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Iqbal B, Khan I, Anwar S, Jalal A, Okla MK, Ahmad N, Alaraidh IA, Tariq M, AbdElgawad H, Li G, Du D. Biochar and saline soil: mitigation strategy by incapacitating the ecological threats to agricultural land. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2024; 26:1269-1279. [PMID: 38318857 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2310001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinity caused a widespread detrimental issue that hinders productivity in agriculture and ecological sustainability, while waste-derived soil amendments like biochar have drawn attention for their capacity to act as a mitigating agent, by enhancing the physical and chemical features of soil, and contributing to the recovery of agricultural waste resources. However, the information concerning biochar and salinity which affect the physicochemical characteristics of soils, crop physiology, and growth is limited. To investigate whether biochar mitigates the salinity stress on wheat crop seedlings, we grow them with salinity stress (120 mM), and biochar (20 tons ha-1), and its interactive effects. The soil properties of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic matter (SOM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and soil available phosphorus (SAP) decreased in the saline soil by 36.71%, 46.97%, 26.31%, and 15.00%, while biochar treatment increased SOC, DOC, and SAP contents by 7.42%, 31.57%, and 15.00%, respectively. On the other hand, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) contents decreased in all the treatments compared to the control. The root growth traits, SPAD values, leaf nitrogen, photosynthetic parameters, antioxidant enzymes, and reactive oxygen species decreased in the saline treatment while increasing in the biochar and interactive treatment. Thus, these activities resulted in higher leaves and root biomass in the biochar treatment alone and interactive treatment of salinity and biochar. According to principal component analysis, redundancy analysis, and the mantel test, using biochar in conjunction with salinity treatment was found to be more effective than salinity treatment alone. The results of this study suggest that biochar can be used as a sustainable agricultural technique and a means of mitigation agent by lowering soil salinity while increasing the biomass of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Iqbal
- School of Emergency Management, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Green Technology and Contingency Management for Emerging Pollutants, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ismail Khan
- School of Emergency Management, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Green Technology and Contingency Management for Emerging Pollutants, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shazma Anwar
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Jalal
- School of Engineering, Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering and Soils, São Paulo State University - UNESP-FEIS, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohammad K Okla
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ibrahim A Alaraidh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- School of Emergency Management, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Green Technology and Contingency Management for Emerging Pollutants, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Guanlin Li
- School of Emergency Management, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Green Technology and Contingency Management for Emerging Pollutants, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Daolin Du
- Jingjiang College, Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Emergency Management, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
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Wu J, Fu X, Zhao L, Lv J, Lv S, Shang J, Lv J, Du S, Guo H, Ma F. Biochar as a partner of plants and beneficial microorganisms to assist in-situ bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171442. [PMID: 38453085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Synergistic remediation of heavy metal (HM) contaminated soil using beneficial microorganisms (BM) and plants is a common and effective in situ bioremediation method. However, the shortcomings of this approach are the low colonisation of BM under high levels of heavy metal stress (HMS) and the poor state of plant growth. Previous studies have overlooked the potential of biochar to mitigate the above problems and aid in-situ remediation. Therefore, this paper describes the characteristics and physicochemical properties of biochar. It is proposed that biochar enhances plant resistance to HMS and aids in situ bioremediation by increasing colonisation of BM and HM stability. On this basis, the paper focuses on the following possible mechanisms: specific biochar-derived organic matter regulates the transport of HMs in plants and promotes mycorrhizal colonisation via the abscisic acid signalling pathway and the karrikin signalling pathway; promotes the growth-promoting pathway of indole-3-acetic acid and increases expression of the nodule-initiating gene NIN; improvement of soil HM stability by ion exchange, electrostatic adsorption, redox and complex precipitation mechanisms. And this paper summarizes guidelines on how to use biochar-assisted remediation based on current research for reference. Finally, the paper identifies research gaps in biochar in the direction of promoting beneficial microbial symbiotic mechanisms, recognition and function of organic molecules, and factors affecting practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Xiaofan Fu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jin Lv
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Sidi Lv
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jing Shang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jiaxuan Lv
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Shuxuan Du
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Haijuan Guo
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Gul T, Aslam MM, Khan AS, Iqbal T, Ullah F, Eldesoky GE, Aljuwayid AM, Akhtar MS. Phytotoxic responses of wheat to an imidazolium based ionic liquid in absence and presence of biochar. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 322:138080. [PMID: 36781001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Research on ionic liquids (ILs) and biochars (BCs) is a novel site of scientific interest. An experiment was designed to assess the effect of 1-propanenitrile imidazolium trifluoro methane sulfonate ([C2NIM][CF3SO3]) ionic liquid (IL) and IL-BC combination on the wheat plant. Three working standards of the IL; 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L, prepared in deionized water, were tested in the absence and presence of BC on wheat seedling. Results indicated significant decrease in seed germination (%), length, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents of wheat seedlings at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L of the IL. An admirable increase in phenolic and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) contents of wheat seedlings was noted at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L of the IL. The application of BC significantly ameliorated the negative effects of IL on the selected parameters of wheat. It is inferred that the undesirable effects of the IL on wheat growth can be positively restored by addition of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taza Gul
- Department of Botany, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Pakistan
| | | | - Amir Sada Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Iqbal
- Department of Botany, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Faizan Ullah
- Department of Botany, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Gaber E Eldesoky
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Muteb Aljuwayid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Saeed Akhtar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
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Chaturvedi K, Singhwane A, Dhangar M, Mili M, Gorhae N, Naik A, Prashant N, Srivastava AK, Verma S. Bamboo for producing charcoal and biochar for versatile applications. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2023:1-27. [PMID: 36817514 PMCID: PMC9924895 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-03715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo, the fastest-growing plant, has several unique characteristics that make it appropriate for diverse applications. It is low-cost, high-tensile, lightweight, flexible, durable, and capable of proliferating even in ineffectual areas (e.g., incline). This review discusses the unique properties of bamboo for making charcoal and biochar for diverse applications. To produce bamboo charcoal and biochar, this study reports on the pyrolysis process for the thermal degradation of organic materials in an oxygen-depleted atmosphere under a specific temperature. This is an alternative method for turning waste biomass into products with additional value, such as biochar. Due to various advantages, bamboo charcoal is preferred over regular charcoal as it has four times the absorption rate and ten times more surface area reported. According to the reports, the charcoal yield ranges from 24.60 to 74.27%. Bamboo chopsticks were the most useful source for producing charcoal, with a high yield of 74.27% at 300 °C in nitrogen, but the thorny bamboo species have a tremendous amount of minimal charcoal, i.e., 24.60%. The reported biochar from bamboo yield ranges from 32 to 80%. The most extensive biochar production is produced by the bamboo D. giganteus, which yields 80% biochar at 300 °C. Dry bamboo stalks at 400 °C produced 32% biochar. One of the sections highlights biochar as a sustainable solution for plastic trash management produced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Another section is dedicated to the knowledge enhancement about the broad application spectrum of the charcoal and biochar. The last section highlights the conclusions, future perspectives, and recommendations on the charcoal and biochar derived from bamboo. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamna Chaturvedi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, MP 462026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, MP 462026 India
| | - Anju Singhwane
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, MP 462026 India
| | - Manish Dhangar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, MP 462026 India
| | - Medha Mili
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, MP 462026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, MP 462026 India
| | - Nikhil Gorhae
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, MP 462026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, MP 462026 India
| | - Ajay Naik
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, MP 462026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, MP 462026 India
| | - N. Prashant
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, MP 462026 India
| | - A. K. Srivastava
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, MP 462026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, MP 462026 India
| | - Sarika Verma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, MP 462026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, MP 462026 India
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Song KE, Park CY, Hong SH, Chung JI, Kim MC, Shim SI. Beneficial effects of gamma-irradiation of quinoa seeds on germination and growth. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:465-477. [PMID: 35833987 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa is one of the crops well-adapted to high altitude regions that can grow relatively well under drought, humid, and high UV radiation conditions. This study was performed to investigate the effects of gamma-radiation on quinoa. Seeds were treated with various doses of 50 Gy, 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy, 600 Gy, 800 Gy, and 1000 Gy. We investigated germination, as well as plant height, chlorophyll content, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at 0, 30, 44, 58, and 88 days after transplanting (DAT) and panicle weight at 88 DAT. The plants grown from the seeds treated at radiation doses greater than 200 Gy showed reduced values in most growth and physiological characteristics. The germination rate and germination speed were higher in the 50 Gy-treated seeds than in 0 Gy-treated (control) seeds. Plant height and panicle weight were highest in the plants from 50 Gy-treated seeds. Chlorophyll content was higher in all treated samples than in the controls. NDVI value showed the highest value in 0 Gy controls and plants treated with 50 Gy. The antioxidant activity was also higher in the plants from the seeds treated with 50 Gy and 100 Gy, showing a steady increase as the radiation dose increased even at 200 Gy. The plants from seeds treated with 0 Gy showed higher expression of proteins related to photorespiration and tubulin chains. The plants from seeds treated with 50 Gy induced more stress-responsive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Eun Song
- Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
- Division of Applied Science (Brain Korea 21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Chan Young Park
- Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
- Division of Applied Science (Brain Korea 21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Hong
- Department of Plant Life Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung, 17579, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Chung
- Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Min Chul Kim
- Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
- Division of Applied Science (Brain Korea 21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Sang-In Shim
- Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.
