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Watson-Thompson J, Hassaballa RH, Valentini SH, Schulz JA, Kadavasal PV, Harsin JD, Thompson VM, Hassaballa IH, Esiaka CC, Thompson EC. Actively Addressing Systemic Racism Using a Behavioral Community Approach. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2022; 31:297-326. [PMID: 38013770 PMCID: PMC9576132 DOI: 10.1007/s42822-022-00101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent police brutality and related violence against Black people, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic, has further evidenced the disproportionate impact of systemic racism in our institutions and across society. In the United States, the alarming mortality rates for Black people due to police violence and COVID-19 related deaths are clear demonstrations of inequities within a long history of disparate outcomes. In understanding systemic racism, it is essential to consider how it is embedded within society and across socio-ecological levels. The Social-Ecological Model (SEM) is used to examine conditions within the environment that maintain systemic racism, including within our field and discipline. A behavioral-community approach for examining racism aids in determining points of intervention across multiple ecological levels that may contribute to behavior change, including with behaviorists. The science of behavior is well-suited to help examine the contingencies governing behaviors within and across systems, which is pivotal for addressing operant behaviors to influence long-term behavior change. This paper calls on the behavioral community to address systemic racism within our environments and systems of influence to contribute to a more equitable community. Systemic racism, including within the context of anti-Blackness, is examined by considering behavior change strategies that can be supported by behaviorists across socio-ecological levels. Tools for collaborative action are provided to support behaviorists in demonstrating the skills needed across a continuum of behaviors from allyship to anti-racism to actively address systemic racism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomella Watson-Thompson
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Room 4001, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Ruaa H. Hassaballa
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Room 4001, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Stephanie H. Valentini
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Room 4001, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Jonathan A. Schulz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Room 4001, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Priya Vanchy Kadavasal
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Room 4001, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Joshua D. Harsin
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Room 4001, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Valerie M. Thompson
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Room 4001, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Ithar H. Hassaballa
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Room 4001, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Cynthia C. Esiaka
- School of Education and Human Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Eric C. Thompson
- School of Education and Human Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
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Emerging Culturo-Behavior Science Contributions to Global Justice. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42822-021-00073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bonner AC, Biglan A. Rebooting Behavioral Science to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42822-021-00058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Couto KC, Moura Lorenzo F, Tagliabue M, Henriques MB, Freitas Lemos R. Underlying Principles of a Covid-19 Behavioral Vaccine for a Sustainable Cultural Change. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9066. [PMID: 33291718 PMCID: PMC7729613 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Until pharmacological measures are effective at containing the COVID-19 outbreak, adopting protective behaviors is paramount. In this work, we aim at informing interventions to limit the spread of the contagion and prepare against any future outbreaks by developing a behavioral framework to interpret and prescribe both the individual and large-scale uptake of non-pharmaceutical measures. First, we analyze the barriers and facilitators to adherence to protective behaviors according to a three-term contingency by exploring potential gaps in terms of setting stimuli, motivating operations, delayed consequences, and positive or negative consequences. We explore their roles in the likelihood of individual compliance to protective behaviors, taking physical distancing as an example of functional analysis. Second, we interpret contagion control as the cumulative effect of large-scale adherence to protective behaviors. We explore the interrelations between societal problems caused or amplified by similar behaviors presented by many individuals and the coordination of agents or agencies aiming at promoting large-scale behavioral change. Then, we highlight the potential of developing a behavioral vaccine, and practical steps for applying it to promote sustainable cultural change that may protect against health, social, and economic losses in future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliu Carvalho Couto
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Flora Moura Lorenzo
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes, Psychology Institute, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Marco Tagliabue
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway;
| | | | - Roberta Freitas Lemos
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA;
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Mattaini M, Holtschneider C. Collective Leadership and Circles: Not Invented Here. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01608061.2017.1309334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mattaini
- Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Casey Holtschneider
- Department of Social Work, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Impacting Community Sustainability through Behavior Change: A Research Framework. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2012. [DOI: 10.5210/bsi.v21i0.3938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Paine SC, Bellamy GT. From innovation to standard practice: developing and disseminating behavioral procedures. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2012; 5:29-43. [PMID: 22478555 DOI: 10.1007/bf03393138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a three-stage continuum for discussing the development and dissemination of behavioral technology. At the level of behavioral techniques, researchers need only establish a functional relationship between technologically defined intervention procedures and socially significant target behaviors. Dissemination is conducted for informational purposes only, and the purposes and details surrounding subsequent use of the technique are left to the discretion of the user. At the level of behavioral demonstration, a collection of socially acceptable intervention procedures is refined and standardized and must be shown to produce behavior changes across a number of subjects. Here dissemination is conducted, in large part, to generate support for provision of services. At the level of behavioral models, procedural descriptions must be useroriented. Additionally, model effects must be obtainable by agents not associated with their development and must compare favorably with other treatment or service alternatives. The purpose of dissemination at this level is to obtain adoptions and replications of the model. Details of development and dissemination of behavioral technology at each of these three levels are discussed.
