1
|
Kovács-Valasek A, Rák T, Pöstyéni E, Csutak A, Gábriel R. Three Major Causes of Metabolic Retinal Degenerations and Three Ways to Avoid Them. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108728. [PMID: 37240082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance of homeostasis in the retina leads to neuron loss and this eventually results in a deterioration of vision. If the stress threshold is exceeded, different protective/survival mechanisms are activated. Numerous key molecular actors contribute to prevalent metabolically induced retinal diseases-the three major challenges are age-related alterations, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. These diseases have complex dysregulation of glucose-, lipid-, amino acid or purine metabolism. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on possible ways of preventing or circumventing retinal degeneration by available methods. We intend to provide a unified background, common prevention and treatment rationale for these disorders and identify the mechanisms through which these actions protect the retina. We suggest a role for herbal medicines, internal neuroprotective substances and synthetic drugs targeting four processes: parainflammation and/or glial cell activation, ischemia and related reactive oxygen species and vascular endothelial growth factor accumulation, apoptosis and/or autophagy of nerve cells and an elevation of ocular perfusion pressure and/or intraocular pressure. We conclude that in order to achieve substantial preventive or therapeutic effects, at least two of the mentioned pathways should be targeted synergistically. A repositioning of some drugs is considered to use them for the cure of the other related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kovács-Valasek
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tibor Rák
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Etelka Pöstyéni
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Adrienne Csutak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Robert Gábriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fluorescence Angiography with Dual Fluorescence for the Early Detection and Longitudinal Quantitation of Vascular Leakage in Retinopathy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020293. [PMID: 36830829 PMCID: PMC9953145 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) afflicts more than 93 million people worldwide and is a leading cause of vision loss in working adults. While DR therapies are available, early DR development may go undetected without treatment due to the lack of sufficiently sensitive tools. Therefore, early detection is critically important to enable efficient treatment before progression to vision-threatening complications. A major clinical manifestation of early DR is retinal vascular leakage that may progress from diffuse to more localized focal leakage, leading to increased retinal thickness and diabetic macular edema (DME). In preclinical research, a hallmark of DR in mouse models is diffuse retinal leakage without increased thickness or DME, which limits the utility of optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography (FA) for early detection. The Evans blue assay detects diffuse leakage but requires euthanasia, which precludes longitudinal studies in the same animals. METHODS We developed a new modality of ratiometric fluorescence angiography with dual fluorescence (FA-DF) to reliably detect and longitudinally quantify diffuse retinal vascular leakage in mouse models of induced and spontaneous DR. RESULTS These studies demonstrated the feasibility and sensitivity of FA-DF in detecting and quantifying retinal vascular leakage in the same mice over time during DR progression in association with chronic hyperglycemia and age. CONCLUSIONS These proof-of-concept studies demonstrated the promise of FA-DF as a minimally invasive method to quantify DR leakage in preclinical mouse models longitudinally.
Collapse
|
3
|
Vision-Related Quality of Life among Patients Attending the Diabetes and Eye Clinics in Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya. J Ophthalmol 2023; 2023:7809692. [PMID: 36703703 PMCID: PMC9873415 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7809692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Our main objective was to determine the overall vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) among patients with diabetes mellitus attending the diabetes and eye clinics in Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya. Design Analytical cross-sectional study conducted in December 2020 setting: This study was performed at the Diabetes and Eye Clinics in Kenyatta National Hospital, the main national referral centre in Nairobi, Kenya. Participants. Using a purposive consecutive sampling method, we enrolled 100 participants, 50 with diabetic retinopathy and 50 without diabetic retinopathy. Main Outcomes and Measures. We compared the VRQoL of participants with diabetic retinopathy with those without diabetic retinopathy and assessed whether VRQoL worsened with increasing the severity of diabetic retinopathy. VRQoL was assessed using the World Health Organization/Prevention of Blindness and Deafness Vision Function-20 Questionnaire (VF-20). With this tool, the higher the mean score, the worse the quality of life. Diabetic retinopathy was graded using the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study. VRQoL trend with DR were analysed using the worse eye. Results Participants with diabetic retinopathy had worse overall total VRQoL mean score (33.4, SD11.5) than those without (26.9, SD 4.7) in all domains; overall self-rating, 2.6 vs. 2.2, p < 0.001; general functioning, 18.0 vs. 14.7, p=0.005; psychosocial, 6.7 vs. 5.3, p < 0.001; and visual symptoms, 6.1 vs. 4.8, p < 0.001. VRQoL was worse with increasing severity of diabetic retinopathy in all domains moving from mild NPDR to moderate NPDR, severe NPDR and PDR, overall self-rating (2.2, 2.5, 3.5, 3.3; p < 0.001); visual symptoms (5.6, 5.6, 7.5, 7.4; p=0.002); psychosocial (5.7, 6.5, 6.0 8.8; p=0.004); and general functioning (15.7, 16.9, 17.5 23.6; p=0.014). Presence of DR, distance vision impairment, and diabetic macula oedema were associated with low overall self-rating. Conclusion and Relevance. Our findings underscore the need for interventions for early detection and management of diabetic retinopathy to prevent developing more advanced DR and its associated deterioration of VRQoL.
