1
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Cui X, Yang N, Cui H, Yang Q, Wu Z, Shao B, Zhao Y, Tong Y. Interspecific competition enhances microcystin production by Microcystis aeruginosa under the interactive influences of temperature and nutrients. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 265:122308. [PMID: 39180952 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Global warming and eutrophication contribute to frequent occurrences of toxic algal blooms in freshwater systems globally, while there is a limited understanding of their combined impacts on toxin-producing algal species under interspecific competitions. This study investigated the influences of elevated temperatures, lights, nutrient enrichments and interspecific interactions on growth and microcystin (MC) productions of Microcystis aeruginosa in laboratory condition. Our results indicated that elevated temperatures and higher nutrient levels significantly boosted biomass and specific growth rates of Microcystis aeruginosa, which maintained a competitive edge over Chlorella sp. Specifically, with phosphorus levels between 0.10 and 0.70 mg P L-1, the growth rate of Microcystis aeruginosa in mixed cultures increased by 23 %-52 % compared to mono-cultures, while the growth rate of Chlorella sp. shifted from positive in mono-cultures to negative in mixed cultures. Redundancy and variance partition analyses suggested that Chlorella sp. stimulate MC production in Microcystis aeruginosa and nutrient levels outshine temperature for toxin productions during competition. Lotka‒Volterra model revealed a positive correlation between the intensities of competitions and MC concentration. Our findings indicate that future algal bloom mitigation strategies should consider combined influence of temperature, nutrients, and interspecific competition due to their synergistic effects on MC productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Hongyang Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, PR China
| | - Zhengyu Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Bo Shao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yindong Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, PR China.
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2
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Secaira-Morocho H, Chede A, Gonzalez-de-Salceda L, Garcia-Pichel F, Zhu Q. An evolutionary optimum amid moderate heritability in prokaryotic cell size. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114268. [PMID: 38776226 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate the distribution and evolution of prokaryotic cell size based on a compilation of 5,380 species. Size spans four orders of magnitude, from 100 nm (Mycoplasma) to more than 1 cm (Thiomargarita); however, most species congregate heavily around the mean. The distribution approximates but is distinct from log normality. Comparative phylogenetics suggests that size is heritable, yet the phylogenetic signal is moderate, and the degree of heritability is independent of taxonomic scale (i.e., fractal). Evolutionary modeling indicates the presence of an optimal cell size to which most species gravitate. The size is equivalent to a coccus of 0.70 μm in diameter. Analyses of 1,361 species with sequenced genomes show that genomic traits contribute to size evolution moderately and synergistically. Given our results, scaling theory, and empirical evidence, we discuss potential drivers that may expand or shrink cells around the optimum and propose a stability landscape model for prokaryotic cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Secaira-Morocho
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Abhinav Chede
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Luis Gonzalez-de-Salceda
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ferran Garcia-Pichel
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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3
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Kiørboe T. Organismal trade-offs and the pace of planktonic life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38855937 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
No one is perfect, and organisms that perform well in some habitat or with respect to some tasks, do so at the cost of performance in others: there are inescapable trade-offs. Organismal trade-offs govern the structure and function of ecosystems and attempts to demonstrate and quantify trade-offs have therefore been an important goal for ecologists. In addition, trade-offs are a key component in trait-based ecosystem models. Here, I synthesise evidence of trade-offs in plankton organisms, from bacteria to zooplankton, and show how a slow-fast gradient in life histories emerges. I focus on trade-offs related to the main components of an organism's Darwinian fitness, that is resource acquisition, survival, and propagation. All consumers need to balance the need to eat without being eaten, and diurnal vertical migration, where zooplankton hide at depth during the day to avoid visual predators but at the cost of missed feeding opportunities in the productive surface layer, is probably the best documented result of this trade-off. However, there are many other more subtle but equally important behaviours that similarly are the result of an optimisation of these trade-offs. Most plankton groups have also developed more explicit defence mechanisms, such as toxin production or evasive behaviours that are harnessed in the presence of their predators; the costs of these have often proved difficult to quantify or even demonstrate, partly because they only materialise under natural conditions. Finally, all multicellular organisms must allocate time and resources among growth, reproduction, and maintenance (e.g. protein turnover and DNA repair), and mate finding may compromise both survival and feeding. The combined effects of all these trade-offs is the emergence of a slow-fast gradient in the pace-of-life, likely the most fundamental principle for the organisation of organismal life histories. This crystallisation of trade-offs may offer a path to further simplification of trait-based models of marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Kemitorvet, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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4
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Zhu Y, Mulholland MR, Bernhardt PW, Neeley AR, Widner B, Tapia AM, Echevarria MA. Nitrogen uptake rates and phytoplankton composition across contrasting North Atlantic Ocean coastal regimes north and south of Cape Hatteras. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1380179. [PMID: 38784802 PMCID: PMC11113559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1380179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding nitrogen (N) uptake rates respect to nutrient availability and the biogeography of phytoplankton communities is crucial for untangling the complexities of marine ecosystems and the physical, biological, and chemical forces shaping them. In the summer of 2016, we conducted measurements of bulk microbial uptake rates for six 15N-labeled substrates: nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, urea, cyanate, and dissolve free amino acids across distinct marine provinces, including the continental shelf of the Mid-and South Atlantic Bights (MAB and SAB), the Slope Sea, and the Gulf Stream, marking the first instance of simultaneously measuring six different N uptake rates in this dynamic region. Total measured N uptake rates were lowest in the Gulf Stream followed by the SAB. Notably, the MAB exhibited significantly higher N uptake rates compared to the SAB, likely due to the excess levels of pre-existing phosphorus present in the MAB. Together, urea and nitrate uptake contributed approximately 50% of the total N uptake across the study region. Although cyanate uptake rates were consistently low, they accounted for up to 11% of the total measured N uptake at some Gulf Stream stations. Phytoplankton groups were identified based on specific pigment markers, revealing a dominance of diatoms in the shelf community, while Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus, and pico-eukaryotes dominated in oligotrophic Gulf Stream waters. The reported uptake rates in this study were mostly in agreement with previous studies conducted in coastal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. This study suggests there are distinct regional patterns of N uptake in this physically dynamic region, correlating with nutrient availability and phytoplankton community composition. These findings contribute valuable insights into the intricate interplay of biological and chemical factors shaping N dynamics in disparate marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Margaret R. Mulholland
- Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Peter W. Bernhardt
- Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | | | - Brittany Widner
- Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Alfonso Macías Tapia
- Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
- Office of Education, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Michael A. Echevarria
- Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
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5
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Kiørboe T. Predation in a Microbial World: Mechanisms and Trade-Offs of Flagellate Foraging. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2024; 16:361-381. [PMID: 37368955 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-020123-102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrophic nanoflagellates are the main consumers of bacteria and picophytoplankton in the ocean and thus play a key role in ocean biogeochemistry. They are found in all major branches of the eukaryotic tree of life but are united by all being equipped with one or a few flagella that they use to generate a feeding current. These microbial predators are faced with the challenges that viscosity at this small scale impedes predator-prey contact and that their foraging activity disturbs the ambient water and thus attracts their own flow-sensing predators. Here, I describe some of the diverse adaptations of the flagellum to produce sufficient force to overcome viscosity and of the flagellar arrangement to minimize fluid disturbances, and thus of the various solutions to optimize the foraging-predation risk trade-off. I demonstrate how insights into this trade-off can be used to develop robust trait-based models of microbial food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
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6
