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Kovalev MA, Gladysh NS, Bogdanova AS, Bolsheva NL, Popchenko MI, Kudryavtseva AV. Editing Metabolism, Sex, and Microbiome: How Can We Help Poplar Resist Pathogens? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1308. [PMID: 38279306 PMCID: PMC10816636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poplar (Populus) is a genus of woody plants of great economic value. Due to the growing economic importance of poplar, there is a need to ensure its stable growth by increasing its resistance to pathogens. Genetic engineering can create organisms with improved traits faster than traditional methods, and with the development of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing systems, scientists have a new highly effective tool for creating valuable genotypes. In this review, we summarize the latest research data on poplar diseases, the biology of their pathogens and how these plants resist pathogens. In the final section, we propose to plant male or mixed poplar populations; consider the genes of the MLO group, transcription factors of the WRKY and MYB families and defensive proteins BbChit1, LJAMP2, MsrA2 and PtDef as the most promising targets for genetic engineering; and also pay attention to the possibility of microbiome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A. Kovalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (N.S.G.); (A.S.B.); (N.L.B.); (M.I.P.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya S. Gladysh
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (N.S.G.); (A.S.B.); (N.L.B.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Alina S. Bogdanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (N.S.G.); (A.S.B.); (N.L.B.); (M.I.P.)
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127434 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L. Bolsheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (N.S.G.); (A.S.B.); (N.L.B.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Mikhail I. Popchenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (N.S.G.); (A.S.B.); (N.L.B.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (N.S.G.); (A.S.B.); (N.L.B.); (M.I.P.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Porretta D, Canestrelli D. The ecological importance of hybridization. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:1097-1108. [PMID: 37620217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization as an evolutionary process has been studied in depth over the past few decades. Research has focused on its role in shaping reproductive barriers, its adaptive value, and its genomic consequences. In contrast, our knowledge of ecological dimensions of hybridization is still in its infancy, despite hybridization being an inherently ecological interaction. Using examples from various organisms, we show that hybridization can affect and be affected by non-reproductive interactions, including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, and organism-environment interactions, with significant implications for community structure and ecosystem functioning. However, since these dimensions of hybridization have mostly been revealed from studies designed to decipher other evolutionary processes, we argue that much of the eco-evolutionary importance of hybridization is yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Porretta
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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3
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Xiao L, Labandeira CC, Ren D. Insect herbivory immediately before the eclipse of the gymnosperms: The Dawangzhangzi plant assemblage of Northeastern China. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1483-1520. [PMID: 34874612 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Early Cretaceous terrestrial revolution involved global shifts from gymnosperm- to angiosperm-dominated floras. However, responses of insect herbivores to these changes remain unexamined. We evaluated 2 176 highly sampled plant specimens representing 62 species/morphotypes from the 126 Ma Dawangzhangzi plant assemblage of Northeastern China. Our study consisted of horsetails, ferns, ginkgoaleans, czekanowskialeans, conifers, and an angiosperm. Their herbivory was evaluated by the functional feeding groups of hole feeding, margin feeding, and surface feeding (ectophytic feeders); piercer and suckers, and ovipositing insects (ectoendophytic feeders); mining, galling, and borings (endophytic feeders); and pathogens, collectively constituting 65 damage types (DTs). The plant assemblage was assessed for herbivory richness by DT richness, component community structure, and DT specialization on plant hosts; for herbivory intensity, it was evaluated for DT frequency, herbivorized surface area, and feeding event occurrences. Using feeding event occurrences, the data supported seven species/morphotypes as most intensely herbivorized: Liaoningocladus boii (76.6%), Czekanowskia sp. 1 (8.4%), Czekanowskia rigida (4.10%), Lindleycladus lanceolatus (3.5%), Ginkgoites sp. 2 (2.0%), Podozamites sp. 1 (1.1%), and Solenites sp. 1 (0.9%). The most herbivorized taxa were pinaleans (conifers), then czekanowskialeans, and lastly ginkgoaleans; the monodominant component community was the conifer Liaoningocladus boii. DT host specialization levels were low. The plant assemblage had an overall low 0.86% of foliage removed by herbivores, explained by physical and chemical antiherbivore defenses, and parasitoid attack. Although Paleozoic, gymnosperm-dominated assemblages had greater herbivory, component community structure of the three most herbivorized taxa are more similar to modern bracken fern and willow than modern gymnosperm taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Xiao
