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Paul M, Kahan A, Coakley BA. Modeling the Relationship Between Firearm Restrictions, Medicaid Expansion, and Political Partisanship with Pediatric Firearm Mortality Costs. J Pediatr Surg 2024; 59:737-743. [PMID: 38176972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Firearms are now the leading cause of pediatric mortality in the U.S., but few studies have investigated the economic impact of these deaths. Thus, this study determined whether multiple different gun-related measures, political partisanship and Medicaid expansion were related to the costs of pediatric gun deaths. METHODS Each states' medical costs, years of potential life lost (YPLL), and value of statistical life (VSL) lost due to pediatric gun deaths were extracted from the WISQARS database from 2015 to 2020. Seven firearm laws or restrictiveness measures (assault weapons bans, child access prevention laws, firearm registration and permit to purchase requirements, safe storage laws, Giffords Law Center ranking, and the number of firearm provisions), the Cook Partisan Voting Index (PVI), and Medicaid expansion status were determined across states. Unadjusted analyses compared each measure and (1) medical costs, (2) VSL, and (3) YPLL for each state. These were repeated using adjusted analyses, controlling for poverty, educational attainment, poor mental health, and race. RESULTS Of the 9 variables assessed, unadjusted analyses revealed that 8 variables were significantly associated with increased medical costs, all 9 were associated with higher VSL and 8 were associated with higher YPLL due to pediatric firearm-related mortality. Multivariable analyses revealed that 7 variables were associated with medical costs, 7 were associated with VSL and 6 were associated with YPLL. CONCLUSION States with fewer gun laws and those which have not adopted Medicaid expansion were more likely to experience a higher economic burden due to pediatric gun deaths. Quantifying the costs of these deaths can demonstrate the social toll of gun violence to policymakers and the general public. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Paul
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Anastasia Kahan
- Department of Surgery, The Mount Sinai Health System, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Brian A Coakley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, The Mount Sinai Health System, 5 East 98th Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Brough SC, Tennakoon L, Spitzer SA, Thomas A, Forrester JD, Spain DA, Weiser TG. Impact of Medicaid Expansion and Firearm Legislation on Cost of Firearm Injuries. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:37-45. [PMID: 37582417 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Firearm injury-related hospitalizations in the U.S. cost $900 million annually. Before the Affordable Care Act, government insurance programs covered 41% of the costs. This study describes the impact of Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion and state-level firearm legislation on coverage and costs for firearm injuries. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 35,854,586 hospitalizations from 27 states in 2013 and 2016. Data analyses were performed in 2022. Firearm injuries were classified by mechanism: assault, unintentional, self-harm, or undetermined. The impact of the Affordable Care Act expansion was determined using difference-in-differences analysis. Differences in per capita costs between states with stronger and weak firearm legislation were compared using univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS The authors identified 31,451 initial firearm injury-related hospitalizations. In states with weak firearm legislation, hospitalization costs per 100,000 residents were higher from unintentional ($25,834; p=0.04) and self-inflicted ($11,550; p=0.02) injuries; there were no state-level differences in assault or total per capita firearm-related hospitalization costs. Affordable Care Act expansion increased government coverage of costs by 15 percentage points (95% CI=3, 29) and decreased costs to uninsured/self-pay by 14 percentage points (95% CI=6, 21). In 2016, states with weak firearm legislation and no Affordable Care Act expansion had the highest proportion of hospitalization costs attributed to uninsured/self-pay patients (24%, 95% CI=15, 34). CONCLUSIONS Affordable Care Act expansion increased government coverage of hospitalizations for firearm injuries. Unintentional and self-harm costs were significantly higher for states with weak firearm legislation. States with weak firearm legislation that did not expand Medicaid had the highest proportion of uninsured/self-pay patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi C Brough
- Department of General Surgery, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Fairfax, Virginia; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| | | | - Sarabeth A Spitzer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arielle Thomas
- American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - David A Spain
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Thomas G Weiser
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Bleyer A, Siegel SE, Thomas CR. Retrospective evidence for pediatric benefit of U.S. assault weapons ban as rationale for implementing an even more effective ban. J Natl Med Assoc 2023; 115:528-538. [PMID: 37880064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With data available since 1981, firearm death rates in American children and adolescents can be evaluated for trends during the 13 years before, the decade of, and during 16 years since the United States (U.S.) 1994-2004 Federal Assault Weapons Ban (FAWB). METHODS National and regional firearm mortality trends in the U.S. during 1981-2020 were assessed with joinpoint regression applied to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data. RESULTS After increasing exponentially before the FAWB, the national firearm death rate in 0-14 year-olds promptly reversed course and declined throughout the FAWB and then reversed again after the FAWB and resumed an exponential increase (all phases p<0.001). The reduction in firearm death rate occurred within 1-3 years of the start of the FAWB, in both sexes, in all four census regions of the U.S., and in all four major race/ethnicity subgroups, especially non-Hispanic blacks. No other form of violence in 0-14 year-olds had this temporal relationship with the FAWB. The firearm mortality reduction during the FAWB is strongly-highly correlated with the concomitant reduction in handgun manufacturing in 91 % of 24 sex, race/ethnicity and region subsets analyzed, These FAWB-related trends were also apparent in older adolescents and young adults and less so in older persons. CONCLUSIONS Firearm death rates in 0-14 year-olds before, during, and after the FAWB, and no other type of injury, implicate the FAWB as having had a beneficial effect. Legislation to mitigate firearm mortality and injury inclusive of a FAWB should be especially beneficial to children and young adolescents, and regardless of sex, race/ethnicity or region in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archie Bleyer
