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Srisutha J, Watari I, Akakura M, Watanabe M, Changsiripun C, Ono T. P2X7R and P2X4R expression of mice submandibular gland in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10855. [PMID: 38740782 PMCID: PMC11091137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can compromise the functioning of various organs, including the salivary glands (SG). The purinergic system is one of the most important inflammatory pathways in T2DM condition, and P2X7R and P2X4R are the primary purinergic receptors in SG that regulate inflammatory homeostasis. This study aimed to evaluate P2X7R and P2X4R expression, and morphological changes in the submandibular gland (SMG) in T2DM. Twenty-four 5-week-old mice were randomly assigned to control (CON) and diabetes mellitus (DM) groups (n = 12 each). Body weight, diet, and blood glucose levels were monitored weekly. The histomorphology of the SMG and the expression of the P2X7R, and P2X7R was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) at 11 and 13 weeks of age. Our findings indicate a significant increase in food consumption, body weight, and blood glucose levels in the DM group. Although a significant increase in P2X7R and P2X4R expression was observed in the DM groups, the receptor location remained unchanged. We also observed a significant increase in the acinar area in the DM13w group, and a significant decrease in the ductal area in the DM11w and DM13w groups. Targeting purinergic receptors may offer novel therapeutic methods for diabetic complications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Body Weight
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X4/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X4/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/genetics
- Streptozocin
- Submandibular Gland/metabolism
- Submandibular Gland/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiratchaya Srisutha
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo city, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ippei Watari
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo city, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Masato Akakura
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo city, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Minami Watanabe
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo city, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Chidsanu Changsiripun
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo city, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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2
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de Freitas RN, da Silva LGL, Fiais GA, Ferreira DSDB, Veras ASC, Teixeira GR, Oliveira SHP, Dornelles RCM, Nakamune ACDMS, Fakhouri WD, Chaves-Neto AH. Alterations in salivary biochemical composition and redox state disruption induced by the anticonvulsant valproic acid in male rat salivary glands. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 155:105805. [PMID: 37741048 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) on salivary glands in male rat using biochemical, functional, histomorphometric, and redox state parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into three groups (n = 8 per group): Control (0.9% saline solution), VPA100 (100 mg/kg), and VPA400 (400 mg/kg). After 21 consecutive days of treatment with by intragastric gavage. Pilocarpine-induced saliva was collected to determine salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and biochemical composition. Analyses of histomorphometric parameters and redox balance markers were performed on the parotid and submandibular glands. RESULTS Salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, total protein, potassium, sodium, and chloride were similar between groups. However, phosphate and calcium were reduced in VPA400, while amylase was increased in both VPA100 and VPA400. We did not detect significant differences in the areas of acini, ducts, and connective tissue in the salivary glands between the groups. There were no significant changes in the redox status of the submandibular glands. In turn, in the parotid glands we detected reduced total oxidizing capacity and lipid peroxidation, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and higher uric acid concentration in both the VPA100 and VPA400 groups, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the VPA400 group. CONCLUSION Chronic treatment with VPA modified the salivary biochemical composition and caused disruption in the redox state of the parotid gland in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayara Nogueira de Freitas
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências - Saúde Bucal da Criança, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Allice Santos Cruz Veras
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Rampazzo Teixeira
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências - Saúde Bucal da Criança, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Barać M, Petrović M, Petrović N, Nikolić-Jakoba N, Aleksić Z, Todorović L, Petrović-Stanojević N, Anđelić-Jelić M, Davidović A, Milašin J, Roganović J. Melatonin Action in Type 2 Diabetic Parotid Gland and Dental Pulp: In Vitro and Bioinformatic Findings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6727. [PMID: 37754589 PMCID: PMC10530673 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20186727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with functional deterioration of the salivary gland and dental pulp, related to oxidative stress. The aim was to integrate experimental and bioinformatic findings to analyze the cellular mechanism of melatonin (MEL) action in the human parotid gland and dental pulp in diabetes. Human parotid gland tissue was obtained from 16 non-diabetic and 16 diabetic participants, as well as human dental pulp from 15 non-diabetic and 15 diabetic participants. In human non-diabetic and diabetic parotid gland cells (hPGCs) as well as in dental pulp cells (hDPCs), cultured in hyper- and normoglycemic conditions, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), MEL, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and spectrophotometrically. Bioinformatic analysis was performed using ShinyGO (v.0.75) application. Diabetic participants had increased GDNF and decreased MEL in parotid (p < 0.01) and dental pulp (p < 0.05) tissues, associated with increased iNOS and SOD activity. Normoglycemic hDPCs and non-diabetic hPGCs treated with 0.1 mM MEL had increased GDNF (p < 0.05), while hyperglycemic hDPCs treated with 1 mM MEL showed a decrease in up-regulated GDNF (p < 0.05). Enrichment analyses showed interference with stress and ATF/CREB signaling. MEL induced the stress-protective mechanism in hyperglycemic hDPCs and diabetic hPGCs, suggesting MEL could be beneficial for diabetes-associated disturbances in oral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Barać
- Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milan Petrović
- Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Nina Petrović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Nataša Nikolić-Jakoba
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.N.-J.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zoran Aleksić
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.N.-J.); (Z.A.)
