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Kunzová M, Maranhao Neto GA, González-Rivas JP. Sugar-sweetened beverages and childhood abnormal adiposity in the Czech Republic - narrative literature review. Cent Eur J Public Health 2023; 31:30-37. [PMID: 37086418 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In Czech children, the burden related to the high body-mass index is rising. In the last three decades, Western eating patterns have influenced Czech children's diet, including the high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. This narrative review aims to evaluate evidence of the trend of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in Czech children and its impact on the prevalence of childhood abnormal adiposity. METHODS A comprehensive literature review in MEDLINE (PubMed) and a hand search using references in identified articles were performed. The inclusion criteria were population-based studies of randomly selected samples of children from 0 to 18 years old, data involving the Czech population, published from 1990 to 2021. The results were organized into three sections - childhood abnormal adiposity, SSBs consumption, and the association between SSBs consumption and abnormal adiposity. RESULTS The studies showed a significant increase in abnormal adiposity in both genders and all age categories. The highest prevalence of abnormal adiposity was observed in boys and younger children. On the contrary, sugar-sweetened beverages showed a significant decline in daily consumption among Czech children of both genders and all age categories. No results were found for consequences of abnormal adiposity concerning sugar-sweetened beverages consumption. CONCLUSION Findings from this review could serve public health experts to detect the areas of a gap in research and establish potential interventions in vulnerable groups. Observation of potential obesogenic contributors - including sugar-sweetened beverages - should be an integral part of effective action against the obesity pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kunzová
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Geraldo A Maranhao Neto
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juan P González-Rivas
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Departments of Global Health and Population and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Foundation for Clinic, Public Health, and Epidemiology Research of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Selected parameters characterizing physical activity behavior in pupils of the second grade of elementary school in the Ústí Region, Czech Republic. ACTA GYMNICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2022.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Zvonar M, Štefan L, Kasović M, Piler P. Tracking of anthropometric characteristics from childhood to adolescence: an 8-year follow-up findings from the Czech ELSPAC study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:727. [PMID: 35413828 PMCID: PMC9004100 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although evidence suggests that obesity track well from childhood to adolescence, most of the research has been done in Western and high-income countries. Moreover, most of the studies have tracked body-mass index, as a proxy of nutritional status, while tracking characteristics of circumferences and skinfold thicknesses have been less studies. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to explore tracking characteristics of complete anthropometric data from childhood to adolescence. METHODS This sub-study was part of the Czech ELSPAC study. In the present 8-year longitudinal study, we collected information from pediatrician's medical records at the ages of 8 y (n = 888), 11 y (n = 1065), 13 y (n = 811) and 15 y (n = 974), including circumferences (head, chest, waist, hips, and arm), indices (body-mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio) and skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapula, suprailiaca, thigh and the sum of 5 skinfolds). Participants were recruited from the two selected regions of the Czech Republic (Brno and Znojmo). Linear generalized estimating equations were conducted to analyze tracking patterns over an 8-year follow-up period for all anthropometric measurements. RESULTS Tracking coefficients were moderate to strong, ranging from 0.40 to 0.62 for circumferences, 0.41 to 0.74 for indices and 0.72 to 0.86 for skinfolds. According to body-mass index and waist circumference standards, overweight/obese children and children with abdominal obesity at the age of 8 y were 11.31 (95% CI = 8.41 to 15.22, p < 0.001) and 10.73 (95% CI = 7.93 to 14.52, p < 0.001) more likely to remain overweight/obese and to have abdominal obesity at the age of 15 y. CONCLUSIONS Findings show moderate to strong tracking of anthropometric characteristics, i.e. circumferences track moderately well, while strong tracking for indices and skinfold thicknesses is observed. Moreover, strong tracking of general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity between ages 8 y and 15 y indicates that the detection of these risk factors at the beginning of primary school should be advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zvonar
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lovro Štefan
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvaćanski zavoj 15, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Department of Sport Motorics and Methodology in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Mario Kasović
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvaćanski zavoj 15, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pavel Piler
