1
|
Lin IP, Chang PC. Physiological reaction of anxious patients taking sedative medications before and after periodontal surgery. J Dent Sci 2023; 18:345-352. [PMID: 36643220 PMCID: PMC9831853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Clinicians use sedatives for anxiety patients at times in daily practice, but the direct influence of the medication on the wound healing of periodontal tissues is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the short-term administration of diazepam to patients with dental anxiety undergoing free gingival graft (FGG) procedures. Materials and methods A total of 51 FGG procedures in 39 patients were included. Twenty-six anxious patients medicated with 5 mg of diazepam from the night before surgery to 7 days after surgery served as the medication group, and the rest served as the control group. Direct examination, photographs and H2O2 were used to evaluate the healing of palatal wounds. Stress levels and sleep quality, and salivary melatonin levels were assessed. Results On Day 14, complete epithelization of the wounds was noted in 48.39% of the patients in the medication group and 35.29% of the patients in the control group. Regardless of whether they receive medication or not, groups with complete epithelialization by Day 14 had higher levels of preoperative melatonin than those without, with a P value of 0.02. The postoperative melatonin in the medication group tended to present higher levels than the control group. Conclusion Higher preoperative melatonin levels can accelerate wound healing. The short-term administration of the diazepam seemed to facilitate palatal wound healing by reducing stress and maintaining postoperative melatonin levels. This is the first time the relationships between sedatives, melatonin levels and palatal wound healing has been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Ping Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramlogan S, Raman V, Abraham K, Pierre K. Self-reported stress, coping ability, mental status, and periodontal diseases among police recruits. Clin Exp Dent Res 2020; 6:117-123. [PMID: 32067403 PMCID: PMC7025991 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate self-reported stress level and coping ability as well as mental status (anxiety and depression) via the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) questionnaire and periodontal status among police academy recruits during their 8 months of training. METHODS Eighty-five consenting police recruits were examined at baseline during the first month of training and again during the last month of training. Full mouth plaque score (FMPS), full mouth bleeding score, basic periodontal examination, self-reported stress level (scale of 1-10) and GHQ-12 questionnaire (mental status) were recorded at both visits. Ability to cope (yes/no) with stress was recorded at the final visit. Periodontal diagnosis was derived based on clinical examination. t test and regression analyses (p < .05) were performed. RESULTS High stress (odds ratio: 1.25) and inability to cope with stress (odds ratio: 1.31) were statistically significant (p < .05) predictors of high FMPS. Inability to cope with stress (odds ratio: 1.45) was also a statistically significant (p < .05) predictor for periodontitis compared to gingivitis. Mental status (anxiety and depression) may play a greater role in gingivitis (mean 1.75) as opposed to periodontitis (mean 1.00) as reflected by the higher mean GHQ-12 (t test, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS In this study, both self-reporting of stress level and ability to cope with stress were statistically significant predictors of higher plaque score (FMPS). Ability to cope with stress was also a statistically significant predictor of periodontitis compared to gingivitis. Recording of both self-reported stress level and ability to cope may be valuable variables to note in the management of plaque and periodontal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Ramlogan
- Periodontology, Restorative Unit, School of Dentistry, University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Vidya Raman
- Periodontology, Restorative Unit, School of Dentistry, University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Kimberly Abraham
- Periodontology, Restorative Unit, School of Dentistry, University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Kereesa Pierre
- Periodontology, Restorative Unit, School of Dentistry, University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dhabhar FS. The short-term stress response - Mother nature's mechanism for enhancing protection and performance under conditions of threat, challenge, and opportunity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:175-192. [PMID: 29596867 PMCID: PMC5964013 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our group has proposed that in contrast to chronic stress that can have harmful effects, the short-term (fight-or-flight) stress response (lasting for minutes to hours) is nature's fundamental survival mechanism that enhances protection and performance under conditions involving threat/challenge/opportunity. Short-term stress enhances innate/primary, adaptive/secondary, vaccine-induced, and anti-tumor immune responses, and post-surgical recovery. Mechanisms and mediators include stress hormones, dendritic cell, neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocyte trafficking/function and local/systemic chemokine and cytokine production. Short-term stress may also enhance mental/cognitive and physical performance through effects on brain, musculo-skeletal, and cardiovascular function, reappraisal of threat/anxiety, and training-induced stress-optimization. Therefore, short-term stress psychology/physiology could be harnessed to enhance immuno-protection, as well as mental and physical performance. This review aims to provide a conceptual framework and targets for further investigation of mechanisms and conditions under which the protective/adaptive aspects of short-term stress/exercise can be optimized/harnessed, and for developing pharmacological/biobehavioral interventions to enhance health/healing, and mental/cognitive/physical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firdaus S Dhabhar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Mail Stop M877, 1550 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136-1000, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Headrick JP, Peart JN, Budiono BP, Shum DH, Neumann DL, Stapelberg NJ. The heartbreak of depression: ‘Psycho-cardiac’ coupling in myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 106:14-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
5
|