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Entomology and Bees Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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4
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Shuster SM, Keith AR, Whitham TG. Simulating selection and evolution at the community level using common garden data. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8696. [PMID: 35342594 PMCID: PMC8928883 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A key issue in evolutionary biology is whether selection acting at levels higher than the individual can cause evolutionary change. If it can, then conceptual and empirical studies must consider how selection operates at multiple levels of biological organization. Here, we test the hypothesis that estimates of broad‐sense community heritability, HC2, can be used to predict the evolutionary response by community‐level phenotypes when community‐level selection is imposed. Using an approach informed by classic quantitative genetics, we made three predictions. First, when we imposed community‐level selection, we expected a significant change in the average phenotype of arthropod communities associated with individual tree genotypes [we imposed selection by favoring high and low NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) scores that reflected differences in arthropod species richness, abundance and composition]. Second, we expected HC2 to predict the magnitude of the community‐level response. Third, we expected no significant change in average NMDS scores with community‐level selection imposed at random. We tested these hypotheses using three years of common garden data for 102 species comprising the arthropod communities, associated with nine clonally replicated Populus angustifolia genotypes. Each of our predictions were met. We conclude that estimates of HC2 account for the resemblance among communities sharing common ancestry, the persistence of community composition over time, and the outcome of selection when it occurs at the community level. Our results provide a means for exploring how this process leads to large‐scale community evolutionary change, and they identify the circumstances in which selection may routinely act at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Shuster
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Arthur R. Keith
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
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5
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Consistent community genetic effects in the context of strong environmental and temporal variation in Eucalyptus. Oecologia 2021; 195:367-382. [PMID: 33471200 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Provenance translocations of tree species are promoted in forestry, conservation, and restoration in response to global climate change. While this option is driven by adaptive considerations, less is known of the effects translocations can have on dependent communities. We investigated the relative importance and consistency of extended genetic effects in Eucalyptus using two species-E. globulus and E. pauciflora. In E. globulus, the dependent arthropod and pathogen canopy communities were quantified based on the abundance of 49 symptoms from 722 progeny from 13 geographic sub-races across 2 common gardens. For E. pauciflora, 6 symptoms were quantified over 2 years from 238 progeny from 16 provenances across 2 common gardens. Genetic effects significantly influenced communities in both species. However, site and year effects outweighed genetic effects with site explaining approximately 3 times the variation in community traits in E. globulus and site and year explaining approximately 6 times the variation in E. pauciflora. While the genetic effect interaction terms were significant in some community traits, broad trends in community traits associated with variation in home-site latitude for E. globulus and home-site altitude for E. pauciflora were evident. These broad-scale trends were consistent with patterns of adaptive differentiation within each species, suggesting there may be extended consequences of local adaptation. While small in comparison to site and year, the consistency of genetic effects highlights the importance of provenance choice in tree species, such as Eucalyptus, as adaptive divergence among provenances may have significant long-term effects on biotic communities.