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Yeaton WH, Bailey JS. Utilization analysis of a pedestrian safety training program. J Appl Behav Anal 2010; 16:203-16. [PMID: 16795664 PMCID: PMC1307876 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1983.16-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A previously developed and analyzed pedestrian safety training program was used to teach appropriate street-crossing behaviors to kindergarteners and first graders. Adult crossing guards were trained to provide pedestrian safety instruction. Trained observers monitored the quality of instructions given by crossing guards and the pedestrian behavior of young children as they crossed the street. A multiple-baseline analysis of the effects of two training programs indicated that guards were able to deliver the pedestrian safety program to several groups of children with a high degree of competence after receiving a single videotape and role playing training session. Furthermore, children's level of appropriate street crossing increased contemporaneous to the change in guard behavior both on the street where training was delivered and on a second street where no training was previously delivered. Utilization analysis of the guard training program indicated that one cannot expect to produce consistently high levels of street-crossing behavior by implementing only the "show and tell" portions of the training package. Similarly, results suggested that one is unlikely to produce consistently high quality guard training behavior by only giving written instructions describing how pedestrian training should be administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Yeaton
- Center for Research on Utilization of Scientific Knowledge, University of Michigan
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Abstract
The dual purposes of applied research-contributing to understanding and improvement-are only partially served by method systems that encourage studying (with increasing precision) a narrow range of questions of modest societal importance. To optimize contributions to challenging societal problems, a field's cherished standards should be adapted to support more adventuresome forms of community research and action. This paper outlines 10 values for community research and action, based on insights from the fields of behavioral and community psychology. These values-reflect the goals and challenges of establishing collaborative relationships with research participants, determining research goals and methods, designing and disseminating interventions, communicating research findings, and advocating for community change. Critical challenges are outlined, and implications for the field and its clients are discussed.
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Mattaini MA, McGuire MS. Behavioral strategies for constructing nonviolent cultures with youth: a review. Behav Modif 2006; 30:184-224. [PMID: 16464845 DOI: 10.1177/0145445503259390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Youth violence is widely recognized as a critical social issue in the United States, and many approaches to prevention have been developed in recent years. Emerging research suggests that only approaches that are deeply embedded in cultural, community, and organizational contexts are likely to be powerful enough to have a meaningful collective impact. No programs of this kind that are also truly practical and socially valid have yet reached a level where they can be regarded as well established, but data are beginning to appear that can guide community efforts. In this review, two classes of behavioral programming that appear promising as partial solutions to this need are identified: universal skills training and ecological strategies that focus on interlocking cultural practices. Progressive refinements in both are appearing through programs of developmental research. This paper reviews the state of the science in these efforts.