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Gopalan J, Buthiyappan A, Raman AAA. Insight into metal-impregnated biomass based activated carbon for enhanced carbon dioxide adsorption: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Haider FU, Wang X, Farooq M, Hussain S, Cheema SA, Ain NU, Virk AL, Ejaz M, Janyshova U, Liqun C. Biochar application for the remediation of trace metals in contaminated soils: Implications for stress tolerance and crop production. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113165. [PMID: 34998263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In modern agriculture and globalization, the release of trace metals from manufacturing effluents hinders crop productivity by polluting the atmosphere and degrading food quality. Sustaining food safety in polluted soils is critical to ensure global food demands. This review describes the negative effects of trace metals stress on plant growth, physiology, and yield. Furthermore, also explains the potential of biochar in the remediation of trace metal's contaminations in plants by adoption of various mechanisms such as reduction, ion exchange, electrostatic forces of attraction, precipitation, and complexation. Biochar application enhances the overall productivity, accumulation of biomass, and photosynthetic activity of plants through the regulation of various biochemical and physiological mechanisms of plants cultivated under trace metals contaminated soil. Moreover, biochar scavenges the formation of reactive oxygen species, by activating antioxidant enzyme production i.e., ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, etc. The application of biochar also improves the synthesis of stressed proteins and proline contents in plants thus maintaining the osmoprotectant and osmotic potential of the plant under contaminates stress. Integrated application of biochar with other amendments i.e., microorganisms and plant nutrients to improve trace metal remediation potential of biochar and improving crop production was also highlighted in this review. Moreover, future research needs regarding the application of biochar have also been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasih Ullah Haider
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Arid-land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiukang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China.
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Alam Cheema
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ahmad Latif Virk
- Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing 100193, China; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mukkaram Ejaz
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Uulzhan Janyshova
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cai Liqun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Arid-land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Jiang S, Dai G, Zhou J, Zhong J, Liu J, Shu Y. An assessment of integrated amendments of biochar and soil replacement on the phytotoxicity of metal(loid)s in rotated radish-soya bean-amaranth in a mining acidy soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132082. [PMID: 34523456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge is insufficient on feasible remediation techniques to agricultural soils contaminated by multiple heavy metal(loid)s with elevated concentrations and extreme acidy from acid mine drainages (AMD). We aimed to elucidate the effect of integrated biochar (BC) and soil replacement on improving the mining soil properties and then alleviating the phytotoxicity of As, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn on radish (Raphanus sativus L.)-soya bean (Glycine max Merr.) -amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) rotation and the potential risk of crops to human health. Biochar and soil replacement showed outstanding effects on improving soil properties by increasing soil pH values, reducing available metal(loid)s, and enhancing the activity of catalase, urease and acid phosphatase. Also, the integrated technique regulated the physiological disorders of crops caused by metal(loid)s, specifically increasing chlorophyll content and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) in the three crops, and reducing the content of metal(loid)s in edible parts of plants. The combination of biochar and soil replacement exhibited better remediation effect than the single application of biochar or soil replacement, which played different roles in remediating mining farmland. Biochar exhibited efficacy in soil pH amelioration, metal stabilization and soil enzyme activity enhancement, while soil replacement alleviated metal(loid)s stress through the dilution effect. Among the 8 treatments, only biochar combined with 35% (S35BC) and 50% (S50BC) of replaced soil could achieve the safe production of the three crops under the three-season crop rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Jiang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guangling Dai
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Administrative Bureau of Hunan East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve, Yueyang, 414000, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junguang Liu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuehong Shu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Bilias F, Nikoli T, Kalderis D, Gasparatos D. Towards a Soil Remediation Strategy Using Biochar: Effects on Soil Chemical Properties and Bioavailability of Potentially Toxic Elements. TOXICS 2021; 9:184. [PMID: 34437502 PMCID: PMC8402515 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9080184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Soil contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is considered one of the most severe environmental threats, while among remediation strategies, research on the application of soil amendments has received important consideration. This review highlights the effects of biochar application on soil properties and the bioavailability of potentially toxic elements describing research areas of intense current and emerging activity. Using a visual scientometric analysis, our study shows that between 2019 and 2020, research sub-fields like earthworm activities and responses, greenhouse gass emissions, and low molecular weight organic acids have gained most of the attention when biochar was investigated for soil remediation purposes. Moreover, biomasses like rice straw, sewage sludge, and sawdust were found to be the most commonly used feedstocks for biochar production. The effect of biochar on soil chemistry and different mechanisms responsible for PTEs' immobilization with biochar, are also briefly reported. Special attention is also given to specific PTEs most commonly found at contaminated soils, including Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, and As, and therefore are more extensively revised in this paper. This review also addresses some of the issues in developing innovative methodologies for engineered biochars, introduced alongside some suggestions which intend to form a more focused soil remediation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotis Bilias
- Soil Science Laboratory, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Thomai Nikoli
- Laboratory of Soil Science and Plant Diagnostics, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, 73100 Chania, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Kalderis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 73133 Chania, Greece;
| | - Dionisios Gasparatos
- Laboratory of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
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Comparison of Pyrolysis Liquids from Continuous and Batch Biochar Production—Influence of Feedstock Evidenced by FTICR MS. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en14010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bio-oils from biomass pyrolysis can be a resource for upgrading to chemicals or fuels. Here, for the first time, we compare the composition of bio-oils produced from two feedstocks (wheat straw, softwood) in pyrolysis units of different mode of operation (continuous—rotary kiln vs. batch) using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) in different ionization modes (APPI (+), ESI (+/−)). Our results demonstrate that the pyrolysis unit design had only a minor influence on the composition of bio-oils produced from low-mineral containing wood biomass. Yet, the wheat straw-derived bio-oil produced in the continuous unit comprised lower molecular weight compounds with fewer oxygen-containing functional groups and lower O/C and H/C ratios, compared to bio-oils from batch pyrolysis. Longer residence time of vapours in the heated zone in the rotary kiln and a higher mineral content in wheat straw resulted in increased catalytically-mediated secondary reactions that favoured further bio-oil decomposition. This work shows for the first time that it is possible to produce distinct bio-oils without the need for external catalyst addition, by matching reactor type/design and feedstock.
