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Paneth N, Walsh M, Kornatowski B, Casadevall A. A Brief History of Polyclonal Antibody Therapies Against Bacterial and Viral Diseases Before COVID-19. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2024. [PMID: 39207508 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The use of the serum or plasma of patients or animals who have recovered from an infectious disease, or had been immunized with a relevant antigen, to treat or prevent the same infection in others began in the late 1880s when French and German scientists uncovered, one step at a time, several of the elements of the immune system's response to infection. A key finding was that the damage caused by some bacteria depends upon their secreted toxins which can be neutralized by biologic agents. Antitoxins to diphtheria and tetanus began to be manufactured in large animals in France, Germany, and the US in the 1890s and were soon being used worldwide. The impact of diphtheria antitoxin on childhood mortality was profound. Shortly after the development of antitoxins, convalescent serum began to be used for its anti-bactericidal properties thus addressing serious infections caused by non-toxin-producing organisms. The effectiveness of antitoxins and antisera was demonstrated by examining mortality rates in hospitals before and after the introduction of antitoxins, by comparisons of treated and untreated patients, by comparing early and late treatment and dosage, by examining vital data mortality trends, and by several randomized and alternate assignment trials. Antitoxins continue to have a role in the rare cases of diphtheria and other conditions largely eradicated by immunization, but serum therapy nearly disappeared from the medical armamentarium with the development of antibiotics in the 1940s. Inasmuch as new human pathogens are now emerging with unprecedented regularity as seen in the recent COVID-19 pandemic, and because specific therapies are unlikely to be available for them, plasma-based antibody therapies are likely to again carve out a niche in infectious disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Paneth
- Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Pediatrics & Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Madison Walsh
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Singh A, Haq I. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): origin, transmission through the environment, health effects, and mitigation strategies-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (SINGAPORE) 2021; 4:515-526. [PMID: 36761792 PMCID: PMC8407402 DOI: 10.1007/s42398-021-00204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in China and subsequently spread globally, resulting in a severe pandemic, and officially declared a significant health emergency by World Health Organization (WHO). Genetic analysis of coronavirus isolated from bats, snakes, and Malay pangolins suggested that they could be intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV-2. The transfer of virus from person to person has been confirmed widely, while the actual source of origin is still unknown. COVID-19 is a highly contagious and infectious disease, and the worldwide transmission of coronavirus has intense effects on the lives of human beings. The spread of the virus is observed mainly through close contact with the infected person due to coughing, sniffing or indirectly through the contaminated surfaces. If people touch contaminated surfaces through their hands, mouth, nose, or eye, it enters the body and causes disease. Also, the virus may transmit through air droplets, water, food, fecal-oral transmission, etc. The infection of virus in human beings could be detected by direct symptoms, or different diagnostic tools are available to determine the viral load. Various safety measures are used to contain the virus, including disinfectants, antiviral drugs, vaccines, wearing masks, social distancing, etc. In the present review, we have focused on transmission of COVID-19 through air and wastewater as environmental transmission modes. We have also discussed the origin of the virus, its mode of action, host immune response, vulnerability, varying symptoms and diagnosis, prevention and control. Further, we have discussed the various treatment options to cope with this viral outbreak. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Singh
- Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research-DRDO, Haldwani, Uttarakhand 263139 India
| | - Izharul Haq
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
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Kucukoglu K, Faydalı N, Bul D. What are the drugs having potential against COVID-19? Med Chem Res 2020; 29:1935-1955. [PMID: 32929317 PMCID: PMC7481551 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A disease emerged in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China in the last month of 2019. It was pneumonia caused by a newly emerged coronavirus called COVID-19, later. Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses belong to the Betacoronavirus family and infected birds, humans, and other mammals. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak could be characterized as a global pandemic because the disease spread, and a large number of people were infected and died in many countries on different continents by virtue of this new virus. Now, intensive work is underway about the pathogenic mechanisms and epidemiological properties of COVID-19, and a great effort is made to develop effective specific therapeutic drugs, vaccines, and/or treatment strategies against these diseases. Herein, we have focused on all treatment options available against COVID-19 pneumonia in this text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Kucukoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nagihan Faydalı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Dilek Bul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Kumari P, Rawat K, Saha L. Pipeline Pharmacological Therapies in Clinical Trial for COVID-19 Pandemic: a Recent Update. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 6:228-240. [PMID: 32837854 PMCID: PMC7367788 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-020-00226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), marked the third time in the twenty-first century when a new, highly pathogenic human coronavirus outbreak has led to an epidemic. The COVID-19 epidemic has emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan city of China and spread rapidly to other parts of the world. This quick spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection to many states across the globe affecting many people has led WHO to declare it a pandemic on March 12, 2020. As of July 4, 2020, more than 523,011 people lost their lives worldwide because of this deadly SARS-CoV-2. The current situation becomes more frightening as no FDA-approved drugs or vaccines are available to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The current therapeutic options for COVID-19 are limited only to supportive measures and non-specific interventions. So, the need of the hour is to search for SARS-CoV-2-specific antiviral treatments and to develop vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Also, it is equally important to maintain our immunity, and natural products and Ayurvedic medicines are indispensable in this regard. In this review, we discuss recent updates regarding various therapeutic approaches to combat COVID-19 pandemic and enlist the major pipeline drugs and traditional medicines that are under trial for COVID-19. Also, possible mechanisms involved in viral pathogenesis are discussed, which further allow us to understand various drug targets and helps in discovering novel therapeutic approaches for COVID-19. Altogether, the information provided in this review will work as an intellectual groundwork and provides an insight into the ongoing development of various therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), 4th Floor, Research Block B, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Kajal Rawat
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), 4th Floor, Research Block B, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Lekha Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), 4th Floor, Research Block B, Chandigarh, 160012 India
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Halstead SB. COVID-19: The Need for Immunoprevention at Industrial Scale. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:1151. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Halstead SB. An Urgent Need for "Common Cold Units" to Study COVID-19. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:1152-1153. [PMID: 32274988 PMCID: PMC7253108 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Halstead SB, Akkina R. COVID-19 and SARS Coronavirus 2: Antibodies for the Immediate Rescue and Recovery Phase. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1196. [PMID: 32574267 PMCID: PMC7272599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Li H, Liu SM, Yu XH, Tang SL, Tang CK. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105951. [PMID: 32234466 PMCID: PMC7139247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China, and has spread quickly to 72 countries to date. COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [previously provisionally known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)]. At present, the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 has caused a large number of deaths with tens of thousands of confirmed cases worldwide, posing a serious threat to public health. However, there are no clinically approved vaccines or specific therapeutic drugs available for COVID-19. Intensive research on the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 is urgently needed to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms and epidemiological characteristics and to identify potential drug targets, which will contribute to the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. Hence, this review will focus on recent progress regarding the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and the characteristics of COVID-19, such as the aetiology, pathogenesis and epidemiological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Shang-Ming Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Shi-Lin Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Scott DE. Assuring immune globulin potency in a world of changing pathogen challenges. Transfusion 2019; 58 Suppl 3:3121-3124. [PMID: 30536433 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E Scott
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Scott DE. Immune globulin potency: challenges and opportunities. Transfusion 2018; 58 Suppl 3:3051-3053. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E. Scott
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchFood and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland
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Pan X, Wu Y, Wang W, Zhang L, Xiao G. Novel neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against Junin virus. Antiviral Res 2018; 156:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
Two vaccine trials that were conducted 50 years apart are reviewed and compared: the 1954 field trial of the Salk inactivated polio vaccine and the RV144 HIV vaccine trial conducted in Thailand between 2003 and 2009. Despite the obvious differences in science and historical periods, several lessons were identified that could inform the future HIV vaccine effort. Those lessons are related to paradigm changes that occur when science progresses, the need to test scientific hypothesis in efficacy trials, the controversies surrounding those trials, the need for strong community and political support, the participation of government and nongovernment institutions, the balance between implementation of other preventive and therapeutic interventions, and the priority given by society to develop a vaccine. If we have the humility and courage to apply some of those lessons, we may be able accelerate the development of an urgently needed HIV vaccine.