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kasović M, Štefan L, Piler P, Zvonar M. Longitudinal associations between sport participation and fat mass with body posture in children: A 5-year follow-up from the Czech ELSPAC study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266903. [PMID: 35404976 PMCID: PMC9000121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of the study was to examine longitudinal associations between sport participation and fat mass with body posture in children. We used data from children recruited in the Czech European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (CELSPAC) at the ages of 11 y (n = 1065), 13 y (n = 811) and 15 y (n = 974). Information on body posture, practicing sport in a club and at a competitive level, and skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapula, suprailiaca and thigh) from pediatrician’s medical records were collected. Body posture was inspected by a pediatrician. The sum of 5 skinfolds was used as a proxy of fat mass. The 85th and 95th percentiles defined ‘overfat’ and ‘obese’children. Practicing sport in a club and at a competitive level were included as ‘yes/no’ answers. General linear mixed models with risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Overall, 35.6% of children and adolescents had impaired body posture; the prevalence of ’incorrect’ body posture increased by age (from 41.0% to 28.0%, p<0.001). Practicing sport in a club and at a competitive level decreased by follow-up (p<0.001), while the level of ‘overfat’ and ‘obese’ children increased (p<0.01). In separate models, ’incorrect’ body posture was associated with non-practicing sport in clubs (RR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.43–1.97, p<0.001) or at competitive level (RR = 1.61; 95% CI 1.37–1.88, p<0.001) and with being ’overfat’ (RR = 2.05; 95% CI 1.52–2.75, p<0.001) and ’obese’ (RR = 2.15; 95% CI 1.68–2.75, p<0.001). When all variables were put simultaneously into the model additionally adjusted for sex, self-rated health and baseline body posture, similar associations remained. This study shows, that not participating in sport and being overfat/obese are longitudinally associated with ‘incorrect’ body posture. Therefore, the detection of these risk factors in childhood, through the development of school- and community-based interventions, should be advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kasović
- Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Sport Motorics and Methodology in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lovro Štefan
- Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Sport Motorics and Methodology in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Research and Examination (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Pavel Piler
- Department of Research and Examination (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Zvonar
- Department of Research and Examination (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Omer I, Derese T, Sintayehu Y. Overweight and Its Associated Factors among Women of Reproductive Age in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2021: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. J Obes 2022; 2022:7268573. [PMID: 36017129 PMCID: PMC9398806 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7268573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight in women of reproductive age is a major public health concern in developing countries because of overconsumption of low-quality food. Currently, being overweight is a major health concern worldwide. It exposes humans to various health problems. In Ethiopia, despite the trend indicated increasing in overweight, priority is given for undernutrition. In Dire Dawa, there is scarce evidence regarding reproductive age overweight. Therefore, this study is designed to assess the prevalence of overweight and its associated factors among women of reproductive age in eastern Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 15 to June 15, 2021, in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia; a multi-stage systematic sampling technique was used to select 559 women aged 15-49 years. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured pretested questionnaire. Ninety-five percent CI was used to identify the factors associated with overweight while controlling for all possible confounders using multivariable logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at a P-value of 0.05. RESULTS The results of this study revealed that the prevalence of overweight was 63.1% (95% CI: 59.0, 67.2). Overweight was significantly associated with weekly discretionary calories (AOR = 3.964, 95% CI (1.131, 13.894)), contraceptive use (AOR = 2.838, 95% CI (1.443, 5.580)), and monthly family income (AOR = 3.916, 95% CI (1.352, 11.340)). CONCLUSION Overweight among women of reproductive age was high in Dire Dawa city. Discretionary calories per week, family monthly income, and contraceptive use were significantly associated with overweight. Developing and implementing community-based culturally sensitive, feasible, and potentially high-impact intervention to address the modifiable risk factors among women of reproductive age is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Omer
- Department of Nutrition, Sitti Medical and Business College, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Derese
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Yitagesu Sintayehu
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