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Zuo Y, Southard M, Xu Q, Zhang G, Skibinski E, Moon N, Gan L, Chen Y, Jiang L. Cell size-dependent species sensitivity to nanoparticles underlies changes in phytoplankton diversity and productivity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17049. [PMID: 37988188 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle pollution has been shown to affect various organisms. However, the effects of nanoparticles on species interactions, and the role of species traits, such as body size, in modulating these effects, are not well-understood. We addressed this issue using competing freshwater phytoplankton species exposed to copper oxide nanoparticles. Increasing nanoparticle concentration resulted in decreased phytoplankton species growth rates and community productivity (both abundance and biomass). Importantly, we consistently found that nanoparticles had greater negative effects on species with smaller cell sizes, such that nanoparticle pollution weakened the competitive dominance of smaller species and promoted species diversity. Moreover, nanoparticles reduced the growth rate differences and competitive ability differences of competing species, while having little effect on species niche differences. Consequently, nanoparticle pollution reduced the selection effect on phytoplankton community abundance, but increased the selection effect on community biomass. Our results suggest cell size as a key functional trait to consider when predicting phytoplankton community structure and ecosystem functioning in the face of increasing nanopollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zuo
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Southard
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Qianna Xu
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Guangxing Zhang
- The Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily Skibinski
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Lan Gan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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7
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Baker D, Godwin CM, Khanam M, Burtner AM, Dick GJ, Denef VJ. Variation in resource competition traits among Microcystis strains is affected by their microbiomes. MLIFE 2023; 2:401-415. [PMID: 38818269 PMCID: PMC10989160 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater harmful algal blooms are often dominated by Microcystis, a phylogenetically cohesive group of cyanobacteria marked by extensive genetic and physiological diversity. We have previously shown that this genetic diversity and the presence of a microbiome of heterotrophic bacteria influences competitive interactions with eukaryotic phytoplankton. In this study, we sought to explain these observations by characterizing Monod equation parameters for resource usage (maximum growth rate μ max, half-saturation value for growth K s, and quota) as a function of N and P levels for four strains (NIES-843, PCC 9701, PCC 7806 [WT], and PCC 7806 ΔmcyB) in presence and absence of a microbiome derived from Microcystis isolated from Lake Erie. Results indicated limited differences in maximum growth rates but more pronounced differences in half-saturation values among Microcystis strains. The largest impact of the microbiome was reducing the minimal nitrogen concentration sustaining growth and reducing half saturation values, with variable results depending on the Microcystis strain. Microcystis strains also differed from each other in their N and P quotas and the extent to which microbiome presence affected them. Our data highlight the importance of the microbiome in altering Microcystis-intrinsic traits, strain competitive hierarchies, and thus bloom dynamics. As quota, μ max, and K s are commonly used in models for harmful algal blooms, our data suggest that model improvement may be possible by incorporating genotype dependencies of resource-use parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Baker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Casey M. Godwin
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, School for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Muhtamim Khanam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Ashley M. Burtner
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, School for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Gregory J. Dick
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, School for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Vincent J. Denef
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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8
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Spaak JW, Adler PB, Ellner SP. Mechanistic Models of Trophic Interactions: Opportunities for Species Richness and Challenges for Modern Coexistence Theory. Am Nat 2023; 202:E1-E16. [PMID: 37384764 DOI: 10.1086/724660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMany potential mechanisms promote species coexistence, but we know little about their relative importance. To compare multiple mechanisms, we modeled a two-trophic planktonic food web based on mechanistic species interactions and empirically measured species traits. We simulated thousands of possible communities under realistic and altered interaction strengths to assess the relative importance of three potential drivers of phytoplankton and zooplankton species richness: resource-mediated coexistence mechanisms, predator-prey interactions, and trait trade-offs. Next, we computed niche and fitness differences of competing zooplankton to obtain a deeper understanding of how these mechanisms determine species richness. We found that predator-prey interactions were the most important driver of phytoplankton and zooplankton species richness and that large zooplankton fitness differences were associated with low species richness, but zooplankton niche differences were not associated with species richness. However, for many communities we could not apply modern coexistence theory to compute niche and fitness differences of zooplankton because of conceptual issues with the invasion growth rates arising from trophic interactions. We therefore need to expand modern coexistence theory to fully investigate multitrophic-level communities.
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9
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Karpowicz M, Feniova IY, Sakharova EG, Gorelysheva ZI, Więcko A, Górniak A, Dzialowski AR. Top-down and bottom-up control of phytoplankton communities by zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162899. [PMID: 36934941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Zebra mussels (ZM), Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771), are one of the most aggressive invasive species. ZM have a strong bidirectional impact on phytoplankton because of their high nutrient excretion rates and high grazing pressure. Furthermore, the interactions between excretion and selective grazing are related to the trophic status of a waterbody and could cause unpredictable changes in phytoplankton. We performed three types of experiments: (i) bottom-up where we measured ZM excretion rates; (ii) top-down where we analyzed the effects of ZM on phytoplankton taxonomic structure via grazing in different trophic conditions; (iii) mesocosm experiment where we estimated the combined top-down and bottom-up effects of ZM on phytoplankton assemblages under different trophic conditions. Our first experiment confirmed high excretion rates of dissolved nutrients (PO43- and NH4+) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by ZM. The other experiments revealed selective grazing by ZM, where diatoms were mostly selectively rejected, while green algae were preferred. In the top-down experiment, ZM decreased the total biomass of phytoplankton, while in mesocosm experiments where top-down and bottom-up controls acted simultaneously, we observed increased phytoplankton biomass mainly through increases in filamentous green algae. Our experiments show that ZM can influence phytoplankton through a combination of bottom-up and top-down effects that vary with trophic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Karpowicz
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Irina Yu Feniova
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina G Sakharova
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 152742, Russia
| | - Zoya I Gorelysheva
- Scientific and Practical Center for Bioresources, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | - Adam Więcko
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Górniak
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrew R Dzialowski
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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10
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Ye M, Xiao M, Zhang S, Huang J, Lin J, Lu Y, Liang S, Zhao J, Dai X, Xu L, Li M, Zhou Y, Overmans S, Xia J, Jin P. Multi-trait analysis reveals large interspecific differences for phytoplankton in response to thermal change. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 188:106008. [PMID: 37121174 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the responses of multiple traits in phytoplankton, and identifying interspecific variabilities to thermal changes is crucial for predicting the impacts of ocean warming on phytoplankton distributions and community structures in future scenarios. Here, we applied a trait-based approach by examining the patterns in multi-traits variations (eight traits) and interspecific variabilities in five phytoplankton species (two diatoms, three dinoflagellates) in response to a wide range of ecologically relevant temperatures (14-30 °C). Our results show large inter-traits and interspecific variabilities of thermal reaction norms in all of the tested traits. We also found that the interspecific variability exceeded the variations induced by thermal changes. Constrained variations and trade-offs between traits both revealed substantial interspecific differences and shifted as the temperature changed. Our study helps to understand the species-specific response patterns of multiple traits to ocean warming and to investigate the implications of these responses in the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcheng Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mengting Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shufei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Jiali Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiamin Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yucong Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shiman Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoying Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Leyao Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mingke Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yunyue Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Sebastian Overmans
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianrong Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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11