Collapse
|
4
|
Vitrectomy with ILM peeling in diabetic macular edema in one eye vs. intravitreal anti-VEGF injections in the second eye: a comparative study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:67-76. [PMID: 35869998 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the results of vitrectomy performed in patients' worse eyes with diabetic macular edema to the results of continuous anti-VEGF treatment performed in patients' fellow eyes. METHODS A retrospective interventional study of 14 patients with diabetic macular edema in both eyes. The better eye was always qualified for aflibercept injections (group 1), and the worse eye was scheduled for vitrectomy (group 2). The follow-up lasted 12 months. The following parameters were measured: visual acuity (V), central retinal thickness (CRT), maximum retinal thickness (MRT), central choroidal thickness (CCT), superficial fovea avascular zone (sFAZ) and deep fovea avascular zone (dFAZ), and vessel density at the level of superficial (sVD) and deep (dVD) retinal vessels. RESULTS None of the analyzed factors differed between groups with statistical significance at any timepoint. The time of recovery of vision was identical in both eyes (F = 0.91, p = 0.449). The final sFAZ was significantly smaller for group 2 (median 196 μm) than for group 1 (median 375 μm; U = 101.0; p = 0.022; r = 0.44). CONCLUSION Both techniques resulted in similar improvements in visual acuity and decreases in CRT after 1 year. sFAZ decreased in all eyes, with a higher extent after vitrectomy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li BY, Tan W, Zou JL, He Y, Yoshida S, Jiang B, Zhou YD. Role of interferons in diabetic retinopathy. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:939-953. [PMID: 34326947 PMCID: PMC8311473 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the major causes of visual impairment and irreversible blindness in developed regions. Aside from abnormal angiogenesis, inflammation is the most specific and might be the initiating factor of DR. As a key participant in inflammation, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) can be detected in different parts of the eye and is responsible for the breakdown of the blood-retina barrier and activation of inflammatory cells and other cytokines, which accelerate neovascularization and neuroglial degeneration. In addition, IFN-γ is involved in other vascular complications of diabetes mellitus and angiogenesis-dependent diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy, cerebral microbleeds, and age-related macular degeneration. Traditional treatments, such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, vitrectomy, and laser photocoagulation therapy, are more effective for angiogenesis and not tolerable for every patient. Many ongoing clinical trials are exploring effective drugs that target inflammation. For instance, IFN-α acts against viruses and angiogenesis and is commonly used to treat malignant tumors. Moreover, IFN-α has been shown to contribute to alleviating the progression of DR and other ocular diseases. In this review, we emphasize the roles that IFNs play in the pathogenesis of DR and discuss potential clinical applications of IFNs in DR, such as diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing-Ling Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shigeo Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ye-Di Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang HW, Yang CM, Yang CH. Fibroblast Growth Factor Type 1 Ameliorates High-Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells and a Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137233. [PMID: 34281287 PMCID: PMC8267624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes that causes severe visual impairment globally. The pathogenesis of DR is related to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. The fibroblast growth factor type 1 (FGF-1) mitogen plays crucial roles in cell function, development, and metabolism. FGF-1 is involved in blood sugar regulation and exerts beneficial antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on various organ systems. This study investigated the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory neuroprotective effects of FGF-1 on high-glucose-induced retinal damage. The results revealed that FGF-1 treatment significantly reversed the harmful effects of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in retinal tissue in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. These protective effects were also observed in the in vitro model of retinal ARPE-19 cells exposed to a high-glucose condition. We demonstrated that FGF-1 attenuated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB pathway activation under the high-glucose condition. Our results indicated that FGF-1 could effectively prevent retinal injury in diabetes. The findings of this study could be used to develop novel treatments for DR that aim to reduce the cascade of oxidative stress and inflammatory signals in neuroretinal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Sec. 3, Xinglong Rd., Taipei 11696, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen Ai Road Sec. 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Zhongshan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen Ai Road, Sec. 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Zhongshan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen Ai Road, Sec. 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 62131); Fax: +886-2-2393-4420
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boyer DS, Rippmann JF, Ehrlich MS, Bakker RA, Chong V, Nguyen QD. Amine oxidase copper-containing 3 (AOC3) inhibition: a potential novel target for the management of diabetic retinopathy. Int J Retina Vitreous 2021; 7:30. [PMID: 33845913 PMCID: PMC8042903 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-021-00288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of diabetes, is the leading cause of visual impairment in people aged 20–65 years and can go undetected until vision is irreversibly lost. There is a need for treatments for non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) which, in comparison with current intravitreal (IVT) injections, offer an improved risk–benefit ratio and are suitable for the treatment of early stages of disease, during which there is no major visual impairment. Efficacious systemic therapy for NPDR, including oral treatment, would be an important and convenient therapeutic approach for patients and physicians and would reduce treatment burden. In this article, we review the rationale for the investigation of amine oxidase copper-containing 