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Adam N, Desroziers E, Hanine R, Bascarane K, Naulé L, Mhaouty-Kodja S. Developmental exposure to environmentally relevant doses of phthalates alters the neural control of male and female reproduction in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119476. [PMID: 38909949 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to analyze the effects of developmental exposure to phthalates at environmentally relevant doses on the neural control of male and female reproduction. For this purpose, C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to di-(2-ethylexyl) phthalate (DEHP) alone (5 or 50 μg/kg/d), or DEHP (5 μg/kg/d) in a phthalate mixture. Exposure through diet started 6 weeks before the first mating and lasted until weaning of litters from the second gestation (multiparous dams). Analyses of offspring born from multiparous dams exposed to DEHP alone or in a phthalate mixture showed that females experienced a delayed pubertal onset, and as adults they had prolonged estrous cyclicity and reduced Kiss1 expression in the preoptic area and mediobasal hypothalamus. Male littermates showed a reduced anogenital distance and delayed pubertal onset compared with controls. However, in adulthood the weight of androgen-sensitive organs and hypothalamic Kiss1 expression were unaffected, suggesting normal functioning of the male gonadotropic axis. Developmental exposure to DEHP alone or in a phthalate mixture reduced the ability of intact males and ovariectomized and hormonally primed females to attract a sexual partner and to express copulatory behaviors. In addition, females were unable to discriminate between male and female stimuli in the olfactory preference test. Social interaction was also impaired in females, while locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in both sexes were unaffected by the treatment. The sexual deficiencies were associated with reduced expression of the androgen receptor in the preoptic area and progesterone receptor in the mediobasal hypothalamus, the key regions involved in male and female sexual behavior, respectively. Thus, the neural structures controlling reproduction are vulnerable to developmental exposure to phthalates at environmentally relevant doses in male and female mice. Adult females had an impaired gonadotropic axis and showed more affected behaviors than adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Adam
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Desroziers
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Rita Hanine
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Karouna Bascarane
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Naulé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sakina Mhaouty-Kodja
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 75005, Paris, France.
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Hu M, Zhang Y, Zhan M, He G, Qu W, Zhou Y. Physiologically-based toxicokinetic modeling of human dermal exposure to diethyl phthalate: Application to health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135931. [PMID: 35940406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diethyl phthalate (DEP) has been most frequently detected in personal care products (PCPs) as a solvent followed by indoor air as one of the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Human exposure to DEP predominantly occurs via dermal uptake. However, the available physiologically based toxicokinetics (PBTK) models are developed in rats for risk assessment of DEP exposure resulting from the oral than dermal pathway. To address this issue, DEP in simulated PCPs was dermally administrated to five adult volunteers at real population levels. Following the construction of a dermal absorption model for DEP, the dermal PBTK modeling of DEP involving PCPs and air-to-skin exposure routes in humans was developed for the first time. The data of monoethyl phthalate (MEP) in serum or urine obtained from published human studies and this study were applied to calibrate and validate the developed dermal PBTK model. Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate model uncertainty. The dermal absorption fraction of DEP was obtained to be 56.2% for PCPs exposure and 100% for air-to-skin exposure, respectively. Approximate 24.9% of DEP in exposed skin became absorbed into systemic circulation. Model predictions were generally within 2-fold of the observed MEP levels in human serum or urine. Uncertainty analysis showed 90% of the predicted variability (P95/P5) fell within less than one order of magnitude. Assuming human intake of 5 mg/kg bw per day, the predicted serum area under the curve at steady state of DEP from the dermal route was 1.7 (PCPs) and 2.4 (air) times of those from the peroral route, respectively. It suggested that dermal exposure to DEP would pose greater risk to human health compared with oral exposure. The application of the developed dermal PBTK model provides a valuable insight into health risk assessment of DEP in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hu
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the Peoples' Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Pudong New Area for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Yining Zhang
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the Peoples' Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Pudong New Area for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Pudong New Area for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Gengsheng He
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the Peoples' Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the Peoples' Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the Peoples' Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Pudong New Area for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136, China.