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Gallego I, Narwani A. Ecology and evolution of competitive trait variation in natural phytoplankton communities under selection. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2397-2409. [PMID: 36166001 PMCID: PMC9828480 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Competition for limited resources is a major force in structuring ecological communities. Species minimum resource requirements (R*s) can predict competitive outcomes and evolve under selection in simple communities under controlled conditions. However, whether R*s predict competitive outcomes or demonstrate adaptive evolution in naturally complex communities is unknown. We subjected natural phytoplankton communities to three types of resource limitation (nitrogen, phosphorus, light) in outdoor mesocosms over 10 weeks. We examined the community composition weekly and isolated 21 phytoplankton strains from seven species to quantify responses to the selection of R* for these resources. We investigated the evolutionary change in R*s in the dominant species, Desmodesmus armatus. R*s were good predictors of species changes in relative abundance, though this was largely driven by the success of D. armatus across several treatments. This species also demonstrated an evolutionary change in R*s under resource limitation, supporting the potential for adaptive trait change to modify competitive outcomes in natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gallego
- Department of Aquatic EcologySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG)DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Anita Narwani
- Department of Aquatic EcologySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG)DübendorfSwitzerland
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12
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Feniova IY, Sakharova EG, Krylov AV. Transfer of Essential Substances from Phytoplankton to Zooplankton in Freshwater Ecosystems (Review). CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425522040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Ge J, Yang Q, Fang Z, Liu S, Zhu Y, Yao J, Ma Z, Gonçalves RJ, Guan W. Microplastics impacts in seven flagellate microalgae: Role of size and cell wall. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112598. [PMID: 34953887 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of microplastic particles (MPs) on aquatic environments has been widely reported; however, their effects on protists are still contradictory. For example, it is unclear if cell size and cell wall have a role in shaping the response of flagellates to MPs. In this study, seven marine flagellated microalgae (six Dinoflagellates and one Raphidophyceae) were incubated with 10 mg L-1 MPs (polystyrene plastic micro-spheres, 1 μm diameter) to address the above question by measuring different response variables, i.e., growth, optimal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and cell morphology. The effect of MPs on growth and Fv/Fm showed species-specificity effects. Maximum and minimum MPs-induced inhibitions were detected in Karenia mikimotoi (76.43%) and Akashiwo sanguinea (10.16%), respectively, while the rest of the species showed intermediate responses. The presence of MPs was associated with an average reduction of Chl-a content in most cases and with a higher superoxide dismutase activity in all cases. Seven species were classified into two groups by the variation of Chl-a under MPs treatment. One group (Prorocentrum minimum and Karenia mikimotoi) showed increased Chl-a, while the other (P. donghaiense, P. micans, Alexandrium tamarense, Akashiwo sanguinea, Heterosigma akashiwo) showed decreased Chl-a content. The MPs-induced growth inhibition was negatively correlated with cell size in the latter group. SEM images further indicated that MPs-induced malformation in the smaller cells (e.g., P. donghaiense and K. mikimotoi) was more severe than the bigger cells (e.g., A. sanguinea and P. micans), probably due to a relatively higher ratio of the cell surface to cell volume in the former. These results implicate that the effect of MPs on marine flagellated microalgae was related to the cell size among most species but not cell wall. Thus plastic pollution may have size-dependent effects on phytoplankton in future scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingke Ge
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Qiongying Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Zhouxi Fang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Shuqi Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Jiang Yao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Zengling Ma
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Rodrigo J Gonçalves
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Biológica (LOBio), Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Wanchun Guan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, China.
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14
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Wang B, Allison SD. Climate-Driven Legacies in Simulated Microbial Communities Alter Litter Decomposition Rates. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.841824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying diversity-functioning relationships have been a consistent area of inquiry in biogeochemistry since the 1950s. Though these mechanisms remain unresolved in soil microbiomes, many approaches at varying scales have pointed to the same notion—composition matters. Confronting the methodological challenge arising from the complexity of microbiomes, this study used the model DEMENTpy, a trait-based modeling framework, to explore trait-based drivers of microbiome-dependent litter decomposition. We parameterized DEMENTpy for five sites along a climate gradient in Southern California, United States, and conducted reciprocal transplant simulations analogous to a prior empirical study. The simulations demonstrated climate-dependent legacy effects of microbial communities on plant litter decomposition across the gradient. This result is consistent with the previous empirical study across the same gradient. An analysis of community-level traits further suggests that a 3-way tradeoff among resource acquisition, stress tolerance, and yield strategies influences community assembly. Simulated litter decomposition was predictable with two community traits (indicative of two of the three strategies) plus local environment, regardless of the system state (transient vs. equilibrium). Although more empirical confirmation is still needed, community traits plus local environmental factors (e.g., environment and litter chemistry) may robustly predict litter decomposition across spatial-temporal scales. In conclusion, this study offers a potential trait-based explanation for climate-dependent community effects on litter decomposition with implications for improved understanding of whole-ecosystem functioning across scales.
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15
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Schulhof MA, Van de Waal DB, Declerck SAJ, Shurin JB. Phytoplankton functional composition determines limitation by nutrients and grazers across a lake productivity gradient. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marika A. Schulhof
- Division of Biological Sciences Section of Ecology, Behavior & Evolution, University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Steven A. J. Declerck
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jonathan B. Shurin
- Division of Biological Sciences Section of Ecology, Behavior & Evolution, University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
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16
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Hillebrand H, Acevedo‐Trejos E, Moorthi SD, Ryabov A, Striebel M, Thomas PK, Schneider M. Cell size as driver and sentinel of phytoplankton community structure and functioning. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM] Plankton Ecology Lab Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg Wilhelmshaven Germany
- Helmholtz‐Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg [HIFMB] Oldenburg Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz‐Centre for Polar and Marine Research [AWI] Bremerhaven Germany
| | - Esteban Acevedo‐Trejos
- Earth Surface Process Modelling Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam Germany
| | - Stefanie D. Moorthi
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM] Plankton Ecology Lab Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Alexey Ryabov
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM] Mathematical Modelling Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg Oldenburg Germany
- Institute of Forest Growth and Computer Science Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Maren Striebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM] Plankton Ecology Lab Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Patrick K. Thomas
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM] Plankton Ecology Lab Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Marie‐Luise Schneider
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM] Plankton Ecology Lab Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg Wilhelmshaven Germany
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17
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Grazing Induced Shifts in Phytoplankton Cell Size Explain the Community Response to Nutrient Supply. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122440. [PMID: 34946042 PMCID: PMC8708950 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton cell size is important for a multitude of functional traits such as growth rates, storage capabilities, and resistance to grazing. Because these response traits are correlated, selective effects on mean community cell size of one environmental factor should impact the ability of phytoplankton to cope with other factors. Here, we experimentally apply expectations on the functional importance of phytoplankton cell size to the community level. We used a natural marine plankton community, and first altered the community's cell size structure by exposing it to six different grazer densities. The size-shifted communities were then treated with a saturated nutrient pulse to test how the changes in community size structure influenced the mean community growth rate in the short-term (day 1-3) and nutrient storage capacity in the postbloom phase. Copepod grazing reduced the medium-sized phytoplankton and increased the share of the smallest (<10 µm3) and the largest (>100,000 µm3). Communities composed of on average small cells grew faster in response to the nutrient pulse, and thus confirmed the previously suggested growth advantage of small cells for the community level. In contrast, larger phytoplankton showed better storage capabilities, reflected in a slower post-bloom decline of communities that were on average composed of larger cells. Our findings underline that the easily measurable mean cell size of a taxonomically complex phytoplankton community can be used as an indicator trait to predict phytoplankton responses to sequential environmental changes.