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | - Charles R Thomas
- Radiation Oncology, Geisel School of Medicine @ Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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Silver JH, Ramos TA, Stamm MA, Gladden PB, Martin MP, Mulcahey MK. Examining the Healthcare and Economic Burden of Gun Violence in a Major US Metropolitan City. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev 2023; 7:01979360-202308000-00005. [PMID: 37561926 PMCID: PMC10412425 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-22-00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The highest rates of fatal and nonfatal injury due to firearms occur in the Southern United States. This study examined the epidemiology of gunshot wound (GSW) injuries and the association of injury severity with mortality. METHODS This is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 2016 to 2019 data from a mandatory reporting system for all licensed hospitals in Louisiana. Patients aged 18 years and older at the time of hospitalization for GSW were included. Injury severity was measured by the New Injury Severity Score (NISS). Primary outcomes assessed included mortality, length of stay, and total hospital charges. RESULTS There were 1,709 firearm injuries identified. The patient sample was 83.2% Black and 87.4% male, with a mean age of 34 years. Orthopaedics was the most frequently consulted surgical service. Total hospital visit charges for all GSW-associated care were $262.4 million. The multivariable adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for mortality associated with a high NISS was 16.32 (8.96, 29.72). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the utility of NISS as a predictor of total hospital charges and length of stay, in addition to its well-established role as a predictor of mortality. Epidemiologic trends in GSW pathologies and associated procedures at a major urban trauma center were also reported. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, prognostic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Silver
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (Dr. Silver and Dr. Ramos); the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (Ms. Stamm, Dr. Gladden, Dr. Martin, Dr. Mulcahey)
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Gobaud AN, Mehranbod CA, Reeping PM, Bushover BR, Morrison CN. Firearm assaults against US law enforcement officers in the line-of-duty: Associations with firearm ownership and state firearm laws. Prev Med Rep 2022; 30:102002. [PMID: 36189125 PMCID: PMC9519372 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Law enforcement officers are disproportionately affected by occupational injury. Firearm violence is the second leading cause of occupational mortality for this group behind motor vehicle crashes. In the general population, greater firearm ownership and weaker firearm laws are associated with increased firearm violence incidence. It is plausible that a high prevalence of firearms could also be associated with a greater incidence of LEO assault with a firearm. Using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s, Uniform Crime Reporting, Police Employee Data for 2006–2016, we conducted a panel analysis to estimate the association between state-level estimates of household firearm ownership and LEO assault with a firearm. We additionally examined if effect modification by universal background check law status was present. Higher state-level firearm ownership was associated with an increased odds of LEO assault with a firearm in multi-level models. This association was modified by universal background check law status. In states without a universal background check law, for every 1% increase in state-level firearm ownership per agency-year, there was a 12.4% increase in the odds of an LEO assault with a firearm when adjusting for confounders (OR:1.124; 95% CI:1.018,1.240). In states with a universal background check law, there was no association. Findings, though small in magnitude, suggest aggregate firearm ownership may contribute to LEO assault with a firearm in states without a universal background check law. Future research to prevent LEO assault with a firearm should combine measures to address high rates of firearm ownership with other evidence-based prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana N Gobaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, NY, NY, United States
| | - Christina A Mehranbod
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, NY, NY, United States
| | - Paul M Reeping
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, NY, NY, United States
| | - Brady R Bushover
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, NY, NY, United States
| | - Christopher N Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, NY, NY, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
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Carpenito T, Miller M, Manjourides J, Azrael D. Reprint of "Using multiple imputation by super learning to assign intent to nonfatal firearm injuries". Prev Med 2022; 165:107324. [PMID: 36396482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The number of nonfatal firearm injuries in the US by intent (e.g., due to assault) is not reliably known: First, although the largest surveillance system for hospital-treated events, the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (HCUP-NEDS), provides accurate data for the number of nonfatal firearm injuries, injury intent is not coded reliably. Second, the system that reliably codes intent, the CDC's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System - Firearm Injury Surveillance Study (NEISS-FISS), while large enough to produce stable estimates of the distribution of intent, is too small to produce stable estimates of the number of these events. Third, a large proportion of cases in NEISS-FISS, notably in early years of the system, are coded as of "undetermined intent." Trends in the proportion of nonfatal firearm injuries by intent in NEISS-FISS thus depend on whether these cases are treated as a distinct category, or, instead, can be re-classified through imputation. We contrast the distributions of nonfatal firearm injury by intent generated using multiple imputation with those generated using complete-case analyses and analyses that consider "undetermined intent" as a distinct category. We produce estimates of the annual number of firearm injuries by intent in a two-step process. First, we impute intent for cases coded as "undetermined" using Multiple Imputation by Super Learning (MISL). Second, we apply MISL-derived distributions to aggregate count data from HCUP-NEDS. The proportion of non-fatal firearm assaults appears to increase over time when injuries coded as undetermined are included as a category. By contrast, the proportion of assaults remains relatively constant over time in complete-case and multiply imputed analyses. Differences between complete-case and multiple imputation approaches become apparent in subgroup analyses. Trends in the number of nonfatal firearm injuries by intent, 2006-2016, derived in our two-step process, are relatively flat. Multiple imputation strategies recovered intent distribution trends that differed from trends derived using methods that are not designed to account for the multiple complex relationships of missingness present in NEISS - FISS data. When applied to NEISS - FISS, MISL imputation produces plausible distributional estimates of firearm injury by intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Carpenito
- Northeastern University, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Matthew Miller
- Northeastern University, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Justin Manjourides
- Northeastern University, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Deborah Azrael
- Harvard Injury Control Research Center, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Carpenito T, Miller M, Manjourides J, Azrael D. Using multiple imputation by super learning to assign intent to nonfatal firearm injuries. Prev Med 2022; 163:107183. [PMID: 35964778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The number of nonfatal firearm injuries in the US by intent (e.g., due to assault) is not reliably known: First, although the largest surveillance system for hospital-treated events, the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (HCUP-NEDS), provides accurate data for the number of nonfatal firearm injuries, injury intent is not coded reliably. Second, the system that reliably codes intent, the CDC's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System - Firearm Injury Surveillance Study (NEISS-FISS), while large enough to produce stable estimates of the distribution of intent, is too small to produce stable estimates of the number of these events. Third, a large proportion of cases in NEISS-FISS, notably in early years of the system, are coded as of "undetermined intent." Trends in the proportion of nonfatal firearm injuries by intent in NEISS-FISS thus depend on whether these cases are treated as a distinct category, or, instead, can be re-classified through imputation. We contrast the distributions of nonfatal firearm injury by intent generated using multiple imputation with those generated using complete-case analyses and analyses that consider "undetermined intent" as a distinct category. We produce estimates of the annual number of firearm injuries by intent in a two-step process. First, we impute intent for cases coded as "undetermined" using Multiple Imputation by Super Learning (MISL). Second, we apply MISL-derived distributions to aggregate count data from HCUP-NEDS. The proportion of non-fatal firearm assaults appears to increase over time when injuries coded as undetermined are included as a category. By contrast, the proportion of assaults remains relatively constant over time in complete-case and multiply imputed analyses. Differences between complete-case and multiple imputation approaches become apparent in subgroup analyses. Trends in the number of nonfatal firearm injuries by intent, 2006-2016, derived in our two-step process, are relatively flat. Multiple imputation strategies recovered intent distribution trends that differed from trends derived using methods that are not designed to account for the multiple complex relationships of missingness present in NEISS - FISS data. When applied to NEISS - FISS, MISL imputation produces plausible distributional estimates of firearm injury by intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Carpenito
- Northeastern University, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Matthew Miller
- Northeastern University, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Justin Manjourides
- Northeastern University, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Deborah Azrael
- Harvard Injury Control Research Center, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Chien LC, Holloway A, Gakh M, Coughenour C. A novel gun law strength index and influential state gun laws for firearm homicide in the United States, 1999–2018. Public Health 2022; 210:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Das A, Singh P, Bruckner T. Permissiveness of firearm laws, pro-gun culture, and suicides by firearm in the U.S., 2000–2016. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2021; 2:100218. [PMID: 36101604 PMCID: PMC9461642 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Stricter firearm policies correlate with lower suicides by firearm in the US. However, much work examines policies in isolation and does not investigate firearm policies as they relate to US pro-gun culture. We examine the relation between permissiveness of state firearm laws, gun culture, and suicides by firearm. Study design Panel longitudinal study. Methods The count of suicides by firearm for 50 US states from 2000 to 2016 served as the outcome. Permissiveness of multiple state firearm laws, based on ratings from the Traveler's Guide to the Firearm Laws of the Fifty States, served as the exposure. These ratings, measured at the state-year, capture not only the overall policy environment but also the extent to which the state exhibits a pro-gun culture. We applied a fixed effects negative binomial count model, which controls for the population-at-risk, to examine suicides overall and by race/ethnicity and gender. Results A 10-unit increase in permissiveness of state firearm laws corresponds with 2% greater suicides by firearm overall (Incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01–1.03) and among non-Hispanic white males ([IRR] = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.02). Conclusions Findings, if replicated, indicate that states enacting more restrictive firearm policies, and lessening a pro-gun culture, may lead to reductions in suicide by firearm. Firearms persist as the most common method of suicide in the US. Firearm policies and the broader pro-gun culture may correspond with suicides. Permissiveness of state firearm laws precede increases in suicides by firearm. A restrictive suite of firearm policies may reduce suicides by firearm.