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Chaudhry V, Runge P, Sengupta P, Doehlemann G, Parker JE, Kemen E. Shaping the leaf microbiota: plant-microbe-microbe interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:36-56. [PMID: 32910810 PMCID: PMC8210630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aerial portion of a plant, namely the leaf, is inhabited by pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. The leaf's physical and chemical properties, combined with fluctuating and often challenging environmental factors, create surfaces that require a high degree of adaptation for microbial colonization. As a consequence, specific interactive processes have evolved to establish a plant leaf niche. Little is known about the impact of the host immune system on phyllosphere colonization by non-pathogenic microbes. These organisms can trigger plant basal defenses and benefit the host by priming for enhanced resistance to pathogens. In most disease resistance responses, microbial signals are recognized by extra- or intracellular receptors. The interactions tend to be species specific and it is unclear how they shape leaf microbial communities. In natural habitats, microbe-microbe interactions are also important for shaping leaf communities. To protect resources, plant colonizers have developed direct antagonistic or host manipulation strategies to fight competitors. Phyllosphere-colonizing microbes respond to abiotic and biotic fluctuations and are therefore an important resource for adaptive and protective traits. Understanding the complex regulatory host-microbe-microbe networks is needed to transfer current knowledge to biotechnological applications such as plant-protective probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasvi Chaudhry
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of
Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Runge
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of
Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Priyamedha Sengupta
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences
(CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Center for Molecular Biosciences, Cologne,
Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences
(CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Center for Molecular Biosciences, Cologne,
Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences
(CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Center for Molecular Biosciences, Cologne,
Germany
| | - Eric Kemen
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of
Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Whitham TG, Allan GJ, Cooper HF, Shuster SM. Intraspecific Genetic Variation and Species Interactions Contribute to Community Evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-123655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evolution has been viewed as occurring primarily through selection among individuals. We present a framework based on multilevel selection for evaluating evolutionary change from individuals to communities, with supporting empirical evidence. Essential to this evaluation is the role that interspecific indirect genetic effects play in shaping community organization, in generating variation among community phenotypes, and in creating community heritability. If communities vary in phenotype, and those phenotypes are heritable and subject to selection at multiple levels, then a community view of evolution must be merged with mainstream evolutionary theory. Rapid environmental change during the Anthropocene will require a better understanding of these evolutionary processes, especially selection acting at the community level, which has the potential to eliminate whole communities while favoring others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - Gerard J. Allan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - Hillary F. Cooper
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - Stephen M. Shuster
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
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8
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Wooley SC, Smith DS, Lonsdorf EV, Brown SC, Whitham TG, Shuster SM, Lindroth RL. Local adaptation and rapid evolution of aphids in response to genetic interactions with their cottonwood hosts. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10532-10542. [PMID: 33072278 PMCID: PMC7548174 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the ecological consequences of genetic variation within a single plant species. For example, these studies show that individual plant genotypes support unique composition of the plants' associated arthropod community. By contrast, fewer studies have explored how plant genetic variation may influence evolutionary dynamics in the plant's associated species. Here, we examine how aphids respond evolutionarily to genetic variation in their host plant. We conducted two experiments to examine local adaptation and rapid evolution of the free‐feeding aphid Chaitophorus populicola across genetic variants of its host plant, Populus angustifolia. To test for local adaptation, we collected tree cuttings and aphid colonies from three sites along an elevation/climate gradient and conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment. In general, home aphids (aphids transplanted onto trees from the same site) produced 1.7–3.4 times as many offspring as foreign aphids (aphids transplanted onto trees from different sites). To test for rapid evolution, we used 4 clonally replicated aphid genotypes and transplanted each onto 5 clonally replicated P. angustifolia genotypes. Each tree genotype started with the same aphid genotype composition. After 21 days (~two aphid generations), aphid genotype composition changed (i.e., aphids evolved) and some tree genotypes supported unique evolutionary trajectories of aphids. These results suggest that plant evolution in response to human perturbation, such as climate change and invasive species, will also result in evolutionary responses in strongly interacting species that could cascade to affect whole communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart C. Wooley
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Department of Biological Sciences California State University Turlock California USA
| | - David Solance Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Biology Department California State University San Bernardino San Bernardino California USA
| | - Eric V. Lonsdorf
- Alexander Center for Population Biology Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois USA