Bond E, Lu D, Herweijer E, Sundström K, Valdimarsdóttir U, Fall K, Arnheim-Dahlström L, Sparén P, Fang F. Sexually transmitted infections after bereavement - a population-based cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:419. [PMID: 27528204 PMCID: PMC4986385 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of a loved one has consistently been associated with various health risks. Little is however known about its relation to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study during 1987-2012 using the Swedish Multi-Generation Register, including 3,002,209 women aged 10-44 years. Bereavement was defined as death of a child, parent, sibling or spouse (N = 979,579, 33 %). STIs were defined as hospital visits with an STI as main or secondary diagnosis. Poisson regression and negative binomial regression were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of STIs, comparing incidence rates of women who had experienced loss to those who had not. RESULTS Bereaved women were at significantly higher risk of nearly all STIs studied. The relative risk of any STI was highest during the first year after loss (IRR: 1.45, 95 % CI: 1.27-1.65) and predominantly among women with subsequent onset of psychiatric disorders after bereavement (IRR: 2.61, 95 % CI: 2.00-3.34). Notably, a consistent excess risk, persisting for over five years, was observed for acute salpingitis (IRR: 1.28, 95 % CI: 1.13-1.44), a severe complication of bacterial STIs. CONCLUSION These data suggest that women who have experienced bereavement are at increased risk of STIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bond
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Donghao Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Eva Herweijer
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Karin Sundström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, H5, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Huddinge, Stockholm, 14186 Sweden
| | - Unnur Valdimarsdóttir
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
- Center of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Stapi v/Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Katja Fall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lisen Arnheim-Dahlström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Pär Sparén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Host stress is well known to result in flare-ups of many bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. The mechanism by which host stress is exploited to increase pathogen loads, is poorly understood. Here we show that Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium employs a dedicated mechanism, driven by the scsA gene, to respond to the host stress hormone cortisol. Through this mechanism, cortisol increases Salmonella proliferation inside macrophages, resulting in increased intestinal infection loads in DBA/2J mice. ScsA directs overall Salmonella virulence gene expression under conditions that mimic the intramacrophagic environment of Salmonella, and stimulates the host cytoskeletal alterations that are required for increased Salmonella proliferation inside cortisol exposed macrophages. We thus provide evidence that in a stressed host, the complex interplay between a pathogen and its host endocrine and innate immune system increases intestinal pathogen loads to facilitate pathogen dispersal.
Collapse
|
7
|
Diz-Chaves Y, Astiz M, Bellini MJ, Garcia-Segura LM. Prenatal stress increases the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and exacerbates the inflammatory response to LPS in the hippocampal formation of adult male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2013. [PMID: 23207108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life experiences, such as prenatal stress, may result in permanent alterations in the function of the nervous and immune systems. In this study we have assessed whether prenatal stress affects the inflammatory response of the hippocampal formation of male mice to an inflammatory challenge during adulthood. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to stress (n=10) or non-stress (n=10) groups. Animals of the stress group were placed in plastic transparent cylinders and exposed to bright light for 3 sessions of 45min every day from gestational day 12 to parturition. Non-stressed pregnant mice were left undisturbed. At four months of age, non stressed and prenatally stressed male offspring were killed, 24h after the systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle. Under basal conditions, prenatally stressed animals showed increased expression of interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the hippocampus and an increased percentage of microglia cells with reactive morphology in CA1 compared to non-stressed males. Furthermore, prenatally stressed mice showed increased TNF-α immunoreactivity in CA1 and increased number of Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia and GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes in the dentate gyrus after LPS administration. In contrast, LPS did not induce such changes in non-stressed animals. These findings indicate that prenatal stress induces a basal proinflammatory status in the hippocampal formation during adulthood that results in an enhanced activation of microglia and astrocytes in response to a proinflammatory insult.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Stress is an equated response to constant adverse stimuli. At one point or another everybody suffers from stress. Stress is compatible with good health, being necessary to cope with the challenges of everyday life. Problems start when the stress response is inappropriate to the intensity of the challenge. Psychological stress can down regulate the cellular immune response. Communication between the central nervous system and the immune system occurs via a complex network of bidirectional signals linking the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Stress disrupts the homeostasis of this network, which in turn, alters immune function. Direct association between periodontal disease and stress remains to be proven, which is partly due to lack of an adequate animal models and difficulty to quantifying the amount and duration of stress and also there are many factors influencing the incidence and severity of periodontal disease. Nevertheless, more recent studies indicate that psychosocial stress represents a risk indicator for periodontal disease and should be addressed before and during treatment. This paper discusses how stress may modulate host response to bacteria and influence the course and progression of periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Goyal
- Department of Periodontics, Bhojia Dental College and Hospital, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Garima Gupta
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Bhojia Dental College and Hospital, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Betsy Thomas
- Department of Periodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - K. M. Bhat
- Department of Periodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - G. S. Bhat