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Chang WH, Chou WC, Waits A, Liao KW, Kuo PL, Huang PC. Cumulative risk assessment of phthalates exposure for recurrent pregnancy loss in reproductive-aged women population using multiple hazard indices approaches. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 154:106657. [PMID: 34052604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates, which are commonly used in flexible plastics and consumer products, have been reported to be toxic to reproductive and developmental function in mammals. Past studies have focused on the toxic effects on male reproduction, with only a few studies conducted on the risks that cumulative exposure to phthalates have on the female reproductive system. We recruited 260 patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) of unknown etiology and 203 controls from the clinics of Obstetrics and Gynecology at a medical center in southern Taiwan from 2013 to 2020. The daily intake of phthalates was estimated from urine samples using the back-calculation method, after which the cumulative risk was determined using multiple hazard indices, including a dose-addition model, a receptor effect model, and a hazard index approach. The patients with RPL had a significantly higher cumulative exposure to phthalates (p < 0.05) than did the controls with a hazard index above one. After adjusted logistic regression analysis, we found that the risk of RPL was strongly related to the higher quartiles of DEHP, the DEHPTEQ for the antiandrogenic effect and adverse effects of the female reproductive system and the ERα binding effect (p < 0.05). Our work suggests that more attentions should be paid to the adverse effects induced by phthalates on female reproduction, especially the effects caused by the cumulative exposure to phthalates in women of reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/ Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Alexander Waits
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Liao
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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Weaver JA, Beverly BEJ, Keshava N, Mudipalli A, Arzuaga X, Cai C, Hotchkiss AK, Makris SL, Yost EE. Hazards of diethyl phthalate (DEP) exposure: A systematic review of animal toxicology studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:105848. [PMID: 32958228 PMCID: PMC7995140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is widely used in many commercially available products including plastics and personal care products. DEP has generally not been found to share the antiandrogenic mode of action that is common among other types of phthalates, but there is emerging evidence that DEP may be associated with other types of health effects. OBJECTIVE To inform chemical risk assessment, we performed a systematic review to identify and characterize outcomes within six broad hazard categories (male reproductive, female reproductive, developmental, liver, kidney, and cancer) following exposure of nonhuman mammalian animals to DEP or its primary metabolite, monoethyl phthalate (MEP). METHODS A literature search was conducted in online scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Toxline, Toxcenter) and Toxic Substances Control Act Submissions, augmented by review of online regulatory sources as well as forward and backward searches. Studies were selected for inclusion using PECO (Population, Exposure, Comparator, Outcome) criteria. Studies were evaluated using criteria defined a priori for reporting quality, risk of bias, and sensitivity using a domain-based approach. Evidence was synthesized by outcome and life stage of exposure, and strength of evidence was summarized into categories of robust, moderate, slight, indeterminate, or compelling evidence of no effect, using a structured framework. RESULTS Thirty-four experimental studies in animals were included in this analysis. Although no effects on androgen-dependent male reproductive development were observed following gestational exposure to DEP, there was evidence including effects on sperm following peripubertal and adult exposures, and the overall evidence for male reproductive effects was considered moderate. There was moderate evidence that DEP exposure can lead to developmental effects, with the major effect being reduced postnatal growth following gestational or early postnatal exposure; this generally occurred at doses associated with maternal effects, consistent with the observation that DEP is not a potent developmental toxicant. The evidence for liver effects was considered moderate based on consistent changes in relative liver weight at higher dose levels; histopathological and biochemical changes indicative of hepatic effects were also observed, but primarily in studies that had significant concerns for risk of bias and sensitivity. The evidence for female reproductive effects was considered slight based on few reports of statistically significant effects on maternal body weight gain, organ weight changes, and pregnancy outcomes. Evidence for cancer and effects on kidney were judged to be indeterminate based on limited evidence (i.e., a single two-year cancer bioassay) and inconsistent findings, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DEP exposure may induce androgen-independent male reproductive toxicity (i.e., sperm effects) as well as developmental toxicity and hepatic effects, with some evidence of female reproductive toxicity. More research is warranted to fully evaluate these outcomes and strengthen confidence in this database.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Weaver
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Brandiese E J Beverly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Nagalakshmi Keshava
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Anuradha Mudipalli
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Xabier Arzuaga
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Christine Cai
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Andrew K Hotchkiss
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Susan L Makris
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Erin E Yost
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
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Khasin LG, Della Rosa J, Petersen N, Moeller J, Kriegsfeld LJ, Lishko PV. The Impact of Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate on Sperm Fertility. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:426. [PMID: 32695775 PMCID: PMC7338605 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies point to reduced fertility upon chronic exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates and plasticizers. These toxins are ubiquitous and are often found in food and beverage containers, medical devices, as well as in common household and personal care items. Animal studies with EDCs, such as phthalates and bisphenol A have shown a dose-dependent decrease in fertility and embryo toxicity upon chronic exposure. However, limited research has been conducted on the acute effects of these EDCs on male fertility. Here we used a murine model to test the acute effects of four ubiquitous environmental toxins: bisphenol A (BPA), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) on sperm fertilizing ability and pre-implantation embryo development. The most potent of these toxins, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), was further evaluated for its effect on sperm ion channel activity, capacitation status, acrosome reaction and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). DEHP demonstrated a profound hazardous effect on sperm fertility by producing an altered capacitation profile, impairing the acrosome reaction, and, interestingly, also increasing ROS production. These results indicate that in addition to its known chronic impact on reproductive potential, DEHP also imposes acute and profound damage to spermatozoa, and thus, represents a significant risk to male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Gabelev Khasin