- Urban Wildlife Institute Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Sarah C. Brown
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Stephen M. Shuster
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Richard L. Lindroth
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
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9
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Raffa KF, Bonello P, Orrock JL. Why do entomologists and plant pathologists approach trophic relationships so differently? Identifying biological distinctions to foster synthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:609-620. [PMID: 31494947 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant interactions with herbivores and pathogens are among the most widespread ecological relationships, and show many congruent properties. Despite these similarities, general models describing how plant defenses function in ecosystems, and the prioritization of responses to emerging challenges such as climate change, invasive species and habitat alteration, often differ markedly between entomologists and plant pathologists. We posit that some fundamental distinctions between how insects and pathogens interact with plants underlie these differences. We propose a conceptual framework to help incorporate these distinctions into robust models and research priorities. The most salient distinctions include features of host-searching behavior, evasion of plant defenses, plant tolerance to utilization, and sources of insect and microbial population regulation. Collectively, these features lead to relatively more diffuse and environmentally mediated plant-insect interactions, and more intimate and genetically driven plant-pathogen interactions. Specific features of insect vs pathogen life histories can also yield different patterns of spatiotemporal dynamics. These differences can become increasingly pronounced when scaling from controlled laboratory to open ecological systems. Integrating these differences alongside similarities can foster improved models and research approaches to plant defense, trophic interactions, coevolutionary dynamics, food security and resource management, and provide guidance as traditional departments increase collaborations, or merge into larger units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - John L Orrock
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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10
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Westman SM, Kloth KJ, Hanson J, Ohlsson AB, Albrectsen BR. Defence priming in Arabidopsis - a Meta-Analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13309. [PMID: 31527672 PMCID: PMC6746867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Defence priming by organismal and non-organismal stimulants can reduce effects of biotic stress in plants. Thus, it could help efforts to enhance the sustainability of agricultural production by reducing use of agrochemicals in protection of crops from pests and diseases. We have explored effects of applying this approach to both Arabidopsis plants and seeds of various crops in meta-analyses. The results show that its effects on Arabidopsis plants depend on both the priming agent and antagonist. Fungi and vitamins can have strong priming effects, and priming is usually more effective against bacterial pathogens than against herbivores. Moreover, application of bio-stimulants (particularly vitamins and plant defence elicitors) to seeds can have promising defence priming effects. However, the published evidence is scattered, does not include Arabidopsis, and additional studies are required before we can draw general conclusions and understand the molecular mechanisms involved in priming of seeds' defences. In conclusion, defence priming of plants has clear potential and application of bio-stimulants to seeds may protect plants from an early age, promises to be both labour- and resource-efficient, poses very little environmental risk, and is thus both economically and ecologically promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Westman
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karen J Kloth
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Hanson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna B Ohlsson
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedicte R Albrectsen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden.
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Śliwińska EB, Martyka R, Martyka M, Cichoń M, Tryjanowski P. A biotrophic fungal infection of the great burnet Sanguisorba officinalis indirectly affects caterpillar performance of the endangered scarce large blue butterfly Phengaris teleius. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:555-568. [PMID: 29115041 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between ecological communities of herbivores and microbes are commonly mediated by a shared plant. A tripartite interaction between a pathogenic fungus-host plant-herbivorous insect is an example of such mutual influences. In such a system a fungal pathogen commonly has a negative influence on the morphology and biochemistry of the host plant, with consequences for insect herbivore performance. Here we studied whether the biotrophic fungus Podosphaera ferruginea, attacking the great burnet Sanguisorba officinalis, affects caterpillar performance of the endangered scarce large blue butterfly Phengaris teleius. Our results showed that the pathogenic fungus affected the number and size of inflorescences produced by food-plants and, more importantly, had indirect, plant-mediated effects on the abundance, body mass and immune response of caterpillars. Specifically, we found the relationship between caterpillar abundance and variability in inflorescence size on a plant to be positive among healthy food-plants, and negative among infected food-plants. Caterpillars that fed on healthy food-plants were smaller than those that fed on infected food-plants in one studied season, while there was no such difference in the other season. We observed the relationship between caterpillar immune response and the proportion of infected great burnets within a habitat patch to be positive when caterpillars fed on healthy food-plants, and negative when caterpillars fed on infected food-plants. Our results suggest that this biotrophic fungal infection of the great burnet may impose a significant indirect influence on P. teleius caterpillar performance with potential consequences for the population dynamics and structure of this endangered butterfly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa B Śliwińska