- Department of Periodontics, PDS Division, College of Dentistry, University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brown NJ, Rodger S, Ware RS, Kimble RM, Cuttle L. Efficacy of a children's procedural preparation and distraction device on healing in acute burn wound care procedures: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012; 13:238. [PMID: 23234491 PMCID: PMC3543349 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intense pain and anxiety triggered by burns and their associated wound care procedures are well established in the literature. Non-pharmacological intervention is a critical component of total pain management protocols and is used as an adjunct to pharmacological analgesia. An example is virtual reality, which has been used effectively to dampen pain intensity and unpleasantness. Possible links or causal relationships between pain/anxiety/stress and burn wound healing have previously not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate these relationships, specifically by determining if a newly developed multi-modal procedural preparation and distraction device (Ditto™) used during acute burn wound care procedures will reduce the pain and anxiety of a child and increase the rate of re-epithelialization. Methods/design Children (4 to 12 years) with acute burn injuries presenting for their first dressing change will be randomly assigned to either the (1) Control group (standard distraction) or (2) Ditto™ intervention group (receiving Ditto™, procedural preparation and Ditto™ distraction). It is intended that a minimum of 29 participants will be recruited for each treatment group. Repeated measures of pain intensity, anxiety, stress and healing will be taken at every dressing change until complete wound re-epithelialization. Further data collection will aid in determining patient satisfaction and cost effectiveness of the Ditto™ intervention, as well as its effect on speed of wound re-epithelialization. Discussion Results of this study will provide data on whether the disease process can be altered by reducing stress, pain and anxiety in the context of acute burn wounds. Trial registration ACTRN12611000913976
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia J Brown
- Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
The occurrence of preterm delivery is linked to pregnancy-specific distress and elevated inflammatory markers across gestation. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:650-9. [PMID: 22426431 PMCID: PMC4462138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that stress during pregnancy can have detrimental effects on gestation and birth. Existing studies indicate that prenatal stress may increase levels of circulating inflammatory markers that are associated with prematurity and pregnancy complications, suggesting that stress-related changes in the cytokine milieu may increase the risk of poor pregnancy outcome. Previous studies, however, have not clearly connected stress during pregnancy to changes in inflammatory mediators and, in turn, to clinically-relevant outcomes such as premature delivery. The present study sought to directly connect prenatal stress and changes in inflammatory markers to preterm delivery and gestational age at birth (GAB). A sample of 173 women was recruited during the first trimester of pregnancy and followed through delivery. Overall stress, pregnancy-specific distress, and inflammatory markers were assessed early and later in pregnancy, and the predictive value of these measures for preterm birth and GAB was determined. There were significant differences in pregnancy-specific distress, IL-6, and TNF-α between women who delivered prematurely versus those who delivered at term, and elevated levels of pregnancy-specific distress, IL-6, and TNF-α were predictive of shortened GAB overall. Importantly, in many cases, the effects of overall stress and pregnancy-specific distress on GAB were mediated by levels of circulating inflammatory markers. Collectively, these data provide strong evidence that prenatal stress experiences can affect the timing of parturition via alterations in circulating inflammatory mediators, and underscore the need for ongoing research aimed at further understanding the mechanisms and effects of prenatal stress on maternal and infant health.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jones HP. Immune cells listen to what stress is saying: neuroendocrine receptors orchestrate immune function. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 934:77-87. [PMID: 22933141 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-071-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the field of psychoneuroimmunology research has blossomed into a major field of study, gaining interests of researchers across all traditionally accepted disciplines of scientific research. This chapter provides an overview of our current understanding in defining neuroimmune interactions with a primary focus of discussing the neuroendocrine receptor activity by immune cells. This chapter highlights the necessity of neuroimmune responses as it relates to a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harlan P Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Immune function and HPA axis activity in free-ranging rhesus macaques. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:507-14. [PMID: 21635909 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and immune system play an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis. Dysregulation of either system resulting, for example, from psychosocial or reproductive stress increases susceptibility to disease and mortality risk, especially in aging individuals. In a study of free-ranging rhesus macaques, we examined how female age, reproductive state, social rank, and body condition influence (i) aspects of cytokine biology (plasma concentrations of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-6 and IL-8), and (ii) HPA axis activity (plasma and fecal glucocorticoid levels). We also assessed individual differences in cytokine and hormone concentrations over time to determine their consistency and to investigate relations between these two indicators of physiological regulation and demand. Female monkeys showed marked increases in HPA axis activity during pregnancy and lactation, and increased circulating levels of IL-1ra with advancing age. Inter-individual differences in IL-1ra and IL-8 were consistent over successive years, suggesting that both are stable, trait-like characteristics. Furthermore, the concentrations of fecal glucocorticoid hormones in non-pregnant, non-lactating females were correlated with their plasma cortisol and IL-8 concentrations. Some individuals showed permanently elevated cytokine levels or HPA axis activity, or a combination of the two, suggesting chronic stress or disease. Our results enhance our understanding of within- and between-individual variation in cytokine levels and their relationship with glucocorticoid hormones in free-ranging primates. These findings can provide the basis for future research on stress and allostatic load in primates.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lai JCL, Evans PD, Ng SH, Chong AML, Siu OT, Chan CLW, Ho SMY, Ho RTH, Chan P, Chan CC. Optimism, positive affectivity, and salivary cortisol. Br J Health Psychol 2011; 10:467-84. [PMID: 16238860 DOI: 10.1348/135910705x26083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research on stress and salivary cortisol has focused almost exclusively on the effects of negative psychological conditions or emotional states. Little attention has been drawn to the impact associated with positive psychological conditions, which have been shown recently to have significant influences on neuroendocrine regulation. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of optimism and positive affect on salivary cortisol with the effects of their negative counterparts controlled for. DESIGN Optimism and pessimism, and positive and negative affectivity were studied in relation to the diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol in a group of 80 Hong Kong Chinese, who provided six saliva samples over the course of a day on two consecutive days. The separate effects of optimism and positive affect on two dynamic components of cortisol secretion, awakening response, and diurnal decline were examined. METHODS Optimism and pessimism were measured using the Chinese version of the revised Life Orientation Test while generalized affects and mood states were assessed by the Chinese Affect Scale. An enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay kit (EIA) developed for use in saliva was adopted for the biochemical analysis of cortisol. Testing of major group differences associated with positive psychological conditions was carried out using two-way (group by saliva collection time) ANOVAs for repeated measures with negative psychological conditions and mood states as covariates. RESULTS Participants having higher optimism scores exhibited less cortisol secretion in the awakening period when the effect of pessimism and mood were controlled. This effect was more apparent in men than in women who had higher cortisol levels in the awakening period. Optimism did not have similar effect on cortisol levels during the underlying period of diurnal decline. On the other hand, higher generalized positive affect was associated with lower cortisol levels during the underlying period of diurnal decline after the effects of negative affect and mood states had been controlled. Generalized positive affect did not significantly influence cortisol secretion during the awakening period. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that positive psychological resources including optimism and generalized positive affect had higher impact on cortisol secretion than their negative counterparts, and point to the need for increased attention to the potential contribution of positive mental states to well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian C L Lai
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hänsel A, Hong S, Cámara RJA, von Känel R. Inflammation as a psychophysiological biomarker in chronic psychosocial stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:115-21. [PMID: 20026349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hänsel
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bruns D, Mueller K, Warren PA. A Review of Evidence-Based Biopsychosocial Laws Governing the Treatment of Pain and Injury. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-010-9079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
16
|
Fernandes CA, Vanbever R. Preclinical models for pulmonary drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:1231-45. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240903241788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
17
|
Emergence of infectious diseases: when hidden pathogens break out. C R Biol 2009; 332:539-47. [PMID: 19520317 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of disease emergence is largely limited by the assumption that disease emergence is the result of increased exposure to pathogenic agents. Pathogen exposure is thought to arise through an increase in the number of interactions between humans and their natural environment, changes in demography and mobility, or through genetic variation in the infectious agents which may alter virulence or ability to infect new host species. The study of new diseases (which are often revealed by unusually severe symptoms or atypical epidemiological patterns) applies the most effort to the research of new pathogens. Here, using examples, we discuss alternative but non-exclusive mechanisms that may either reveal the presence of long-term circulating pathogens or explain changes in their nosologic properties in relation to their pattern of circulation and infection conditions. A better understanding of the ecology of pathogenic organisms and their host populations should help to define more efficient health management strategies.
Collapse
|
18
|
Djuric Z, Bird CE, Furumoto-Dawson A, Rauscher GH, Ruffin MT, Stowe RP, Tucker KL, Masi CM. Biomarkers of Psychological Stress in Health Disparities Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 1:7-19. [PMID: 20305736 DOI: 10.2174/1875318300801010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress can contribute to health disparities in populations that are confronted with the recurring stress of everyday life. A number of biomarkers have been shown to be affected by psychological stress. These biomarkers include allostatic load, which is a summary measure of the cumulative biological burden of the repeated attempts to adapt to daily stress. Allostatic load includes effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the sympathetic nervous system and the cardiovascular system. These in turn affect the immune system via bidirectional signaling pathways. Evidence is also building that psychological stress, perhaps via heightened inflammatory states, can increase oxidative stress levels and DNA damage. The inter-relationships of ethnicity, genotype, gene expression and ability to adequately mitigate stress response are just starting to be appreciated. The need to conduct these studies in disadvantaged populations is clear and requires methods to address potential logistical barriers. Biomarkers can help characterize and quantify the biological impact of psychological stress on the etiology of health disparities.
Collapse
|
19
|
Dries DJ. Traumatic Shock and Tissue Hypoperfusion: Nonsurgical Management. Crit Care Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Hyland PL, Coulter WA, Abu-Ruman I, Fulton CR, O'Neill HJ, Coyle PV, Lamey PJ. Asymptomatic shedding of HSV-1 in patients undergoing oral surgical procedures and attending for noninvasive treatment. Oral Dis 2007; 13:414-8. [PMID: 17577329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral surgery and stress can trigger and/or increase asymptomatic shedding of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) into human saliva. In this investigation we examined the frequency of HSV-1 shedding in 32 patients undergoing an oral surgery procedure compared with 40 control patients attending for noninvasive treatment. Control patients comprised 18 migraine patients and 22 patients with temporomandibular (TMD) joint problems. Nested-PCR was carried out on oral rinses collected from each patient prior to treatment and 7 days post-treatment. Fifty-two of sixty-one seropositive patients were positive for HSV-1 DNA in one or both oral rinses. The frequencies of HSV-1 shedding for the oral surgery and control patients were 84.6% and 85.7% respectively. Seropositive patients who started shedding after treatment were significantly higher in oral surgery patients (46.2%) compared to control patients (34.3%). Shedding of HSV-1 in the oral cavity is not only increased by direct surgical trauma, but also appears to be common in migraine and TMD patients attending for general dental treatment. Thus pain or pain-induced stress as well as anxiety associated with dental treatment may also be a risk factor for asymptomatic shedding in specific seropositive patients attending for dental treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Hyland