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18
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Wojcik LA, Ceulemans R, Gaedke U. Functional diversity buffers the effects of a pulse perturbation on the dynamics of tritrophic food webs. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15639-15663. [PMID: 34824780 PMCID: PMC8601937 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity decline causes a loss of functional diversity, which threatens ecosystems through a dangerous feedback loop: This loss may hamper ecosystems' ability to buffer environmental changes, leading to further biodiversity losses. In this context, the increasing frequency of human-induced excessive loading of nutrients causes major problems in aquatic systems. Previous studies investigating how functional diversity influences the response of food webs to disturbances have mainly considered systems with at most two functionally diverse trophic levels. We investigated the effects of functional diversity on the robustness, that is, resistance, resilience, and elasticity, using a tritrophic-and thus more realistic-plankton food web model. We compared a non-adaptive food chain with no diversity within the individual trophic levels to a more diverse food web with three adaptive trophic levels. The species fitness differences were balanced through trade-offs between defense/growth rate for prey and selectivity/half-saturation constant for predators. We showed that the resistance, resilience, and elasticity of tritrophic food webs decreased with larger perturbation sizes and depended on the state of the system when the perturbation occurred. Importantly, we found that a more diverse food web was generally more resistant and resilient but its elasticity was context-dependent. Particularly, functional diversity reduced the probability of a regime shift toward a non-desirable alternative state. The basal-intermediate interaction consistently determined the robustness against a nutrient pulse despite the complex influence of the shape and type of the dynamical attractors. This relationship was strongly influenced by the diversity present and the third trophic level. Overall, using a food web model of realistic complexity, this study confirms the destructive potential of the positive feedback loop between biodiversity loss and robustness, by uncovering mechanisms leading to a decrease in resistance, resilience, and potentially elasticity as functional diversity declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Anne Wojcik
- Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling GroupUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Ruben Ceulemans
- Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling GroupUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Ursula Gaedke
- Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling GroupUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
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19
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Argyle PA, Walworth NG, Hinners J, Collins S, Levine NM, Doblin MA. Multivariate trait analysis reveals diatom plasticity constrained to a reduced set of biological axes. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:59. [PMID: 37938606 PMCID: PMC9723791 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Trait-based approaches to phytoplankton ecology have gained traction in recent decades as phenotypic traits are incorporated into ecological and biogeochemical models. Here, we use high-throughput phenotyping to explore both intra- and interspecific constraints on trait combinations that are expressed in the cosmopolitan marine diatom genus Thalassiosira. We demonstrate that within Thalassiosira, phenotypic diversity cannot be predicted from genotypic diversity, and moreover, plasticity can create highly divergent phenotypes that are incongruent with taxonomic grouping. Significantly, multivariate phenotypes can be represented in reduced dimensional space using principal component analysis with 77.7% of the variance captured by two orthogonal axes, here termed a 'trait-scape'. Furthermore, this trait-scape can be recovered with a reduced set of traits. Plastic responses to the new environments expanded phenotypic trait values and the trait-scape, however, the overall pattern of response to the new environments was similar between strains and many trait correlations remained constant. These findings demonstrate that trait-scapes can be used to reveal common constraints on multi-trait plasticity in phytoplankton with divergent underlying phenotypes. Understanding how to integrate trait correlational constraints and trade-offs into theoretical frameworks like biogeochemical models will be critical to predict how microbial responses to environmental change will impact elemental cycling now and into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe A Argyle
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Nathan G Walworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0371, USA
| | - Jana Hinners
- Institute of Coastal Ocean Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Sinéad Collins
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JF, UK
| | - Naomi M Levine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0371, USA
| | - Martina A Doblin
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
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20
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Argyle PA, Hinners J, Walworth NG, Collins S, Levine NM, Doblin MA. A High-Throughput Assay for Quantifying Phenotypic Traits of Microalgae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:706235. [PMID: 34690950 PMCID: PMC8528002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.706235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput methods for phenotyping microalgae are in demand across a variety of research and commercial purposes. Many microalgae can be readily cultivated in multi-well plates for experimental studies which can reduce overall costs, while measuring traits from low volume samples can reduce handling. Here we develop a high-throughput quantitative phenotypic assay (QPA) that can be used to phenotype microalgae grown in multi-well plates. The QPA integrates 10 low-volume, relatively high-throughput trait measurements (growth rate, cell size, granularity, chlorophyll a, neutral lipid content, silicification, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and photophysiology parameters: ETRmax, Ik, and alpha) into one workflow. We demonstrate the utility of the QPA on Thalassiosira spp., a cosmopolitan marine diatom, phenotyping six strains in a standard nutrient rich environment (f/2 media) using the full 10-trait assay. The multivariate phenotypes of strains can be simplified into two dimensions using principal component analysis, generating a trait-scape. We determine that traits show a consistent pattern when grown in small volume compared to more typical large volumes. The QPA can thus be used for quantifying traits across different growth environments without requiring exhaustive large-scale culturing experiments, which facilitates experiments on trait plasticity. We confirm that this assay can be used to phenotype newly isolated diatom strains within 4 weeks of isolation. The QPA described here is highly amenable to customisation for other traits or unicellular taxa and provides a framework for designing high-throughput experiments. This method will have applications in experimental evolution, modelling, and for commercial applications where screening of phytoplankton traits is of high importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe A. Argyle
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Jana Hinners
- Institute of Coastal Ocean Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Nathan G. Walworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sinead Collins
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi M. Levine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Martina A. Doblin
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, Australia
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21
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de Oliveira VM, Mendes BB, Roque M, Campos PR. Extinction-colonization dynamics upon a survival-dispersal trade-off. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2020.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Van de Waal DB, Litchman E. Multiple global change stressor effects on phytoplankton nutrient acquisition in a future ocean. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190706. [PMID: 32200734 PMCID: PMC7133525 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the effects of multiple global change stressors on microbial communities remains a challenge because of the complex interactions among those factors. Here, we explore the combined effects of major global change stressors on nutrient acquisition traits in marine phytoplankton. Nutrient limitation constrains phytoplankton production in large parts of the present-day oceans, and is expected to increase owing to climate change, potentially favouring small phytoplankton that are better adapted to oligotrophic conditions. However, other stressors, such as elevated pCO2, rising temperatures and higher light levels, may reduce general metabolic and photosynthetic costs, allowing the reallocation of energy to the acquisition of increasingly limiting nutrients. We propose that this energy reallocation in response to major global change stressors may be more effective in large-celled phytoplankton species and, thus, could indirectly benefit large-more than small-celled phytoplankton, offsetting, at least partially, competitive disadvantages of large cells in a future ocean. Thus, considering the size-dependent responses to multiple stressors may provide a more nuanced understanding of how different microbial groups would fare in the future climate and what effects that would have on ecosystem functioning. This article is part of the theme issue 'Conceptual challenges in microbial community ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen 6871 CM, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Litchman
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, 3700 E. Gull Lake Drive, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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23
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Bernhardt JR, Kratina P, Pereira AL, Tamminen M, Thomas MK, Narwani A. The evolution of competitive ability for essential resources. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190247. [PMID: 32200736 PMCID: PMC7133530 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Competition for limiting resources is among the most fundamental ecological interactions and has long been considered a key driver of species coexistence and biodiversity. Species' minimum resource requirements, their R*s, are key traits that link individual physiological demands to the outcome of competition. However, a major question remains unanswered-to what extent are species' competitive traits able to evolve in response to resource limitation? To address this knowledge gap, we performed an evolution experiment in which we exposed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for approximately 285 generations to seven environments in chemostats that differed in resource supply ratios (including nitrogen, phosphorus and light limitation) and salt stress. We then grew the ancestors and descendants in a common garden and quantified their competitive abilities for essential resources. We investigated constraints on trait evolution by testing whether changes in resource requirements for different resources were correlated. Competitive abilities for phosphorus improved in all populations, while competitive abilities for nitrogen and light increased in some populations and decreased in others. In contrast to the common assumption that there are trade-offs between competitive abilities for different resources, we found that improvements in competitive ability for a resource came at no detectable cost. Instead, improvements in competitive ability for multiple resources were either positively correlated or not significantly correlated. Using resource competition theory, we then demonstrated that rapid adaptation in competitive traits altered the predicted outcomes of competition. These results highlight the need to incorporate contemporary evolutionary change into predictions of competitive community dynamics over environmental gradients. This article is part of the theme issue 'Conceptual challenges in microbial community ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey R. Bernhardt