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał Martyka
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mirosław Martyka
- Institute of Mathematical and Natural Science, State Higher Vocational School in Tarnów, Tarnów, Poland
| | - Mariusz Cichoń
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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12
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Eberl F, Uhe C, Unsicker SB. Friend or foe? The role of leaf-inhabiting fungal pathogens and endophytes in tree-insect interactions. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Stone AC, Gehring CA, Cobb NS, Whitham TG. Genetic-Based Susceptibility of a Foundation Tree to Herbivory Interacts With Climate to Influence Arthropod Community Composition, Diversity, and Resilience. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1831. [PMID: 30619404 PMCID: PMC6298196 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how genetic-based traits of plants interact with climate to affect associated communities will help improve predictions of climate change impacts on biodiversity. However, few community-level studies have addressed such interactions. Pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) in the southwestern U.S. shows genetic-based resistance and susceptibility to pinyon needle scale (Matsucoccus acalyptus). We sought to determine if susceptibility to scale herbivory influenced the diversity and composition of the extended community of 250+ arthropod species, and if this influence would be consistent across consecutive years, an extreme drought year followed by a moderate drought year. Because scale insects alter the architecture of susceptible trees, it is difficult to separate the direct influences of susceptibility on arthropod communities from the indirect influences of scale-altered tree architecture. To separate these influences, scales were experimentally excluded from susceptible trees for 15 years creating susceptible trees with the architecture of resistant trees, hereafter referred to as scale-excluded trees. Five patterns emerged. (1) In both years, arthropod abundance was 3-4X lower on susceptible trees compared to resistant and scale-excluded trees. (2) Species accumulation curves show that alpha and gamma diversity were 2-3X lower on susceptible trees compared to resistant and scale-excluded trees. (3) Reaction norms of arthropod richness and abundance on individual tree genotypes across years showed genotypic variation in the community response to changes in climate. (4) The genetic-based influence of susceptibility on arthropod community composition is climate dependent. During extreme drought, community composition on scale-excluded trees resembled susceptible trees indicating composition was strongly influenced by tree genetics independent of tree architecture. However, under moderate drought, community composition on scale-excluded trees resembled resistant trees indicating traits associated with tree architecture became more important. (5) One year after extreme drought, the arthropod community rebounded sharply. However, there was a much greater rebound in richness and abundance on resistant compared to susceptible trees suggesting that reduced resiliency in the arthropod community is associated with susceptibility. These results argue that individual genetic-based plant-herbivore interactions can directly and indirectly impact community-level diversity, which is modulated by climate. Understanding such interactions is important for assessing the impacts of climate change on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C. Stone
- Department of Biology, Metropolitan State University, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Catherine A. Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Neil S. Cobb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
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14
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Chen YH, Ruiz-Arocho J, von Wettberg EJ. Crop domestication: anthropogenic effects on insect-plant interactions in agroecosystems. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 29:56-63. [PMID: 30551826 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although crop domestication is considered a model system for understanding evolution, the eco-evolutionary effects of domesticated crops on higher trophic levels have rarely been discussed. Changes in size, shape, quality, or timing of plant traits during domestication can influence entire arthropod communities. The plant traits specific to crop plants can be rare in nature. In the face of such novelty, it is important to understand how species and trophic levels vary in their responses. Although the evidence is still limited, crop domestication can influence the ecology, genetics, and evolution of plants, insect herbivores, natural enemies, and pollinators. We call for more study on how eco-evolutionary processes operate under domestication to provide new insight on the sustainability of species interactions within agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda H Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Jorge Ruiz-Arocho
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Eric Jb von Wettberg
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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15
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Abstract
The keystone species concept is used in ecology to describe individual species with disproportionately large effects on their communities. We extend this idea to the level of genes with disproportionately large effects on ecological processes. Such 'keystone genes' (KGs) would underlie traits involved in species interactions or causing critical biotic and/or abiotic changes that influence emergent community and ecosystem properties. We propose a general framework for how KGs could be identified, while keeping KGs under the umbrella of 'ecologically important genes' (EIGs) that also include categories such as 'foundation genes', 'ecosystem engineering genes', and more. Although likely rare, KGs and other EIGs could dominate certain ecological processes; thus, their discovery and study are relevant for understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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16