| | - Lidija Todorović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Nataša Petrović-Stanojević
- Zvezdara University Medical Center, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.-S.); (M.A.-J.); (A.D.)
| | - Marina Anđelić-Jelić
- Zvezdara University Medical Center, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.-S.); (M.A.-J.); (A.D.)
| | - Aleksandar Davidović
- Zvezdara University Medical Center, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.-S.); (M.A.-J.); (A.D.)
| | - Jelena Milašin
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jelena Roganović
- Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Veysari SK, Asghari M, Farshad F, Hodjat M. Epigenetic changes underlie the association between diabetes mellitus and oral diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6987-6996. [PMID: 37378745 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) suffer from oral complications related to oral infections, periodontal diseases, and endodontic lesions. Emerging evidence has revealed the contribution of the epigenetic process as the underlying mechanism of DM complications. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs are epigenetic regulators that directly affect gene expression. The present review elaborated on the role of epigenetic dysregulation in the etiology of diabetes-related periodontal and endodontic diseases. The narrative review study was prepared using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus. The formation of glycation products as a result of hyperglycemic condition increases oxidative stress, and elevates chronic inflammatory mediators that could in turn adversely change the cellular environment and alter the epigenetic status. This process contributes to the alteration of regulatory genes expression, leading to the development of diabetes-induced bone complications and impaired odontogenic capacity of pulp. Indeed, epigenetic mechanisms mediate the interaction between gene expression and DM cellular environment. Further investigations on epigenetic factors involved in DM oral complications may provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Kazemi Veysari
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mona Asghari
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farshad
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mahshid Hodjat
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran.
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Sonpanao P, Janebodin K, Namvichaisirikul N, Thongjit S, Jitprasertwong P. The Prevalence of Xerostomia in Older Thai Individuals with Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association with Type of Toothpaste and Oral Functions: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Questionnaires. Geriatrics (Basel) 2023; 8:76. [PMID: 37489324 PMCID: PMC10366830 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics8040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the prevalence of xerostomia in older people with diabetes mellitus and its impacts on oral functions, as well as to determine potential risk factors for xerostomia. METHODS An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 623 older type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Thai people using valid structural questionnaires. Patients were interviewed, and data were recorded. Xerostomia was assessed using subjective symptom questionnaires. Risk factors for xerostomia were analyzed using bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Among the study participants, 38.4% of the older T2DM people had xerostomia, which is associated with sex, age, type of toothpaste, years of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c level, other systemic diseases, medication, smoking, alcohol consumption, and denture wearing. It was significant that xerostomia was associated with toothpaste containing spicy herbal extracts (OR: 9.32 [3.46 to 15.25]), while toothpaste containing artificial sweeteners tended to lower the risk of xerostomia. In addition, older T2DM adults with xerostomia had greater impaired oral functions, which include difficulties in speaking (OR: 3.31 [1.11 to 9.80]), tasting (OR: 5.12 [3.26 to 8.06]), swallowing (OR: 3.59 [2.32 to 5.53]), and chewing (OR: 3.34 [1.15 to 5.82]). CONCLUSIONS Xerostomia is prevalent in older Thai people with T2DM. The results suggest that toothpaste containing spicy herbal extracts might increase the risk of xerostomia, resulting in various oral function problems. Therefore, greater awareness of xerostomia in this group should be raised to monitor dental health, and professionals should work in parallel with other aspects of oral health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panitan Sonpanao
- Translational Medicine (International Program), Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- School of Geriatric Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Kajohnkiart Janebodin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Niwatchai Namvichaisirikul
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Supattarayan Thongjit