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Kloostra PW, Eber RM, Inglehart MR. Anxiety, stress, depression, and patients' responses to periodontal treatment: periodontists' knowledge and professional behavior. J Periodontol 2007; 78:64-71. [PMID: 17199541 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety, stress, and depression affect the use of health care services, treatment decision-making, and responses to periodontal treatment. This study explored periodontists' confidence in detecting patient anxiety, stress, or depression, as well as their knowledge concerning the relationships between these factors and patients' pain, use of pain medication, and wound healing after periodontal treatment. In addition, this research surveyed if (and which) special accommodations were offered when treating patients with high levels of anxiety, stress, or depression. METHODS Data were collected from 171 members of the American Academy of Periodontology (response rate = 34.41%). Most respondents were male (82.2%), white (88.2%), and practiced in solo practices (60.9%). RESULTS The respondents were more knowledgeable about the effects of anxiety and stress on pain, the use of pain medication, and wound healing than about the impact of depression on these outcomes. They agreed more strongly with statements that they were more confident in their ability to perceive when patients were anxious and stressed than when they were depressed. They also offered more special accommodations for patients with anxiety and stress than for patients with depression. CONCLUSIONS The respondents were significantly less knowledgeable about the impact of depression on patients' responses to periodontal treatment than about the effect of anxiety and stress. Given the evidence concerning the relationships among depression, pain, pain medication use, and wound healing, it is important to educate periodontists about the role of anxiety and stress and the significance of depression on their patients' responses to periodontal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Kloostra
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kido JI, Hayashi N, Kataoka M, Shinohara Y, Nagata T. Norepinephrine stimulates calprotectin expression in human monocytic cells. J Periodontal Res 2006; 41:159-64. [PMID: 16677282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Calprotectin is composed of two proteins, S100A8 and S100A9, which are S100 family members, and is detected in gingival crevicular fluid and gingival tissue with inflammation. The release and production of calprotectin are regulated by lipopolysaccharides of periodontopathic bacteria and cytokines. Emotional or psychological stress, a risk factor of periodontal disease, is transmitted by stress modulators including norepinephrine and cortisol. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of stress on calprotectin expression using norepinephrine and cortisol. METHODS U-937 cells, a human monocytic cell line, were incubated with norepinephrine in the presence or absence of beta- or alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists, or with cortisol. The expression of S100A8/S100A9 mRNAs was examined by northern blotting and the amount of calprotectin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The DNA binding activity of C/EBPalpha (CCAAT enhancing binding protein), a transcription factor, was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS Norepinephrine stimulated the expression of S100A8/S100A9 mRNAs via beta-adrenergic receptors in U-937 cells and significantly increased calprotectin production to about 3.6-fold that of the control. However, cortisol had no effect on calprotectin expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Norepinephrine elevated C/EBPalpha DNA binding activity, but cortisol did not increase the activity. CONCLUSION Norepinephrine, a stress modulator, stimulated calprotectin expression in human monocytic cells. Calprotectin expression may be regulated by stress in addition to inflammatory factors.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kloostra PW, Eber RM, Wang HL, Inglehart MR. Surgical Versus Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment: Psychosocial Factors and Treatment Outcomes. J Periodontol 2006; 77:1253-60. [PMID: 16805690 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research explored how patients with surgical versus non-surgical periodontal treatment differ in trait anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and well-being on the day of surgery and in their reported pain and use of pain medication 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. In addition, it was investigated how psychosocial factors affected reported pain, use of pain medication, and wound healing. METHODS Data were collected from 70 dental patients (34 males and 36 females; average age: 54.79 years; SD=13.206) on the day of their periodontal treatment and 2 and 4 weeks after this treatment. The psychosocial factors (i.e., trait anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and well-being) were measured with standardized scales. The patients' providers assessed their wound healing 2 weeks after treatment. RESULTS On the day of treatment, non-surgical patients had higher anxiety, depression, and stress, and poorer well-being than surgical patients. However, surgical patients reported a higher level of pain during the second week, and greater consumption of analgesics during the second and fourth week. Anxiety, depression, stress, and well-being correlated with the reported level of pain, the use of pain medication, and wound healing after periodontal treatment. CONCLUSIONS Psychosocial factors (i.e., anxiety, depression, stress, and well-being) can affect the patients' quality of life on the day of periodontal treatment and the pain experience and medications used after surgical and non-surgical periodontal therapy (4-week period). Patient-provider communication should address the role of these factors in the treatment process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Kloostra
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Molina PE. NEUROBIOLOGY OF THE STRESS RESPONSE: CONTRIBUTION OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM TO THE NEUROIMMUNE AXIS IN TRAUMATIC INJURY. Shock 2005; 24:3-10. [PMID: 15988314 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000167112.18871.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute injury produces an immediate activation of neuroendocrine mechanisms aimed at restoring hemodynamic and metabolic counter-regulatory responses. These counter-regulatory responses are mediated by the systemic and tissue-localized release of neuroendocrine-signaling molecules known to affect immune function. This has led to the recognition of the importance of neuroendocrine-immune modulation during acute injury as well as throughout the recovery period. The period immediately after acute injury is characterized by upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression leading to a later period of generalized immunosuppression. The course and progression of the host recovery from traumatic injury and the integrity of its response to a secondary challenge is directly related to the effective control of the immediate proinflammatory responses to the initial insult. Among the neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in restoring homeostasis, the sympathetic nervous system plays a central role in mediating acute counter-regulatory stress responses to injury. In addition to its recognized cardiovascular, hemodynamic, and metabolic effects, the neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic nervous system have been shown to affect immune function through specific adrenergic receptor-mediated pathways. In turn, cells of the immune system and their products have been shown to influence peripheral and central neurotransmission, leading to the conceptualization of a bidirectional neuroimmune communication system. The reflex activation of