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John Della Rosa
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Natalie Petersen
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jacob Moeller
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Lance J. Kriegsfeld
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Polina V. Lishko
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Li K, Liszka M, Zhou C, Brehm E, Flaws JA, Nowak RA. Prenatal exposure to a phthalate mixture leads to multigenerational and transgenerational effects on uterine morphology and function in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 93:178-190. [PMID: 32126281 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are commonly used plasticizers and additives that are found in plastic containers, children's toys and medical equipment. Phthalates are classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals and exposure to phthalates has been associated with several human health risks including reproductive defects. Most studies focus on a single phthalate; however, humans are exposed to a mixture of phthalates daily. We hypothesized that prenatal exposure to an environmentally relevant phthalate mixture would lead to changes in uterine morphology and function in mice in a multi-generational manner. To test this hypothesis, pregnant CD-1 dams were orally dosed with vehicle or a phthalate mixture (20 μg/kg/day, 200 μg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 500 mg/kg/day) from gestational day 10.5 to parturition. The mixture contained 35 % diethyl phthalate, 21 % di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 15 % dibutyl phthalate, 15 % diisononyl phthalate, 8% diisobutyl phthalate, and 5% benzylbutyl phthalate. The F1 pups were maintained and mated to produce two more generations (F2 and F3). At the age of 13 months, all females were euthanized and tissue samples were collected in diestrus. Our results showed that exposure to a phthalate mixture caused a decrease in progesterone levels in the treated groups in the F2 generation. The 200 mg/kg/day treatment group showed a decreased and increased luminal epithelial cell proliferation in the F1 and F2 generations respectively. In addition, these mice in the F2 generation had reduced Hand2 expression in the sub-epithelial stroma compared to the controls. A higher incidence of multilayered luminal epithelium and large dilated endometrial glands were observed in the phthalate mixture exposed groups in all generations. The mixture also caused a higher incidence of smooth muscle actin expression and collagen deposition in the endometrium compared to controls. Collectively, our results demonstrate that prenatal exposure to an environmentally relevant phthalate mixture can have adverse effects on female reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Monika Liszka
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Changqing Zhou
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Emily Brehm
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Romana A Nowak
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.
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Jeong SH, Jang JH, Cho HY, Lee YB. Simultaneous determination of diethyl phthalate and its major metabolite, monoethyl phthalate, in rat plasma, urine, and various tissues collected from a toxicokinetic study by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 173:108-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zarean M, Keikha M, Feizi A, Kazemitabaee M, Kelishadi R. The role of exposure to phthalates in variations of anogenital distance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:172-179. [PMID: 30677661 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals such as phthalate esters may have adverse effects on anogenital distance (AGD), but the evidence in both genders has not been reviewed systematically. The objective of the present study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that analyzed the relationship between exposure to phthalates and AGD. English papers published up to March 2018 were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Clarivate-Web of Science, and Google scholar. We applied fixed-effects models to calculate pooled beta coefficient [β]. In the case of heterogeneity, random-effects models were used. Using the comprehensive search strategies, 313 papers were identified and after screening, 10 of them were included in this study. In primary analyses, we found that exposure to phthalates was not associated with short AGD (β = -0.11; 95% CI, -0.27, 0.06; I2 = 0%). However, results of subgroup analyses indicated that in boys, the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (∑DEHP) metabolites had significant association with the risk of shortened anopenile distance (AGDAP) (β = -0.915, 95% CI: 1.629, -0.2) and anoscrotal distance (AGDAS) (β = -0.857, 95% CI: 1.455, -0.26). In addition, urinary monobutyl phthalate (MBP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), and monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) were associated with short AGDAP. We also observed significant association between monobenzylphthalate (MBzP) and anofourchette distance (AGDAF) in girls. Our study provided findings on significant association of exposure to ∑DEHP metabolites, MBP, MEP, and MiBP with shortened AGDAP in boys. The mechanisms of phthalates effect on AGD may involve receptors and enzymes involved in steroidgenesis, negative influence on Leydig cells, cell proliferation, gonocyte cell numbers, and testosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zarean
- Pediatrics Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environmental Health Department, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Keikha
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Roya Kelishadi
- Pediatrics Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Mei Y, Rongshuang M, Ruizhi Z, Hongyuan H, Qiyue T, Shuhua Z. Effects of Dimethyl Phthalate (DMP) on Serum Sex Hormone Levels and Apoptosis in C57 Female Mice. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2019; 17:e82882. [PMID: 31372171 PMCID: PMC6628229 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.82882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) on the reproductive system of mammal females are unclear because no studies have been conducted on this topic. METHODS In this study, 40 C57 female mice were used as experimental subjects and evenly divided into 8 groups, which were fed with mixed DMP (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg bw/day) and corn oil. After 20 days and 40 days of gavage, the mice were weighed and their individual ovary organ coefficients measured. RESULTS Changes were discovered on progesterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in mouse serum, and on the apoptosis rate of ovarian granulosa cells. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged exposure to DMP led to decreased secretion of FSH hormones and increased secretion of E2 and LH hormones. Furthermore, DMP interfered with the pituitary-ovary axis and increased the apoptosis rate of ovarian granulosa cells. Therefore, prolonged exposure to DMP is likely to have negative effects on reproduction and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Mei
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China
| | - Ma Rongshuang
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China
| | - Zhang Ruizhi
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China
| | - Huang Hongyuan
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China
| | - Tan Qiyue
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China
| | - Zhao Shuhua
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China
- Corresponding Author: Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, China. Tel: +86-13596077054,