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Barker HL, Holeski LM, Lindroth RL. Genotypic variation in plant traits shapes herbivorous insect and ant communities on a foundation tree species. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200954. [PMID: 30063740 PMCID: PMC6067713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Community genetics aims to understand the effects of intraspecific genetic variation on community composition and diversity, thereby connecting community ecology with evolutionary biology. Multiple studies have shown that different plant genotypes harbor different communities of associated organisms, such as insects. Yet, the mechanistic links that tie insect community composition to plant genetics are still not well understood. To shed light on these relationships, we explored variation in both plant traits (e.g., growth, phenology, defense) and herbivorous insect and ant communities on 328 replicated aspen (Populus tremuloides) genets grown in a common garden. We measured traits and visually surveyed insect communities annually in 2014 and 2015. We found that insect communities overall exhibited low heritability and were shaped primarily by relationships among key insects (i.e., aphids, ants, and free-feeders). Several tree traits affected insect communities and the presence/absence of species and functional groups. Of these traits, tree size and foliar phenology were the most important. Larger trees had denser (i.e., number of insects per unit tree size) and more diverse insect communities, while timing of bud break and bud set differentially influenced particular species and insect groups, especially leaf modifying insects. These findings will inform future research directed toward identification of plant genes and genetic regions that underlie the structure of associated insect communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary L. Barker
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Liza M. Holeski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Lindroth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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17
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Harrison JG, Philbin CS, Gompert Z, Forister GW, Hernandez‐Espinoza L, Sullivan BW, Wallace IS, Beltran L, Dodson CD, Francis JS, Schlageter A, Shelef O, Yoon SA, Forister ML. Deconstruction of a plant‐arthropod community reveals influential plant traits with nonlinear effects on arthropod assemblages. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G. Harrison
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Nevada Reno NV USA
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno NV USA
| | | | | | - Glen W. Forister
- Bohart Museum of Entomology University of California Davis CA USA
| | | | - Benjamin W. Sullivan
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Nevada Reno NV USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada Reno NV USA
| | - Ian S. Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Nevada Reno NV USA
| | - Lyra Beltran
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno NV USA
| | | | - Jacob S. Francis
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Nevada Reno NV USA
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno NV USA
| | | | - Oren Shelef
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno NV USA
| | - Su'ad A. Yoon
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Nevada Reno NV USA
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno NV USA
| | - Matthew L. Forister
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Nevada Reno NV USA
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno NV USA
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18
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Keith AR, Bailey JK, Lau MK, Whitham TG. Genetics-based interactions of foundation species affect community diversity, stability and network structure. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2703. [PMID: 28490623 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the hypothesis that genetics-based interactions between strongly interacting foundation species, the tree Populus angustifolia and the aphid Pemphigus betae, affect arthropod community diversity, stability and species interaction networks of which little is known. In a 2-year experimental manipulation of the tree and its aphid herbivore four major findings emerged: (i) the interactions of these two species determined the composition of an arthropod community of 139 species; (ii) both tree genotype and aphid presence significantly predicted community diversity; (iii) the presence of aphids on genetically susceptible trees increased the stability of arthropod communities across years; and (iv) the experimental removal of aphids affected community network structure (network degree, modularity and tree genotype contribution to modularity). These findings demonstrate that the interactions of foundation species are genetically based, which in turn significantly contributes to community diversity, stability and species interaction networks. These experiments provide an important step in understanding the evolution of Darwin's 'entangled bank', a metaphor that characterizes the complexity and interconnectedness of communities in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Keith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Joseph K Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Matthew K Lau
- Harvard University, Harvard Forest, 324 North Main Street, Petersham, MA 01366, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA .,Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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19
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Jormalainen V, Danelli M, Gagnon K, Hillebrand H, Rothäusler E, Salminen JP, Sjöroos J. Genetic variation of a foundation rockweed species affects associated communities. Ecology 2017; 98:2940-2951. [PMID: 28869777 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in a foundation species may affect the composition of associated communities as well as modify ecosystem function. While the ecological consequences of genetic diversity of foundation species have been widely reported, the ability of individual genotypes to support dissimilar communities has been documented only in forest ecosystems. Here, for the first time in a marine ecosystem, we test whether the different genotypes of the rockweed Fucus vesiculosus harbor distinct community phenotypes and whether the genetic similarity of individual genotypes or their defensive compound content can explain the variation of the associated communities. We reared replicated genotypes in a common garden in the sea and analyzed their associated communities of periphytic algae and invertebrates as well as determined their contents of defense compounds, phlorotannins, and genetic distance based