3 (AOC3), also known as semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase and vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP1), as a novel target for the early treatment of moderate to severe NPDR. AOC3 is a membrane-bound adhesion protein that facilitates the binding of leukocytes to the retinal endothelium. Adherent leukocytes reduce blood flow and in turn rupture blood vessels, leading to ischemia and edema. AOC3 inhibition reduces leukocyte recruitment and is predicted to decrease the production of reactive oxygen species, thereby correcting the underlying hypoxia, ischemia, and edema seen in DR, as well as improving vascular function. Conclusion There is substantial unmet need for convenient, non-invasive treatments targeting moderately severe and severe NPDR to reduce progression and preserve vision. The existing pharmacotherapies (IVT corticosteroids and IVT anti-vascular endothelial growth factor-A) target inflammation and angiogenesis, respectively. Unlike these treatments, AOC3 inhibition is predicted to address the underlying hypoxia and ischemia seen in DR. AOC3 inhibitors represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treating patients with DR and could offer greater choice and reduce treatment burden, with the potential to improve patient compliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Boyer
- Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joerg F Rippmann
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Remko A Bakker
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Victor Chong
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim Am Rhein, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Homme RP, Sandhu HS, George AK, Tyagi SC, Singh M. Sustained Inhibition of NF-κB Activity Mitigates Retinal Vasculopathy in Diabetes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:947-964. [PMID: 33640319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of long-term NF-κB inhibition in mitigating retinal vasculopathy in a type 1 diabetic mouse model (Akita, Ins2Akita). Akita and wild-type (C57BL/6J) male mice, 24 to 26 weeks old, were treated with or without a selective inhibitor of NF-κB, 4-methyl-N1-(3-phenyl-propyl) benzene-1,2-diamine (JSH-23), for 4 weeks. Treatment was given when the mice were at least 24 weeks old. Metabolic parameters, key inflammatory mediators, blood-retinal barrier junction molecules, retinal structure, and function were measured. JSH-23 significantly lowered basal glucose levels and intraocular pressure in Akita. It also mitigated vascular remodeling and microaneurysms significantly. Optical coherence tomography of untreated Akita showed thinning of retinal layers; however, treatment with JSH-23 could prevent it. Electroretinogram demonstrated that A- and B-waves in Akita were significantly smaller than in wild type mice, indicating that JSH-23 intervention prevented loss of retinal function. Protein levels and gene expression of key inflammatory mediators, such as NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, were decreased after JSH-23 treatment. At the same time, connexin-43 and occludin were maintained. Vision-guided behavior also improved significantly. The results show that reducing inflammation could protect the diabetic retina and its vasculature. Findings appear to have broader implications in treating not only ocular conditions but also other vasculopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubens P Homme
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Harpal S Sandhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Akash K George
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Z, Yang Z, Li X, Wang H, Wang Y, Ding C, Yang J, Ni N, Mei Y, Zhang S. microRNA-320a prevent Müller cells from hypoxia injury by targeting aquaporin-4. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:4711-4723. [PMID: 32830348 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells are closely related to diabetic retinopathy (DR). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) can effectively promote the diffusion of water across cellular membranes. However, the dynamic balance of water plays key role in many diseases, such as cerebral edema. Meanwhile, the unusual expression and distribution of AQP4 in the retina are the significant causes of ocular hypertension and reperfusion injury. To explore the functional significance between microRNA-320a (miR-320a) and AQP4 in pathological hypoxia-induced DR related retinal edema, we hypothesized that miR-320a regulates AQP4 expression and internalization to relieve the edema of Müller cells under the pathological retinal hypoxia stress by targeting AQP4, thereby attenuate the damage of Müller cells. Results demonstrated that miR-320a mimics inhibited the expressions of AQP4 in Müller cells. Furthermore, overexpression miR-320a protected Müller cells by suppressing superoxide anion. In addition, overexpression miR-320a markedly attenuated hypoxia-induced injury, significantly increased the cell viability, and promoted the internalization of AQP4. Furthermore, miR-320a can also regulate the stable anchoring of AQP4 on the cell membrane. Our study indicated that miR-320a may be a potential modulator which can mediate AQP4 expression and attenuate the hypoxia damage of Müller cells. In conclusion, miR-320a may be a potential target for DR therapy by targeting AQP4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Center of Fundus Disease of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Medical college, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhengrong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Center of Fundus Disease of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Center of Fundus Disease of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Medical college, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Center of Fundus Disease of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Center of Fundus Disease of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Center of Fundus Disease of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - JingYing Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Center of Fundus Disease of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ninghua Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Center of Fundus Disease of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Mei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Center of Fundus Disease of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Medical college, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Shao Y, Shi WQ, Jiang L, Wang XY, Zhu PW, Yuan Q, Gao G, Lv JL, Wang GX. The predictive