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Gonzalez‐Rivas JP, Mechanick JI, Hernandez JP, Infante‐Garcia MM, Pavlovska I, Medina‐Inojosa JR, Kunzova S, Nieto‐Martinez R, Brož J, Busetto L, Maranhao Neto GA, Lopez‐Jimenez F, Urbanová J, Stokin GB. Prevalence of adiposity-based chronic disease in middle-aged adults from Czech Republic: The Kardiovize study. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:535-544. [PMID: 34631132 PMCID: PMC8488447 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The need for understanding obesity as a chronic disease, its stigmatization, and the lack of actionability related to it demands a new approach. The adiposity-based chronic disease (ABCD) model is based on adiposity amount, distribution, and function, with a three stage complication-centric rather than a body mass index (BMI)-centric approach. The prevalence rates and associated risk factors are presented. METHODS In total, 2159 participants were randomly selected from Czechia. ABCD was established as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 or high body fat percent, or abdominal obesity and then categorized by their adiposity-based complications: Stage 0: none; Stage 1: mild/moderate; Stage 2: severe. RESULTS ABCD prevalence was 62.8%. Stage 0 was 2.3%; Stage 1 was 31.4%; Stage 2 was 29.1%. Comparing with other classifiers, participants in Stage 2 were more likely to have diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome than those with overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity, and increased fat mass. ABCD showed the highest sensitivity and specificity to detect participants with peripheral artery disease, increased intima media, and vascular disease. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION The ABCD model provides a more sensitive approach that facilitates the early detection and stratification of participants at risk compared to traditional classifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Gonzalez‐Rivas
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC)St Anne's University Hospital (FNUSA) BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Global Health and PopulationHarvard TH Chan School of Public HealthHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jeffrey I. Mechanick
- The Marie‐Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health at Mount Sinai Heart, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone DiseaseIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - José Pantaleón Hernandez
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC)St Anne's University Hospital (FNUSA) BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - María M Infante‐Garcia
- Foundation for Clinic, Public Health, and Epidemiological Research of Venezuela (FISPEVEN)CaracasVenezuela
| | - Iuliia Pavlovska
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC)St Anne's University Hospital (FNUSA) BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Public HealthFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Sarka Kunzova
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC)St Anne's University Hospital (FNUSA) BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ramfis Nieto‐Martinez
- Department of Global Health and PopulationHarvard TH Chan School of Public HealthHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- LifeDoc Diabetes and Obesity ClinicMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Jan Brož
- Department of Internal MedicineSecond Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPrahaPrahaCzech Republic
| | - Luca Busetto
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO)TeddingtonMiddlesexUK
- Department of MedicineUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Geraldo A Maranhao Neto
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC)St Anne's University Hospital (FNUSA) BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Francisco Lopez‐Jimenez
- Department of Medicine 2Third Faculty of MedicineCharles University and Královské Vinohrady University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jana Urbanová
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Gorazd B Stokin
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC)St Anne's University Hospital (FNUSA) BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
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Reversal of the Upward Trend of Obesity in Boys, but Not in Girls, in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041842. [PMID: 33672817 PMCID: PMC7918759 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: To compare the prevalence of overweight and obesity in boys and girls and to estimate socioeconomic differences associated with obesity in Spain in 1997, 2007, and 2017. (2) Methods: Data were drawn from national health interview surveys. For each year of study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was measured, and these results were compared by gender (boy/girl) and socioeconomic status (low/high education). (3) Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity rose from 1997 to 2007 but then fell in 2017 in all subgroups except in girls aged 10 to 15 years. In this group, there was a steady increase in the prevalence of both overweight (1997, 14.6%; 2007, 17.7%; 2017, 19.6%) and obesity (1.1, 3.2, and 3.7%, respectively). The decrease in prevalence of overweight in both sexes and of obesity in boys, along with the increase in prevalence of obesity in girls, was of a higher magnitude in children whose parents had a lower educational level. (4) Conclusions: The apparent turnaround in the obesity epidemic in Spain should be interpreted with caution. Children’s body weight is influenced by both gender and socioeconomic status—considerations that should be kept in mind when designing health promotion interventions.