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Milne D, Reichelt K, Wood E. Implementing HoNOS: An eight stage approach. Clin Psychol Psychother 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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The Science of Sharing Power: Native American Thought and Behavior Analysis. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 1999. [DOI: 10.5210/bsi.v9i1.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Winett RA, Anderson ES, Desiderato LL, Solomon LJ, Perry M, Kelly JA, Sikkema KJ, Roffman RA, Norman AD, Lombard DN, Lombard TN. Enhancing social diffusion theory as a basis for prevention intervention: A conceptual and strategic framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0962-1849(05)80025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Barnett DW, Collins R, Coulter C, Curtis MJ, Ehrhardt K, Glaser A, Reyes C, Stollar S, Winston M. Ethnic validity and school psychology: Concepts and practices associated with cross-cultural professional competence. J Sch Psychol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-4405(95)98083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Carleton RA, Lasater TM, Assaf AR, Feldman HA, McKinlay S. The Pawtucket Heart Health Program: community changes in cardiovascular risk factors and projected disease risk. Am J Public Health 1995; 85:777-85. [PMID: 7762709 PMCID: PMC1615494 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.85.6.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Whether community-wide education changed cardiovascular risk factors and disease risk in Pawtucket, RI, relative to a comparison community was assessed. METHODS Random-sample, cross-sectional surveys were done of people aged 18 through 64 years at baseline, during, and after education. Baseline cohorts were reexamined. Pawtucket citizens of all ages participated in multilevel education, screening, and counseling programs. RESULTS The downward trend in smoking was slightly greater in the comparison city. Small, insignificant differences favored Pawtucket in blood cholesterol and blood pressure. In the cross-sectional surveys, body mass index increased significantly in the comparison community; a similar change was not seen in cohort surveys. Projected cardiovascular disease rates were significantly (16%) less in Pawtucket during the education program. This difference lessened to 8% posteducation. CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis that projected cardiovascular disease risk can be altered by community-based education gains limited support from these data. Achieving cardiovascular risk reduction at the community level was feasible, but maintaining statistically significant differences between cities was not. Accelerating risk factor changes will likely require a sustained community effort with reinforcement from state, regional, and national policies and programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Carleton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket 02860, USA
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Consumer Cooperation as an Empowerment Technology: How Might it be Improved? BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 1991. [DOI: 10.5210/bsi.v1i2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Altus DE, Welsh TM, Miller LK. A technology for program maintenance: programming key researcher behaviors in a student housing cooperative. J Appl Behav Anal 1991; 24:667-75. [PMID: 1797770 PMCID: PMC1279623 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1991.24-667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral researchers play critical, but often unanalyzed, roles in the programs they develop. Unless they replace their key activities with standardized procedures, their continued participation may be essential to program success--a situation that is often not only impractical but may be prohibitively expensive and disliked by local staff. This study was conducted in a student housing cooperative that is dependent on close researcher supervision for its continued health and survival. A key activity of the co-op researchers was to provide public recognition for good job performance by co-op members. The purposes of this study were (a) to replace that idiosyncratic recognition with systematic procedures so members, instead of the researchers, would provide public recognition to each other for good job performance; and (b) to evaluate those procedures by comparing job performance when member-delivered recognition was provided and when it was not. When the procedures were in place, job performance increased and fines for poor job performance and complaining at meetings decreased. This study suggests that procedures can be developed to reduce program reliance on the researcher that are effective, inexpensive, sustainable, and acceptable to the participants--a first step toward developing a technology of program maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Altus
- Department of Human Development and Family Life, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045