this bidirectional neuroimmune pathway in response to injury, integrated with the parasympathetic nervous system, and opioid and glucocorticoid pathways responsible for orchestrating the counterregulatory stress response, results in dynamic regulation of host defense mechanisms vital for immune competence and tissue repair. This review provides the biological framework for the integration of our understanding of the neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in mediating the stress response and their role in modulating immune function during and after traumatic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Multiple stressors, physical and psychological, may beset intensive care unit patients. This article opens with a description of the stress cascade and its connection with immunity. Examples of intensive care unit stressors follow, along with various proposed interventions to reduce psychological stress among intensive care unit patients. Although researchers have yet to establish that such interventions will positively impact immune function, they are an essential component of compassionate and holistic care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Lusk
- Northern Illinois University School of Nursing, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Poverty, low birth weight, low life expectation at birth, widespread malnutrition, numerous endemic infections, little or no access to safe water, poor oral hygiene, deplorable environmental sanitation and political instability among other problems, characterise the lives of many Africans, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In African countries undergoing rapid urbanisation, health problems associated with undernutrition and overnutrition coexist, and these result from lifestyle changes which promote physical inactivity, increased consumption of fats and refined carbohydrates, as well as abuse of tobacco and alcohol. Thus, in several African countries, inflammatory oral diseases (e.g. periodontal diseases, acute necrotising gingivitis, noma) resulting from inappropriate interactions between microorganisms and the malnourished, immunocompromised host, have continued to pose serious health problems. There are suggestions of increasing incidence of squamous cell carcinoma, probably related to increased use of alcohol and tobacco, which elicit nutrient deficiencies and oxidative stress. Additionally, there is an increase in caries prevalence particularly in the poor urban areas. The latter is related not only to increased availability of refined sugars, but also to limited access to the caries preventive effects of fluorides. Good dietary practices through judicious combination of available foods should therefore feature prominently in the promotion of optimal oral health in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril O Enwonwu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lee MS, Hong SS, Lim HJ, Kim HJ, Woo WH, Moon SR. Retrospective survey on therapeutic efficacy of Qigong in Korea. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2004; 31:809-15. [PMID: 14696684 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x03001442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Qigong is a complementary intervention for preventing and curing disease, and protecting and improving health through regulation of body and mind. Recently, we have been studying the psychoneuroimmunological effects of Qigong on the promotion of health. However, there are not many studies on the therapeutic efficacy of Qigong on various symptoms in Korea, hence the need to survey the clinical efficacy of Qigong. To evaluate the impact of Qigong in health care we categorized its effectiveness on the basis of ten years of subjects' memoranda. Among the 768 subjects, the motivation for doing Qigong was mostly to attend to health problems (81.5%), and males were more likely to use Qigong than females. The most improved symptoms were associated with psychological and musculoskeletal problems. Furthermore 66.9% of subjects reported improvements of perceived physical health and 40.3% of perceived psychological health. Other symptoms reduced by Qigong were pain (43.1%), fatigue (22.1%), and insomnia (8.7%). Wound healing was also surveyed (n = 332), and 84% of respondents reported improvement in recovery time, 66.6% reported reduced inflammation after Qigong and 50.3% reported no scarring as compared to before. In addition, 59.9% of respondents reported an increase in resistance to the common cold after four months of Qigong. The limitation of the study is that it is a retrospective survey on the basis of trainees' experiences of Qigong. Although this may constitute a potential bias, the study despite its limitations does provide precious empirical evidence of the effectiveness of Qigong.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Soo Lee
- Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Wonkwang University, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Logan HL, Gedney JJ, Sheffield D, Xiang Y, Starrenburg E. Stress influences the level of negative affectivity after forehead cold pressor pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2003; 4:520-9. [PMID: 14636820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate simultaneously a stress manipulation and an experimental pain manipulation to determine how stress and pain interact to influence negative affectivity. One hundred healthy subjects completed a counterbalanced repeated measure crossover design in which stress (speech task) versus a nonstress control condition (magazine reading) was manipulated. Each session was immediately followed by a 2-minute forehead cold pressor task. Measures of affectivity (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule), pain ratings, cardiovascular measures (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate), and salivary cortisol were obtained during each session. Regression analysis showed that the stress manipulation influenced the level of anger and that change in anger predicted post-pain negative affectivity independently of the contribution of maximum pain (model R(2) =.31), with 45% of the total model variance accounted for by change in anger and 17% of the total model variance accounted for by maximum pain intensity. In the nonstress condition only level of pain intensity was an independent predictor of negative affectivity (model R(2) =.16), with 69% of the total model variance accounted for by maximum pain intensity. These results show that stress significantly amplifies post-pain negative mood beyond that accounted for by the level of pain intensity alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta L Logan