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Ennis ZN, Broe A, Pottegård A, Ahern TP, Hallas J, Damkier P. Cumulative exposure to phthalates from phthalate-containing drug products: a Danish population-wide study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:1798-1805. [PMID: 29688578 PMCID: PMC6046487 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Up to 50-fold higher levels of urinary phthalate metabolites have been observed in users of phthalate-containing drug products compared with non-users. This is of concern, as phthalates are suspected endocrine disrupters and have been associated with cancer development. This study aims to quantify annual cumulated phthalate exposure from drug products among users of phthalate-containing oral medications in Denmark throughout the period of 2004-2016. METHODS We conducted a Danish nationwide cohort study using The Danish National Prescription Registry and an internal database held by The Danish Medicines Agency. These databases hold information on drug products; date of dispensing, and the type and quantity of excipients in drugs with Danish marketing permission. We present the number of users over time and their distribution of exposure to enteric phthalate polymers and ortho-phthalates. RESULTS The annual number of individuals exposed to phthalate-containing products declined during 2004-2016. The total number of individuals exposed to dibutyl phthalate declined from 21 499 in 2004 to 5400 in 2016. However, among those exposed, the median dibutyl phthalate exposure remained above European regulatory limit of exposure ranging between 380-1710 mg/year throughout the study period. Lithium-products constituted the majority of dibutyl phthalate exposure. Diethyl phthalate exposure, mainly caused by erythromycin, theophylline and diclofenac products, did not exceed the EMA regulatory limit. CONCLUSION While the number of individuals exposed to phthalates from oral medications during 2004-2016 declined, the use of phthalate-containing drugs is still considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zandra Nymand Ennis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyOdense University HospitalDenmark
| | - Anne Broe
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public HealthUniversity of Southern DenmarkDenmark
| | - Anton Pottegård
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public HealthUniversity of Southern DenmarkDenmark
| | - Thomas P. Ahern
- Department of Surgery, Larner College of MedicineUniversity of VermontUSA
| | - Jesper Hallas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyOdense University HospitalDenmark
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public HealthUniversity of Southern DenmarkDenmark
| | - Per Damkier
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyOdense University HospitalDenmark
- Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkDenmark
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Pelletier M, Glorennec P, Mandin C, Le Bot B, Ramalho O, Mercier F, Bonvallot N. Chemical-by-chemical and cumulative risk assessment of residential indoor exposure to semivolatile organic compounds in France. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 117:22-32. [PMID: 29705548 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The toxic effects of environmental exposure to chemicals are increasingly being studied and confirmed, notably for semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). These are found in many products and housing materials, from which they are emitted to indoor air, settled dust and other surfaces. OBJECTIVES The objective of this work is to assess the human health risk posed by residential indoor exposure to 32 SVOCs, assessed in previous nationwide studies. METHODS A chemical-by-chemical risk assessment, using a hazard quotient (HQ) or excess risk (ER) method, was supplemented by a cumulative risk assessment (CRA). For CRA, a hazard index (HI) method, as well as higher tier approaches using relative potency factors (RPFs) or toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) were used for the following endpoints: neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity and immunotoxicity. RESULTS HQs were above 1 for 50% of French children from birth to 2 years for BDE 47, and for 5% of children for lindane and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Corresponding hazards are reprotoxic for BDE 47 and DBP, and immunotoxic for lindane. The CRA approach provided additional information of reprotoxic risks (HI > 1) that may occur for 95% of children and for 5% of the offspring for pregnant women's exposure. The SVOCs contributing most to these risks were PCB 101 and 118, BDE 47, and DBP. The higher tier CRA approaches showed that exposure to dwellings' SVOC mixtures were of concern for 95% of children for neurotoxic compounds having effects linked with neuronal death. To a lesser extent, effects mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) or by a decrease in testosterone levels may concern 5% of children and adults. Lastly, unacceptable immunotoxic risk related to exposure to 8 indoor PCBs was also observed for 5% of children. CONCLUSIONS In view of uncertainties related to compounds' toxicity for humans, these results justify the implementation of preventive measures, as well as the production of more standardized and comprehensive toxicological data for some compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Pelletier
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447, Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447, Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Helm JS, Nishioka M, Brody JG, Rudel RA, Dodson RE. Measurement of endocrine disrupting and asthma-associated chemicals in hair products used by Black women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 165:448-458. [PMID: 29705122 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal care products are a source of exposure to endocrine disrupting and asthma-associated chemicals. Because use of hair products differs by race/ethnicity, these products may contribute to exposure and disease disparities. OBJECTIVE This preliminary study investigates the endocrine disrupting and asthma-associated chemical content of hair products used by U.S. Black women. METHODS We used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to test 18 hair products in 6 categories used by Black women: hot oil treatment, anti-frizz/polish, leave-in conditioner, root stimulator, hair lotion, and relaxer. We tested for 66 chemicals belonging to 10 chemical classes: ultraviolet (UV) filters, cyclosiloxanes, glycol ethers, fragrances, alkylphenols, ethanolamines, antimicrobials, bisphenol A, phthalates, and parabens. RESULTS The hair products tested contained 45 endocrine disrupting or asthma-associated chemicals, including every targeted chemical class. We found cyclosiloxanes, parabens, and the fragrance marker diethyl phthalate (DEP) at the highest levels, and DEP most frequently. Root stimulators, hair lotions, and relaxers frequently contained nonylphenols, parabens, and fragrances; anti-frizz products contained cyclosiloxanes. Hair relaxers for children contained five chemicals regulated by California's Proposition 65 or prohibited by EU cosmetics regulation. Targeted chemicals were generally not listed on the product label. CONCLUSIONS Hair products used by Black women and children contained multiple chemicals associated with endocrine disruption and asthma. The prevalence of parabens and DEP is consistent with higher levels of these compounds in biomonitoring samples from Black women compared with White women. These results indicate the need for more information about the contribution of consumer products to exposure disparities. A precautionary approach would reduce the use of endocrine disrupting chemicals in personal care products and improve labeling so women can select products consistent with their values.