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11
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Application of Bamboo Plants in Nine Aspects. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:7284203. [PMID: 33061861 PMCID: PMC7555460 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7284203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bamboo forests are undoubtedly one of the most abundant nontimber plants on Earth and cover a wide area of tropical and subtropical regions around the world. This amazing plant has unique rapid growth and can play an important role in protecting our planet from pollution and improving the soil. Bamboo can be used as a biofuel, food, and for architecture and construction applications and plays a large role in the local economy by creating job opportunities. The aim of this paper is to review the extraordinary tropical plant bamboo by explaining the mechanisms related to the growth and strength of bamboo and identifying ways to utilize bamboo in industry, employment, climate change mitigation, and soil erosion reduction.
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Bashir A, Rizwan M, Ali S, Adrees M, Rehman MZU, Qayyum MF. Effect of composted organic amendments and zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth and cadmium accumulation by wheat; a life cycle study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:23926-23936. [PMID: 32301070 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) availability in arable soils is a serious issue while little is known about the role of co-composted organic amendments and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) foliar spray on biomass and Cd accumulation in wheat grains. The current study investigated the soil application of organic amendment (composted biochar and farmyard manure) at a level of 0, 1, and 2% w/w and foliar spray of ZnO-NPs (0, 100, and 200 mg/L) on biomass, yield, and Cd in wheat grains cultivated in an aged Cd-contaminated agricultural soil. The results indicated that organic amendment increased the biomass, chlorophyll concentrations, yield, and activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase of wheat while decreased the electrolyte leakage and Cd concentrations in different parts of wheat such as shoots, roots, husks, and grains. This effect of organic amendment was further enhanced by the foliar spray of ZnO-NPs in a dose-additive manner. Cadmium concentration in grains was below threshold level (0.2 mg/kg DW) for cereals in combined application of 200 mg/L ZnO-NPs and 1% organic amendment as well as in higher treatment (2%) of organic amendment and NPs. Thus, combined use of organic materials and NPs might be a suitable way of reducing Cd and probably other toxic trace element concentrations in wheat and other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arooj Bashir
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Muhammad Adrees
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia Ur Rehman
- Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq Qayyum
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Technology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
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13
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The Potential Effectiveness of Biochar Application to Reduce Soil Cd Bioavailability and Encourage Oak Seedling Growth. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10103410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Today, it is very important to protect plants in soils contaminated with metals. We investigated the behavior of cadmium during the establishment of oak seedlings (Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey.) under biochar influence. This study was conducted in pots with loamy soil. Cadmium was added to soil at 0, 10, 30, and 50 mg per kg of soil, indicated by Control, Cd10, Cd30 and Cd50. Biochar was produced at 500–550 °C from rice husk and added at 1, 3, and 5% (wt/wt) levels, indicated by B1, B3, B5, and mixed with soil at planting in three replications. Generally, increasing biochar rates had significant effects on seedling height, diameter, and biomass. This coincided with Cd immobilization in the contaminated soil which reflects a decrease in Cd concentrations in the plant bioavailability of Cd. The tolerance index increased significantly, by 40.9%, 56%, and 60.6% in B1, B3, and B5 with Cd50, respectively, compared to polluted soil. The percent of Cd removal efficiency for Cd50 was 21%, 47%, and 67% in B1, B2, and B5, respectively. Our study highlights that biochar can reduce Cd bioavailability and improve the growth of oak seedlings in contaminated soil.
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14
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Evaluation of Spent Grain Biochar Impact on Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Growth by Multivariate Image Analysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10020533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biochar is generally considered as an effective soil amendment, which can improve soil organic matter and nutrients content and enhance crop productivity. In this study, biochar derived from brewers’ spent grain (BSG) was used in a pot and field experiment to assess whether its addition to soil could affect hop plant growth. The experiment was conducted in Central Italy during the period March–August 2017. Three different German cultivars of hop plant (Hallertau Magnum, Perle, Spalter spalt) were considered. Biochar was added to the pot soil at 20% level. Its effect on the roots was evaluated using multivariate image analysis (MIA) and the statistical technique of general linear models (GLM), whereas the shoots, bines length and yield using GLM. Results showed that biochar significantly improved root growth (p < 0.0001). Regarding shoots, no variability for the genotypes was observed during the vegetative period, whereas slight differences resulted before plant dormancy, especially for the Hallertau Magnum cultivar. No differences in the number of leaves or bines length were observed between the two treatments for all cultivars. The addition of biochar to the soil significantly improved yield (number of cones). These results highlighted that BSG-derived biochar can be useful to improve hop plant growth and cones production.