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Kreil TR, Mc Vey JK, Lei LSP, Camacho L, Wodal W, Kerschbaum A, Segura E, Vandamme E, Gavit P, Ehrlich HJ, Barrett PN, Baker DA. Preparation of commercial quantities of a hyperimmune human intravenous immunoglobulin preparation against an emerging infectious disease: the example of pandemic H1N1 influenza. Transfusion 2011; 52:803-9. [PMID: 21981280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent H1N1 pandemic provided an opportunity to conceptually assess the possibility of rapidly providing a "hyperimmune" human immunoglobulin (H-IVIG) to an emerging infectious disease, in useful quantities with respect to public health. Commercial-scale H-IVIG production from plasma collected from donors convalescent from or vaccinated against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus is described. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A special protocol was implemented for the collection, processing, and shipment of plasma from previously qualified source plasma donors, self-identifying as convalescent from or vaccinated against H1N1 influenza. A licensed IVIG manufacturing process was utilized for the preparation of two commercial lots of approximately 50 kg 10% human IVIG preparation in total. The H1N1 hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization antibody titers of the resulting H-IVIG preparations were determined and compared with standard preparations. RESULTS Twenty-six plasma collection centers participated in the protocol. Donor enrollment exceeded 300 donors per week and within 30 days of protocol deployment plasma was being collected at a rate of more than 2000 L/week. Manufacture of both H-IVIG lots was unremarkable and both lots met the requirements for commercial release and the bulk of the product was distributed in normal commercial channels. Examination of plasma pools and final IVIG product confirmed pandemic H1N1 antibody titers substantially higher than those collected before the emergence of the pandemic H1N1 virus. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates the feasibility of producing a H-IVIG preparation at large scale relatively rapidly, with a significant enrichment in antibodies to the H1N1 influenza, achieved by donor self-identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Kreil
- Global Pathogen Safety, Quality Product Support, Viral Vaccines, Manufacturing, Research and Development, and R&D Vaccines, Baxter BioScience, Vienna, Austria.
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Chimpanzee-human monoclonal antibodies for treatment of chronic poliovirus excretors and emergency postexposure prophylaxis. J Virol 2011; 85:4354-62. [PMID: 21345966 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02553-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Six poliovirus-neutralizing Fabs were recovered from a combinatorial Fab phage display library constructed from bone marrow-derived lymphocytes of immunized chimpanzees. The chimeric chimpanzee-human full-length IgGs (hereinafter called monoclonal antibodies [MAbs]) were generated by combining a chimpanzee IgG light chain and a variable domain of heavy chain with a human constant Fc region. The six MAbs neutralized vaccine strains and virulent strains of poliovirus. Five MAbs were serotype specific, while one MAb cross-neutralized serotypes 1 and 2. Epitope mapping performed by selecting and sequencing antibody-resistant viral variants indicated that the cross-neutralizing MAb bound between antigenic sites 1 and 2, thereby covering the canyon region containing the receptor-binding site. Another serotype 1-specific MAb recognized a region located between antigenic sites 2 and 3 that included parts of capsid proteins VP1 and VP3. Both serotype 2-specific antibodies recognized antigenic site 1. No escape mutants to serotype 3-specific MAbs could be generated. The administration of a serotype 1-specific MAb to transgenic mice susceptible to poliovirus at a dose of 5 μg/mouse completely protected them from paralysis after challenge with a lethal dose of wild-type poliovirus. Moreover, MAb injection 6 or 12 h after virus infection provided significant protection. The MAbs described here could be tested in clinical trials to determine whether they might be useful for treatment of immunocompromised chronic virus excretors and for emergency protection of contacts of a paralytic poliomyelitis case.
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Enria DA, Briggiler AM, Sánchez Z. Treatment of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res 2007; 78:132-9. [PMID: 18054395 PMCID: PMC7144853 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) is a rodent-borne illness caused by the arenavirus Junin that is endemic to the humid pampas of Argentina. AHF has had significant morbidity since its emergence in the 1950s, with a case-fatality rate of the illness without treatment between 15% and 30%. The use of a live attenuated vaccine has markedly reduced the incidence of AHF. Present specific therapy involves the transfusion of immune plasma in defined doses of neutralizing antibodies during the prodromal phase of illness. However, alternative forms of treatment are called for due to current difficulties in early detection of AHF, related to its decrease in incidence, troubles in maintaining adequate stocks of immune plasma, and the absence of effective therapies for severely ill patients that progress to a neurologic–hemorrhagic phase. Ribavirin might be a substitute for immune plasma, provided that the supply is guaranteed. Immune immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibodies should also be considered. New therapeutic options such as those being developed for systemic inflammatory syndromes should also be valuated in severe forms of AHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia A Enria
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas, Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui, Monteagudo 2510, 2700 Pergamino, Argentina.
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