- Aquatic Ecology Department, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Kratina
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Aaron Louis Pereira
- Aquatic Ecology Department, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Manu Tamminen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Natura, University Hill, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Mridul K. Thomas
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anita Narwani
- Aquatic Ecology Department, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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24
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Crawford JW, Schrader M, Hall SR, Cáceres CE. Intraspecific variation in resource use is not explained by population persistence or seasonality. Oecologia 2020; 193:135-142. [PMID: 32307672 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Populations of generalist grazers often contain genotypes with "powerful" and "efficient" strategies. Powerful genotypes grow rapidly on rich-quality resources, but slowly on poorer-quality ones, while efficient genotypes grow relatively better on poorer resources but cannot exploit richer resources as well. Via a "power-efficiency" trade-off, variation in resource quality could maintain genetic diversity. To evaluate this mechanism, we sampled six populations of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia pulicaria. In persisting (year-round) populations, Daphnia consume resources that vary in quality, whereas in non-persisting (spring-only) populations, Daphnia primarily encounter rich-quality resources. We hypothesized that non-persisting populations harbor no efficient clones (hence should show lower growth on poor-quality resources). Although individuals from non-persisting populations remained smaller than individuals from persisting populations, no evidence arose for a trade-off between powerful and efficient strategies. In fact, growth rates on the two diets were positively correlated (instead of negatively, as predicted). Furthermore, in the persisting populations, we predicted that clonal selection from spring to summer should shift the distribution of genotypes from powerful (specialists on richer spring resources) to efficient (poorer, summer resources). Genetic composition of populations shifted from spring to summer, but not toward more efficient genotypes. Therefore, in these lakes, maintenance of variation among genotypes must stem from more complicated factors than population persistence patterns or seasonal shifts in resource quality alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Crawford
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Schrader
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN, USA
| | - Spencer R Hall
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Carla E Cáceres
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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25
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Bretherton L, Hillhouse J, Kamalanathan M, Finkel ZV, Irwin AJ, Quigg A. Trait-dependent variability of the response of marine phytoplankton to oil and dispersant exposure. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 153:110906. [PMID: 32056862 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill released millions of barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico, and saw widespread use of the chemical dispersant Corexit. We assessed the role of traits, such as cell size, cell wall, motility, and mixotrophy on the growth and photosynthetic response of 15 phytoplankton taxa to oil and Corexit. We collected growth and photosynthetic data on five algal cultures. These responses could be separated into resistant (Tetraselmis astigmatica, Ochromonas sp., Heterocapsa pygmaea) and sensitive (Micromonas pusilla, Prorocentrum minimum). We combined this data with 10 species previously studied and found that cell size is most important in determining the biomass response to oil, whereas motility/mixotrophy is more important in the dispersed oil. Our analysis accounted for a third of the variance observed, so further work is needed to identify other factors that contribute to oil resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bretherton
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Jessica Hillhouse
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Manoj Kamalanathan
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zoe V Finkel
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andrew J Irwin
- Department of Mathematics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Antonietta Quigg
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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26
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Luimstra VM, Verspagen JMH, Xu T, Schuurmans JM, Huisman J. Changes in water color shift competition between phytoplankton species with contrasting light-harvesting strategies. Ecology 2020; 101:e02951. [PMID: 31840230 PMCID: PMC7079016 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The color of many lakes and seas is changing, which is likely to affect the species composition of freshwater and marine phytoplankton communities. For example, cyanobacteria with phycobilisomes as light-harvesting antennae can effectively utilize green or orange-red light. However, recent studies show that they use blue light much less efficiently than phytoplankton species with chlorophyll-based light-harvesting complexes, even though both phytoplankton groups may absorb blue light to a similar extent. Can we advance ecological theory to predict how these differences in light-harvesting strategy affect competition between phytoplankton species? Here, we develop a new resource competition model in which the absorption and utilization efficiency of different colors of light are varied independently. The model was parameterized using monoculture experiments with a freshwater cyanobacterium and green alga, as representatives of phytoplankton with phycobilisome-based vs. chlorophyll-based light-harvesting antennae. The parameterized model was subsequently tested in a series of competition experiments. In agreement with the model predictions, the green alga won the competition in blue light whereas the cyanobacterium won in red light, irrespective of the initial relative abundances of the species. These results are in line with observed changes in phytoplankton community structure in response to lake brownification. Similarly, in marine waters, the model predicts dominance of Prochlorococcus with chlorophyll-based light-harvesting complexes in blue light but dominance of Synechococcus with phycobilisomes in green light, with a broad range of coexistence in between. These predictions agree well with the known biogeographical distributions of these two highly abundant marine taxa. Our results offer a novel trait-based approach to understand and predict competition between phytoplankton species with different photosynthetic pigments and light-harvesting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle M. Luimstra
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 94240Amsterdam1090 GEThe Netherlands
- WetsusEuropean Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water TechnologyOostergoweg 9Leeuwarden8911 MAThe Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M. H. Verspagen
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 94240Amsterdam1090 GEThe Netherlands
| | - Tianshuo Xu
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 94240Amsterdam1090 GEThe Netherlands
| | - J. Merijn Schuurmans
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 94240Amsterdam1090 GEThe Netherlands
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 94240Amsterdam1090 GEThe Netherlands
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27
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Burson A, Stomp M, Mekkes L, Huisman J. Stable coexistence of equivalent nutrient competitors through niche differentiation in the light spectrum. Ecology 2019; 100:e02873. [PMID: 31463935 PMCID: PMC6916172 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Niche-based theories and the neutral theory of biodiversity differ in their predictions of how the species composition of natural communities will respond to changes in nutrient availability. This is an issue of major environmental relevance, as many ecosystems have experienced changes in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) due to anthropogenic manipulation of nutrient loading. To understand how changes in N and P limitation may impact community structure, we conducted laboratory competition experiments using a multispecies phytoplankton community sampled from the North Sea. Results showed that picocyanobacteria (Cyanobium sp.) won the competition under N limitation, while picocyanobacteria and nonmotile nanophytoplankton (Nannochloropsis sp.) coexisted at equal abundances under P limitation. Additional experiments using isolated monocultures confirmed that Cyanobium sp. depleted N to lower levels than Nannochloropsis sp., but that both species had nearly identical P requirements, suggesting a potential for neutral coexistence under P-limited conditions. Pairwise competition experiments with the two isolates seemed to support the consistency of these results, but P limitation resulted in stable species coexistence irrespective of the initial conditions rather than the random drift of species abundances predicted by neutral theory. Comparison of the light absorption spectra indicates that coexistence of the two species was stabilized through differential use of the underwater light spectrum. Our results provide an interesting experimental example of modern coexistence theory, where species were equal competitors in one niche dimension but their competitive traits differed in other niche dimensions, thus enabling stable species coexistence on a single limiting nutrient through niche differentiation in the light spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Burson
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Present address:
School of GeographyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Maayke Stomp
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lisette Mekkes
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Marine Biodiversity GroupNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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28
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Branco P, Egas M, Hall SR, Huisman J. Why Do Phytoplankton Evolve Large Size in Response to Grazing? Am Nat 2019; 195:E20-E37. [PMID: 31868537 DOI: 10.1086/706251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplankton are among the smallest primary producers on Earth, yet they display a wide range of cell sizes. Typically, small phytoplankton species are stronger nutrient competitors than large phytoplankton species, but they are also more easily grazed. In contrast, evolution of large phytoplankton is often explained as a physical defense against grazing. Conceptually, this explanation is problematic, however, because zooplankton can coevolve larger size to counter this size-dependent escape from grazing. Here, we hypothesize that there is another advantage for the evolution of large phytoplankton size not so readily overcome: larger phytoplankton often provide lower nutritional quality for zooplankton. We investigate this hypothesis by analyzing an eco-evolutionary model that combines the ecological stoichiometry of phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions with coevolution of phytoplankton and zooplankton size. In our model, evolution of cell size modifies the nutrient uptake kinetics of phytoplankton according to known allometric relationships, which in turn affect the nutritional quality of phytoplankton. With this size-based mechanism, the model predicts that low grazing pressure or nonselective grazing by zooplankton favors evolution of small phytoplankton cells of high nutritional quality. In contrast, selective grazing for nutritious food favors evolution of large phytoplankton of low nutritional quality, which are preyed on by medium- to large-sized zooplankton. This size-dependent change in food quality may explain the commonly observed shift from dominance by small picophytoplankton in oligotrophic waters with low grazing pressure to large phytoplankton species in nutrient-rich waters with high grazing pressure.