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15
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Silva Gonzaga MI, Oliveira da Silva PS, Carlos de Jesus Santos J, Ganassali de Oliveira Junior LF. Biochar increases plant water use efficiency and biomass production while reducing Cu concentration in Brassica juncea L. in a Cu-contaminated soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109557. [PMID: 31408820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been recently used as an alternative strategy to improve soil quality and plant growth in metal contaminated soils. However, the effects of biochar on gas exchange parameters such photosynthetic rate (A), water use efficiency (WUE) and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (ICE) in metal tolerant plant species in contaminated soils is still unknown. Such information is important to understand how different biochar types can influence plant biomass production and metal uptake. Hence, a greenhouse experiment was set up as a completely randomized design combining two types of crop residue biochar (coconut husk (CB) and orange shell (OB) and two rates of application (30 t ha-1 and 60 t ha-1)). A control treatment (no biochar) was also included. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of biochar on the physiological performance, growth and concentration of copper (Cu) in the shoot of B. juncea plants in a Cu-contaminated soil. Besides reduced growth on the control soil, all other treatments increased plant growth. No toxicity symptom was observed in the plant, confirming its Cu tolerance. Biochar increased plant biomass by approximately 170% and reduced Cu concentration up to 51%. Application of 30 t ha-1 biochar significantly increased net photosynthesis in 59% (CB) and in 34% (OB) while reducing stomatal conductance in 40% and transpiration rate in 14% (CB) and 19% (OB). Application of 60 t ha-1 of biochar reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in 51% and 60% (CB) and 26% and 7% (OB), respectively. All biochars improved the water use efficiency (WUE) in the plants (52-182%) for the instantaneous WUE and 80-162% for the intrinsic (IWUE). Therefore, biochar, especially CB, caused an improved regulation of the stomata aperture so that plant could maintain a high photosynthetic rate while efficiently controlling the use of water. This could be an important mechanism to reduce the excessive uptake of Cu by the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Silas Oliveira da Silva
- Agronomy Department, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil; Ecophysiology and Post-Harvest Laboratory - ECOPOC, Postgraduate Program in Agriculture and Biodiversity, Department of Agronomic Engineering, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n - Jd. Rosa Elze, CEP: 49100000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
| | | | - Luiz Fernando Ganassali de Oliveira Junior
- Ecophysiology and Post-Harvest Laboratory - ECOPOC, Postgraduate Program in Agriculture and Biodiversity, Department of Agronomic Engineering, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n - Jd. Rosa Elze, CEP: 49100000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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16
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Copper Toxicity and Prediction Models of Copper Content in Leafy Vegetables. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11226215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu), a toxic metal pollution found in the soil and water of industrialized areas, causes continuous issues for agriculture product contamination and human health hazards. However, information on copper phytotoxicity and its accumulation in vegetables is largely unknown. To evaluate the related agricultural loss and health risks, it is necessary to assess copper phytotoxicity and develop prediction models for copper concentration in vegetables. Here, we assess the growth performance and copper concentration of four leafy vegetables: Water spinach, amaranth, pakchoi, and garland chrysanthemum in copper-contaminated soil. The plant’s height and fresh weight is dramatically reduced when the soil copper concentration is over ~250 mg·kg−1. This yield reduction and copper accumulation are associated with an increase of soil copper concentration, suggesting high copper phytotoxicity levels in plants and soil. The prediction models of plant copper concentration were developed using multiple regressions based on one-step extractions of the soil copper as independent variables. One prediction model derived for amaranth copper using hydrochloric acid (HCl)-extractable and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-extractable copper from soil is able to describe 78.89% of the variance in the measured copper. As a result, the phytotoxic copper level for four leafy vegetables is revealed. Although the prediction models may not be universal, the predicted and phytotoxic copper levels are useful tools for evaluating vegetable yield and daily copper intake.
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17
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SALEM TM, REFAIE KM, SHERIF AEHEGAEL, EID MAM. Biochar application in alkaline soil and its effect on soil and plant. ACTA AGRICULTURAE SLOVENICA 2019; 114. [DOI: 10.14720/aas.2019.114.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Scientists reported that biochar can improve soil properties in acidic soils, while in alkaline soils were shown negative results. A field study was done to evaluate the effect of biochar application solely in alkaline soil compared with biochar composts with farm yard manure (BC-FYM) and sulfur (BC-S). The results revealed that using solely biochar decreased yield of potatoes tubers to more than 6 % and 10 % using mineral and organic fertilization, respectively. This was attributed to the alkalinity effect of biochar and raises the soil pH, which might precipitate macro and micro elements in soil and become unavailable for plant absorption. While using mixtures of BC-FYM and BC-S were shown to enhance yield productivity of potatoes tubers 11.7 % and equal to control under mineral fertilization; and 25.13 % and 10.53 % using organic fertilization, respectively. Mixture of BC-FYM and BC-S proved to have the ability for recovering the alkalinity effect of biochar, improve nutrients availability in soil and increase crop yield of potatoes. In general, mixing biochar with FYM was efficient, economical and environmentally sound solution in alkaline soils.
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18
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Effect of Biochar Application Depth on Crop Productivity Under Tropical Rainfed Conditions. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9132602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although inherently fertile, tropical soils rapidly degrade soon after cultivation. The period of time for which crops, mulch, compost, and manure provide nutrients and maintain mineral fertilizers in the soil is relatively short. Biochar, on the other hand, has the potential to maintain soil fertility and sequester carbon for hundreds or even thousands of years. This study determined the effect of biochar application depth on the productivity of NERICA-4 upland rice cultivar under tropical rainfed conditions. A fixed biochar–soil ratio of 1:20 (5% biochar) was applied in three depths—10 cm (TA), 20 cm (TB), and 30 cm (TC) with a non-biochar treatment (CK) as the control. The study showed that while crop productivity increased, root penetration depth decreased with increasing biochar application depth. Soil moisture was highest under TA (probably due to water logging in sunken-bed plots that formed after treatment) and lowest under TC (due to runoff over the raised-bed plots that formed too). Grain yield for the biochar treatments was 391.01–570.45 kg/ha (average of 480.21 kg/ha), with the potential to reach 576.47–780.57 kg/ha (average of 695.73 kg/ha) if contingent field conditions including pest damage and runoff can be prevented. By quantifying the effect of externalities on the field experiment, the study showed that biochar can enhance crop productivity. This was good for sustainable food production and for taking hungry Africa off the donor-driven food ration the nation barely survives on.
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19
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Liu N, Dai J, Tian H, He H, Zhu Y. Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and biochar on Cu accumulation and subcellular partitioning in Amaranthus retroflexus L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10343-10353. [PMID: 30761486 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation combined with amendments and stabilization technologies are two crucial methods to deal with soil contaminated with heavy metals. Copper (Cu) contamination in soil near Cu mines poses a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. This study investigated the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and biochar (BC) on the accumulation and subcellular distribution of Cu in Amaranthus retroflexus L. to demonstrate the remediation mechanism of EDTA and BC at the cellular level. The role of calcium (Ca) in response to Cu stress in A. retroflexus was also elucidated. We designed a pot experiment with a randomized block of four Cu levels (0, 100, 200, 400 mg kg-1) and three treatments (control, amendment with EDTA, and amendment with BC). The subcellular components were divided into three parts (cell walls, organelles, and soluble fraction) by differential centrifugation. The results showed that EDTA amendment significantly increased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of Cu in root cell walls and all subcellular components of stems and leaves (cell walls, organelles, and the soluble fraction). EDTA amendment significantly increased (p < 0.05) the proportion of exchangeable fraction and carbonate fraction in the soil. While BC amendment significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of Cu in root cell walls and the root soluble fraction, it had no significant effects on Cu concentrations in the subcellular components of stems and leaves. The results revealed that EDTA mainly promoted the transfer of Cu to aboveground parts and accumulation in subcellular components of stems and leaves, while BC mainly limited Cu accumulation in root cell walls and the root soluble fraction. Ca concentrations in cell walls of roots, stems, and leaves increased as the Cu stress increased in all treatment groups, indicating that Ca plays an important role in relieving Cu toxicity in Amaranthus retroflexus L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jiulan Dai
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Haoqi Tian