- School of Family and Community Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Jitprasertwong
- School of Geriatric Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Hassan SS, Alqahtani MS. Comparative Study of Cytokeratin Immunostaining of Parotid Gland Parenchyma in Normal, Diabetic, and Excretory Duct Ligation of Mongrel Dogs. Eur J Dent 2023; 17:678-686. [PMID: 35728611 PMCID: PMC10569872 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to give a glimpse of the normal distribution of intermediate filaments within the parotid gland parenchyma of mongrel dogs and to reveal the pathological changes that may occur as a result of the effects of diabetes mellitus or atrophy of the gland caused by the ligation of the excretory duct to discover whether there is a similarity in these pathological behaviors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve healthy mongrel dogs were used in the experiment and were divided into three groups: group I (the control group), group II (dogs with alloxan-induced diabetes), and group III (dogs with the right-side duct-ligated parotid gland). The dogs were sacrificed 45 days after the parotid excretory duct were tied. The right parotid gland of all groups was dissected and prepared for histological and immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin 17 assay. RESULTS Histological findings confirmed that the parotid gland parenchyma of the diabetic group had glandular atrophy characterized by the loss of gland structure, degenerated acini, and dilatation of the duct system. Moreover, there is a predominance of the fibrous component with the presence of fat cells within the gland compartments. On the contrary, the excretory duct-ligated group undergoes severe glandular atrophy of the previous character with the presence of duct-like structure as well as extravasation and vasodilatation. Immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin 17 in control parotid using an immunoperoxidase technique showed that cytokeratin expression varies from negative to mild in all ducts and some serous acinar cells. The gland parenchyma of the diabetic group showed mild to strong cytokeratin expression of duct cells more concentrated in the apical part with moderate to strong expression of diffuse type in some serous acini. The intensity of cytokeratin 17 in gland compartments of the excretory duct-ligated group revealed a variation in expression that ranged from negative to strong diffuse staining throughout the gland. CONCLUSION The severity and prevalence of cytokeratin 17 in our results are predictive of the pathological influence of both diabetes mellitus and duct ligation on the cytokeratin intracellular filaments of the salivary gland parenchyma in a different way that interferes with saliva production and/or secretion leading to xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Sayed Hassan
- Oral Biology Division, Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Oral Biology and Dental Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mashael Saeed Alqahtani
- Oral Pathology Division, Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Cheng Y, Tong H, Li X, Zhang X, Fang J, Yue R, Huang N, Tian J, Yu F, Gao Y. Effect of vitamin E and supragingival scaling on salivary gland function in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer treated with 131I. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:995-1003. [PMID: 35950355 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin E and supragingival scaling with vitamin C on the salivary glands of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma after 131I treatment. METHODS A total of 89 prospective patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma were enrolled and randomly divided into the following groups: vitamin E group (n = 30, group A), vitamin C group (n = 30, group B) and supragingival scaling with vitamin C group (n = 29, group C). Using functional indices (e.g. maximum uptake fraction, uptake index, excretion fraction, secretion time and excretion rate), changes in the salivary gland functions before and a month after 131I treatment were assessed by dynamic imaging of salivary gland. RESULTS We compared the before and after 131I therapy results of the three groups. In group A (P < 0.05), the excretion fraction and excretion rate of the left parotid gland were significantly higher, and the uptake index of the bilateral submandibular glands was significantly lower. No significant changes in salivary gland functional parameters were observed in group B (P > 0.05). The uptake index of the bilateral parotid glands and the excretion rate of the left parotid gland were significantly higher in group C (P < 0.05). The degree of serum amylase level reduction decreased significantly in group C (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Vitamin E showed a protective effect on parotid excretion function in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma who underwent 131I treatment. Supragingival scaling may be a promising radiation protector because it is associated with a protective effect on the salivary gland functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan
| | - Huimin Tong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan
| | | | - Ju Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan
| | - Rongli Yue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan
| | - Nan Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan
| | - Feiyan Yu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
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8
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Alqahtani MS, Hassan SS. Immunohistochemical Evaluation of the Pathological Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on the Major Salivary Glands of Albino Rats. Eur J Dent 2022. [PMID: 35785821 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a notorious chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Our study aimed to determine the expression of cytokeratin 17 (CK17) in all major salivary glands of diabetic albino rats to provide more information about the pathological effects of DM on the intracellular structures of the gland parenchyma. METHOD Twenty male adult albino rats were utilized in the experiment and divided into two equal groups, group 1 (control rats) and group 2 (diabetic rats). The animals were sacrificed 45 days after diabetes induction. The major salivary gland complex of all groups was dissected and prepared for evaluation by histological and immunohistochemical expression of CK17. RESULTS Histological results prove that the salivary gland parenchyma of diabetic group undergo gland atrophy characterized with the presence of degenerated acini, dilated duct system, and presence of duct-like structure with predominance of fibrous tissue compartment and discrete fat cells. Immunohistochemical expression of CK17 of major salivary gland of control group revealed negative to diffuse mild expression in all duct cells and some serous acinar cells, whereas mucous acini were negatively stained. On the other hand, major salivary gland parenchyma of diabetic group demonstrated mild to strong expression of duct cells more concentrated at their apical part with moderate to strong expression of some serous acini of diffuse type, whereas mucous acini of both submandibular gland and sublingual gland (SLG) were negatively stained. CONCLUSION The severity and prevalence of CK 17 in our results are predictive of the pathological influence of the DM that interferes with saliva production and/or secretion leading to dry mouth. Also, SLG of diabetic rats showed inspiratory changes in immunohistochemical expression in CK17 in spite of they did not show an effect of lesser degree in the routine hematoxylin and eosin histological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashael Saeed Alqahtani
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif Sayed Hassan
- Department of Oral Biology and Dental Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.,Division of Oral Biology, Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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9
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Ikemoto K, Sumi-Ichinose C, Suganuma Y, Kano T, Ihira N, Nagatsu T, Kondo K. Salivary neopterin and related pterins: their comparison to those in plasma and changes in individuals. J Biochem 2021; 170:559-567. [PMID: 34181024 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neopterin (NP), biopterin (BP) and monapterin (MP) exist in saliva. The physiological role of salivary NP as well as the pathophysiological role of increased NP in the immune-activated state has been unclear. Saliva is a characteristic specimen different from other body fluids. In this study, we analysed salivary NP and related pterin compounds, BP and MP and revealed some of its feature. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of saliva and plasma obtained from 26 volunteers revealed that salivary NP existed mostly in its fully oxidized form. The results suggested that salivary NP as well as BP would mostly originate from the oral cavity, perhaps the salivary glands, and that salivary NP levels might not reflect those in the plasma. We also found that a gender difference existed in correlations between concentrations of salivary total concentrations of NP (tNP) and BP (tBP). HPLC analysis of saliva obtained from 5 volunteers revealed that the concentrations of salivary tNP as well as tBP fluctuated in an irregular fashion in various individuals. MP, a diastereomer of NP, might have come from oral cavity NP itself or its precursor. These results indicated that the nature of salivary NP might be different from that of NP in the blood or urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Ikemoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Chiho Sumi-Ichinose
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yui Suganuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Taiki Kano
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Noriko Ihira
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Nagatsu
- Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazunao Kondo