- Division of Public Health Services and Research, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Eskandari F, Webster JI, Sternberg EM. Neural immune pathways and their connection to inflammatory diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 5:251-65. [PMID: 14680500 PMCID: PMC333413 DOI: 10.1186/ar1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2003] [Revised: 08/08/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and inflammatory responses are modulated by a bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune system. Many lines of research have established the numerous routes by which the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) communicate. The CNS signals the immune system through hormonal pathways, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the hormones of the neuroendocrine stress response, and through neuronal pathways, including the autonomic nervous system. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and sex hormones also have an important immunoregulatory role. The immune system signals the CNS through immune mediators and cytokines that can cross the blood-brain barrier, or signal indirectly through the vagus nerve or second messengers. Neuroendocrine regulation of immune function is essential for survival during stress or infection and to modulate immune responses in inflammatory disease. This review discusses neuroimmune interactions and evidence for the role of such neural immune regulation of inflammation, rather than a discussion of the individual inflammatory mediators, in rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Eskandari
- Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology and Behavior, NIMH/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, a significant effort has been made to define a role for the neuroendocrine system in the regulation of immunity. It was expected that these experimental findings would help to establish a strategy for the development of clinical interventions to either suppress or augment immunological function for disease prevention. However, the translation of these basic experimental findings into clinical interventions has been difficult. Possible explanations for this difficulty are that the findings from human and animal studies do not agree and/or that the results obtained within one species are rarely verified in the other. Our goal in writing this review is to address this issue by summarizing the published findings from human studies and comparing them to published findings from animal studies. Although far from being exhaustive, this review summarizes and discusses at least the past 10 years of findings in which a change in immunity and a change in catecholamine levels and/or stimulation of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor has been documented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Sanders
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
A reciprocal regulation exists between the central nervous and immune systems through which the CNS signals the immune system via hormonal and neuronal pathways and the immune system signals the CNS through cytokines. The primary hormonal pathway by which the CNS regulates the immune system is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, through the hormones of the neuroendocrine stress response. The sympathetic nervous system regulates the function of the immune system primarily via adrenergic neurotransmitters released through neuronal routes. Neuroendocrine regulation of immune function is essential for survival during stress or infection and to modulate immune responses in inflammatory disease. Glucocorticoids are the main effector end point of this neuroendocrine system and, through the glucocorticoid receptor, have multiple effects on immune cells and molecules. This review focuses on the regulation of the immune response via the neuroendocrine system. Particular details are presented on the effects of interruptions of this regulatory loop at multiple levels in predisposition and expression of immune diseases and on mechanisms of glucocorticoid effects on immune cells and molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette I Webster
- Section on Neuroimmune Immunology and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, Bldg 36, Room 1A 23 (MSC 4020), 36 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4020, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Many lines of research have established the numerous routes by which the immune and central nervous systems (CNS) communicate. The CNS signals the immune system via hormonal and neuronal pathways and the immune system signals the CNS through similar routes via immune mediators and cytokines. The primary hormonal pathway by which the CNS regulates the immune system is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, through the hormones of the neuroendocrine stress response. The sympathetic nervous system regulates immune system function primarily via adrenergic neurotransmitters released through neuronal routes. Neuroendocrine regulation of immune function is essential for survival during stress or infection and to modulate immune responses in inflammatory disease. Glucocorticoids are the main effector endpoint of the neuroendocrine response system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Eskandari
- Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wonnacott KM, Bonneau RH. The effects of stress on memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated protection against herpes simplex virus infection at mucosal sites. Brain Behav Immun 2002; 16:104-17. [PMID: 11908921 DOI: 10.1006/brbi.2001.0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress has been shown to affect many components of the innate and adaptive immune responses to a variety of pathogens including herpes simplex virus (HSV). Mucosal tissues are clinically relevant sites of infection with HSV as well as with many other common pathogens. However, there is a scarcity of experimental evidence that stress affects mucosal immunity. We have taken advantage of a murine model of HSV-specific immune protection that is mediated by only memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLm) specific for a single CTL recognition epitope within glycoprotein B of HSV-1 (gB498-505). This CTLm population is elicited by vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus, which expresses this epitope in the absence of any other HSV-encoded antigens. We report here that stress reduces the ability of gB498-505-specific CTLm to protect against a lethal intranasal or intravaginal HSV infection. Also, stress decreases the ability of these CTLm to limit virus levels at the mucosal site of infection but does not have a significant effect on the levels of virus in the innervating sensory ganglia. Finally, stress decreases protection against HSV-mediated pathology of the vaginal epithelium. These studies are the first to examine the effects of stress on CTLm activation and function in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Wonnacott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (H107), The Pennsylvania State University Colloege of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sukotjo C, Abanmy AA, Ogawa T, Nishimura I. Molecular cloning of wound inducible transcript (wit 3.0) differentially expressed in edentulous oral mucosa undergoing tooth extraction wound-healing. J Dent Res 2002; 81:229-35. [PMID: 12097305 DOI: 10.1177/154405910208100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth extraction is the most commonly prescribed ablation surgery in dentistry and results in the formation of edentulous mucosa. Although the edentulous mucosa serves as the critical interfacial tissue for removable and implant-assisted prostheses, the structure and physiology of this wound-induced tissue are largely uninvestigated. We addressed the hypothesis that tooth extraction activates the expression of a unique set of genes in healing edentulous mucosa. Using the Differential Display Polymerase Chain Reaction and 5' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends protocols, we isolated overlapping cDNAs