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Elder JP, Campbell NR, Mielchen SD, Hovell MF, Litrownik AJ. Implementation and evaluation of a community-sponsored smoking cessation contest. Am J Health Promot 1991; 5:200-7. [PMID: 10148669 DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-5.3.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article provides a description and evaluation of a community-sponsored smoking cessation contest. Adapted from previous efforts, "Quit to Win" relied solely on community resources and was promoted to the two million residents of San Diego County, California. METHODS A large recruitment campaign included print and electronic media. Eight hundred and two smokers participated in the contest. Contest entry forms served as the pretreatment measure, quit cards measured smoking status, and follow-up telephone interviews collected additional data on three groups: joiners, nonjoiners, and comparison subjects. RESULTS Thirty-five percent of the participants reported being smoke-free two months after the program. Television was by far the most effective promotional medium, while individuals who received a promotional flyer were somewhat more likely to actually join the contest than those who heard of it through other sources. Self-confidence, outcome expectations, and lighter smoking habit were predictive of contest participation. Of joiners, those with a greater fear of suffering from withdrawal were less likely to quit. DISCUSSION The approximate cost per quitter was $17.25 based on the direct budget expenses for the contest. However, this does not include the significant cost of the many donated services. Large smoking cessation contests can be cost-effective while providing direct and indirect benefits to anti-tobacco efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Elder
- Graduate School of Public Health, College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, California 92182
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Lasater TM, Sennett LL, Lefebvre RC, DeHart KL, Peterson G, Carleton RA. Community-based approach to weight loss: the Pawtucket "weigh-in". Addict Behav 1991; 16:175-81. [PMID: 2063705 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4603(91)90010-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Pawtucket Heart Health Program (PHHP), in its attempt to treat obesity in the community, has delivered many traditional group and self-help weight loss programs. However, in order to reach a sufficient number of people to produce a public health impact in Pawtucket, PHHP devised a monthly city-wide "weigh-in." This program, designed to be delivered by volunteers, allowed individuals to set a weight loss goal and pledge a monetary incentive toward this goal. Self-help materials and the opportunity to join weight loss groups were provided. In the pilot study, 129 (61%) of 213 enrollees completed the 10-week program with a mean weight loss of 8.2 lb (p less than .001). A large decrease in total serum cholesterol was also observed. Nonpersonnel costs, including the total costs of the cholesterol measurement, were $1.30 per pound lost. Moreover, success is also evident by continued availability of the program and the increasing number of new participants "referred" to the weigh-in by members.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Lasater
- Division of Health Education, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket 02860
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Kohler FW, Strain PS. Peer-assisted interventions: Early promises, notable achievements, and future aspirations. Clin Psychol Rev 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0272-7358(90)90047-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kohler FW, Greenwood CR. Effects of collateral peer supportive behaviors within the classwide peer tutoring program. J Appl Behav Anal 1990; 23:307-22. [PMID: 2249967 PMCID: PMC1286242 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1990.23-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A classwide peer tutoring procedure was implemented in an urban elementary school classroom to improve students' spelling performance. Three students combined untrained or collateral tutoring behaviors with the core behaviors initially taught. To explore the function of these natural and spontaneous behaviors, a multielement single-subject experiment with replications was conducted. Results indicated that the additional tutoring behaviors increased (a) the academic response frequencies of 3 tutees and (b) the weekly spelling achievement of 1 target tutee. The remaining class members were successfully taught and continued to use these behaviors over the final 3 weeks of the school year. These findings are discussed with regard to academic instruction, natural communities of peer reinforcement, and the social validation of intervention procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Kohler
- Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212-9986
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Fletcher Schriner K, Fawcett S. A Community Concerns Report Method for Local Agenda Setting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/15575338809490008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Toward a technology in primary prevention: Educational strategies and tactics. J Prim Prev 1987; 8:25-48. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01695017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Engelberg M, Elder JP, Hammond N, Boskin W, Molgaard CA. Procuring incentives for community health promotion programs. J Community Health 1987; 12:56-65. [PMID: 3108335 DOI: 10.1007/bf01321397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many community health promotion programs have used incentives to encourage participation and to reward health behavior change. To minimize expenses and to enhance a sense of shared responsibility, a number of projects have turned to community merchants as a source of incentives. This study investigated the relative effectiveness of solicitation methods used to procure incentives from local merchants for community health promotion programs. The effect of setting, i.e. level of urban development, and type of business were also analyzed in terms of procurement rates. Two hundred and eighteen merchants were solicited to gain incentives for two programs. Twenty-four incentives were procured at a total value of $480. Telemarketing and face-to-face contact had similar procurement rates, restaurants were by far the type of business most likely to donate, and rural merchants provided incentives significantly more often than urban merchants, while developing urban area merchants' donation rates were midway in between. Telemarketing was the solicitation method clearly most cost effective.