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Huan He
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Copenhagen University, Universitsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuen Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
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20
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Frick H, Tardif S, Kandeler E, Holm PE, Brandt KK. Assessment of biochar and zero-valent iron for in-situ remediation of chromated copper arsenate contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:414-422. [PMID: 30472643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chromated copper arsenates (CCA) have been extensively used as wood impregnation agents in Europe and North America. Today, CCA contaminated sites remain abundant and pose environmental risks that need to be properly managed. Using a TRIAD approach that combined chemical, ecotoxicological and ecological assessment of soil quality, we investigated the abilities of biochar and zero-valent iron (ZVI) to remediate CCA contaminated soil in a microcosm experiment. Soil samples from a highly contaminated CCA site (1364, 1662 and 540 μg g-1 of As, Cu and Cr, respectively) were treated with two different biochars (fine and coarse particle size; 1% w w-1) and ZVI (5% w w-1), both as sole and as combined treatments, and incubated for 56 days at 15 °C. In general, bioavailable As (Asbio) and Cu (Cubio) determined by whole-cell bacterial bioreporters corresponded well to water-extractable As and Cu (Aswater and Cuwater). However, in biochar treatments, only Cubio and not Cuwater was significantly reduced. In contrast, under ZVI treatments only Cuwater and not Cubio was reduced, demonstrating the value of complementing analytical with bacterial bioreporter measurements to infer bioavailability of elements to soil microorganisms. The combined fine particle size biochar and ZVI treatment effectively reduced water extractable concentrations of Cr, Cu, and As on site by 45%, 45% and 43% respectively, and led to the highest ecological recovery of the soil bacterial community, as measured using the [3H]leucine incorporation technique. We conclude that the combined application of biochar and ZVI as soil amendments holds promise for in-situ stabilization of CCA contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Frick
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Soil Biology Department, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Soil Science, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Stacie Tardif
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ellen Kandeler
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Soil Biology Department, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter E Holm
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristian K Brandt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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21
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Phytotoxicity of Corncob Biochar before and after Heat Treatment and Washing. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biochar from crop residues such as corncobs can be used for soil amendment, but its negative effects have also been reported. This study aims to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of different biochar treatments and application rates on cress (Lepidium sativum). Corncob biochar was produced via slow pyrolysis without using purging gas. Biochar treatments included fresh biochar (FB), dried biochar (DB), washed biochar (WB), and biochar water extract (WE). Biochar application rates of 10, 20, and 30 t/ha were investigated. Significant phytotoxic effects of biochar were observed on germination rates, shoot length, fresh weight, and dry matter content, while severe toxic effects were identified in FB and WE treatments. Germination rate after 48 h (GR48) decreased with the increase of biochar application rates in all treatments. The observed order of performance of the biochar treatments for germination, shoot length, and shoot fresh weight for every biochar application rate was WB>DB>WE>FB, while it was the reverse order for the shoot dry matter content. WB treatment showed the best performance in reducing the phytotoxicity of biochar. The mitigation of the phytotoxicity in fresh corncob biochar by washing and heat treatment was found to be a simple and effective method.
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22
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Kavitha B, Reddy PVL, Kim B, Lee SS, Pandey SK, Kim KH. Benefits and limitations of biochar amendment in agricultural soils: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 227:146-154. [PMID: 30176434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Current agriculture faces multiple challenges due to rapid increases in food demand and environmental concerns. Recently, biochar application in agricultural soils has attracted a good deal of attention. According to literature findings, biochar has proven to play various beneficial roles with respect to the enhancement of crop yield as a fertilizer and soil quality as a soil conditioner. It can further be used to remediate soil pollution as an adsorbent, while supporting the mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) through the expansion of the soil carbon pool. The efficacy of biochar application on agricultural environments is found to be controlled by various factors such as pyrolysis temperature, feed stock, soil type, and biotic interactions. The combined effects of these factors may thus exert a decisive control on the overall outcome. Furthermore, the biochar application can also be proven to be detrimental in some scenarios. This review evaluates both the potential benefits and limitations of biochar application in agriculture soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beluri Kavitha
- Department of Pharmacology, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr. NTRUHS, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh 520008, India
| | - Pullagurala Venkata Laxma Reddy
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Bojeong Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Temple University, 1901N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudhir Kumar Pandey
- Department of Botany, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, 495009, C.G., India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Huang TH, Lai YJ, Hseu ZY. Efficacy of cheap amendments for stabilizing trace elements in contaminated paddy fields. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:130-138. [PMID: 29421722 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In situ stabilization of trace elements by adding cheap amendments is an emerging technology for large-scale soil remediation. Various amendments have been examined well in the literature, but related have focused predominantly on short-term laboratory scale incubation or pot experiments. This study applied dolomitic lime at 40 ton ha-1, oyster shell (OS) at 80 ton ha-1, and sugarcane bagasse compost (SC) at 60 ton ha-1 to a paddy field in Taiwan for two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping seasons. The aims of study were to gain an understanding of the bioavailable concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn in the amended soil and the metal uptake of rice for practical amendment use in field-scale remediation of contaminated soils. The treatments of lime and OS significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the 0.1 N HCl-extractable metals in the soil. The increase in soil pH was the key factor in decreasing the bioavailable pool of metals in the soil by using lime and OS. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Ni in the brown rice were substantially reduced only through the addition of OS, and thus OS met the requirement of being a cheap, locally available, and environmentally compatible amendment for field-scale soil remediation. The translocation of Cr in rice plants is heavily restricted, and thus no significant differences in Cr uptake by rice grain were observed between the different amendment treatments. However, SC is not recommended as an immobilization agent because it caused a pH decrease in the amended soil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun-Jie Lai
- Apollo Technology Co., LTD, Taipei 10595, Taiwan
| | - Zeng-Yei Hseu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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24
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Wang C, Alidoust D, Yang X, Isoda A. Effects of bamboo biochar on soybean root nodulation in multi-elements contaminated soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:62-69. [PMID: 29268116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in plant physiological performance by means of biochar application in soils contaminated by multi-elements are determinants of agroecosystem functioning. This study analyzed the effects of bamboo-derived biochar on root nodulation and plant growth in a moderately acidic Andosol (pH = 5.56) contaminated with multi-elements during a 70-day investigation of soybean growth. Bamboo biochar that had been pyrolyzed at a temperature below 500°C was applied to soils at three different and moderately high rates (5%, 10%, and 15%, w/w). Biochar amendment beyond 5% stimulated root nodulation as well as soybean growth. The nodule weight per root system was significantly enhanced by 186% and 243% over the control at the 10% and 15% addition rates, respectively. The primary explanation for these stimulatory effects was attributed to an increase in the K and Mo supplies for plant uptake that was induced by the biochar application, whereas the increased availability of P contributed to a lesser extent. Leaf CO2 assimilation rate was slightly enhanced at the highest application rate, but this enhancement was not associated with an increase in biomass. The incorporation of biochar into the soil reduced extractable-NH4NO3 Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn, but not Pb, regardless of the application dose. This change was accompanied by a significant (P < 0.05) suppression of the uptake od trace elements in soybean shoots at the optimum application rate (10%); the degree of reduction followed this order: Pb>Mn>Cd>Zn>Cu>Ni. The increase in soil pH and the diffusion/adsorption of trace elements onto the biochar may have contributed to the lowering of the concentration of trace elements in the soil as well as in soybean shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Darioush Alidoust
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Environmental Horticulture, Division of Bioresource Science, Laboratory of Crop Science, Chiba University, Matsudo 648, Japan.