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Parotid Space, a Different Space from Other Deep Neck Infection Spaces. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112361. [PMID: 34835486 PMCID: PMC8623793 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep neck infections (DNIs) such as parotid abscesses are medical emergencies with a seemingly different etiology and treatment course from other DNIs. We sought to confirm this in the present retrospective population-based cohort study. Between August 2016 and January 2020, 412 patients with DNIs seen at a tertiary medical center were enrolled in this study. Infections of the parotid space were compared with those of other deep neck spaces, according to patient characteristics. All patients were divided into parotid space (PS; n = 91, 22.08%) and non-parotid space (NPS; n = 321, 77.92%) subgroups. We further divided the patients into single parotid space (PS-single; n = 50, 12.13%), single non-parotid space (NPS-single; n = 149, 36.16%), multiple parotid space (PS-multiple; n = 41, 9.95%), and multiple non-parotid space (NPS-multiple; n = 172, 41.76%) DNI subgroups. In the PS-single and PS-multiple subgroups, a longer duration of symptoms (p = 0.001), lower white blood cell count (p = 0.001), lower C-reactive protein level (p = 0.010), higher rate of ultrasonography-guided drainage (p < 0.001), and lower rates of surgical incision and drainage (p < 0.001) were observed compared with the NPS-single and NPS-multiple subgroups. The PS group had a higher positive Klebsiella pneumoniae culture rate (p < 0.001), and lower positive Streptococcus constellatus (p = 0.002), and Streptococcus anginosus (p = 0.025) culture rates than the NPS group. In a multivariate analysis, K. pneumoniae was independently associated with parotoid space involvement in comparisons of the PS and NPS groups, PS-single and NPS-single subgroups, and PS-multiple and NPS-multiple subgroups. The clinical presentation of a parotid space infection differs from that of other deep neck space infections.
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Al-Serwi RH, El-Kersh AOFO, El-Akabawy G. Human dental pulp stem cells attenuate streptozotocin-induced parotid gland injury in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:577. [PMID: 34775989 PMCID: PMC8591949 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02646-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus causes deterioration in the body, including serious damage of the oral cavity related to salivary gland dysfunction, characterised by hyposalivation and xerostomia. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) represent a promising therapy source, due to the easy, minimally invasive surgical access to these cells and their high proliferative capacity. It was previously reported that the trophic support mediated by these cells can rescue the functional and structural alterations of damaged salivary glands. However, potential differentiation and paracrine effects of hDPSCs in diabetic-induced parotid gland damage have not been investigated. Our study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of intravenous transplantation of hDPSCs on parotid gland injury in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes. METHODS Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly categorised into three groups: control, diabetic (STZ), and transplanted (STZ + hDPSCs). The hDPSCs or the vehicles were injected into the rats' tail veins, 7 days after STZ injection. Fasting blood glucose levels were monitored weekly. A glucose tolerance test was performed, and the parotid gland weight, salivary flow rate, oxidative stress indices, parotid gland histology, and caspase-3, vascular endothelial growth factor, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic enzyme expression levels in parotid tissues were assessed 28 days post-transplantation. RESULTS Transplantation of hDPSCs decreased blood glucose, improved parotid gland weight and salivary flow rate, and reduced oxidative stress. The cells migrated to the STZ-injured parotid gland and differentiated into acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cells. Moreover, hDPSCs downregulated the expression of caspase-3 and upregulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, likely exerting pro-angiogenic and anti-apoptotic effects and promoting endogenous regeneration. In addition, the transplanted cells enhanced the parotid nitric oxide-tetrahydrobiopterin pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that hDPSCs migrated to and survived within the STZ-injured parotid gland, where functional and morphological damage was prevented due to the restoration of normal glucose levels, differentiation into parotid cell populations, and stimulation of paracrine-mediated regeneration. Thus, hDPSCs may have potential in the treatment of diabetes-induced parotid gland injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha H Al-Serwi
- Oral Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Gehan El-Akabawy
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt.