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Patel SJ, Badolato GM, Parikh K, Iqbal SF, Goyal MK. Regional Differences in Pediatric Firearm-Related Emergency Department Visits and the Association With Firearm Legislation. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37:e692-e695. [PMID: 30807509 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe regional and temporal trends in pediatric firearm-related emergency department (ED) visits and investigate association with regional firearm legislation. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample from 2009 to 2013 for children aged 21 years or younger. We calculated national estimates of firearm-related visits using annual census data and measured trends. We used state-level gun law scores to derive regional scores to measure strictness of firearm legislation. We used multivariable logistic and linear regression to measure regional differences in visits and their association with regional gun law scores, respectively. RESULTS There were 111,839 (95% confidence interval, 101,248-122,431) ED visits for pediatric firearm-related injuries. Rates of visits varied by region, with the lowest rate in the Northeast and highest rate in the South (40.0 [34-45]; 70.8 [63.7-76.9] per 100,000 ED visits, respectively). Compared with the Northeast, odds of firearm-related ED visits were higher in the Midwest (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.8; 1.4-2.3), West (aOR, 2.5; 2.0-3.2), and South (aOR, 1.9; 1.5-2.4). Firearm-related visits remained consistent over time. A higher (stricter) regional median Brady gun law score was associated with a lower rate of firearm-related visits (β = -0.8; R2 = 0.9; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Rates of pediatric firearm-related ED visits vary by region. Stricter regional gun laws were associated with lower rates of ED visits for pediatric firearm-related injuries. Further study of the social and cultural regional differences in gun ownership and the role of legislation in the prevention of pediatric firearm-related morbidity and mortality is warranted.
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Hsu YT, Chen YW, Chang DC, Perez NP, Westfal ML, Hung YC, Kelleher CM, Masiakos PT, Sacks CA. Annual Incidence of Hospitalization for Nonfatal Firearm-Related Injuries in New York From 2005 to 2016. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2115713. [PMID: 34319357 PMCID: PMC8319760 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In the US, approximately 40 000 people die due to firearm-related injuries annually. However, nonfatal firearm-related injuries are less precisely tracked. OBJECTIVES To assess the annual incidence of hospitalization for nonfatal firearm-related injuries in New York and to compare the annual incidence by sex, race/ethnicity, county of residence, and calendar years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cross-sectional study used data from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System for patients aged 15 years or older who presented to an emergency department in New York with nonfatal firearm-related injuries from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2016. Data were analyzed from January 15, 2019, to April 21, 2021. EXPOSURE A nonfatal firearm-related injury, defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification and International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The annual incidence of nonfatal firearm-related injuries was calculated by determining the number of patients with a nonfatal firearm-related injury each year divided by the total population of New York. RESULTS The study included 31 060 unique patients with 35 059 hospital encounters for nonfatal firearm-related injuries. The mean (SD) age at admission was 28.5 (11.9) years; most patients were male (90.6%) and non-Hispanic Black individuals (62.0%). The overall annual incidence was 18.4 per 100 000 population. Although decreasing trends of annual incidence were observed across the state during the study period, this trend was not present in all 62 counties, with 32 counties (51.6%) having an increase in the incidence of injuries between 2005 and 2010 and 29 (46.8%) having an increase in the incidence of injuries between 2010 and 2015. In 19 of the 30 counties (63.3%) that had a decrease in incidence in earlier years, the incidence increased in later years. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The annual incidence of hospitalization for nonfatal firearm-related injuries in New York during the study period was 18.4 per 100 000 population. Reliable tracking of nonfatal firearm-related injury data may be useful for policy makers, hospital systems, community organizers, and public health officials as they consider resource allocation for trauma systems and injury prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tien Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - David C. Chang
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Numa P. Perez
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Maggie L. Westfal
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Ya-Ching Hung
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Cassandra M. Kelleher
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Peter T. Masiakos
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Chana A. Sacks
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Sivaraman JJ, Marshall SW, Ranapurwala SI. State firearm laws, race and law enforcement-related deaths in 16 US states: 2010-2016. Inj Prev 2020; 26:569-572. [PMID: 32938691 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2020-043681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the association between state firearm legislation and law enforcement-related deaths (LEDs) and its modification by race. We used secondary data from an ecological cohort of 16 states (2010 to 2016), using the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), the State Firearm Law Database and additional public sources. Poisson regression with generalised estimating equations and inverse probability of exposure weights to account for time-varying confounding were used to quantify the association. LEDs were also disaggregated by race (Black vs non-Black). A total of 1593 LEDs took place during the 6-year study period. After adjusting for confounders, the IRR among non-Blacks was 0.48 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.89) and 1.53 (95% CI 0.93 to 2.54) among Blacks. Our findings highlight the fact that increased firearm provisions may decrease rates of LED among non-Black American individuals-an association not observed among Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie J Sivaraman