| | - Xueling Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Akihiro Isoda
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Division of Bioresource Science, Laboratory of Crop Science, Chiba University, Matsudo 648, Japan
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25
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Moore F, González ME, Khan N, Curaqueo G, Sanchez-Monedero M, Rilling J, Morales E, Panichini M, Mutis A, Jorquera M, Mejias J, Hirzel J, Meier S. Copper immobilization by biochar and microbial community abundance in metal-contaminated soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:960-969. [PMID: 29096960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) is gaining attention as a soil amendment that can remediate metal polluted soils. The simultaneous effects of BC on copper (Cu) mobility, microbial activities in soil using metallophytes have scarcely been addressed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of biochar BCs on Cu immobilization and over soil microbial communities in a Cu-contaminated soil evaluated over a two-year trial. A Cu-contaminated soil (338mgkg-1) was incubated with chicken manure biochar (CMB) or oat hull biochar (OHB) at rates of 1 and 5% w/w. Metallophyte Oenothera picensis was grown over one season (six months). The above process was repeated for 3 more consecutive seasons using the same soils. The BCs increased the soil pH and decreased the Cu exchangeable fraction Cu by 5 and 10 times (for OHB and CMB, respectively) by increasing the Cu bound in organic matter and residual fractions, and its effects were consistent across all seasons evaluated. BCs provided favorable habitat for microorganisms that was evident in increased microbial activity. The DHA activity was increased in all BC treatments, reaching a maximum of 7 and 6 times higher than control soils in CMB and OHB. Similar results were observed in microbial respiration, which increased 53% in OHB and 61% in CMB with respect to control. The BCs produced changes in microbial communities in all seasons evaluated. The fungal and bacterial richness were increased by CMB and OHB treatments; however, no clear effects were observed in the microbial diversity estimators. The physiochemical and microbiological effects produced by BC result in an increase of plant biomass production, which was on average 3 times higher than control treatments. However, despite being a metallophyte, O. picensis did not uptake Cu efficiently. Root and shoot Cu concentrations decreased or changed insignificantly in most BC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Moore
- Bioquímica, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - María-Eugenia González
- Núcleo de Investigación en Energías Renovables, Dirección de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Naser Khan
- NBERC, School of Natural & Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Gustavo Curaqueo
- Escuela de Agronomía Universidad Católica de Temuco, Casilla 15D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Miguel Sanchez-Monedero
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Waste Management, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Apartado de Correos 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Rilling
- Scientifical and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Esteban Morales
- Scientifical and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Marcelo Panichini
- Scientifical and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ana Mutis
- Bioquímica, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Milko Jorquera
- Scientifical and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jaime Mejias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Carillanca, Casilla Postal 58-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Juan Hirzel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Quilamapu, Avenida Vicente Méndez 515, Chillán, Chile
| | - Sebastián Meier
- Scientifical and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Carillanca, Casilla Postal 58-D, Temuco, Chile.
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Rady MM. Integrative Potassium Humate and Biochar Application Reduces Salinity Effects and Contaminants, And Improves Growth and Yield of Eggplant Grown Under Saline Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.35935/edr/22.5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In agriculture sector, soil salinity is one of the major problems that limit plant performance, particularly in arid and semiarid regions, including Egypt. The effect of potassium humate (KH) and casuarina biochar (Bch), applied singly or in integration, on plant performance, physio-biochemical attributes and antioxidant, and contents of contaminants of Solanum melongena plants grown under salt stress (EC = 6.96 – 7.08 dS m?1 ) was investigated. Results showed that, soil treatment with KH significantly improved plant growth and productivity, physio-biochemical attributes, and contents of K+ , osmoprotectants and antioxidants (soluble sugars, proline and ascorbic acid), and significantly lowered plant contents of contaminants (NO3 ? , NO2 ? and Cd2+) and Na+ ion compared to the untreated controls. The same results trend was obtained with soil treatment with Bch. Integrative application of KH + Bch was most effective compared to the single KH or Bch treatment. The above results recommended benefits of the integrative treatment KH+TOC to soil for the possibility of sustainable agronomic performance of eggplant grown on saline soils.
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Mohan D, Abhishek K, Sarswat A, Patel M, Singh P, Pittman CU. Biochar production and applications in soil fertility and carbon sequestration – a sustainable solution to crop-residue burning in India. RSC Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A sustainable solution to crop residues burning by converting residues into biochars is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
- New Delhi 110067
- India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- School of Environmental Sciences
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
- New Delhi 110067
- India
| | - Ankur Sarswat
- School of Environmental Sciences
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
- New Delhi 110067
- India
| | - Manvendra Patel
- School of Environmental Sciences
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
- New Delhi 110067
- India
| | - Prachi Singh
- School of Environmental Sciences
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
- New Delhi 110067
- India
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Rees F, Watteau F, Mathieu S, Turpault MP, Le Brech Y, Qiu R, Morel JL. Metal Immobilization on Wood-Derived Biochars: Distribution and Reactivity of Carbonate Phases. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:845-854. [PMID: 28783796 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.04.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Metals can be immobilized on biochars by precipitation with carbonate. The distribution of metal-carbonate phases at the surface of biochars and the conditions of their formation, however, are unknown. Electron microscopy and X-photon spectroscopy were used to characterize carbonate phases in various morphological groups of particles of a wood-derived biochar, both before and after a metal-sorption experiment. Our results showed that the distribution of metals at the surface of biochar particles depended on the corresponding wood tissues and the presence of carbonate phases. Metals were particularly concentrated (i) within calcium carbonate crystals in bark-derived particles, which originated from calcium oxalate crystals formed prior to pyrolysis, and (ii) as new phases formed by the reprecipitation of carbonate on specific tissues of biochar. The formation of biochar carbonate phases and their redistribution by dissolution-precipitation mechanisms may primarily control the localization of metals on biochar particles and the durability of metals immobilization.
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Oustriere N, Marchand L, Galland W, Gabbon L, Lottier N, Motelica M, Mench M. Influence of biochars, compost and iron grit, alone and in combination, on copper solubility and phytotoxicity in a Cu-contaminated soil from a wood preservation site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:816-825. [PMID: 27259036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two biochars, a green waste compost and iron grit were used, alone and in combination, as amendment to improve soil properties and in situ stabilize Cu in a contaminated soil (964mgCukg(-1)) from a wood preservation site. The pot experiment consisted in 9 soil treatments (% w/w): untreated Cu-contaminated soil (Unt); Unt soil amended respectively with compost (5%, C), iron grit (1%, Z), pine bark-derived biochar (1%, PB), poultry-manure-derived biochar (1%, AB), PB or AB+C (5%, PBC and ABC), and PB or AB+Z (1%, PBZ and ABZ). After a 3-month reaction period, the soil pore water (SPW) was sampled in potted soils and dwarf beans were grown for a 2-week period. In the SPW, all amendments decreased the Cu(2+) concentration, but total Cu concentration increased in all AB-amended soils due to high dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration. No treatment improved root and shoot DW yields, which even decreased in the ABC and ABZ treatments. The PBZ treatment decreased total Cu concentration in the SPW while reducing the gap with common values for root and shoot yields of dwarf bean plants. A field trial is underway before any recommendation for the PB-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Oustriere
- UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, Diversity and Functioning of Communities, University of Bordeaux, Bât. B2, allée Geoffroy St-Hilaire, CS50023, F-33615 Pessac cedex, France; INRA, UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33610 Cestas, France.
| | - Lilian Marchand
- UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, Diversity and Functioning of Communities, University of Bordeaux, Bât. B2, allée Geoffroy St-Hilaire, CS50023, F-33615 Pessac cedex, France; INRA, UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33610 Cestas, France.