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29
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Wickman J, Diehl S, Brännström Å. Evolution of resource specialisation in competitive metacommunities. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1746-1756. [PMID: 31389134 PMCID: PMC6852178 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial environmental heterogeneity coupled with dispersal can promote ecological persistence of diverse metacommunities. Does this premise hold when metacommunities evolve? Using a two-resource competition model, we studied the evolution of resource-uptake specialisation as a function of resource type (substitutable to essential) and shape of the trade-off between resource uptake affinities (generalist- to specialist-favouring). In spatially homogeneous environments, evolutionarily stable coexistence of consumers is only possible for sufficiently substitutable resources and specialist-favouring trade-offs. Remarkably, these same conditions yield comparatively low diversity in heterogeneous environments, because they promote sympatric evolution of two opposite resource specialists that, together, monopolise the two resources everywhere. Consumer diversity is instead maximised for intermediate trade-offs and clearly substitutable or clearly essential resources, where evolved metacommunities are characterised by contrasting selection regimes. Taken together, our results present new insights into resource-competition-mediated evolutionarily stable diversity in homogeneous and heterogeneous environments, which should be applicable to a wide range of systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wickman
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Mathematics and Mathematical StatisticsUmeå UniversitySE‐90187UmeåSweden
| | - Sebastian Diehl
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversitySE‐90187UmeåSweden
| | - Åke Brännström
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Mathematics and Mathematical StatisticsUmeå UniversitySE‐90187UmeåSweden
- Evolution and Ecology ProgramInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)Schlossplatz12361LaxenburgAustria
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30
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Ward BA, Collins S, Dutkiewicz S, Gibbs S, Bown P, Ridgwell A, Sauterey B, Wilson JD, Oschlies A. Considering the Role of Adaptive Evolution in Models of the Ocean and Climate System. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2019; 11:3343-3361. [PMID: 32025278 PMCID: PMC6988444 DOI: 10.1029/2018ms001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerical models have been highly successful in simulating global carbon and nutrient cycles in today's ocean, together with observed spatial and temporal patterns of chlorophyll and plankton biomass at the surface. With this success has come some confidence in projecting the century-scale response to continuing anthropogenic warming. There is also increasing interest in using such models to understand the role of plankton ecosystems in past oceans. However, today's marine environment is the product of billions of years of continual evolution-a process that continues today. In this paper, we address the questions of whether an assumption of species invariance is sufficient, and if not, under what circumstances current model projections might break down. To do this, we first identify the key timescales and questions asked of models. We then review how current marine ecosystem models work and what alternative approaches are available to account for evolution. We argue that for timescales of climate change overlapping with evolutionary timescales, accounting for evolution may to lead to very different projected outcomes regarding the timescales of ecosystem response and associated global biogeochemical cycling. This is particularly the case for past extinction events but may also be true in the future, depending on the eventual degree of anthropogenic disruption. The discipline of building new numerical models that incorporate evolution is also hugely beneficial in itself, as it forces us to question what we know about adaptive evolution, irrespective of its quantitative role in any specific event or environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. A. Ward
- Ocean and Earth ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - S. Collins
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - S. Dutkiewicz
- Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - S. Gibbs
- Ocean and Earth ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - P. Bown
- Department of GeologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Ridgwell
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
- School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - B. Sauterey
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS)ParisFrance
| | - J. D. Wilson
- School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - A. Oschlies
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchKielGermany
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31
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Hofmann P, Chatzinotas A, Harpole WS, Dunker S. Temperature and stoichiometric dependence of phytoplankton traits. Ecology 2019; 100:e02875. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Microbiology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
| | - Antonis Chatzinotas
- Department of Environmental Microbiology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - W. Stanley Harpole
- Department of Physiological Diversity Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Am Kirchtor 1 Halle (Saale) 06108 Germany
| | - Susanne Dunker
- Department of Physiological Diversity Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
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32
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33
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Schulhof MA, Shurin JB, Declerck SAJ, Van de Waal DB. Phytoplankton growth and stoichiometric responses to warming, nutrient addition and grazing depend on lake productivity and cell size. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2751-2762. [PMID: 31004556 PMCID: PMC6852242 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Global change involves shifts in multiple environmental factors that act in concert to shape ecological systems in ways that depend on local biotic and abiotic conditions. Little is known about the effects of combined global change stressors on phytoplankton communities, and particularly how these are mediated by distinct community properties such as productivity, grazing pressure and size distribution. Here, we tested for the effects of warming and eutrophication on phytoplankton net growth rate and C:N:P stoichiometry in two phytoplankton cell size fractions (<30 µm and >30 µm) in the presence and absence of grazing in microcosm experiments. Because effects may also depend on lake productivity, we used phytoplankton communities from three Dutch lakes spanning a trophic gradient. We measured the response of each community to multifactorial combinations of temperature, nutrient, and grazing treatments and found that nutrients elevated net growth rates and reduced carbon:nutrient ratios of all three phytoplankton communities. Warming effects on growth and stoichiometry depended on nutrient supply and lake productivity, with enhanced growth in the most productive community dominated by cyanobacteria, and strongest stoichiometric responses in the most oligotrophic community at ambient nutrient levels. Grazing effects were also most evident in the most oligotrophic community, with reduced net growth rates and phytoplankton C:P stoichiometry that suggests consumer-driven nutrient recycling. Our experiments indicate that stoichiometric responses to warming and interactions with nutrient addition and grazing are not universal but depend on lake productivity and cell size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika A. Schulhof
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior & EvolutionUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jonathan B. Shurin
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior & EvolutionUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Steven A. J. Declerck
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningenthe Netherlands
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34
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Smith AN, Edwards KF. Effects of multiple timescales of resource supply on the maintenance of species and functional diversity. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaina N. Smith
- Dept of Oceanography, Univ. of Hawai'i at Mānoa 1000 Pope Rd Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Kyle F. Edwards
- Dept of Oceanography, Univ. of Hawai'i at Mānoa 1000 Pope Rd Honolulu HI 96822 USA
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35
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Santillan E, Seshan H, Constancias F, Wuertz S. Trait-based life-history strategies explain succession scenario for complex bacterial communities under varying disturbance. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3751-3764. [PMID: 31241822 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trait-based approaches are increasingly gaining importance in community ecology, as a way of finding general rules for the mechanisms driving changes in community structure and function under the influence of perturbations. Frameworks for life-history strategies have been successfully applied to describe changes in plant and animal communities upon disturbance. To evaluate their applicability to complex bacterial communities, we operated replicated wastewater treatment bioreactors for 35 days and subjected them to eight different disturbance frequencies of a toxic pollutant (3-chloroaniline), starting with a mixed inoculum from a full-scale treatment plant. Relevant ecosystem functions were tracked and microbial communities assessed through metagenomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Combining a series of ordination, statistical and network analysis methods, we associated different life-history strategies with microbial communities across the disturbance range. These strategies were evaluated using tradeoffs in community function and genotypic potential, and changes in bacterial genus composition. We further compared our findings with other ecological studies and adopted a semi-quantitative competitors, stress-tolerants, ruderals (CSR) classification. The framework reduces complex data sets of microbial traits, functions and taxa into ecologically meaningful components to help understand the system response to disturbance and hence represents a promising tool for managing microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Santillan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hari Seshan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Florentin Constancias
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.,CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, F-34398, France.,Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d'Avignon, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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36
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Mandal S, Abbott Wilkins R, Shurin JB. Compensatory grazing by
Daphnia