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Martinis O, Čoklo M, Aladrović J, Belavić A, Missoni S. ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS, DIETARY HABITS, SERUM LIPID AND GLUCOSE LEVELS IN RELATION TO HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AMONG ADOLESCENT BOYS AND GIRLS IN CROATIA. Acta Clin Croat 2020; 59:672-685. [PMID: 34285438 PMCID: PMC8253067 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2020.59.04.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to determine differences in anthropometric measurements, dietary habits, serum lipid and glucose levels in relation to high blood pressure (BP) among adolescent boys and girls in Croatia. The specific aim was to determine the effect of dietary habits and lifestyle on high BP in adolescents according to sex. The study included 260 (68.2%) adolescent girls and 121 (31.8%) boys with anthropometric data obtained (without missing values) from 246 girls and 111 boys. Participants answered questions from the questionnaire and anthropometric BP and blood test values were obtained. Non-parametric tests were used in analyses of reference intervals of systolic and diastolic BP in adolescent boys and girls according to age. High BP was defined as ≥90th percentile for adolescent girls and boys, with a value of ≥135/87.5 mm Hg. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze differences in anthropometric and laboratory values between the groups of girls and boys with high (≤90th percentile) and normal BP. Increase in systolic and diastolic BP was noted in the adolescents. In girls, BP values showed a decreasing systolic and increasing diastolic BP trend with age. Girls with high BP had a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) (p=0.020), waist circumference (WC) (p=0.002), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (p=0.016), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (p=0.043), hip circumference (HC) (p=0.015), triglyceride (TG) levels (p=0.021), higher prevalence of unhealthy diet at school breakfast (p=0.008) and lower prevalence of eating fish (p=0.02). Boys with high BP had a significantly higher BMI (p=0.045), WC (p=0.004), WHtR (p=0.017), WHR (p=0.022) and higher prevalence of eating meat products (p=0.015). Effective health interventions are needed to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and preventing age-related illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miran Čoklo
- 1Croatian Education and Teacher Training Agency, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia; 3University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 6Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Aladrović
- 1Croatian Education and Teacher Training Agency, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia; 3University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 6Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Belavić
- 1Croatian Education and Teacher Training Agency, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia; 3University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 6Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Saša Missoni
- 1Croatian Education and Teacher Training Agency, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia; 3University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 6Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
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Rochira A, Tedesco D, Ubiali A, Fantini MP, Gori D. School Gardening Activities Aimed at Obesity Prevention Improve Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference Parameters in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Child Obes 2020; 16:154-173. [PMID: 32091934 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2019.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Childhood obesity, due to its increasing prevalence, is one of the most challenging problems in public health and prevention. Recent strategies have been implemented to tackle this trend, including school gardening projects. This systematic review analyzes the main elements of school gardening with a specific meta-analysis about its impact on anthropometric parameters. Materials and Methods: We searched studies in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library on school gardening projects carried out until February 2019 and addressed to children aged 6 to 13 years. Results: Thirty-three studies passed the screening selection. Outcomes analyzed were fruits and vegetables consumption/knowledge, nutritional attitudes and behavior, anthropometric outcomes (i.e., BMI, waist circumference-WC) and other outcomes (i.e., blood pressure, science achievement, and physical activity). We performed descriptive analyses of these outcomes and found a general benefit from school gardening projects. We subsequently performed a meta-analysis on anthropometric outcomes, highlighting a significant reduction of both BMI percentile (%) (-1.37%) and WC (-1.30 cm). Conclusions: Although more high-quality studies are needed on this topic, along with a greater homogeneity of anthropometric measurements, the results of our article show a modest but positive impact of school gardening projects on anthropometric measures and more generally on children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rochira
- School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario Tedesco
- IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute Hospital Health Direction, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Ubiali
- School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Fantini