potential of altered spontaneous brain activity patterns in diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. EPMA J 2019; 10:249-259. [PMID: 31462942 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-019-00171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) fMRI technique was used to study the changes of spontaneous brain activity in patients with diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy (DRN), and to explore the application of ALFF technique in the potential prediction and the targeted prevention of diabetic microangiopathy. Methods Nineteen patients with diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were matched for age and gender. Spontaneous cerebral activity variations were investigated using the ALFF technique. The average ALFF values of the DRN patients and the HCs were classified utilizing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results In contrast to the results in the HCs, the patients with DRN had significantly higher ALFF values in the cerebellum (bilaterally in the posterior and anterior lobes) and the left inferior temporal gyrus, but the ALFF values of the bilateral medial frontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, left middle/inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral precuneus, and left inferior parietal lobule were lower. ROC curve analysis of each brain region showed the accuracy of AUC was excellent. However, the mean ALFF values in the different regions did not correlate with clinical performance. The subjects showed abnormal neuronal synchronization in many areas of the brain, which is consistent with cognitive and visual functional deficits. Conclusion Abnormal spontaneous activity was detected in many areas of the brain, which may provide useful information for understanding the pathology of DRN. Abnormal ALFF values of these brain regions may be of predictive value in the development of early DRN and be a targeted intervention indicator for individualized treatment of diabetic microvascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- 1Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No 17, YongWaiZheng Street, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shao
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Wen-Qing Shi
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Lei Jiang
- 1Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No 17, YongWaiZheng Street, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- 1Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No 17, YongWaiZheng Street, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Wen Zhu
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Qing Yuan
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Ge Gao
- 3Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No 17, YongWaiZheng Street, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Lei Lv
- 1Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No 17, YongWaiZheng Street, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Gong-Xian Wang
- 4Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Elmasry K, Ibrahim AS, Abdulmoneim S, Al-Shabrawey M. Bioactive lipids and pathological retinal angiogenesis. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:93-109. [PMID: 30276789 PMCID: PMC6284336 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, disruption of the retinal barrier, leukocyte-adhesion and oedema are cardinal signs of proliferative retinopathies that are associated with vision loss. Therefore, identifying factors that regulate these vascular dysfunctions is critical to target pathological angiogenesis. Given the conflicting role of bioactive lipids reported in the current literature, the goal of this review is to provide the reader a clear road map of what has been accomplished so far in the field with specific focus on the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-derived metabolites in proliferative retinopathies. This necessarily entails a description of the different retina cells, blood retina barriers and the role of (PUFAs)-derived metabolites in diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and age-related macular degeneration as the most common types of proliferative retinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elmasry
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear & Department of ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed S Ibrahim
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Samer Abdulmoneim
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Curcumin inhibits high glucose‑induced inflammatory injury in human retinal pigment epithelial cells through the ROS‑PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:1024-1031. [PMID: 30569107 PMCID: PMC6323224 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a retinal disease caused by metabolic disorders of glucose tolerance that can lead to irreversible blindness if not adequately treated. Retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPEC) dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of DR. In the present study the anti‑inflammatory effect of curcumin (CUR) was investigated in RPECs damaged by high glucose levels. RPEC treated with 30 mmol/l glucose was regarded as high glucose group, and cells treated with 24.4 mmol/l mannitol was set as equivalent osmolarity group. Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay was used to measure RPEC viability, the expression of phosphorylated (p)‑AKT and p‑mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were assessed by western blot, and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑6 and IL‑1β in the culture medium was measured by ELISA. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured by laser scanning confocal microscope. The present data indicated that, compared with mannitol treatment, high glucose treatment reduced RPEC viability, increased TNF‑α, IL‑6 and IL‑1β secretion, increased ROS formation and promoted phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. The antioxidant N‑acetylcysteine, the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/AKT inhibitor LY294002 and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin ameliorated the effects of high glucose. In addition, pretreatment with 10 µmol/l CUR reduced secretion levels of TNF‑α, IL‑6 and IL‑1β, ROS formation and phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. In conclusion, CUR inhibited high glucose‑induced inflammatory injury in RPECs by interfering with the ROS/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The present study may reveal the molecular mechanism of CUR inhibition effects to high glucose‑induced inflammatory injury in RPEC.