on neutral molecular markers. The periphytic community was abundant in mid-summer and its biovolume, diversity and community composition varied among the rockweed genotypes. The diversity of the periphytic community decreased with its increasing biovolume. In autumn, when grazers were abundant, periphytic community biomass was lower and less variable among rockweed genotypes, indicating different relative importance of bottom-up regulation through heritable variation of the foundation species and top-down regulation through grazing intensity. Similarly, composition of the invertebrate community varied among the rockweed genotypes. Although the genotype explained about 10-18% of the variation in associated communities, the variation was explained neither by the genetic distance nor the phlorotannin content. Thus, neither neutral genetic markers nor a single phenotypic trait could provide a mechanistic understanding of the genetic basis of community specificity. Therefore, a more comprehensive mapping of quantitative trait variation is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms. The community specificity implies that genetic variation within a foundation species is crucial for the biodiversity and assembly of associated organisms and, thus, for the functioning of associated communities. The result highlights the importance of ensuring the genetic variation of foundation species as a conservation target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veijo Jormalainen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Danelli
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments, Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, 26382, Germany
| | - Karine Gagnon
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments, Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, 26382, Germany
| | - Eva Rothäusler
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Joakim Sjöroos
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
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20
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Call AC, St Clair SB. Outbreak of Drepanopeziza fungus in aspen forests and variation in stand susceptibility: leaf functional traits, compensatory growth and phenology. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1198-1207. [PMID: 28938057 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the spring of 2015, a severe outbreak of the necrotrophic pathogen Drepanopeziza (also known as Marssonina) spread across large portions of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forests in the western United States. Among adjacent stands, some were diseased and others were not. Drepanopeziza infection in diseased aspen stands stimulated compensatory growth of second-flush leaves at the top of the canopy. These patterns of infection provided an opportunity to characterize associations of pathogen infection and leaf functional traits. Eight pairs of adjacent healthy and diseased aspen stands were identified across a forest landscape in northern Utah. Average leaf surface area, specific leaf area (SLA), photosynthesis, starch concentration and defense chemistry expression (phenolic glycosides and condensed tannins) were measured on original, first-flush leaves in the lower portion of the tree canopy of healthy and diseased stands and compensatory, second-flush leaves produced in the canopy top of diseased stands. Only first-flush leaves of diseased stands showed high levels of Drepanopeziza infection. Leaf area of second-flush leaves of diseased stands was threefold larger than all other leaf types in healthy or diseased stands. Lower canopy leaves of healthy stands had the highest SLA. Photosynthesis was lowest in infected first-flush leaves, highest in second-flush leaves of diseased stands and intermediate in leaves of healthy stands. Foliar starch concentrations were lower in leaves of diseased stands than leaves from healthy stands. Condensed tannins were greater in second-flush leaves than first-flush leaves in both healthy and diseased stands. Phenolic glycoside concentrations were lowest in infected leaves of diseased stands. Diseased stands leafed out a week earlier in the spring than healthy stands, which may have exposed their emerging leaves to rainy conditions that promote Drepanopeziza infection. Compensatory leaf regrowth of diseased stands appears to offset some of the functional loss (i.e., photosynthetic capacity) of infected leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson C Call
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Samuel B St Clair
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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21
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Jarvis KJ, Allan GJ, Craig AJ, Beresic-Perrins RK, Wimp G, Gehring CA, Whitham TG. Arthropod communities on hybrid and parental cottonwoods are phylogenetically structured by tree type: Implications for conservation of biodiversity in plant hybrid zones. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5909-5921. [PMID: 28808554 PMCID: PMC5551273 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although hybridization in plants has been recognized as an important pathway in plant speciation, it may also affect the ecology and evolution of associated communities. Cottonwood species (Populus angustifolia and P. fremontii) and their naturally occurring hybrids are known to support different plant, animal, and microbial communities, but no studies have examined community structure within the context of phylogenetic history. Using a community composed of 199 arthropod species, we tested for differences in arthropod phylogenetic patterns within and among hybrid and parental tree types in a common garden. Three major patterns emerged. (1) Phylogenetic diversity (PD) was significantly different between arthropod communities on hybrids and Fremont cottonwood when pooled by tree type. (2) Mean phylogenetic distance (MPD) and net relatedness index (NRI) indicated that communities on hybrid trees were significantly more phylogenetically overdispersed than communities on either parental tree type. (3) Community distance (Dpw) indicated that communities on hybrids were significantly different than parental species. Our results show that arthropod communities on parental and hybrid cottonwoods exhibit significantly different patterns of phylogenetic structure. This suggests that arthropod community assembly is driven, in part, by plant-arthropod interactions at the level of cottonwood tree type. We discuss potential hypotheses to explain the effect of plant genetic dissimilarity on arthropod phylogenetic community structure, including the role of competition and environmental filtering. Our findings suggest that cottonwood species and their hybrids function as evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) that affect the assembly and composition of associated arthropod communities and deserve high priority for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Jarvis