encoding a 3.0-kb-long mRNA, Wound Inducible Transcript, 3.0 (wit 3.0). In situ hybridization demonstrated that wit 3.0 was primarily expressed by the fibroblasts associated with tooth extraction wound-healing. Appearing to generate from the wit 3.0 gene, two alternative transcripts presented, encoding 215-(wit 3.0 alpha) and 253-(wit 3.0 beta) amino-acid-long peptides with the characteristics of an intracellular molecule. Analysis of these data may provide new clues to the molecular mechanism of edentulous mucosa formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Sukotjo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Box 951668, CHS B3-087, 90095-1668, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effects of stress and spaceflight on levels of neuroendocrine hormones and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific antibodies in astronauts. METHODS Antiviral antibody titers and stress hormones were measured in plasma samples collected from 28 astronauts at their annual medical exam (baseline), 10 days before launch (L-10), landing day (R+0), and 3 days after landing (R+3). Urinary stress hormones were also measured at L-10 and R+0. RESULTS Significant increases (p <.01) in EBV virus capsid antigen antibodies were found at all three time points (L-10, R+0, and R+3) as compared with baseline samples. Anti-EBV nuclear antigen antibodies were significantly decreased at L-10 (p <.05) and continued to decrease after spaceflight (R+0 and R+3, p <.01). No changes were found in antibodies to the nonlatent measles virus. The 11 astronauts who showed evidence of EBV reactivation had significant increases in urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine as compared with astronauts without EBV reactivation. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that physical and psychological stresses associated with spaceflight resulted in decreased virus-specific T-cell immunity and reactivation of EBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Stowe
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Saha B, Mondal AC, Basu S, Dasgupta PS. Circulating dopamine level, in lung carcinoma patients, inhibits proliferation and cytotoxicity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by D1 dopamine receptors: an in vitro analysis. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:1363-74. [PMID: 11460316 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Besides cardiovascular and renal functions, the role of dopamine in periphery as an endogenous regulator of immune functions is in the limelight. In human malignancy, depression of T cell functions is known. Interestingly, recent evidences indicate significant elevation of plasma dopamine in malignancy due to stress of the disease process. Therefore, this study evaluates whether this increased plasma dopamine exerts any influence on the proliferation and cytotoxicity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Patients with lung carcinoma were selected for this study due to the high prevalence rate of this kind of cancer in developing countries and also due to strong positive biochemical and psychological criteria of stress in most of the patients. Results showed significant elevation of plasma dopamine (48.6 +/- 5.1 pg/ml) in lung cancer patients than normal controls (10.2 +/- 0.9 pg/ml). In vitro dopamine concentration, simulating the plasma concentration of the patients, significantly inhibited the proliferation and cytotoxicity of T cells of these patients and also of the normal volunteers, in presence of their respective serum. The mechanism has been attributed to be D1 class of dopamine receptor mediated elevation of intracellular cAMP in these cell populations. The results may be of significance in understanding the role of peripheral dopamine as an immunomodulator in human health and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Saha
- Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines Laboratory, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Research Building, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Calcutta 700 026, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yin D, Tuthill D, Mufson RA, Shi Y. Chronic restraint stress promotes lymphocyte apoptosis by modulating CD95 expression. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1423-8. [PMID: 10770807 PMCID: PMC2193134 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.8.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/1999] [Accepted: 02/23/2000] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the duration and severity, psychological tension and physical stress can enhance or suppress the immune system in both humans and animals. Although it is well established that stress alters the release of various hormones and neurotransmitters, the mechanisms by which stress affects immune responses remain elusive. We report here that mice subjected to chronic 12-hour daily physical restraint for two days exhibited a significant reduction in splenocytes, a process likely mediated by apoptosis as demonstrated by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay. CD95 (Fas/APO-1) expression in splenic lymphocytes of stressed mice was substantially increased. Interestingly, Fas-immunoglobulin fusion protein and blocking antibodies against CD95 ligand inhibit stress-induced reduction in lymphocytes. The stress-induced changes in CD95 expression and lymphocyte number could be blocked by naltrexone or naloxone, specific opioid receptor antagonists, indicating a pivotal role of endogenous opioids in this process. In addition, the reduction of splenocytes in this model system seems to be independent of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, as both adrenalectomized and sham-operated mice exhibited similar responses to chronic stress. Moreover, chronic physical restraint failed to induce a decrease in lymphocyte numbers in CD95-deficient (Fas(lpr/lpr)) mice. Therefore, stress modulates the immune system through CD95-mediated apoptosis dependent on endogenous opioids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deling Yin
- Department of Immunology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855
| | - David Tuthill
- Department of Plasma Derivatives, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855
| | - R. Allan Mufson
- Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Immunology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Although there is overwhelming evidence to show that vaccination is a highly effective method of controlling infectious diseases, a vocal element of the chiropractic profession maintains a strongly antivaccination bias. Reasons for this are examined. The basis seems to lie in early chiropractic philosophy, which, eschewing both the germ theory of infectious disease and vaccination, considered disease the result of spinal nerve dysfunction caused by misplaced (subluxated) vertebrae. Although rejected by medical science, this concept is still accepted by a minority of chiropractors. Although more progressive, evidence-based chiropractors have embraced the concept of vaccination, the rejection of it by conservative chiropractors continues to have a negative influence on both public acceptance of vaccination and acceptance of the chiropractic profession by orthodox medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Campbell
- Department of Medical Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|