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Elder JP, McGraw SA, Rodrigues A, Lasater TM, Ferreira A, Kendall L, Peterson G, Carleton RA. Evaluation of two community-wide smoking cessation contests. Prev Med 1987; 16:221-34. [PMID: 3588563 DOI: 10.1016/0091-7435(87)90086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Pawtucket (Rhode Island) Heart Health Program is designed to effect a community-wide change in heart disease morbidity and mortality by reducing smoking prevalence and other behavioral risks for this disease. The initial emphasis of the Pawtucket Heart Health Program was on the development of risk factor programs within specific churches, work sites, and other organizations in the community. At the end of 9 months of programming, however, only one organization had elected to begin a stop-smoking program. Given the community smoking prevalence of 43.4%, it was decided that larger-scale interventions would be required if a significant public health impact was to be realized. Therefore, a community-wide campaign was mounted to recruit as many participants as possible into the "Up in Smoke" cessation program. A lottery was attached to this program, with the contingency based on program attendance rather than cessation per se. One hundred three participants, including residents of neighboring communities, enrolled in three Up in Smoke lottery groups. At a 3-month follow-up, only 11 (7%) of smokers from the Up in Smoke lottery reported that they were not smoking (10% of those actually contacted). For a variety of reasons, the "Quit and Win" approach was later adopted by the Pawtucket Heart Health Program as the primary smoking intervention. One month after the end of the contest, 20% of those contacted reported not smoking. The percentage of quitters for the Up in Smoke program increased while the Quit and Win rate decreased over longer periods of follow-up. These and other data were compared with those of participants of a screening program conducted concurrently. Lotteries in general and face-to-face recruitment in large crowds were shown to be effective recruiting methods for large-scale smoking cessation programs.
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Abstract
This paper reviews the fundamental concepts and technology of behavior modification. Behavioral strategies are categorized as employing either 'pleasant' or 'unpleasant' consequences for accelerating or decelerating target behaviors. Subsequently, a review of the applications of this technology to wasteful fertility is provided. Given the additional importance of malnutrition and communicable diseases to the health in the developing world, behavioral approaches to their control are also reviewed or proposed. The article concludes with a discussion of the limitations and recommendations for use of behavior modification in health promotion in a developing country context.
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Schwertfeger R, Elder JP, Cooper R, Lasater TM, Carleton R. The use of telemarketing in the community-wide prevention of heart disease: the Pawtucket Heart Health Program. J Community Health 1986; 11:172-80. [PMID: 3793968 DOI: 10.1007/bf01338798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The marketing of preventive health behaviors is typically accomplished through various broadcast, print, and other mass media channels. By making randomly-dialed telephone calls to 4,000 residents of Pawtucket, RI, volunteers of the Pawtucket Heart Health Program succeeded in registering nearly 400 individuals for risk factor reduction groups or self-help behavior change kits. Additionally, community awareness of the program was an indirect benefit of this "telemarketing." Telemarketing is an interactive and inexpensive approach to marketing preventive health behaviors.
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Elder JP, McGraw SA, Abrams DB, Ferreira A, Lasater TM, Longpre H, Peterson GS, Schwertfeger R, Carleton RA. Organizational and community approaches to community-wide prevention of heart disease: the first two years of the Pawtucket Heart Health Program. Prev Med 1986; 15:107-17. [PMID: 3714665 DOI: 10.1016/0091-7435(86)90081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Pawtucket Heart Health program (PHHP) is a federally funded research and demonstration project for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in a community. This article presents a discussion of the first 26 months of this intervention, divided into its three phases. PHHP staff initially approached the intervention city through local organizations to accomplish risk-factor behavior change in the population. After 11 months, PHHP complemented its programs in organizations with activities open to all city residents, in order to accelerate participation by the population. Seven months into this phase, it was decided that community activities should be the major focus of the intervention approach to assure a level of participation adequate to make a measurable impact. The third has shown the greatest percentage of public participation, demonstrating the complementary nature of organization and community interventions and of the translation of social learning theory into principles for primary prevention in a community.