generates a trade‐off between top‐down and bottom‐up effects across phytoplankton taxa. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shovon Mandal
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution University of California–San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr., #0116 La Jolla California 92093 USA
- Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Rachel Abbott Wilkins
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution University of California–San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr., #0116 La Jolla California 92093 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University 215 Tower Rd., A406B Corson Hall Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Jonathan B. Shurin
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution University of California–San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr., #0116 La Jolla California 92093 USA
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37
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de Oliveira VM, Amado A, Campos PR. The interplay of tradeoffs within the framework of a resource-based modelling. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Koffel T, Daufresne T, Massol F, Klausmeier CA. Plant Strategies along Resource Gradients. Am Nat 2018; 192:360-378. [DOI: 10.1086/698600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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39
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Brandenburg KM, Wohlrab S, John U, Kremp A, Jerney J, Krock B, Van de Waal DB. Intraspecific trait variation and trade-offs within and across populations of a toxic dinoflagellate. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1561-1571. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Brandenburg
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Department of Ecological Chemistry; Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI); Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research; Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut für Funktionelle Marine Biodiversität (HIFMB); Ammerländer Heerstraße 231 23129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Uwe John
- Department of Ecological Chemistry; Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI); Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research; Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut für Funktionelle Marine Biodiversität (HIFMB); Ammerländer Heerstraße 231 23129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Anke Kremp
- SYKE Marine Research Laboratory; Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2 FI-00790 Helsinki Finland
| | - Jacqueline Jerney
- SYKE Marine Research Laboratory; Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2 FI-00790 Helsinki Finland
| | - Bernd Krock
- Department of Ecological Chemistry; Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI); Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research; Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany
| | - Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
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40
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Mandal S, Shurin JB, Efroymson RA, Mathews TJ. Functional divergence in nitrogen uptake rates explains diversity–productivity relationship in microalgal communities. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shovon Mandal
- Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | | | - Rebecca A. Efroymson
- Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Teresa J. Mathews
- Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
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41
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Burson A, Stomp M, Greenwell E, Grosse J, Huisman J. Competition for nutrients and light: testing advances in resource competition with a natural phytoplankton community. Ecology 2018; 99:1108-1118. [PMID: 29453803 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A key challenge in ecology is to understand how nutrients and light affect the biodiversity and community structure of phytoplankton and plant communities. According to resource competition models, ratios of limiting nutrients are major determinants of species composition. At high nutrient levels, however, species interactions may shift to competition for light, which might make nutrient ratios less relevant. The "nutrient-load hypothesis" merges these two perspectives, by extending the classic model of competition for two nutrients to include competition for light. Here, we test five key predictions of the nutrient-load hypothesis using multispecies competition experiments. A marine phytoplankton community sampled from the North Sea was inoculated in laboratory chemostats provided with different nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loads to induce either single resource limitation or co-limitation of N, P, and light. Four of the five predictions were validated by the experiments. In particular, different resource limitations favored the dominance of different species. Increasing nutrient loads caused changes in phytoplankton species composition, even if the N:P ratio of the nutrient loads remained constant, by shifting the species interactions from competition for nutrients to competition for light. In all treatments, small species became dominant whereas larger species were competitively excluded, supporting the common view that small cell size provides a competitive advantage under resource-limited conditions. Contrary to expectation, all treatments led to coexistence of diatoms, cyanobacteria and green algae, resulting in a higher diversity of species than predicted by theory. Because the coexisting species comprised three phyla with different photosynthetic pigments, we speculate that niche differentiation in the light spectrum might play a role. Our results show that mechanistic resource competition models that integrate nutrient-based and light-based approaches provide an important step forward to understand and predict how changing nutrient loads affect community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Burson
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maayke Stomp
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Greenwell
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Grosse
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Den Burg/Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Gounand I, Daufresne T, Gravel D, Bouvier C, Bouvier T, Combe M, Gougat-Barbera C, Poly F, Torres-Barceló C, Mouquet N. Size evolution in microorganisms masks trade-offs predicted by the growth rate hypothesis. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.2272. [PMID: 28003453 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to local resource availability depends on responses in growth rate and nutrient acquisition. The growth rate hypothesis (GRH) suggests that growing fast should impair competitive abilities for phosphorus and nitrogen due to high demand for biosynthesis. However, in microorganisms, size influences both growth and uptake rates, which may mask trade-offs and instead generate a positive relationship between these traits (size hypothesis, SH). Here, we evolved a gradient of maximum growth rate (μmax) from a single bacterium ancestor to test the relationship among μmax, competitive ability for nutrients and cell size, while controlling for evolutionary history. We found a strong positive correlation between μmax and competitive ability for phosphorus, associated with a trade-off between μmax and cell size: strains selected for high μmax were smaller and better competitors for phosphorus. Our results strongly support the SH, while the trade-offs expected under GRH were not apparent. Beyond plasticity, unicellular populations can respond rapidly to selection pressure through joint evolution of their size and maximum growth rate. Our study stresses that physiological links between these traits tightly shape the evolution of competitive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Gounand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Faculté des Sciences de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France .,Département de Biologie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.,Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tanguy Daufresne
- INRA -UMR Eco&Sols - Bat 12, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de Biologie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
| | - Corinne Bouvier
- MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation), UMR IRD-CNRS-UM-IFREMER 9190, Université Montpellier, CC 093, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Bouvier
- MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation), UMR IRD-CNRS-UM-IFREMER 9190, Université Montpellier, CC 093, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marine Combe
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Faculté des Sciences de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,UMR MIVEGEC IRD-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Gougat-Barbera
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Faculté des Sciences de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Franck Poly
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, UMR CNRS 5557, UMR INRA 1418, Bâtiment Gregor Mendel, 16, rue Raphael Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Clara Torres-Barceló
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Faculté des Sciences de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Nicolas Mouquet
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Faculté des Sciences de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation), UMR IRD-CNRS-UM-IFREMER 9190, Université Montpellier, CC 093, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Ehrlich E, Becks L, Gaedke U. Trait-fitness relationships determine how trade-off shapes affect species coexistence. Ecology 2017; 98:3188-3198. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Ehrlich
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling; Institute for Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Am Neuen Palais 10 Potsdam 14469 Germany
| | - Lutz Becks
- Community Dynamics Group; Department of Evolutionary Ecology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; August-Thienemann-Strasse 2 Plön 24306 Germany
| | - Ursula Gaedke
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling; Institute for Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Am Neuen Palais 10 Potsdam 14469 Germany
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44
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Browning TJ, Achterberg EP, Rapp I, Engel A, Bertrand EM, Tagliabue A, Moore CM. Nutrient co-limitation at the boundary of an oceanic gyre. Nature 2017; 551:242-246. [PMID: 29088696 DOI: 10.1038/nature24063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient limitation of oceanic primary production exerts a fundamental control on marine food webs and the flux of carbon into the deep ocean. The extensive boundaries of the oligotrophic sub-tropical gyres collectively define the most extreme transition in ocean productivity, but little is known about nutrient limitation in these zones. Here we present the results of full-factorial nutrient amendment experiments conducted at the eastern boundary of the South Atlantic gyre. We find extensive regions in which the addition of nitrogen or iron individually resulted in no significant phytoplankton growth over 48 hours. However, the addition of both nitrogen and iron increased concentrations of chlorophyll a by up to approximately 40-fold, led to diatom proliferation, and reduced community diversity. Once nitrogen-iron co-limitation had been alleviated, the addition of cobalt or cobalt-containing vitamin B12 could further enhance chlorophyll a yields by up to threefold. Our results suggest that nitrogen-iron co-limitation is pervasive in the ocean, with other micronutrients also approaching co-deficiency. Such multi-nutrient limitations potentially increase phytoplankton community diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Browning