| | - William Galland
- UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, Diversity and Functioning of Communities, University of Bordeaux, Bât. B2, allée Geoffroy St-Hilaire, CS50023, F-33615 Pessac cedex, France; INRA, UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33610 Cestas, France.
| | - Lunel Gabbon
- UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, Diversity and Functioning of Communities, University of Bordeaux, Bât. B2, allée Geoffroy St-Hilaire, CS50023, F-33615 Pessac cedex, France; INRA, UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33610 Cestas, France.
| | - Nathalie Lottier
- ISTO UMR 7327-CNRS, University of Orléans, campus géosciences, 1A, rue de la ferollerie, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France.
| | - Mikael Motelica
- ISTO UMR 7327-CNRS, University of Orléans, campus géosciences, 1A, rue de la ferollerie, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France.
| | - Michel Mench
- UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, Diversity and Functioning of Communities, University of Bordeaux, Bât. B2, allée Geoffroy St-Hilaire, CS50023, F-33615 Pessac cedex, France; INRA, UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33610 Cestas, France.
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Jones S, Bardos RP, Kidd PS, Mench M, de Leij F, Hutchings T, Cundy A, Joyce C, Soja G, Friesl-Hanl W, Herzig R, Menger P. Biochar and compost amendments enhance copper immobilisation and support plant growth in contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 171:101-112. [PMID: 26850677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of soil with trace elements, such as Cu, is an important risk management issue. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of three biochars and compost on plant growth and the immobilisation of Cu in a contaminated soil from a site formerly used for wood preservation. To assess Cu mobility, amended soils were analysed using leaching tests pre- and post-incubation, and post-growth. Amended and unamended soils were planted with sunflower, and the resulting plant material was assessed for yield and Cu concentration. All amendments significantly reduced leachable Cu compared to the unamended soil, however, the greatest reductions in leachable Cu were associated with the higher biochar application rate. The greatest improvements in plant yields were obtained with the higher application rate of biochar in combination with compost. The results suggest joint biochar and compost amendment reduces Cu mobility and can support biomass production on Cu-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jones
- r3 Environmental Technology UK Ltd, H9 TOB1, University of Reading Whiteknights Campus, Reading, UK.
| | - R Paul Bardos
- r3 Environmental Technology UK Ltd, H9 TOB1, University of Reading Whiteknights Campus, Reading, UK.
| | - Petra S Kidd
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain.
| | - Michel Mench
- UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, Ecologie des Communautés, Université de Bordeaux, Bât. B2, allée Geoffroy St-Hilaire, CS50023, F-33615, Pessac cedex, France; INRA, UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33610, Cestas, France.
| | - Frans de Leij
- C-Cure Solutions Ltd, Forest Research, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey, UK.
| | - Tony Hutchings
- C-Cure Solutions Ltd, Forest Research, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey, UK.
| | - Andrew Cundy
- Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK.
| | - Chris Joyce
- Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Gerhard Soja
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Friesl-Hanl
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Rolf Herzig
- Phytotech Foundation & AGB, Quartiergasse 12, CH3013, Berne, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Menger
- Tecnalia Research & Innovation, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, E-48160, Derio - Bizkaia, Spain.
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31
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Buss W, Graham MC, Shepherd JG, Mašek O. Suitability of marginal biomass-derived biochars for soil amendment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 547:314-322. [PMID: 26789369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The term "marginal biomass" is used here to describe materials of little or no economic value, e.g. plants grown on contaminated land, food waste or demolition wood. In this study 10 marginal biomass-derived feedstocks were converted into 19 biochars at different highest treatment temperatures (HTT) using a continuous screw-pyrolysis unit. The aim was to investigate suitability of the resulting biochars for land application, judged on the basis of potentially toxic element (PTE) concentration, nutrient content and basic biochar properties (pH, EC, ash, fixed carbon). It was shown that under typical biochar production conditions the percentage content of several PTEs (As, Al, Zn) and nutrients (Ca, Mg) were reduced to some extent, but also that biochar can be contaminated by Cr and Ni during the pyrolysis process due to erosion of stainless steel reactor parts (average+82.8% Cr, +226.0% Ni). This can occur to such an extent that the resulting biochar is rendered unsuitable for soil application (maximum addition +22.5 mg Cr kg(-1) biochar and +44.4 mg Ni kg(-1) biochar). Biomass grown on land heavily contaminated with PTEs yielded biochars with PTE concentrations above recommended threshold values for soil amendments. Cd and Zn were of particular concern, exceeding the lowest threshold values by 31-fold and 7-fold respectively, despite some losses into the gas phase. However, thermal conversion of plants from less severely contaminated soils, demolition wood and food waste anaerobic digestate (AD) into biochar proved to be promising for land application. In particular, food waste AD biochar contained very high nutrient concentrations, making it interesting for use as fertiliser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Buss
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Margaret C Graham
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Jessica G Shepherd
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK; School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK.
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32
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Copper-induced adaptation, oxidative stress and its tolerance in Aspergillus niger UCP1261. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kammann CI, Schmidt HP, Messerschmidt N, Linsel S, Steffens D, Müller C, Koyro HW, Conte P, Joseph S, Stephen J. Plant growth improvement mediated by nitrate capture in co-composted biochar. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11080. [PMID: 26057083 PMCID: PMC4460888 DOI: 10.1038/srep11080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil amendment with pyrogenic carbon (biochar) is discussed as strategy to improve soil fertility to enable economic plus environmental benefits. In temperate soils, however, the use of pure biochar mostly has moderately-negative to -positive yield effects. Here we demonstrate that co-composting considerably promoted biochars' positive effects, largely by nitrate (nutrient) capture and delivery. In a full-factorial growth study with Chenopodium quinoa, biomass yield increased up to 305% in a sandy-poor soil amended with 2% (w/w) co-composted biochar (BC(comp)). Conversely, addition of 2% (w/w) untreated biochar (BC(pure)) decreased the biomass to 60% of the control. Growth-promoting (BC(comp)) as well as growth-reducing (BC(pure)) effects were more pronounced at lower nutrient-supply levels. Electro-ultra filtration and sequential biochar-particle washing revealed that co-composted biochar was nutrient-enriched, particularly with the anions nitrate and phosphate. The captured nitrate in BC(comp) was (1) only partly detectable with standard methods, (2) largely protected against leaching, (3) partly plant-available, and (4) did not stimulate N2O emissions. We hypothesize that surface ageing plus non-conventional ion-water bonding in micro- and nano-pores promoted nitrate capture in biochar particles. Amending (N-rich) bio-waste with biochar may enhance its agronomic value and reduce nutrient losses from bio-wastes and agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia I Kammann
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Schmidt
- Ithaka Institute for Carbon Intelligence, Ancienne Eglise 9, CH-1974 Arbaz, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Messerschmidt
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Linsel
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Diedrich Steffens
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- 1] Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany [2] Earth Science Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Hans-Werner Koyro
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Pellegrino Conte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze ed. 4 90128 - Palermo (Italy)
| | - Stephen Joseph
- Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; University of New South Wales, School of Material Science and Engineering, NSW 2052, Australia
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Buss W, Mašek O, Graham M, Wüst D. Inherent organic compounds in biochar--Their content, composition and potential toxic effects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 156:150-7. [PMID: 25845996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis liquids consist of thermal degradation products of biomass in various stages of its decomposition. Therefore, if biochar gets affected by re-condensed pyrolysis liquids it is likely to contain a huge variety of organic compounds. In this study the chemical composition of such compounds associated with two contaminated, high-volatile organic compound (VOC) biochars were investigated and compared with those for a low-VOC biochar. The water-soluble organic compounds with the highest concentrations in the two high-VOC biochars were acetic, formic, butyric and propionic acids; methanol, phenol, o-, m- and p-cresol, and 2,4-dimethylphenol, all with concentrations over 100 μg g(-1). The concentrations of 16 US EPA PAHs determined by 36 h toluene extractions were 6.09 μg g(-1) for the low-VOC biochar. For high-VOC biochar the total concentrations were 53.42 μg g(-1) and 27.89 μg g(-1), while concentrations of water-soluble PAHs ranged from 1.5 to 2 μg g(-1). Despite the concentrations of PAHs exceeding biochar guideline values, it was concluded that, for these particular biochars, the biggest concern for application to soil would be the co-occurrence of VOCs such as low molecular weight (LMW) organic acids and phenols, as these can be highly mobile and have a high potential to cause phytotoxic effects. Therefore, based on results of this study we strongly suggest for VOCs to be included among criteria for assessment of biochar quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Buss
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK.