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In utero combined di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diethyl phthalate exposure cumulatively impairs rat fetal Leydig cell development. Toxicology 2018; 395:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Di Lorenzo M, Forte M, Valiante S, Laforgia V, De Falco M. Interference of dibutylphthalate on human prostate cell viability. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:565-573. [PMID: 28918339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dibutylphthalate (DBP) is an environmental pollutant widely used as plasticizer in a variety of industrial applications worldwide. This agent can be found in personal-care products, children's toy, pharmaceuticals, food products. Exposure to DBP can occur via ingestion and inhalation as well as intravenous or skin contact. DBP belongs to the family of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and its effects on reproductive system were demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. In the present study we evaluated the effects of DBP on human prostate adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (LNCaP) in order to highlight xenoestrogens influence on human prostate. Moreover, we have compared DBP effects with 17β-estradiol action in order to investigate possible mimetical behaviour. We have assessed the effects of both compounds on the cell viability. After then, we have evaluated the expression of genes and proteins involved in cell cycle regulation. Furthermore, we have observed the expression and the cell localization of estrogen (ERs) and androgen (AR) receptors. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that DBP interacts with estrogen hormonal receptor pathway but differently from E2. DBP alters the normal gland physiology and it is involved in the deregulation of prostate cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Salvatore Valiante
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), INBB, Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), INBB, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria De Falco
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), INBB, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Zhou C, Gao L, Flaws JA. Exposure to an Environmentally Relevant Phthalate Mixture Causes Transgenerational Effects on Female Reproduction in Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1739-1754. [PMID: 28368545 PMCID: PMC5460945 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are used in consumer products and are known endocrine-disrupting chemicals. However, limited information is available on the effects of phthalate mixtures on female reproduction. Previously, we developed a phthalate mixture made of 35% diethyl phthalate, 21% di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 15% dibutyl phthalate, 15% di-isononyl phthalate, 8% di-isobutyl phthalate, and 5% benzylbutyl phthalate that mimics human exposure. We tested the effects of prenatal exposure to this mixture on reproductive outcomes in first-filial-generation (F1) female mice and found that it impaired reproductive outcomes. However, the impact of this exposure on second-filial-generation (F2) and third-filial-generation (F3) females was unknown. Thus, we hypothesized that prenatal exposure to the phthalate mixture induces multigenerational and transgenerational effects on female reproduction. Pregnant CD-1 dams were orally dosed with vehicle (tocopherol-stripped corn oil) or a phthalate mixture (20 and 200 µg/kg/d, 200 and 500 mg/kg/d) daily from gestational day 10 to birth. Adult F1 females born to these dams were used to generate the F2 generation and adult F2 females born to F1 females were used to generate the F3 generation. F2 and F3 females were subjected to tissue collections and fertility tests. Prenatal phthalate mixture exposure increased uterine weight, anogenital distance, and body weight; induced cystic ovaries; and caused fertility complications in the F2 generation. It also increased uterine weight, decreased anogenital distance, and caused fertility complications in the F3 generation. These data suggest that prenatal exposure to the phthalate mixture induces multigenerational and transgenerational effects on female reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Zhou
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61802
| | - Liying Gao
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61802
| | - Jodi A. Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61802
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Sohn J, Kim S, Koschorreck J, Kho Y, Choi K. Alteration of sex hormone levels and steroidogenic pathway by several low molecular weight phthalates and their metabolites in male zebrafish (Danio rerio) and/or human adrenal cell (H295R) line. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:45-54. [PMID: 27513369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight phthalates, such as diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), or diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), are suspected to disrupt endocrine system. However, their adverse effects on sex steroid hormones and underlying mechanisms are not well-documented. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of major low molecular weight phthalates (LMWPs), i.e., DEP, BBzP, and DiBP, and their hydrolytic metabolites, on sex steroid hormone system, employing male zebrafish and/or a human adrenocortical carcinoma (H295R) cell. In male zebrafish, 14-day exposure to DEP, BBzP, or DiBP significantly decreased testosterone (T) concentrations. All test compounds significantly up-regulated cyp19a gene expression, and down-regulated star and 3β hsd genes in the male fish. In H295R cell, all test compounds except monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) reduced T concentrations and increased E2/T ratio. Gene expression changes in H295R cell, e.g., significant down-regulation of StAR gene and up-regulation of CYP19A gene, supported depressed synthesis of sex hormones in the adrenal cell. Our results show that not only DEP, BBzP, and DiBP, but also their hydrolytic metabolites disrupt sex hormone balances through modulating key steroidogenic genes in the human adrenal cells and in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhae Sohn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Heath, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Heath, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), 06813 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Heath, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Mariana M, Feiteiro J, Verde I, Cairrao E. The effects of phthalates in the cardiovascular and reproductive systems: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:758-776. [PMID: 27424259 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Every year millions of tons of plastic are produced around the world and humans are increasingly exposed to them. This constant exposure to plastics has