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shabbar I Ranapurwala
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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The Association of State Firearm Legislation With the Burden of Firearm-Related Surgery. J Surg Res 2020; 255:612-618. [PMID: 32653693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND United States state-level firearm legislation is linked to rates of firearm-related suicides, pediatric injuries, nonfatal injuries, hospital discharges, and mortality. Our objective was to evaluate the burden of firearm-related injuries requiring surgery for states with strict as opposed to nonstrict firearm legislation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 2014 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Database was utilized to extract data for all available 28 states and the District of Columbia. States were dichotomized into strict and nonstrict legislative categories using the 2014 Brady and Gifford's scores (15 strict, 14 nonstrict). Patients with a firearm injury requiring surgery were identified and the incidence of surgery aggregated to the county level. Negative binomial regression with an offset for county-level residential population was used to estimate the incident rate ratio for surgical volume comparing counties in strict and nonstrict states. Models were stratified by injury intent and adjusted for county population characteristics. RESULTS A total of 11,939 patients were hospitalized with firearm-related injuries, with 65% (n = 7759) undergoing an operative procedure. The adjusted incidence rate of firearm-related surgery per 100,000 people was 1.29 (95% confidence interval; 1.13-1.46, P < 0.001) times higher and the adjusted cost of hospitalization per 100,000 people was $6028.69 ($3744.61-$8312.78, P = 0.001) greater for counties in nonstrict states than those for counties in strict states. The burden of health care for these injuries is invariably shifted to state- and county-level finances. CONCLUSIONS The rate of firearm-related surgical intervention was higher for states with nonstrict firearm legislation than that for states with strict legislation. States should reevaluate their firearm legislation to potentially reduce the burden of firearm-related surgery and health care costs.
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Firearm injury research and epidemiology: A review of the data, their limitations, and how trauma centers can improve firearm injury research. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 87:678-689. [PMID: 31033891 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Dollar NT, Gutin I, Lawrence EM, Braudt DB, Fishman SH, Rogers RG, Hummer RA. The persistent southern disadvantage in US early life mortality, 1965-2014. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2020; 42:343-382. [PMID: 32317859 PMCID: PMC7173329 DOI: 10.4054/demres.2020.42.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies of US adult mortality demonstrate a growing disadvantage among southern states. Few studies have examined long-term trends and geographic patterns in US early life (ages 1 to 24) mortality, ages at which key risk factors and causes of death are quite different than among adults. OBJECTIVE This article examines trends and variations in early life mortality rates across US states and census divisions. We assess whether those variations have changed over a 50-year time period and which causes of death contribute to contemporary geographic disparities. METHODS We calculate all-cause and cause-specific death rates using death certificate data from the Multiple Cause of Death files, combining public-use files from 1965-2004 and restricted data with state geographic identifiers from 2005-2014. State population (denominator) data come from US decennial censuses or intercensal estimates. RESULTS Results demonstrate a persistent mortality disadvantage for young people (ages 1 to 24) living in southern states over the last 50 years, particularly those located in the East South Central and West South Central divisions. Motor vehicle accidents and homicide by firearm account for most of the contemporary southern disadvantage in US early life mortality. CONTRIBUTION Our results illustrate that US children and youth living in the southern United States have long suffered from higher levels of mortality than children and youth living in other parts of the country. Our findings also suggest the contemporary southern disadvantage in US early life mortality could potentially be reduced with state-level policies designed to prevent deaths involving motor vehicles and firearms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iliya Gutin
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Matsa E, Shi J, Wheeler KK, McCarthy T, McGregor ML, Leonard JC. Trends in US Emergency Department Visits for Pediatric Acute Ocular Injury. JAMA Ophthalmol 2019; 136:895-903. [PMID: 29879287 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance There is a lack of literature describing the incidence of pediatric acute ocular injury and associated likelihood of vision loss in the United States. Understanding national pediatric eye injury trends may inform future efforts to prevent ocular trauma. Objective To characterize pediatric acute ocular injury in the United States using data from a stratified, national sample of emergency department (ED) visits. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Study participants received care at EDs included in the 2006 to 2014 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, comprising 376 040 children aged 0 to 17 years with acute traumatic ocular injuries. Data were analyzed from June 2016 to March 2018. Exposures International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes and external-cause-of-injury codes identified children with acute ocular injuries. Main Outcomes and Measures Demographic and clinical characteristics of children with acute traumatic ocular injuries were collected and temporal trends in the incidence of ocular injuries by age, risk of vision loss, and mechanism of injury were explored. Results In 2014, there were an estimated 163 431 (95% CI, 151 235-175 627) ED visits for pediatric acute ocular injury. Injured children were more often male (63.0%; 95% CI, 62.5-63.5) and in the youngest age category (birth to 4 years, 35.3%; 95% CI, 34.4-36.2; vs 10-14 years, 20.6%; 95% CI, 20.1-21.1). Injuries commonly resulted from a strike to the eye (22.5%; 95% CI, 21.3-23.8) and affected the adnexa (43.7%; 95% CI, 42.7-44.8). Most injuries had a low risk for vision loss (84.2%; 95% CI, 83.5-85.0), with only 1.3% (95% CI, 1.1-1.5) of injuries being high risk. Between 2006 and 2014, pediatric acute ocular injuries decreased by 26.1% (95% CI, -27.0 to -25.0). This decline existed across all patient demographic characteristics, injury patterns, and vision loss categories and for most mechanisms of injury. There were increases during the study in injuries related to sports (12.8%; 95% CI, 5.4-20.2) and household/domestic activities (20.7%; 95% CI, 16.2-25.2). The greatest decrease in high-risk injuries occurred with motor vehicle crashes (-79.8%; 95% CI, -85.8 to -74.9) and guns (-68.5%; 95% CI, -73.5 to -63.6). Conclusions and Relevance This study demonstrated a decline in pediatric acute ocular injuries in the United States between 2006 and 2014. However, pediatric acute ocular injuries continue to be prevalent, and understanding these trends can help establish future prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junxin Shi