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Abd El-Haleem MR, Amer MG, Fares AE, Kamel AHM. Evaluation of the Radioprotective Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Irradiated Submandibular Gland of Adult Albino Rats. A Histological and Sialochemical Study. BIONANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-021-00917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Fouani M, Basset CA, Jurjus AR, Leone LG, Tomasello G, Leone A. Salivary gland proteins alterations in the diabetic milieu. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:893-904. [PMID: 34212290 PMCID: PMC8487876 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-09999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are considered the chief exocrine glands of the mouth and physiologically contribute to the maintenance of the homeostasis of the oral cavity. They consist of the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands, which come in pairs and are collectively called the major glands, and the minor glands, which are much smaller and are dispersed throughout the buccal cavity. Salivary glands are distinguished by their size, amount of saliva secretion and their location in the oral cavity. Salivary glands pathophysiology has been a subject of interest in various worldwide metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus (DM), a global health concern, with a pathological imprint involved in vasculature, promotes microvascular and macrovascular complications among which periodontitis ranks sixth. Indeed, DM has also been directly associated with oral health lesions. Specifically, salivary glands in the context of diabetes have been a focal point of study and emphasis in the research field. There is evidence that relates salivary secretion content and diabetes progression. In this review, we present all the reported evidence of the deregulation of specific salivary proteins associated with the progression of diabetes in parallel with changes in salivary gland morphology, cellular architecture, and salivary secretion and composition more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Fouani
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Charbel A Basset
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Abdo R Jurjus
- Department of Anatomy, Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Giovanni Tomasello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Leone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Cui F, Hu M, Li R, Li B, Huang D, Ma W, Jia X, Lv Z. Insulin on changes in expressions of aquaporin-1, aquaporin-5, and aquaporin-8 in submandibular salivary glands of rats with Streptozotocin-induced diabetes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2021; 14:221-229. [PMID: 33564354 PMCID: PMC7868788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the relationship between diabetic xerostomia and changes in aquaporin-1 (AQP1), aquaporin-5 (AQP5), and aquaporin-8 (AQP8) expression in the submandibular glands (SMGs), to further study the pathogenesis of diabetic xerostomia and to observe the therapeutic effect of insulin (INS). METHODS Thirty SD rats were randomized equally into 3 groups: control group, diabetic model (DM) group and insulin (INS) group (n=10, respectively). The control group received no treatment. DM group and INS group were induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin intraperitoneal injection. After establishment of a diabetic rat model, the rats in INS group were treated with insulin. Then all rats were fed continuously with ordinary diet for 2 months. H&E staining was used to describe morphologic changes in the SMGs of rats. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expressions and localization of AQP1, AQP5, and AQP8 in the SMGs. Computer image analysis was used to detect the mean optical density (MOD) values of AQP1, AQP5, and AQP8 expression, and changes in the diameters of acini and ducts. RESULTS The acini were mildly atrophied and the acinar cells were rearranged in an irregular way. The morphology of insulin-administered diabetic SMGs was similar to that of the control group. The acinar average circumference and GCT average diameter in DM group were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The acinar average circumference and GCT average diameter of INS group were significantly increased (P<0.05). The expressions of AQP1, AQP5, and AQP8 were significantly reduced in DM group (P<0.05). The expressions of AQP1, AQP5, and AQP8 in INS group were significantly increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The decreased expressions of AQP1, AQP5, and AQP8 led to decreased salivary secretion of SMGs in diabetic rats, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic xerostomia. Insulin could up-regulate the expressions of AQP1, AQP5 and AQP8, and play a protective role in the secretory function of diabetic SMGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqin Cui
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu 233030, China
| | - Mingji Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of BengbuBengbu 233030, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical College, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu 233030, China
| | - Bao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Dake Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Wenhao Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Xuemei Jia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Zhengmei Lv
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
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Salivary exosomes as a new therapy to ameliorate diabetes mellitus and combat xerostomia and submandibular salivary glands dysfunction in diabetic rats. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:467-477. [PMID: 33389429 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major metabolic diseases. Xerostomia and salivary gland dysfunction are of its common oral complications. Exosomes, as a new therapeutic potential containing nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, act as effective vehicles for target molecules delivery. Accordingly, their therapeutic use is gaining much interest. Therefore, this work aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of salivary exosomes in ameliorating DM and combating xerostomia as a complication of salivary gland dysfunction in diabetic rats. In the current study, salivary exosomes were injected intravenously to rats of group II (Salivary Exo-treated group) one week after diabetes induction. Group I (Diabetic group) was left untreated. Blood sugar level was checked weekly. Water intake, salivary flow rate, salivary amylase and serum nitric oxide were assessed before and after diabetes induction and at the end of the study. After 5 weeks from the beginning of the study, salivary gland tissues were dissected and examined histologically and ultrastructurally. Gene expression of the inflammatory markers NFκB/p65 and TNFα was assessed by polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that salivary exosomes reduced blood glucose levels and enhanced salivary glands' function. This was indicated by a decrease in water intake, salivary amylase and serum nitric oxide in addition to an increase in salivary flow rate. This was confirmed histologically, ultrastructurally and via downregulation of NFκB/p65 and TNFα gene expression. Our results concluded that salivary exosomes could be considered as a novel cell free based therapy in treatment of xerostomia and salivary gland dysfunction in DM.