raised some concerns against human health, particularly when it comes to phthalates. These compounds have endocrine-disrupting properties, as they have the ability to bind molecular targets in the body and interfere with hormonal function and quantity. The main use of phthalates is to give flexibility to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymers. Phthalates are found in a variety of industrial and consumer products, and as they are not covalently bound to the plastic, phthalates contaminate the environment from which human exposure occurs. Studies in human and animal populations suggest a correlation between phthalate exposure and adverse health outcomes, particularly at the reproductive and cardiovascular systems, however there is much less information about the phthalate toxicity of the later. Thus, the main purpose of this review is to present the studies relating the effects already stated of phthalates on the cardiovascular and reproductive systems, and also present the link between these two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Mariana
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Joana Feiteiro
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ignacio Verde
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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18
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Marie C, Vendittelli F, Sauvant-Rochat MP. Obstetrical outcomes and biomarkers to assess exposure to phthalates: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 83:116-36. [PMID: 26118330 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the effects on pregnancy outcomes of in utero exposure to phthalates, contaminants that are widely present in the environment, have yielded conflicting results. In addition, the mode of assessment of exposure varies between studies. The aim of this review was therefore to establish a current state of knowledge of the phthalates and metabolites involved in unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. Extant data were analyzed to determine which biomarker is the best suited to assess the relation between in utero exposure to phthalates and pregnancy outcomes. This review of the literature was conducted using the database of PubMed. A search was made of studies investigating exposure to phthalates and the following birth outcomes: preterm birth (gestational age <37 weeks), change in gestational age, change in body size at birth (birth weight, length, head circumference), anti-androgenic function, decreased anogenital distance, cryptorchidism, hypospadias and congenital malformation. The methodological approach adopted in each study was examined, in particular the methods used for exposure assessment (biomarkers and/or questionnaire). Thirty-five studies were included. Premature birth and decreased anogenital distance were the most commonly reported outcomes resulting from a moderate level of exposure to phthalates. The principal metabolites detected and involved were primary metabolites of di-2(ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl-phthalate (DnBP). No clear conclusion could be drawn with regard to gestational age at birth, body size at birth and congenital malformations. In epidemiological studies, maternal urine is the most suitable matrix to assess the association between in utero exposure to phthalates and pregnancy outcomes: in contrast to other matrices (cord blood, amniotic fluid, meconium and milk), sampling is easy, non-invasive and, can be repeated to assess exposure throughout pregnancy. Oxidative metabolites are the most relevant biomarkers since they are not prone to external contamination. Further epidemiological studies are required during pregnancy to i) determine the role of phthalates other than DEHP [currently replaced by various substitution products, in particular diisononyl-phthalate (DiNP)]; ii) establish the effect of phthalates on other outcomes (body size adjusted for gestational age, and congenital malformations); iii) determine the pathophysiological pathways; and iv) identify the most suitable time for biomarker determination of in utero exposure to phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Marie
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4681, PEPRADE (Périnatalité, grossesse, Environnement, PRAtiques médicales et DEveloppement), 28 place Henri-Dunant BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Françoise Vendittelli
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4681, PEPRADE (Périnatalité, grossesse, Environnement, PRAtiques médicales et DEveloppement), 28 place Henri-Dunant BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; AUDIPOG (Association des Utilisateurs de Dossiers informatisés en Pédiatrie, Obstétrique et Gynécologie) RTH Laennec Medical University, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Sauvant-Rochat
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4681, PEPRADE (Périnatalité, grossesse, Environnement, PRAtiques médicales et DEveloppement), 28 place Henri-Dunant BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Département Santé Publique et Environnement, 28 place Henri-Dunant BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Mathieu-Denoncourt J, Wallace SJ, de Solla SR, Langlois VS. Plasticizer endocrine disruption: Highlighting developmental and reproductive effects in mammals and non-mammalian aquatic species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 219:74-88. [PMID: 25448254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their versatility, robustness, and low production costs, plastics are used in a wide variety of applications. Plasticizers are mixed with polymers to increase flexibility of plastics. However, plasticizers are not covalently bound to plastics, and thus leach from products into the environment. Several studies have reported that two common plasticizers, bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, induce adverse health effects in vertebrates; however few studies have addressed their toxicity to non-mammalian species. The aim of this review is to compare the effects of plasticizers in animals, with a focus on aquatic species. In summary, we identified three main chains of events that occur in animals exposed to BPA and phthalates. Firstly, plasticizers affect development by altering both the thyroid hormone and growth hormone axes. Secondly, these chemicals interfere with reproduction by decreasing cholesterol transport through the mitochondrial membrane, leading to reduced steroidogenesis. Lastly, exposure to plasticizers leads to the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, the increase of fatty acid oxidation, and the reduction in the ability to cope with the augmented oxidative stress leading to reproductive organ malformations, reproductive defects, and decreased fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Mathieu-Denoncourt
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Sarah J Wallace
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada.