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Krista K Wheeler
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tara McCarthy
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mary Lou McGregor
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Department of Ophthalmology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Julie C Leonard
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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Zeoli AM, Goldstick J, Mauri A, Wallin M, Goyal M, Cunningham R. The association of firearm laws with firearm outcomes among children and adolescents: a scoping review. J Behav Med 2019; 42:741-762. [PMID: 31367938 PMCID: PMC7780485 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-019-00063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a scoping review to determine the current state of knowledge and areas for advancements in research on the association of firearm laws with child and adolescent firearm-related outcomes. We queried Scopus, EMBASE, Pubmed, and CJ Abstracts for English language original empirical research articles on policies affecting child and adolescent firearm-related outcomes published between January 1, 1985 and July 1, 2018. Data were abstracted, and methodologic quality assessed. Twenty articles met inclusion criteria. Among the policies studied were child access prevention laws (12 studies) and minimum age restrictions for firearm purchase and possession (4 studies). Outside of child access prevention laws, which are associated with reductions in child and adolescent unintentional and firearm suicide deaths, there is, at best, equivocal evidence of policy effects. This area is understudied, particularly in regard to nonfatal firearm injuries, for which the lack of a national surveillance system hampers research efforts. Further rigorous firearm policy evaluations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Zeoli
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, 655 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Jason Goldstick
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Amanda Mauri
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mikaela Wallin
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, 655 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Monika Goyal
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca Cunningham
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Cunningham RM, Carter PM, Ranney ML, Walton M, Zeoli AM, Alpern ER, Branas C, Beidas RS, Ehrlich PF, Goyal MK, Goldstick JE, Hemenway D, Hargarten SW, King CA, Massey L, Ngo Q, Pizarro J, Prosser L, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Rivara F, Rupp LA, Sigel E, Savolainen J, Zimmerman MA. Prevention of Firearm Injuries Among Children and Adolescents: Consensus-Driven Research Agenda from the Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens (FACTS) Consortium. JAMA Pediatr 2019; 173:780-789. [PMID: 31180470 PMCID: PMC6901804 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Firearm injuries are the second leading cause of death among US children and adolescents. Because of the lack of resources allocated to firearm injury prevention during the past 25 years, research has lagged behind other areas of injury prevention. Identifying timely and important research questions regarding firearm injury prevention is a critical step for reducing pediatric mortality. OBJECTIVE The Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens (FACTS) Consortium, a National Institute for Child Health and Human Development-funded group of scientists and stakeholders, was formed in 2017 to develop research resources for the field, including a pediatric-specific research agenda for firearm injury prevention to assist future researchers and funders, as well as to inform cross-disciplinary evidence-based research on this critical injury prevention topic. EVIDENCE REVIEW A nominal group technique process was used, including 4 key steps (idea generation, round-robin, clarification, and voting and consensus). During idea generation, stakeholders and workgroups generated initial research agenda topics after conducting scoping reviews of the literature to identify existing gaps in knowledge. Agenda topics were refined through 6 rounds of discussion and survey feedback (ie, round-robin, and clarification steps). Final voting (using a 5-point Likert scale) was conducted to achieve consensus (≥70% of consortium ranking items at 4 or 5 priority for inclusion) around key research priorities for the next 5 years of research in this field. Final agenda questions were reviewed by both the stakeholder group and an external panel of research experts not affiliated with the FACTS Consortium. Feedback was integrated and the final set of agenda items was ratified by the entire FACTS Consortium. FINDINGS Overall, 26 priority agenda items with examples of specific research questions were identified across 5 major thematic areas, including epidemiology and risk and protective factors, primary prevention, secondary prevention and sequelae, cross-cutting prevention factors, policy, and data enhancement. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These priority agenda items, when taken together, define a comprehensive pediatric-specific firearm injury prevention research agenda that will guide research resource allocation within this field during the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Cunningham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Patrick M. Carter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Megan L. Ranney
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Maureen Walton
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - April M. Zeoli
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing
| | - Elizabeth R. Alpern
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charles Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Rinad S. Beidas
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Peter F. Ehrlich
- Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Monika K. Goyal
- Children’s National Medical Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Jason E. Goldstick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - David Hemenway
- Department of Health Policy and Management, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen W. Hargarten
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Comprehensive Injury Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Cheryl A. King
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Lynn Massey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Quyen Ngo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Jesenia Pizarro
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix
| | - Lisa Prosser
- Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle,Departments of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle,Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Fredrick Rivara
- Departments of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle,Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Laney A. Rupp
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Eric Sigel
- Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Jukka Savolainen
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma firearm injury prevention statement. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2019; 4:e000294. [PMID: 30899800 PMCID: PMC6407542 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2018-000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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20
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Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Firearm Injury Prevention Statement. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2019; 86:168-170. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Sivaraman JJ, Ranapurwala SI, Moracco KE, Marshall SW. Association of State Firearm Legislation With Female Intimate Partner Homicide. Am J Prev Med 2019; 56:125-133. [PMID: 30573141 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess the association between state firearm legislation and female intimate partner homicide. METHODS In 2017, the authors conducted a secondary data analysis of 16 states from 2010 to 2014, using data from the National Violent Death Reporting System, the State Firearm Law Database, and additional public sources. Poisson regression analyses quantified the association between the number of state restrictive firearm legislative provisions and the female population-based intimate partner homicide rate. For etiologic reasons, intimate partner homicide was disaggregated into homicide-suicide (intimate partner homicide followed by perpetrator suicide) and homicide-only intimate partner homicide (intimate partner homicide in the absence of perpetrator suicide). RESULTS There were 1,693 female intimate partner homicide deaths in the 16 states during 2010-2014; 67% were homicide-only intimate partner homicide. The number of state-level legislative provisions related to firearm restrictions ranged from four (Alaska) to 95 (Massachusetts). The intimate partner homicide rate in states with zero to 39 provisions was 1.16 per 100,000 person years (95% CI=1.10, 1.22) and in states with >40 provisions was 0.68 per 100,000 person years (95% CI=0.61, 0.72). The incidence of female intimate partner homicide was 56% lower in states with ≥40 legislative provisions (adjusted incidence rate ratio=0.44, 95% CI=0.28, 0.68), relative to states with zero to 39 provisions. This protective association was stronger for homicide-only intimate partner homicide than homicide-suicide intimate partner homicide. CONCLUSIONS More state-level restrictive firearm legislation is associated with a lower rate of female intimate partner homicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie J Sivaraman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Shabbar I Ranapurwala
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathryn E Moracco
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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22
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Resnick S, Smith RN, Beard JH, Holena D, Reilly PM, Schwab CW, Seamon MJ. Firearm Deaths in America: Can We Learn From 462,000 Lives Lost? Ann Surg 2017; 266:432-440. [PMID: 28657951 PMCID: PMC5849457 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether state firearm legislation correlated with firearm-related fatality rates (FFR) during a 15-year period. BACKGROUND The politicized and controversial topic of firearm legislation has been grossly understudied when the relative impact of American firearm violence is considered. Scientific evidence regarding gun legislation effectiveness remains scant. METHODS Demographic and intent data (1999-2013) were collected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System database and compared by state firearm legislation rankings with respect to FFR. State scorecards were obtained from firearm-restrictive (Brady Campaign/Law Center against Gun Violence [BC/LC]) and less-restrictive (National Rifle Association) groups. FFR were compared between restrictive and least-restrictive states during 3 periods (1999-2003, 2004-2008, 2009-2013). RESULTS During 1999 to 2013, 462,043 Americans were killed by firearms. Overall FFR did not change during the 3 periods (10.89 ± 3.99/100,000; 10.71 ± 3.93/100,000; 11.14 ± 3.91/100,000; P = 0.87). Within each period, least-restrictive states had greater unintentional, pediatric, and adult suicide, White and overall FFR than restrictive states (all P < 0.05). Conversely, no correlation was seen, during any of the 3 time periods, with either homicide or Black FFR-population subsets accounting for 41.7% of firearm deaths. CONCLUSIONS Restrictive firearm legislation is associated with decreased pediatric, unintentional, suicide, and overall FFR, but homicide and Black FFR appear unaffected. Future funding and research should be directed at both identifying the most effective aspects of firearm legislation and creating legislation that equally protects every segment of the American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Resnick
- Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Parikh K, Silver A, Patel SJ, Iqbal SF, Goyal M. Pediatric Firearm-Related Injuries in the United States. Hosp Pediatr 2017; 7:303-312. [PMID: 28536190 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2016-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric firearm-related deaths and injuries are a national public health crisis. In this Special Review Article, we characterize the epidemiology of firearm-related injuries in the United States and discuss public health programs, the role of pediatricians, and legislative efforts to address this health crisis. Firearm-related injuries are leading causes of unintentional injury deaths in children and adolescents. Children are more likely to be victims of unintentional injuries, the majority of which occur in the home, and adolescents are more likely to suffer from intentional injuries due to either assault or suicide attempts. Guns are present in 18% to 64% of US households, with significant variability by geographic region. Almost 40% of parents erroneously believe their children are unaware of the storage location of household guns, and 22% of parents wrongly believe that their children have never handled household guns. Public health interventions to increase firearm safety have demonstrated varying results, but the most effective programs have provided free gun safety devices to families. Pediatricians should continue working to reduce gun violence by asking patients and their families about firearm access, encouraging safe storage, and supporting firearm-related injury prevention research. Pediatricians should also play a role in educating trainees about gun violence. From a legislative perspective, universal background checks have been shown to decrease firearm homicides across all ages, and child safety laws have been shown to decrease unintentional firearm deaths and suicide deaths in youth. A collective, data-driven public health approach is crucial to halt the epidemic of pediatric firearm-related injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Parikh
- Hospitalist Division, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC;
| | - Alyssa Silver
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York; and
| | - Shilpa J Patel
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Sabah F Iqbal
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Monika Goyal
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Sandberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and
| | - Nancy E Wang
- Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Levy BL, Levy DL. When love meets hate: The relationship between state policies on gay and lesbian rights and hate crime incidence. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2017; 61:142-159. [PMID: 27886725 PMCID: PMC5124441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Do public policies on gay and lesbian rights affect the incidence of hate crimes based on sexual orientation? We propose that legal inequalities increase hate crimes because they provide discursive opportunities for bias, discrimination, and violence. Legal equality, however, will reduce violence. Using annual panel data from 2000 to 2012, a period of substantial policy change, we analyze how three state policies affect reported hate crimes: same-sex partnerships, employment non-discrimination, and hate crime laws. Hate crime and employment non-discrimination laws that include sexual orientation reduce hate crime incidence. Partnership recognition increases reported hate crimes, though it may not increase actual crime incidence. Because incidence is spatially correlated, policy changes in one state yield spillover benefits in other states. These results provide some of the first quantitative evidence that public policies affect hate crimes based on sexual orientation. Findings confirm the roles of institutional heterosexism and discursive opportunities in producing hate crimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Levy
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 155 Hamilton Hall, CB #3210, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 206 West Franklin St. Room 208, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
| | - Denise L Levy
- Department of Social Work, Appalachian State University, ASU Box 32155, 331 Edwin Duncan Hall, Boone, NC 28608, USA
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Magruder KM, Kassam-Adams N, Thoresen S, Olff M. Prevention and public health approaches to trauma and traumatic stress: a rationale and a call to action. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2016; 7:29715. [PMID: 26996536 PMCID: PMC4800286 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.29715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The field of trauma and traumatic stress is dominated by studies on treatments for those who experience adversity from traumatic experiences. While this is important, we should not neglect the opportunity to consider trauma in a public health perspective. Such a perspective will help to develop prevention approaches as well as extend the reach of early interventions and treatments. The purpose of this paper is to provide an introduction to a public health approach to trauma and traumatic stress and identify key opportunities for trauma professionals and our professional societies (such as the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies [ISTSS] and the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies [ESTSS]) to increase our societal impact by adopting such an approach. METHOD This paper reviews and summarizes key findings related to the public health impact of trauma. The special case of children is explored, and a case example of the Norwegian terrorist attacks in 2011 illustrates the potential for improving our response to community level traumatic events. We also discuss how professional organizations such as ESTSS and ISTSS, as well as individual trauma professionals, can and should play an important role in promoting a public health approach. RESULTS Trauma is pervasive throughout the world and has negative impacts at the personal, family, community, and societal levels. A public health perspective may help to develop prevention approaches at all of these levels, as well as extend the reach of early interventions and treatments. CONCLUSIONS Professional organizations such as ESTSS and ISTSS can and should play an important role in promoting a public health approach. They should promote the inclusion of trauma in the global public health agenda and include public health in their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Magruder
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Military Science Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA;
| | - Nancy Kassam-Adams
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Siri Thoresen
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands
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