Collapse
|
13
|
Motoda S, Shiraki N, Ishihara T, Sakaguchi H, Kabata D, Takahara M, Kimura T, Kozawa J, Imagawa A, Nishida K, Shintani A, Iwahashi H, Shimomura I. Predictors of postoperative bleeding after vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage in patients with diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:940-945. [PMID: 29265703 PMCID: PMC6031499 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION To clarify the association between perioperative variables and postoperative bleeding in pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present retrospective study enrolled 72 eyes of 64 patients who were admitted to Osaka University Hospital between April 2010 and March 2014, and underwent vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage as a result of diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS Postoperative bleeding developed in 12 eyes. Using binomial logistic regression analysis, we found that the duration of operation was the only significant variable associated with postoperative bleeding within 12 weeks after vitrectomy. Furthermore, Poisson regression analysis identified fasting blood glucose just before vitrectomy, no treatment with antiplatelet drugs and treatment with antihypertensive drugs, as well as duration of operation, to be significantly associated with the frequency of bleeding within 52 weeks after vitrectomy. CONCLUSIONS Long duration of operation can be used to predict bleeding within both 12 and 52 weeks after vitrectomy. In addition, fasting blood glucose just before vitrectomy, no treatment with antiplatelet drugs and treatment with antihypertensive drugs might be risk factors for postoperative bleeding up to 1 year after vitrectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saori Motoda
- Department of Metabolic MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Nobuhiko Shiraki
- Department of OphthalmologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Takuma Ishihara
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Hirokazu Sakaguchi
- Department of OphthalmologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Daijiro Kabata
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takahara
- Department of Metabolic MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
- Department of Diabetes Care MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Takekazu Kimura
- Department of Metabolic MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
- Department of Diabetes Care MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Junji Kozawa
- Department of Metabolic MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Akihisa Imagawa
- Department of Metabolic MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of OphthalmologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Ayumi Shintani
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Hiromi Iwahashi
- Department of Metabolic MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
- Department of Diabetes Care MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shen J, Zhang W, Qi R, Mao ZW, Shen H. Engineering functional inorganic-organic hybrid systems: advances in siRNA therapeutics. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1969-1995. [PMID: 29417968 PMCID: PMC5861001 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00479f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatment still faces a lot of obstacles such as tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance and systemic toxicities. Beyond the traditional treatment modalities, exploitation of RNA interference (RNAi) as an emerging approach has immense potential for the treatment of various gene-caused diseases including cancer. The last decade has witnessed enormous research and achievements focused on RNAi biotechnology. However, delivery of small interference RNA (siRNA) remains a key challenge in the development of clinical RNAi therapeutics. Indeed, functional nanomaterials play an important role in siRNA delivery, which could overcome a wide range of sequential physiological and biological obstacles. Nanomaterial-formulated siRNA systems have potential applications in protection of siRNA from degradation, improving the accumulation in the target tissues, enhancing the siRNA therapy and reducing the side effects. In this review, we explore and summarize the role of functional inorganic-organic hybrid systems involved in the siRNA therapeutic advancements. Additionally, we gather the surface engineering strategies of hybrid systems to optimize for siRNA delivery. Major progress in the field of inorganic-organic hybrid platforms including metallic/non-metallic cores modified with organic shells or further fabrication as the vectors for siRNA delivery is discussed to give credit to the interdisciplinary cooperation between chemistry, pharmacy, biology and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianliang Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. and School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China and Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, 325001, China and Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Ruogu Qi
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. and Department of Applied Chemistry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miller K, Fortun JA. Diabetic Macular Edema: Current Understanding, Pharmacologic Treatment Options, and Developing Therapies. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2018; 7:28-35. [PMID: 29473719 DOI: 10.22608/apo.2017529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema comprise a major source of visual disability throughout the developed world. The etiology and pathogenesis of macular edema is intricate and multifactorial, in which the hyperglycemic state in diabetes induces a microangiopathy. Through several inflammatory and vasogenic mediators, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upregulation and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, pathologic changes are induced in the vascular endothelium triggering breakdown of the blood retinal barrier, causing extravasation of fluid into the extracellular space and manifesting clinically as macular edema, resulting in visual loss. The advent of medications targeting the VEGF pathway has led to great clinical improvements compared with the previous standard of care of laser therapy alone, as shown in studies such as RISE, RIDE, VIVID, VISTA, and DRCR. However, analyses have shown that many patients have inadequate response or are nonresponders to anti-VEGF therapy, demonstrating the need for additional therapies to more comprehensively treat this disease. Although corticosteroid treatments and implants have demonstrated some efficacy in adjunctive and supplemental treatment, the need to more adequately treat macular edema remains. Our knowledge of diabetic macular edema continues to grow, leading to new currently available and emerging pharmacotherapies to further enhance our treatment and restore vision in those affected by diabetic macular edema. This review will discuss the pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema and the pharmacologic therapies available for its treatment, including anti-VEGF, steroids, and newer therapies still in development, such as angiopoietin antagonists, Tie2 agonists, kallikrein inhibitors, interleukin inhibitors, and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jorge A Fortun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Haefliger JA, Allagnat F, Hamard L, Le Gal L, Meda P, Nardelli-Haefliger D, Génot E, Alonso F. Targeting Cx40 (Connexin40) Expression or Function Reduces Angiogenesis in the Developing Mouse Retina. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2136-2146. [PMID: 28982669 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cx40 (Connexin40) forms intercellular channels that coordinate the electric conduction in the heart and the vasomotor tone in large vessels. The protein was shown to regulate tumoral angiogenesis; however, whether Cx40 also contributes to physiological angiogenesis is still unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we show that Cx40 contributes to physiological angiogenesis. Genetic deletion of Cx40 leads to a reduction in vascular growth and capillary density in the neovascularization model of the mouse neonatal retina. At the angiogenic front, vessel sprouting is reduced, and the mural cells recruited along the sprouts display an altered phenotype. These alterations can be attributed to disturbed endothelial cell functions as selective reexpression of Cx40 in these cells restores normal angiogenesis. In vitro, targeting Cx40 in microvascular endothelial cells, by silencing its expression or by blocking gap junction channels, decreases their proliferation. Moreover, loss of Cx40 in these cells also increases their release of PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) and promotes the chemoattraction of mural cells. In vivo, an intravitreal injection of a Cx40 inhibitory peptide, phenocopies the loss of Cx40 in the retinal vasculature of wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data show that endothelial Cx40 contributes to the early stages of physiological angiogenesis in the developing retina, by regulating vessel growth and maturation. Cx40 thus represents a novel therapeutic target for treating pathological ocular angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Antoine Haefliger
- From the Department of Medicine (J.-A.H., F.A., L.H., L.L.G., F.A.) and Department of Urology (D.N.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (P.M.); and Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), Université de Bordeaux, France (E.G., F.A.).