| | - Margaret Graham
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Dominik Wüst
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Conversion Technology and Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Resources, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Buss W, Mašek O. Mobile organic compounds in biochar - a potential source of contamination - phytotoxic effects on cress seed (Lepidium sativum) germination. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 137:111-9. [PMID: 24608115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biochar can be contaminated during pyrolysis by re-condensation of pyrolysis vapours. In this study two biochar samples contaminated by pyrolysis liquids and gases to a high degree, resulting in high volatile organic compound (high-VOC) content, were investigated and compared to a biochar with low volatile organic compound (low-VOC) content. All biochar samples were produced from the same feedstock (softwood pellets) under the same conditions (550 °C, 20 min mean residence time). In experiments where only gaseous compounds could access germinating cress seeds (Lepidium sativum), application amounts ranging from 1 to 30 g of high-VOC biochar led to total inhibition of cress seed germination, while exposure to less than 1 g resulted in only partial reduction. Furthermore, leachates from biochar/sand mixtures (1, 2, 5 wt.% of biochar) induced heavy toxicity to germination and showed that percolating water could dissolve toxic compounds easily. Low-VOC biochar didn't exhibit any toxic effects in either germination test. Toxicity mitigation via blending of a high-VOC biochar with a low-VOC biochar increased germination rate significantly. These results indicate re-condensation of VOCs during pyrolysis can result in biochar containing highly mobile, phytotoxic compounds. However, it remains unclear, which specific compounds are responsible for this toxicity and how significant re-condensation in different pyrolysis units might be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Buss
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, UK
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, UK.
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Xu RK, Zhao AZ. Effect of biochars on adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) by three variable charge soils from southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8491-501. [PMID: 23649601 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare the relative contribution of different mechanisms to the enhanced adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) by variable charge soils due to incorporation of biochars derived from crop straws. The biochars were prepared from the straws of canola and peanut using an oxygen-limited pyrolysis method at 350 °C. The effect of biochars on adsorption and desorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) by and from three variable charge soils from southern China was investigated with batch experiments. Based on the desorption of pre-adsorbed heavy metals, the electrostatic and non-electrostatic adsorptions were separated. EDTA was used to replace the heavy metals complexed with biochars and to evaluate the complexing ability of the biochars with the metals. The incorporation of biochars increased the adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) by the soil; peanut straw char induced a greater increase in the adsorption of the three metals. The increased percentage of Cd(II) adsorption induced by biochars was much greater than that for the adsorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II). Cu(II) adsorption on three variable charge soils was enhanced by the two biochars mainly through a non-electrostatic mechanism, while both electrostatic and non-electrostatic mechanisms contributed to the enhanced adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) due to the biochars. Peanut straw char had a greater specific adsorption capacity than canola straw char and thus induced more non-electrostatic adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) by the soils than did the canola straw char. The complexing ability of the biochars with Cu(II) and Pb(II) was much stronger than that with Cd(II) and thus induced more specific adsorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) by the soils than that of Cd(II). Biochars increased heavy metal adsorption by the variable charge soils through electrostatic and non-electrostatic mechanisms, and the relative contribution of the two mechanisms varied with metals and biochars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-kou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing, China,
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Beesley L, Marmiroli M, Pagano L, Pigoni V, Fellet G, Fresno T, Vamerali T, Bandiera M, Marmiroli N. Biochar addition to an arsenic contaminated soil increases arsenic concentrations in the pore water but reduces uptake to tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 454-455:598-603. [PMID: 23583727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) concentrations in soil, soil pore water and plant tissues were evaluated in a pot experiment following the transplantation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plantlets to a heavily As contaminated mine soil (~6000 mg kg(-1) pseudo-total As) receiving an orchard prune residue biochar amendment, with and without NPK fertiliser. An in-vitro test was also performed to establish if tomato seeds were able to germinate in various proportions of biochar added to nutrient solution (MS). Biochar significantly increased arsenic concentrations in pore water (500 μg L(-1)-2000 μg L(-1)) whilst root and shoot concentrations were significantly reduced compared to the control without biochar. Fruit As concentrations were very low (<3 μg kg(-1)), indicating minimal toxicity and transfer risk. Fertilisation was required to significantly increase plant biomass above the control after biochar addition whilst plants transplanted to biochar only were heavily stunted and chlorotic. Given that increasing the amount of biochar added to nutrient solution in-vitro reduced seed germination by up to 40%, a lack of balanced nutrient provision from biochar could be concluded. In summary, solubility and mobility of As were increased by biochar addition to this soil, but uptake to plant was reduced, and toxicity-transfer risk was negligible. Therefore leaching rather than food chain transfer appears the most probable immediate consequence of biochar addition to As contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Beesley
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Section of Genetics and Biotechnologies, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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Ippolito JA, Laird DA, Busscher WJ. Environmental benefits of biochar. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2012; 41:967-972. [PMID: 22751039 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2012.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and improving environmental quality by reducing soil nutrient leaching losses, reducing bioavailability of environmental contaminants, sequestering C, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancing crop productivity in highly weathered or degraded soils, has been the goal of agroecosystem researchers and producers for years. Biochar, produced by pyrolysis of biomass, may help attain these goals. The desire to advance understanding of the environmental and agronomic implication of biochar utilization led to the organization of the 2010 American Society of Agronomy-Soil Science Society of America Environmental Quality Division session titled "Biochar Effects on the Environment and Agricultural Productivity." This specialized session and sessions from other biochar conferences, such as the 2010 U.S. Biochar Initiative and the Biochar Symposium 2010 are the sources for this special manuscript collection. Individual contributions address improvement of the biochar knowledge base, current information gaps, and future biochar research needs. The prospect of biochar utilization is promising, as biochars may be customized for specific environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Ippolito
- Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Lab., Kimberly, ID, USA.
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