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Haque M, Akter F. Smash of diabetes mellitus on smile. ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_68_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Chen SY, Wang Y, Zhang CL, Yang ZM. Decreased basal and stimulated salivary parameters by histopathological lesions and secretory dysfunction of parotid and submandibular glands in rats with type 2 diabetes. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2707-2719. [PMID: 32256753 PMCID: PMC7086285 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) present with dry mouth, polydipsia and taste impairment due to salivary secretion disorder. However, the underlying functional mechanism of T2DM remains unknown. The present study found that T2DM rats had significantly lower salivary flow rate and salivary alpha amylase activity, and attenuated salivary secretion responses to acid stimulation compared with control rats. Histopathological observation found that T2DM rats had inflammatory cell infiltration with increased expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α, oxidative stress, including decreased total superoxide dismutase activity and increased malondialdehyde content, and decreased expressions of β1 adrenergic receptor, cholinergic receptor, aquaporin-5 and protein kinase A in salivary glands, in particular the parotid gland. These results indicated that parotid gland impairment was more severe compared with submandibular gland impairment. Reduced salivary secretion may be associated with histopathological lesions and decreased regulation in secretory pathways in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Lei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Min Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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Afsaneh Abadi P, Koopaie M, Montazeri R. Comparison of salivary nitric oxide and oral health in diabetic patients with and without xerostomia. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:11-15. [PMID: 31809967 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic multi-systemic metabolic disorder; diabetic patients are more prone to xerostomia and oral health problems than others. There are evidences that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in healthy salivary gland function, prevention of insulin resistance and progression of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to compare the salivary NO level between type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients with and without xerostomia. METHODS In this case control study, 70 patients with T2DM, which were matched according to age, sex, type of disease control, were enrolled conveniently. The subjects based on abeslang test were allocated to the two groups; 35 patients with xerostomia and 35 patients without xerostomia. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected by spitting method. NO levels was measured by ELISA method using Griess reaction. Data was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression analysis to examine the association of salivary NO and xerostomia. RESULTS The mean and standard deviation of salivary NO in the diabetic subjects with xerostomia was significantly lower than diabetic subjects without xerostomia (138 ± 94.58 μmol/L vs. 356.61 ± 302.81 μmol/L (P-value = 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, salivary NO level was associated with 0.994 fold decreased risk of xerostomia in diabetic subjects after adjustment for age, gender, FBS and HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates salivary nitric oxide level was a predictor of xerostomia in diabetic patients. More longitudinal studies are necessary to understand the association of salivary NO level with diabetes-induced xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Koopaie
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roshanak Montazeri
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mohandoss AA, Thavarajah R. Salivary Flow Alteration in Patients Undergoing Treatment for Schizophrenia: Disease-Drug-Target Gene/Protein Association Study for Side-effects. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2019; 9:286-293. [PMID: 31289718 PMCID: PMC6593211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary flow alteration (SA), is a known unwarranted effect of schizophrenic medications. It manifest either as reduced (xerostomia) or increased (sialorrhea) SA, among treated schizophrenic patients. It is believed that the SA is due to action of the drugs/disease process involving the muscarinic receptor-3 to process acetyl choline, the common neurotransmitter. The genetic mediation behind the SA in such patients remains largely unexplored. We aimed to address the same by using curated literary databases to identify such relationship, if any existed. MATERIAL AND METHODS Curated databases of Gene-Disease Association, www.DisGeNet.org and www.networkanalyst.ca were effectively used to identify the probable genes, strength of association and the drug-genes pathway that could be possibly be involved. The genes associated with schizophrenia and SA were analyzed in