| | - Florent Allagnat
- From the Department of Medicine (J.-A.H., F.A., L.H., L.L.G., F.A.) and Department of Urology (D.N.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (P.M.); and Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), Université de Bordeaux, France (E.G., F.A.)
| | - Lauriane Hamard
- From the Department of Medicine (J.-A.H., F.A., L.H., L.L.G., F.A.) and Department of Urology (D.N.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (P.M.); and Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), Université de Bordeaux, France (E.G., F.A.)
| | - Loïc Le Gal
- From the Department of Medicine (J.-A.H., F.A., L.H., L.L.G., F.A.) and Department of Urology (D.N.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (P.M.); and Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), Université de Bordeaux, France (E.G., F.A.)
| | - Paolo Meda
- From the Department of Medicine (J.-A.H., F.A., L.H., L.L.G., F.A.) and Department of Urology (D.N.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (P.M.); and Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), Université de Bordeaux, France (E.G., F.A.)
| | - Denise Nardelli-Haefliger
- From the Department of Medicine (J.-A.H., F.A., L.H., L.L.G., F.A.) and Department of Urology (D.N.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (P.M.); and Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), Université de Bordeaux, France (E.G., F.A.)
| | - Elisabeth Génot
- From the Department of Medicine (J.-A.H., F.A., L.H., L.L.G., F.A.) and Department of Urology (D.N.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (P.M.); and Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), Université de Bordeaux, France (E.G., F.A.)
| | - Florian Alonso
- From the Department of Medicine (J.-A.H., F.A., L.H., L.L.G., F.A.) and Department of Urology (D.N.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (P.M.); and Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), Université de Bordeaux, France (E.G., F.A.).
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Masser DR, Otalora L, Clark NW, Kinter MT, Elliott MH, Freeman WM. Functional changes in the neural retina occur in the absence of mitochondrial dysfunction in a rodent model of diabetic retinopathy. J Neurochem 2017; 143:595-608. [PMID: 28902411 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a neurovascular diabetes complication resulting in vision loss. A wealth of literature reports retinal molecular changes indicative of neural deficits, inflammation, and vascular leakage with chronic diabetes, but the mechanistic causes of disease initiation and progression are unknown. Microvascular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage leading to mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed to drive vascular dysfunction in retinopathy. However, growing evidence suggests that neural retina dysfunction precedes and may cause vascular damage. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that neural mtDNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction are an early initiating factor of neural diabetic retinopathy development in a rat streptozotocin-induced, Type I diabetes model. Mitochondrial function (oxygen consumption rates) was quantified in retinal synaptic terminals from diabetic and non-diabetic rats with paired retinal structural and function assessment (optical coherence tomography and electroretinography, respectively). Mitochondrial genome damage was assessed by identifying mutations and deletions across the mtDNA genome by high depth sequencing and absolute mtDNA copy number counting through digital PCR. Mitochondrial protein expression was assessed by targeted mass spectrometry. Retinal functional deficits and neural anatomical changes were present after 3 months of diabetes and prevented/normalized by insulin treatment. No marked dysfunction of mitochondrial activity, maladaptive changes in mitochondrial protein expression, alterations in mtDNA copy number, or increase in mtDNA damage was observed in conjunction with retinal functional and anatomical changes. These results demonstrate that neural retinal dysfunction with diabetes begins prior to mtDNA damage and dysfunction, and therefore retinal neurodegeneration initiation with diabetes occurs through other, non-mitochondrial DNA damage, mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Masser
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Laura Otalora
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Oklahoma Nathan Shock Center on Aging, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nicholas W Clark
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael T Kinter
- Oklahoma Nathan Shock Center on Aging, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Aging & Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael H Elliott