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Mathieu-Denoncourt J, de Solla SR, Langlois VS. Chronic exposures to monomethyl phthalate in Western clawed frogs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 219:53-63. [PMID: 25662408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Polymer flexibility and elasticity is enhanced by plasticizers. However, plasticizers are often not covalently bound to plastics and thus can leach from products into the environment. Much research effort has focused on their effects in mammalian species, but data on aquatic species are scarce. In this study, Western clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) embryos were exposed to 1.3, 12.3, and 128.7mg/L monomethyl phthalate (MMP) until the juvenile stage (11weeks) and to 1.3mg/L MMP until the adult stage (51weeks). MMP decreased survival, hastened metamorphosis, and biased the sex ratio toward males (2M:1F) at the juvenile stage without altering the expression of a subset of thyroid hormone-, sex steroid-, cellular stress- or transcription regulation-related genes in the juvenile frog livers. At the adult stage, exposure to MMP did not have significant adverse health effects, except that females had larger interocular distance and the expression of the heat shock protein 70 was decreased by 60% in the adult liver. In conclusion, this study shows that MMP is unlikely to threaten amphibian populations as only concentrations four orders of magnitude higher than the reported environmental concentrations altered the animal physiology. This is the first complete investigation of the effects of phthalates in a frog species, encompassing the entire life cycle of the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Mathieu-Denoncourt
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada.
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Jamieson L, McCully W. Review: UK medicines likely to be affected by the proposed European Medicines Agency's guidelines on phthalates. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 16:17. [PMID: 26070463 PMCID: PMC4465162 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-015-0018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phthalates are excipients in drug formulations. However, concerns have been raised about the effects of particular phthalates on reproduction and development. As a result the EMA has introduced guidelines for permitted daily exposure (PDE) limits for certain phthalates. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify UK licensed medicines that contain the relevant phthalates and determine if they fall within the recommended PDE. Methods The eMC was used to identify which UK licensed medicines contain the phthalates in question. Companies were then contacted for information on the phthalate levels in their products, which was compared with the PDE recommended by the EMA. Results The eMC search revealed that 54 medicines contained at least one of the phthalates in question. However, only six medicines, namely Asacol 800 mg MR (Warner Chilcott UK), Epilim 200 Gastro-resistant tablets (Sanofi), Prednisolone 2.5 mg and 5 mg Gastro-resistant tablets (Actavis UK), Vivotif (Crucell Italy S.r.l), and Zentiva 200 mg Gastro-resistant tablets (Winthrop Pharmaceuticals UK), were identified as containing levels that exceeded the recommended PDE. Conclusions These findings indicate that very few UK licensed medicines will be affected by the proposed EMA guidelines. For those medicines identified as exceeding recommendations, these findings highlight the need to instigate a risk-benefit review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William McCully
- Tillotts Pharma UK Ltd., Larbourne Suite, 8 The Stables, Wellingore Hall, Wellingore, Lincoln, LN5 0HX, UK.
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Kay VR, Bloom MS, Foster WG. Reproductive and developmental effects of phthalate diesters in males. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:467-98. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.875983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sathyanarayana S, Barrett E, Butts S, Wang C, Swan SH. Phthalate exposure and reproductive hormone concentrations in pregnancy. Reproduction 2014; 147:401-9. [PMID: 24196015 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Some phthalate chemicals can affect hormone physiology in utero, resulting in adverse reproductive health outcomes in animal models. It is unknown whether these exposures are related to circulating maternal hormone concentrations during pregnancy. We used multivariate linear regression to estimate associations between phthalate metabolite concentrations and concurrent serum-free and total testosterone and estradiol (E2) levels in 180 pregnant women in the Study for Future Families. We also examined associations between prenatal serum hormone concentrations and anogenital outcome in infants. All analyses were adjusted for appropriate confounding variables. Total testosterone, free testosterone, and E2 concentrations ranged from 8 to 406 ng/dl, 0.03 to 1.2 ng/dl, and 529 to 40 600 pg/ml respectively. We observed an inverse association between log-sum di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolite concentrations and lower log-total testosterone concentrations (-0.15, 95% CI -0.26, -0.04) and log-free testosterone (-0.15, 95% CI -0.27, -0.03). This relationship persisted regardless of fetal sex. Similarly, we observed an inverse association between log monobutyl phthalate (MBP) concentrations and log-total and -free testosterone concentrations in women carrying male fetuses. Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) concentrations were positively associated with log-total and -free testosterone concentrations in women carrying male fetuses (0.09, 95% CI 0.003, 0.17 and 0.10, 95% CI 0.01, 0.19 respectively). Prenatal hormone concentrations were not significantly associated with infant anogenital outcomes. Our preliminary data suggest that DEHP metabolite, MBP, and MEP exposures during pregnancy are associated with prenatal sex steroid hormone concentrations, but sex steroid hormone concentrations were not associated with infant reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 2001 West 8th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98121, USA
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Abstract