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Manross GG, Rice RE. Don't hang up: Organizational diffusion of the intelligent telephone. INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-7206(86)90025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lasater TM, Wells BL, Carleton RA, Elder JP. The role of churches in disease prevention research studies. Public Health Rep 1986; 101:125-31. [PMID: 3083467 PMCID: PMC1477805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of a large-scale research project (The Health and Religion Project) in which church volunteers deliver behavior change programming on major cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated serum cholesterol, excess weight, and physical inactivity) is described. A total of 20 churches (Roman Catholic, Baptist, and Episcopal) were recruited throughout Rhode Island and randomly assigned to five experimental conditions. These conditions were designed to test the necessity of training special task forces to coordinate efforts within each church and to test the relative efficacy of high or low levels of professional (paid staff) involvement. Churches have many characteristics that are compatible with behavior change programming for primary prevention of chronic diseases. However, there have been very few research studies of churches engaging in primary prevention activities. Thus, the first step was to test the churches' receptivity to participation in this type of project. To do this, all churches in Rhode Island were surveyed by mail and phone. Those that met several eligibility criteria were randomly selected for recruitment into the study. The high receptivity of the churches was demonstrated by a response rate of 65 percent (20 of 31). This readiness is bolstered by the fact that all of the 20 churches that originally began the study have remained involved for at least 2 1/2 years.
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Fawcett SB. On differentiation in applied behavior analysis. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 1985; 8:143-50. [PMID: 22478631 DOI: 10.1007/bf03393146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Distinct types of activity in the field of applied behavior analysis are noted and discussed. Four metaphorical types of activity are considered: prospecting, farming, building, and guiding. Prospecting consists of time-limited exploration of a variety of beaviors, populations, or settings. Farming consists of producing new behaviors in the same setting using independent variables provided by the researchers or normally available in the setting. Building consists of combining procedural elements to create new programs or systems or to rehabilitate aspects of existing programs. Guiding involves pointing out connections between the principles of human behavior and the problems, populations, settings, and procedures with which researchers are (or could be) working. Advantages of each sphere are noted, and benefits of this division of labor to the field as a whole are discussed.
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Ober BR, Trainor TN, Semb GB. Courseware and Behavioral Instruction: The Design and Dissemination of Effective Teaching Systems. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 1985; 8:273-4. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03393160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Milne D. 'The more things change the more they stay the same': factors affecting the implementation of the nursing process. J Adv Nurs 1985; 10:39-45. [PMID: 3844413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1985.tb00490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest problems currently facing the nursing profession is that of implementing the nursing process. Innovations in health care often elicit obstructions, and objective data which might help us to understand and overcome these implementation problems are lacking. The present study considered these problems by contrasting two groups of psychiatric nurses both of whom had received an in-service course in behaviour therapy. One group went on to implement this training by conducting behavioural nursing care plans with their patients, whereas the second group did not do so. A retrospective analysis of 25 variables associated with these groups of nurses indicated that neither subject variables, test scores nor learning during the course were good predictors of the nurses' implementations of the nursing process. An alternative basis for predicting and facilitating implementation is discussed. This focuses on institutional variables which may exert more control over the use of the nursing process than the personal characteristics of individual nurses. The implications of this analysis are important for the selection, training and motivation of nurses.
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Hanley GL, O'Donohue WT, Krasner L. Community psychologies and values: the importance of being urnless. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 1984; 12:217-221. [PMID: 10267399 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6629(198407)12:3<217::aid-jcop2290120305>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper is a response to the Rappaport (1984) and Attneave (1984) commentaries on the O'Donohue, Hanley, and Krasner (1984) article on the value contexts of the community psychologies. We have focused on similarities and differences between our positions and those of Rappaport and Attneave. We are all in agreement that behavioral community psychology is not value free, a point which is emphasized in our earlier paper. One of our goals was to foster the discussion of value explication and its implications for the community psychologies. The Rappaport and Attneave commentaries, in effect, have accomplished this in an excellent and exciting manner.
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Seekins T, Mathews RM, Fawcett SB. Enhancing leadership skills for community self-help organizations through behavioral instruction. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 1984; 12:155-163. [PMID: 10266579 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6629(198404)12:2<155::aid-jcop2290120208>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Group members with skills to lead effective meetings are valuable resources of any community organization. The effects of a behaviorally based textbook and training procedures designed to teach members of community self-help groups to chair effective meetings were analyzed. Measures were collected during regularly scheduled meetings on chairperson performance, member participation, and the closure of discussion topics. The results showed that the use of specified chairperson activities increased after training for each of two chairperson trainees. Further, outcome data suggest that more decisions were made. These findings suggest that the chairperson training procedures may enhance the leadership and decision-making resources of community self-help groups.
