetala and Bistorta vivipara. Dryas octopetala also experienced increased herbivory at the lower and warmer site, indicating an overall positive effect of warming, whereas B. vivipara experienced an increased herbivory at the colder and higher site indicating a mixed effect of warming. The Lepidoptera Zygaena exulans and Sympistis nigrita were the two most common leaf-chewing insects in the Dryas heath. Based on the observed patterns of herbivory, the insects life cycles and feeding preferences, we argue that Z. exulans is the most important herbivore on B. vivipara, and S. nigrita the most important herbivore on D. octopetala. We conclude that if the degree of insect herbivory increases in a warmer world, as suggested by this study and others, complex interactions between plants, insects, and site-specific conditions make it hard to predict overall effects on plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Birkemoe
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Saskia Bergmann
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Toril E Hasle
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway
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Van De Velde H, Nijs I, Bonte D. Warming affects different components of plant-herbivore interaction in a simplified community but not net interaction strength. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Van De Velde
- Research group Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Dept of Biology; Univ. of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 BE-2610 Wilrijk Belgium
- Dept of Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Research group Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Dept of Biology; Univ. of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 BE-2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Dries Bonte
- Dept of Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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