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Oklahoma Nathan Shock Center on Aging, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sameen M, Khan MS, Mukhtar A, Yaqub MA, Ishaq M. Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab combined with pan retinal photocoagulation versus panretinal photocoagulation alone in treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33:142-145. [PMID: 28367188 PMCID: PMC5368296 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.331.11497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To compare effectiveness of pan-retinal photocoagulation alone versus panretinal photocoagulation combined with intravitreal bevacizumab on visual acuity and central macular thickness in patients presenting with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Methods: This Randomized controlled trial was carried out at Armed Forces Institute of ophthalmology, Pakistan from Jan 2016 to Aug 2016. Seventy six eyes of 50 patients having proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema were included in the study. All the patients were subjected to detailed clinical examination that included Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit lamp examination of anterior and posterior segments. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) were carried out and patients were divided in two groups (GP and GI). Three monthly sessions of Pan retinal photocoagulation (PRP) using Pattern Scan Laser (PASCAL) alone was performed in group GP while PRP along with three monthly intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) was performed in group GI. BCVA and CMT was recorded 04 weeks after the third PRP session in both the groups. Results: Seventy six eyes of 50 patients (38 in each group) were treated with three sessions of PRP alone and PRP with IVB in Group GP and GI respectively. Mean age of the patient in group GP was 57.47± 6.08 years while that in group GI was 55.69 ±6.58. The magnitude of induced change in BCVA was 0.09 ± 0.15 in GP while 0.22 + 0.04 in GI groups while mean induced change in CMT after treatment was 77.44 ± 92.30 um and 117.50 ± 93.82 um in group GP and GI. Conclusion: Laser PRP combined with IVB has superior visual and anatomical outcome than PRP alone in patients with combined presentation of PDR and DME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Sameen
- Dr. Murtaza Sameen, MBBS. Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saim Khan
- Dr. Muhammad Saim Khan, MBBS, FCPS, FICO, MRCSEd. Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Mukhtar
- Dr. Ahsan Mukhtar, FCPS (Ophth), FCPS (Vitreoretina), FRCS (G). Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amer Yaqub
- Dr. Muhammad Amer Yaqub, MCPS, FCPS, FRCSEd. Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Ishaq
- Prof. Dr. Mazhar Ishaq, FCPS, FRCOphth, FRCSEd. Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Garg
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado , Denver, CO
| | | | - Tyler Gallo
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado , Denver, CO
| | - Viral N Shah
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado , Denver, CO
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu J, Ke X, Fu W, Gao X, Zhang H, Wang W, Ma N, Zhao M, Hao X, Zhang Z. Inhibition of Hypoxia-Induced Retinal Angiogenesis by Specnuezhenide, an Effective Constituent of Ligustrum lucidum Ait., through Suppression of the HIF-1α/VEGF Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121756. [PMID: 28009852 PMCID: PMC6272965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Specnuezhenide (SPN), one of the main ingredients of Chinese medicine “Nü-zhen-zi”, has anti-angiogenic and vision improvement effects. However, studies of its effect on retinal neovascularization are limited so far. In the present study, we established a vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) secretion model of human acute retinal pigment epithelial-19 (ARPE-19) cells by exposure of 150 μM CoCl2 to the cells and determined the VEGFA concentrations, the mRNA expressions of VEGFA, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) & prolyl hydroxylases 2 (PHD-2), and the protein expressions of HIF-1α and PHD-2 after treatment of 3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzylindazole (YC-1, 1.0 μg/mL) or SPN (0.2, 1.0 and 5.0 μg/mL). Furthermore, rat pups with retinopathy were treated with SPN (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) in an 80% oxygen atmosphere and the retinal avascular areas were assessed through visualization using infusion of ADPase and H&E stains. The results showed that SPN inhibited VEGFA secretion by ARPE-19 cells under hypoxia condition, down-regulated the mRNA expressions of VEGFA and PHD-2 slightly, and the protein expressions of VEGFA, HIF-1α and PHD-2 significantly in vitro. SPN also prevented hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization in a rat model of oxygen-induced retinopathy in vivo. These results indicate that SPN ameliorates retinal neovascularization through inhibition of HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. Therefore, SPN has the potential to be developed as an agent for the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wu
- Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu 610036, Sichuan, China.
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Station, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiao Ke
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu 610036, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wei Fu
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu 610036, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoping Gao
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu 610036, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hongcheng Zhang
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu 610036, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu 610036, Sichuan, China.
| | - Na Ma
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu 610036, Sichuan, China.