- School of Forestry Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA.,Biology Department Southern Utah University Cedar City UT USA
| | - Gerard J Allan
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA.,Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Ashley J Craig
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
| | | | - Gina Wimp
- Department of Biology Georgetown University Washington DC USA
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA.,Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA.,Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research Flagstaff AZ USA
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22
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Franco FP, Moura DS, Vivanco JM, Silva-Filho MC. Plant–insect–pathogen interactions: a naturally complex ménage à trois. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 37:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Slinn HL, Barbour MA, Crawford KM, Rodriguez-Cabal MA, Crutsinger GM. Genetic variation in resistance to leaf fungus indirectly affects spider density. Ecology 2017; 98:875-881. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Slinn
- Department of Biology; University of Nevada; 1664 N Virginia street Reno Nevada 89557 USA
| | - Matthew A. Barbour
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Kerri M. Crawford
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Houston; Houston Texas 77204 USA
| | - Mariano A. Rodriguez-Cabal
- Grupo de Ecologia de Invasiones; INIBIOMA - CONICET; Universidad Nacional del Comahue; CP. 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche Argentina
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24
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Lau MK, Keith AR, Borrett SR, Shuster SM, Whitham TG. Genotypic variation in foundation species generates network structure that may drive community dynamics and evolution. Ecology 2016. [DOI: 10.1890/15-0600.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K. Lau
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam‐Powell Center for Environmental Research Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Arthur R. Keith
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam‐Powell Center for Environmental Research Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Stuart R. Borrett
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology University of North Carolina Wilmington North Carolina 28403 USA
- Duke Network Analysis Center Social Science Research Institute Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Stephen M. Shuster
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam‐Powell Center for Environmental Research Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam‐Powell Center for Environmental Research Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
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25
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Axelsson EP, Iason GR, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Whitham TG. Host Genetics and Environment Drive Divergent Responses of Two Resource Sharing Gall-Formers on Norway Spruce: A Common Garden Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142257. [PMID: 26554587 PMCID: PMC4640599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A central issue in the field of community genetics is the expectation that trait variation among genotypes play a defining role in structuring associated species and in forming community phenotypes. Quantifying the existence of such community phenotypes in two common garden environments also has important consequences for our understanding of gene-by-environment interactions at the community level. The existence of community phenotypes has not been evaluated in the crowns of boreal forest trees. In this study we address the influence of tree genetics on needle chemistry and genetic x environment interactions on two gall-inducing adelgid aphids (Adelges spp. and Sacchiphantes spp.) that share the same elongating bud/shoot niche. We examine the hypothesis that the canopies of different genotypes of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) support different community phenotypes. Three patterns emerged. First, the two gallers show clear differences in their response to host genetics and environment. Whereas genetics significantly affected the abundance of Adelges spp. galls, Sacchiphantes spp. was predominately affected by the environment suggesting that the genetic influence is stronger in Adelges spp. Second, the among family variation in genetically controlled resistance was large, i.e. fullsib families differed as much as 10 fold in susceptibility towards Adelges spp. (0.57 to 6.2 galls/branch). Also, the distribution of chemical profiles was continuous, showing both overlap as well as examples of significant differences among fullsib families. Third, despite the predicted effects of host chemistry on galls, principal component analyses using 31 different phenolic substances showed only limited association with galls and a similarity test showed that trees with similar phenolic chemical characteristics, did not host more similar communities of gallers. Nonetheless, the large genetic variation in trait expression and clear differences in how community members respond to host genetics supports our hypothesis that the canopies of Norway spruce differ in their community phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Petter Axelsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Glenn R. Iason
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research & Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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26
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Grady KC, Kolb TE, Ikeda DH, Whitham TG. A bridge too far: cold and pathogen constraints to assisted migration of riparian forests. Restor Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Grady
- School of Forestry; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Thomas E. Kolb
- School of Forestry; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Dana H. Ikeda
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
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