- School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Gori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Sigmund E, Sigmundová D, Badura P, Voráčová J, Vladimír H, Hollein T, Pavelka J, Půžová Z, Kalman M. Time-trends and correlates of obesity in Czech adolescents in relation to family socioeconomic status over a 16-year study period (2002-2018). BMC Public Health 2020; 20:229. [PMID: 32054463 PMCID: PMC7020383 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The main objective of the study is to analyse the changes in the prevalence of obesity among Czech adolescents between 2002 and 2018 with regard to the socioeconomic status (SES) of adolescents’ families and to find SES-separated correlates of adolescents’ obesity in 2018. Methods A nationally representative sample of 29,879 adolescents (49.6% of them boys) aged 10.5–16.5 years was drawn from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children cross-sectional, self-reported questionnaire surveys conducted in 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018 in Czechia. Chi-square (χ2) tests were performed to assess the changes in the prevalence of obesity in both genders and all SES categories of adolescents between 2002 and 2018, and SES category-related differences in the prevalence of obesity in 2018 separately for boys and girls. A series of multiple stepwise logistic regression (backward elimination) analyses were used to reveal obesity correlates separately for SES categories of adolescents. Results Across the quadrennial surveys from 2002 to 2018, we observed a clear increase in the prevalence of obesity in all SES categories of adolescents, which was most striking (p < 0.05) in adolescents with low SES (boys: + 7.5% points (p.p.); girls + 2.4 p.p.). When all the survey cycles were compared, the highest prevalence of obesity was evident in the low-SES adolescents in 2018, both in girls (5.1%) and boys (12.0%). Regardless of the adolescent SES category, the lower odds of obesity were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with regular vigorous physical activity (PA), participation in organized sport, and daily consumption of sweets. In addition, at least 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA significantly reduced the odds of obesity in adolescents of low and high SES categories. Conclusions An unreasonable increase in the prevalence of obesity in adolescents with low SES highlights the need to prevent obesity in adolescents with a low-SES background. Additionally, significantly higher odds of obesity in 11- and 13-year-old adolescents from low-SES families, compared with their peers aged 15, indicated an expectable rise in obesity in older low-SES adolescents in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Sigmund
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Institute of Active Lifestyle, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Sigmundová
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Institute of Active Lifestyle, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Badura
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Institute of Active Lifestyle, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Physical Culture, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Voráčová
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Department of Social Sciences in Kinanthropology, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hobza Vladimír
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hollein
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pavelka
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Půžová
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kalman
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative consequences. How this state of affairs has evolved has generated wide debate. The thrifty gene hypothesis was the first attempt to explain obesity as a consequence of adaptive responses to an ancient environment that in modern society become disadvantageous. The idea is that genes (or more precisely, alleles) predisposing to obesity may have been selected for by repeated exposure to famines. However, this idea has many flaws: for instance, selection of the supposed magnitude over the duration of human evolution would fix any thrifty alleles (famines kill the old and young, not the obese) and there is no evidence that hunter-gatherer populations become obese between famines. An alternative idea (called thrifty late) is that selection in famines has only happened since the agricultural revolution. However, this is inconsistent with the absence of strong signatures of selection at single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to obesity. In parallel to discussions about the origin of obesity, there has been much debate regarding the regulation of body weight. There are three basic models: the set-point, settling point and dual-intervention point models. Selection might act against low and high levels of adiposity because food unpredictability and the risk of starvation selects against low adiposity whereas the risk of predation selects against high adiposity. Although evidence for the latter is quite strong, evidence for the former is relatively weak. The release from predation ∼2-million years ago is suggested to have led to the upper intervention point drifting in evolutionary time, leading to the modern distribution of obesity: the drifty gene hypothesis. Recent critiques of the dual-intervention point/drifty gene idea are flawed and inconsistent with known aspects of energy balance physiology. Here, I present a new formulation of the dual-intervention point model. This model includes the novel suggestion that food unpredictability and starvation are insignificant factors driving fat storage, and that the main force driving up fat storage is the risk of disease and the need to survive periods of pathogen-induced anorexia. This model shows why two independent intervention points are more likely to evolve than a single set point. The molecular basis of the lower intervention point is likely based around the leptin pathway signalling. Determining the molecular basis of the upper intervention point is a crucial key target for future obesity research. A potential definitive test to separate the different models is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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