| | - Manxi Zhao
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu 610036, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Hao
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu 610036, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Station, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu J, Ke X, Wang W, Zhang H, Ma N, Fu W, Zhao M, Gao X, Hao X, Zhang Z. Aloe-emodin suppresses hypoxia-induced retinal angiogenesis via inhibition of HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1363-1371. [PMID: 27877088 PMCID: PMC5118782 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aloe-emodin (AE) has been reported to possess the antiangiogenic effect on laser induced choroidal neovascularization. AE inhibits the vessel formation in the zebrafish embryos. However, it is still unclear whether AE can alleviate neovascularization. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effect of AE on the hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization and the possible mechanisms. Methods: We established a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion model under chemical induced hypoxia by exposure of 150 µM CoCl2 to the ARPE-19 cells, then treated the cells with different concentrations of AE (0.2, 1.0 and 5.0 µg/mL) or a special hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) inhibitor [3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole, YC-1, 1.0 µg/mL]. The cellular supernatants were collected 48 h later to measure the VEGFA concentrations by human VEGFA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, the mRNA expressions of VEGFA, HIF-1α and prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and the protein expressions of HIF-1α and PHD-2 by Western blots. For in vivo study, the rat pups with oxygen-induced retinopathy were treated with Conbercept ophthalmic injection (1.0 mg/kg) or AE (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) for five days, then the retinal avascular areas were assessed via visualization of the retinal vasculature with ADPase and hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) stains. Results: AE inhibits the VEGFA secretion of ARPE-19 cells under hypoxia condition, decreases the mRNA expressions of VEGFA and PHD-2 and the protein expressions of VEGFA, HIF-1α and PHD-2 in vitro and prevents hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization in vivo.Conclusions: AE ameliorates retinal neovascularization throuth inhibition of the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. AE may be developed as a potential drug for the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wu
- Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China;; Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan 610036, China;; Post-Doctoral Mobile Station, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiao Ke
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan 610036, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan 610036, China
| | - Hongcheng Zhang
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan 610036, China
| | - Na Ma
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan 610036, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan 610036, China
| | - Manxi Zhao
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan 610036, China
| | - Xiaoping Gao
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan 610036, China
| | - Xiaofeng Hao
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, KangHong Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, Sichuan 610036, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Station, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu J, Ke X, Ma N, Wang W, Fu W, Zhang H, Zhao M, Gao X, Hao X, Zhang Z. Formononetin, an active compound of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bunge, inhibits hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization via the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:3071-3081. [PMID: 27729769 PMCID: PMC5042190 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s114022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that formononetin (FMN), one of the main ingredients from famous traditional Chinese medicine "Huang-qi" (Astragalus membranaceus [Fisch] Bunge) for Qi-tonifying, exhibits the effects of immunomodulation and tumor growth inhibition via antiangiogenesis. Furthermore, A. membranaceus may alleviate the retinal neovascularization (NV) of diabetic retinopathy. However, the information of FMN on retinal NV is limited so far. In the present study, we investigated the effects of FMN on the hypoxia-induced retinal NV and the possible related mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The VEGF secretion model of acute retinal pigment epithelial-19 (ARPE-19) cells under chemical hypoxia was established by the exposure of cells to 150 μM CoCl2 and then cells were treated with 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole (YC-1, a potent HIF-1α inhibitor, 1.0 μg/mL) or different concentrations of FMN (0.2 μg/mL, 1.0 μg/mL, and 5.0 μg/mL). The supernatants of cells were collected 48 hours later to measure the VEGF concentrations, following the manufacturer's instruction. The mRNA expressions of VEGF, HIF-1α, PHD-2, and β-actin were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the protein expressions of HIF-1α and PHD-2 were determined by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, the rats with retinopathy were treated by intraperitoneal administration of conbercept injection (1.0 mg/kg) or FMN (5.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg) in an 80% oxygen atmosphere. The retinal avascular areas were assessed through visualization of the retinal vasculature by adenosine diphosphatase staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS FMN can indeed inhibit the VEGF secretion of ARPE-19 cells under hypoxia, downregulate the mRNA expression of VEGFA and PHD-2, and decrease the protein expression of VEGF, HIF-1α, and PHD-2 in vitro. Furthermore, FMN can prevent hypoxia-induced retinal NV in vivo. CONCLUSION FMN can ameliorate retinal NV via the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway, and it may become a potential drug for the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wu
- Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou; Post-Doctoral Research Station, Kanghong Pharmaceutical Group; Post-Doctoral Mobile Station, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Ke
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, Kanghong Pharmaceutical Group
| | - Na Ma
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, Kanghong Pharmaceutical Group
| | - Wei Wang
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, Kanghong Pharmaceutical Group
| | - Wei Fu
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, Kanghong Pharmaceutical Group
| | - Hongcheng Zhang
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, Kanghong Pharmaceutical Group
| | - Manxi Zhao
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, Kanghong Pharmaceutical Group
| | - Xiaoping Gao
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, Kanghong Pharmaceutical Group
| | - Xiaofeng Hao
- Post-Doctoral Research Station, Kanghong Pharmaceutical Group
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Station, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Histopathological and ophthalmoscopic evaluation of apocynin on experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy in rabbit eyes. Int Ophthalmol 2016; 37:599-605. [PMID: 27495951 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of apocynin (APO) on the development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). New Zealand-type male rabbits were randomly grouped into three as follows: (1) Sham group rabbits which were applied intraperitoneal (i.p.) vehicle without PVR; (2) PVR group rabbits where PVR was created and an i.p. vehicle was administered for 21 successive days; (3) PVR + APO group rabbits where PVR was created and i.p. APO was administered for 21 successive days. Fundus examination was conducted with an indirect ophthalmoscope before starting the experiments and at each visit afterwards. At the end of the work, the rabbits were sacrificed under high-dose anesthesia and then eye tissues were taken for histopathological analyses. In the PVR + APO group, histopathologic and ophthalmoscopic examination revealed significant decrease in PVR formation. As the result, it has been observed that APO at least partially inhibits PVR formation.
Collapse
|