Phthalate diesters, widely used in flexible plastics and consumer products, have become prevalent contaminants in the environment. Human exposure is ubiquitous and higher phthalate metabolite concentrations documented in patients using medications with phthalate-containing slow release capsules raises concerns for potential health effects. Furthermore, animal studies suggest that phthalate exposure can modulate circulating hormone concentrations and thus may be able to adversely affect reproductive physiology and the development of estrogen sensitive target tissues. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the epidemiological and experimental animal literature examining the relationship between phthalate exposure and adverse female reproductive health outcomes. The epidemiological literature is sparse for most outcomes studied and plagued by small sample size, methodological weaknesses, and thus fails to support a conclusion of an adverse effect of phthalate exposure. Despite a paucity of experimental animal studies for several phthalates, we conclude that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that phthalates are reproductive toxicants. However, we note that the concentrations needed to induce adverse health effects are high compared to the concentrations measured in contemporary human biomonitoring studies. We propose that the current patchwork of studies, potential for additive effects and evidence of adverse effects of phthalate exposure in subsequent generations and at lower concentrations than in the parental generation support the need for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Kay
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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25
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Kobayashi K. Letter to the editor: statistical tools used to analyse quantitative data. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:393-4. [PMID: 21776622 DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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26
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Chingin K, Chen H, Gamez G, Zhu L, Zenobi R. Detection of diethyl phthalate in perfumes by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:123-9. [PMID: 19063675 DOI: 10.1021/ac801572d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that long-term exposure to diethyl phthalate (DEP), one of the widely used phthalate esters, can lead to serious health problems. Most perfumes contain non-negligible amounts of DEP. Rapid and sensitive detection of DEP in perfumes is thus of increasing importance. A novel procedure based on extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been developed for fast detection and identification of DEP in perfumes without the need for any sample pretreatment. The limit of determination for DEP in perfume was less than 100 ppb using tandem mass spectrometry on a commercial quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The dynamic range of this method was about 4 orders of magnitude. A single sample analysis was completed within a few seconds, providing a rapid way to obtain semiquantitative information on the DEP content in perfumes. This study shows that both volatile and nonvolatile analytes (e.g., amino acids) in liquids can be directly sampled by neutral desorption, providing a convenient way for high-throughput screening of target compounds using EESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Chingin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Wirth JJ, Rossano MG, Potter R, Puscheck E, Daly DC, Paneth N, Krawetz SA, Protas BM, Diamond MP. A pilot study associating urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and semen quality. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2008; 54:143-54. [PMID: 18570050 DOI: 10.1080/19396360802055921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous industrial chemicals that are reported to adversely affect human reproductive outcomes. Divergent effects on semen quality have been reported in a limited number of studies. To assess the possible contribution of regional differences in phthalate exposure to these results, we wished to determine if ambient phthalate exposure of men from the Great Lakes region was associated with human sperm parameters. Male partners (N=45) of subfertile couples presenting to a Michigan infertility clinic were recruited. Urinary concentrations of several phthalate metabolites were measured in these men. Semen parameters, measured according to the World Health Organization [WHO 1999] protocols, were divided into those at or above WHO cutoffs for motility (50% motile), concentration (20 million/mL) and morphology (4% normal) and those below. Phthalate metabolite concentrations were divided into those concentrations above the median and those at or below the median. Specific gravity was used as a covariate in the regression models to adjust for urine dilution. Low sperm concentration was significantly associated with above median concentrations of monoethyl phthalate (MEP) (OR=6.5, 95% CI: 1.0-43.6) and low morphology with above median concentrations of mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (OR=7.6, 95% CI: 1.7-33.3). Increased odds for low concentration and above median concentrations of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (OR=5.4, 95% CI: 0.9-30.8) and low morphology and above median concentrations of MEP (OR=3.4, 95% CI: 0.9-13.8) were also found. A significant trend was observed for tertiles of MEP and low sperm concentration (p=0.05). Results suggest that ambient phthalate metabolite concentrations may adversely affect human semen quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Wirth
- Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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28
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NAGATE T, CHINO T, NISHIYAMA C, OKUHARA D, TAHARA T, MARUYAMA Y, KASAHARA H, TAKASHIMA K, KOBAYASHI S, MOTOKAWA Y, MUTO SI, KURODA J. Diluted Isoflurane as a Suitable Alternative for Diethyl ether for Rat Anaesthesia in Regular Toxicology Studies. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:1137-43. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki NAGATE
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Tomonobu CHINO
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Daisuke OKUHARA
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Toru TAHARA
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Hiroko KASAHARA
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Kayoko TAKASHIMA
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Sayaka KOBAYASHI
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Shin-ichi MUTO
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Junji KURODA
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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