- Marine Biogeochemistry Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel 24148, Germany
| | - Eric P Achterberg
- Marine Biogeochemistry Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel 24148, Germany
| | - Insa Rapp
- Marine Biogeochemistry Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel 24148, Germany
| | - Anja Engel
- Marine Biogeochemistry Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel 24148, Germany
| | - Erin M Bertrand
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alessandro Tagliabue
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
| | - C Mark Moore
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
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45
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Leibold MA, Hall SR, Smith VH, Lytle DA. Herbivory enhances the diversity of primary producers in pond ecosystems. Ecology 2017; 98:48-56. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A. Leibold
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Spencer R. Hall
- Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Val H. Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045 USA
| | - David A. Lytle
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
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46
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Mordecai EA, Jaramillo AG, Ashford JE, Hechinger RF, Lafferty KD. The role of competition - colonization tradeoffs and spatial heterogeneity in promoting trematode coexistence. Ecology 2016; 97:1484-1496. [DOI: 10.1890/15-0753.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Mordecai
- Department of Biology; Stanford University; Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Alejandra G. Jaramillo
- Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology; University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Jacob E. Ashford
- Environmental Sciences Department, Geology 2258, 900; University Ave; Riverside California USA
| | - Ryan F. Hechinger
- Marine Biology Research Division; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego California 92093 USA
| | - Kevin D. Lafferty
- US Geological Survey; Western Ecological Research Center; c/o Marine Science Institute; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
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47
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Diversity, Productivity, and Stability of an Industrial Microbial Ecosystem. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2494-2505. [PMID: 26896141 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03965-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing ecosystems to maintain biodiversity may be one approach to ensuring their dynamic stability, productivity, and delivery of vital services. The applicability of this approach to industrial ecosystems that harness the metabolic activities of microbes has been proposed but has never been tested at relevant scales. We used a tag-sequencing approach with bacterial small subunit rRNA (16S) genes and eukaryotic internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) to measuring the taxonomic composition and diversity of bacteria and eukaryotes in an open pond managed for bioenergy production by microalgae over a year. Periods of high eukaryotic diversity were associated with high and more-stable biomass productivity. In addition, bacterial diversity and eukaryotic diversity were inversely correlated over time, possibly due to their opposite responses to temperature. The results indicate that maintaining diverse communities may be essential to engineering stable and productive bioenergy ecosystems using microorganisms.
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48
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Klanjšček J, Geček S, Klanjšček T, Legović T. Nutrient quotas and carbon content variability of Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, 1933. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 51:16-25. [PMID: 28003059 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Frequency, severity, and geographic range of harmful blooms caused by a dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum have been increasing significantly over the past few decades. The ability to adapt nutrient quotas and carbon content to a wide range of environmental conditions is one of the key factors for the proliferation of P. minimum. Understanding the limits of stoichiometric variability in terms of nutrient quotas and carbon content would help explain the observed trends and assist in P. minimum growth model creation. This manuscript aggregates information from 15 studies to investigate variability in nutrient quotas and carbon content for a broad range of P. minimum isolates and clonal lines. Nitrogen quota, phosphorus quota, and carbon content in the studies varied between 11-107.5pgNcell-1, 1.45-17.58pgPcell-1, and 70-656.36pgCcell-1, respectively. Regression analysis was used to estimate average nitrogen and phosphorus quotas as functions of carbon, and to show that carbon content variability explains 55% of nitrogen and 23% of phosphorus quota variability. Confidence intervals for data (CID) found during the analysis were used to define maximal and minimal nutrient quotas as functions of carbon content. The ratios of the upper and lower CID ranges can, therefore, be used to estimate nutrient storage capacity as a function of carbon content. The new results and comparison with other species show that, at least for P. minimum, carbon-based quotas are more suitable for modelling than cell-based quotas. Finally, results indicate that environmental nutrient availability affects quotas more than light does: while quota variability due to light remains within 80% CID, nutrient variability covers the 95% CID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Klanjšček
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, POB 180, Bijenička 54, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sunčana Geček
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, POB 180, Bijenička 54, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tin Klanjšček
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, POB 180, Bijenička 54, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tarzan Legović
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, POB 180, Bijenička 54, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; J.J. Strossmayer University in Osijek, Department of Biology, C. Hadrijana 8A, HR-31 000 Osijek, Croatia.
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49
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Szekely P, Korem Y, Moran U, Mayo A, Alon U. The Mass-Longevity Triangle: Pareto Optimality and the Geometry of Life-History Trait Space. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004524. [PMID: 26465336 PMCID: PMC4605829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When organisms need to perform multiple tasks they face a fundamental tradeoff: no phenotype can be optimal at all tasks. This situation was recently analyzed using Pareto optimality, showing that tradeoffs between tasks lead to phenotypes distributed on low dimensional polygons in trait space. The vertices of these polygons are archetypes--phenotypes optimal at a single task. This theory was applied to examples from animal morphology and gene expression. Here we ask whether Pareto optimality theory can apply to life history traits, which include longevity, fecundity and mass. To comprehensively explore the geometry of life history trait space, we analyze a dataset of life history traits of 2105 endothermic species. We find that, to a first approximation, life history traits fall on a triangle in log-mass log-longevity space. The vertices of the triangle suggest three archetypal strategies, exemplified by bats, shrews and whales, with specialists near the vertices and generalists in the middle of the triangle. To a second approximation, the data lies in a tetrahedron, whose extra vertex above the mass-longevity triangle suggests a fourth strategy related to carnivory. Each animal species can thus be placed in a coordinate system according to its distance from the archetypes, which may be useful for genome-scale comparative studies of mammalian aging and other biological aspects. We further demonstrate that Pareto optimality can explain a range of previous studies which found animal and plant phenotypes which lie in triangles in trait space. This study demonstrates the applicability of multi-objective optimization principles to understand life history traits and to infer archetypal strategies that suggest why some mammalian species live much longer than others of similar mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Szekely
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Korem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Moran
- Department of Plant Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avi Mayo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Alon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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50
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Ryabov AB, Morozov A, Blasius B. Imperfect prey selectivity of predators promotes biodiversity and irregularity in food webs. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:1262-1269. [PMID: 26391624 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ecological communities are often characterised by many species occupying the same trophic level and competing over a small number of vital resources. The mechanisms maintaining high biodiversity in such systems are still poorly understood. Here, we revisit the role of prey selectivity by generalist predators in promoting biodiversity. We consider a generic tri-trophic food web, consisting of a single limiting resource, a large number of primary producers and a generalist predator. We suggest a framework to describe the predator functional response, combining food selectivity for distinctly different functional prey groups with proportion-based consumption of similar prey species. Our simulations reveal that intermediate levels of prey selectivity can explain a high species richness, functional biodiversity, and variability among prey species. In contrast, perfect food selectivity or purely proportion-based food consumption leads to a collapse of prey functional biodiversity. Our results are in agreement with empirical phytoplankton rank-abundance curves in lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey B Ryabov
- University of Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Morozov
- Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bernd Blasius
- University of Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Oldenburg, Germany
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