detail. Protein-Protein interaction (PPI) network proven experimentally in humans were used to identify the missing or unreported links. RESULTS In all 28 genes associated with schizophrenia were linked to SA. The genetic network of schizophrenia and xerostomia involved FGFR2 gene prominently and network module was statistically significant (P = 9.87*10-8) was achieved that had xerostomia as a node, while schizophrenia (P = 0.025) had statistical significance. Sialorrhea had no statistical significance (P = 0.555). When schizophrenia and sialorrhea connections were analyzed for genetic interaction, only gene GCH1 emerged. On combining the three disease entities, the association of TAC1 gene with sialorrhea was also identified. Using PPI, the coordination of CHRM3, TAC1 and GPRASP1 gene were identified. This network involved several genes that has significant influence on calcium signaling pathway (P = 7.74*10-16), cholingeric synapse(P = 6 × 10-4), salivary secretion(P = 4.38*10-3), endocytosis(P = 8.23*10-4), TGFβ signaling pathway(P = 0.0031), gap junction (P = 4.08*10-3) and glutamergic synapse(P = 6.4*10-3). The involvement of G-receptor signaling protein product, GNAQ was established. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The possible genetic pathway of SA in schizophrenic patients are discussed in light of pharmacotherapeutics. Using the knowledge effectively would help to increase the quality of life of schizophrenic besides increasing the understanding to use saliva as a biomarker of prognosis of schizophrenia and its drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusa Arunachalam Mohandoss
- Dept of Psychiatry, Shri Satya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Affiliated to Shri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Ammapettai, Kanchipuram, India
| | - Rooban Thavarajah
- Marundeeshwara Oral Pathology Services and Analytics, B-1, Mistral Apartments, Wipro Street, Shollinganallur, Chennai, 600 119, India
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Abstract
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases which continue to increase in number and significance. It presents the third most prevalent condition among medically compromised patients referring for dental treatment. Diabetes mellitus has been defined as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Hyperglycemia leads to widespread multisystem damage which has an effect on oral tissue. The present article summarizes current knowledge regarding the association between diabetes mellitus and oral and dental health.
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Garbowska M, Łukaszuk B, Mikłosz A, Wróblewski I, Kurek K, Ostrowska L, Chabowski A, Żendzian-Piotrowska M, Zalewska A. Sphingolipids metabolism in the salivary glands of rats with obesity and streptozotocin induced diabetes. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2766-2775. [PMID: 28369933 PMCID: PMC5518447 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is considered a major public health problem affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Remarkably, scientific reports regarding salivary glands sphingolipid metabolism in diabetes are virtually non‐existent. This is odd given the well‐established link between the both in other tissues (e.g., skeletal muscles, liver) and the key role of these glands in oral health preservation. The aim of this paper is to examine sphingolipids metabolism in the salivary glands in (pre)diabetes (evoked by high fat diet feeding or streptozotocin). Wistar rats were allocated into three groups: control, HFD‐, or STZ‐diabetes. The content of major sphingolipid classes in the parotid (PSG) and submandibular (SMSG) glands was assessed via chromatography. Additionally, Western blot analyses were employed for the evaluation of key sphingolipid signaling pathway enzyme levels. No changes in ceramide content in the PSG were found, whereas an increase in ceramide concentration for SMSG of the STZ group was observed. This was accompanied by an elevation in SPT1 level. Probably also sphingomyelin hydrolysis was increased in the SMSG of the STZ‐diabetic rats, since we observed a significant drop in the amount of SM. PSG and SMSG respond differently to (pre)diabetes, with clearer pattern presented by the later gland. An activation of sphingomyelin signaling pathway was observed in the course of STZ‐diabetes, that is, metabolic condition with rapid onset/progression. Whereas, chronic HFD lead to an inhibition of sphingomyelin signaling pathway in the salivary glands (manifested in an inhibition of ceramide de novo synthesis and accumulation of S1P).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garbowska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Łukaszuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mikłosz
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Igor Wróblewski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kurek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Lucyna Ostrowska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Anna Zalewska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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