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Jason LA, Glenwick DS. Behavioral community psychology: a review of recent research and applications. PROGRESS IN BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION 1984; 18:85-121. [PMID: 6393086 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-535618-3.50007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Fawcett SB, Seekins T, Whang PL, Muiu C, Suarez de Balcazar Y. Creating and using social technologies for community empowerment. PREVENTION IN HUMAN SERVICES 1983; 3:145-71. [PMID: 10317459 DOI: 10.1300/j293v03n02_08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Powerlessness appears to be associated consistently with widespread problems of living. Recently, enhancing community empowerment has been suggested as an important emphasis for human service professionals. This manuscript illustrates a role for human service professionals in creating and using social technologies to facilitate empowerment . Seven case studies are presented that represent seven frequently cited goals of empowerment efforts. Finally, the ethics of the empowerment strategy are analyzed and other implications of designing and using empowerment technologies are considered.
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Bayés R. Aportaciones del conductismo a la salud mental comunitaria. STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 1983. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.1983.10821347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Greene BF, Neistat MD. Behavior analysis in consumer affairs: encouraging dental professionals to provide consumers with shielding from unnecessary X-ray exposure. J Appl Behav Anal 1983; 16:13-27. [PMID: 6833165 PMCID: PMC1307859 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1983.16-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An unobtrusive observation system was developed to determine the extent to which dental professionals in two communities provided lead shielding to patients during X-ray exams. A lengthy baseline revealed low and irregular provision of shielding among half of these professionals. Subsequently, a program was undertaken by a consumer's group in which these professionals were requested to provide shielding and were given confidential feedback regarding its use during the baseline period. The provision of shielding dramatically increased at all offices and was maintained throughout a follow-up period extending to more than 9 months after the program's implementation. Little or no generalized effect was observed in the occurrence of three collateral behaviors that were also assessed throughout the study.
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Cohen RY. The evaluation of a community-based group program for low-income diabetics and hypertensives. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 1982; 10:527-539. [PMID: 7158616 DOI: 10.1007/bf00894142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two studies compared the effectiveness of a community-based, behavioral group program versus an individual patient-education program with low-income diabetic and hypertensive patients, respectively. The dependent variables measured patients' knowledge, disease management skills, and clinical outcomes. Patients in the group programs demonstrated greater gains in knowledge and disease management skills than did the control patients. However, there was no clinically significant change in weight, blood pressure, or urinalysis results for any group of patients. The data suggest that group management is an effective mechanism for patient education but is not sufficiently reinforcing to induce change of habits, particularly when there are competing sources of reinforcement within the community.
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Whang PL, Fletcher RK, Fawcett SB. Training counseling skills: an experimental analysis and social validation. J Appl Behav Anal 1982; 15:325-34. [PMID: 7142059 PMCID: PMC1308279 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1982.15-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A community development perspective suggests the value of using local resources to solve local problems. Two low-income staff of a community service center served as nonprofessional counselors after receiving a training program consisting of written instructions, practice, and performance feedback. The effects of the 40-hour training program were positive for both counseling and problem-solving skills. There was also evidence of generalization of counseling performance across clients, problems, and time. In addition, expert judges' ratings of performance were obtained as a measure of social validity. These findings suggest that the training procedures are effective in enhancing the counseling and problem-solving skills of low-income nonprofessionals.
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Abstract
In the last decade, the token economy has been extended widely across populations and behaviors in treatment, rehabilitation, educational, and community settings. Outcome research has expanded as well to include large-scale program evaluations and comparative and combined treatment studies of the token economy. In a previous review (Kazdin & Bootzin, 1972), several obstacles were identified for the effective application of the token economy. These included identifying procedures to enhance program efficacy, to train staff, to overcome client resistance, and to promote long-term maintenance and transfer of training. The present paper discusses recent advances in research and reviews progress on the major issues identified previously. New issues have become salient in the last decade that pertain to the extension of the token economy to institutional settings. The demands for maintaining the integrity of treatment, the ability to integrate token economies within existing institutional constraints, and the disseminability of the procedures on a large scale are major issues that may dictate the future of the token economy.
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