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Hou L, Malyar RM, Ding W, Shoura HE, Yuan Y, Chen J, Shi F, Wei Q. Dietary supplementation of distiller's grains yeast cultures improves performance and immunity by altering the intestinal flora of broilers. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39314076 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distiller's grains are a by-product of liquor production with a higher yield than liquor. Developing and utilizing distiller's grains well could alleviate the problem of scarce feed resources. Our present experiment was conducted with 6000 yellow-feathered broilers to study the effects of adding distiller's grains yeast cultures (DGYC) to the diet on growth performance and immunity of broilers. The broilers were divided into five groups, receiving different DGYC concentrations during two stages. Growth performance, intestinal microorganisms and immune organ development were measured. RESULTS The results showed that groups B and D, supplemented with medium and high concentrations of DGYC, respectively, had significantly improved growth performance compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Group D also showed higher immune organ index (P < 0.01), increased serum total protein, high-density lipoprotein and immunoglobulin levels (P < 0.05) and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed improved immune organ development in group D (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in high-concentration group D, levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetic, propionic and butyric acids) in cecal chyme were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The richness (Chao1) and diversity (Faith-pd) index of cecal microbiota were significantly higher in group D compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The microbial composition in group D differed from the control and medium-concentration group B. Seven bacteria (Clostridia-UCG-014, UCG-009, DTU089, UCG-010, Campylobacter, Harryflintia, Shuttleworthia) showed significant differences (P < 0.05). After DGYC feeding, DTU089 decreased, while other SCFA-producing bacteria increased (P < 0.05). Subsequently, KEGG function and corresponding signal pathway predictions were performed on bacteria with significant differences. Group D exhibited a higher enrichment of immune function pathways (P < 0.01) and showed significant changes in four immune signaling pathways according to the signal pathway heatmap. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that high concentrations of DGYC can be applied as a feed additive for broilers that promotes growth, improves intestinal health and enhances certain immunity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsong Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Wei Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Hytham Elsaid Shoura
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunwei Yuan
- Yancheng Qiling Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Yancheng, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Yancheng Qiling Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Yancheng, China
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanwei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Khattak F, Galgano S, Pedersen NR, Hui Y, Matthiesen R, Houdijk J. Supplementation of lactobacillus-fermented rapeseed meal in broiler diet reduces Campylobacter jejuni cecal colonization and limits the l-tryptophan and l-histidine biosynthesis pathways. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5474-5485. [PMID: 38391155 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), a widely distributed global foodborne pathogen, primarily linked with contaminated chicken meat, poses a significant health risk. Reducing the abundance of this pathogen in poultry meat is challenging but essential. This study assessed the impact of Lactobacillus-fermented rapeseed meal (LFRM) on broilers exposed to C. jejuni-contaminated litter, evaluating growth performance, Campylobacter levels, and metagenomic profile. RESULTS By day 35, the litter contamination successfully colonized broilers with Campylobacter spp., particularly C. jejuni. In the grower phase, LFRM improved (P < 0.05) body weight and daily weight gain, resulting in a 9.2% better feed conversion ratio during the pre-challenge period (the period before artificial infection; days 13-20). The LFRM also reduced the C. jejuni concentration in the ceca (P < 0.05), without altering alpha and beta diversity. However, metagenomic data analysis revealed LFRM targeted a reduction in the abundance of C. jejuni biosynthetic pathways of l-tryptophan and l-histidine and gene families associated with transcription and virulence factors while also possibly leading to selected stress-induced resistance mechanisms. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that LFRM inclusion improved growth and decreased cecal Campylobacter spp. concentration and the relative abundance of pivotal C. jejuni genes. Performance benefits likely resulted from LFRM metabolites. At the molecular level, LFRM may have reduced C. jejuni colonization, likely by decreasing the abundance of energy transduction and l-histidine and l-tryptophan biosynthesis genes otherwise required for bacterial survival and increased virulence. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farina Khattak
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, SRUC, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Yan Hui
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Jos Houdijk
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, SRUC, Edinburgh, UK
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Yao T, Wang C, Liang L, Xiang X, Zhou H, Zhou W, Hou R, Wang T, He L, Bin S, Yin Y, Li T. Effects of fermented sweet potato residue on nutrient digestibility, meat quality, and intestinal microbes in broilers. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:75-86. [PMID: 38737580 PMCID: PMC11087712 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different proportions of dietary fermented sweet potato residue (FSPR) supplementation as a substitute for corn on the nutrient digestibility, meat quality, and intestinal microbes of yellow-feathered broilers. Experiment 1 (force-feeding) evaluated the nutrient composition and digestibility of mixtures with different proportions of sweet potato residue (70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%) before and after fermentation. In Experiment 2 (metabolic growth), a total of 420 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly allocated to 4 groups and fed corn-soybean meal-based diets with 0, 5%, 8%, and 10% FSPR as a substitute for corn. The force-feeding and metabolic growth experiments were performed for 9 and 70 d, respectively. The treatment of 70% sweet potato residue (after fermentation) had the highest levels of crude protein, ether extract, and crude fiber and improved the digestibility of crude protein and amino acids (P < 0.05). Although dietary FSPR supplementation at different levels had no significant effect on growth performance and intestinal morphology, it improved slaughter rate, half-chamber rate, full clearance rate, and meat color, as well as reduced cooking loss in the breast and thigh muscles (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with 8% and 10% FSPR increased the serum immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G levels in broilers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 10% FSPR increased the Shannon index and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010 and Romboutsia abundances and decreased Sutterella and Megamonas abundances (P < 0.05). Spearman's correlation analysis showed that meat color was positively correlated with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with Megamonas (P < 0.05). Collectively, 70% sweet potato residue (after fermentation) had the best nutritional value and nutrient digestibility. Dietary supplementation with 8% to 10% FSPR as a substitute for corn can improve the slaughter performance, meat quality, and intestinal microbe profiles of broilers. Our findings suggest that FSPR has the potential to be used as a substitute for corn-soybean meals to improve the meat quality and intestinal health of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Lifen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Xuan Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Wentao Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Ruoxin Hou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Tianli Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liuqin He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Shiyu Bin
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhen S, Abdul Rauf Z, Fenfen X, Zhan K, Ruiyu M, Wang Z. Microbial fermentation technology for degradation of saponins from peony seed meal. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:1263-1275. [PMID: 36927259 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2188408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Peony seed meal is a very important feed protein raw material with a high potential for development; however, the presence of some anti-nutritional factors, such as saponins, reduces its reusability. This study aimed to establish ideal microbial fermentation conditions for the degradation of saponins in peony seed meal for its subsequent use in poultry feed. First, saponins were extracted via two methods: ethanol extraction and reflux. Then, response surface methodology and orthogonal array testing were used to establish the optimal conditions for the degradation of saponins by (a) liquid fermentation of single bacteria, (b) liquid fermentation of compound bacteria, and (c) solid-state fermentation. The degradation efficiencies were 40.21% (±1.62), 59.82% (±1.54), and 69.31% (±2.95), respectively. The maximum degradation was obtained via solid-state fermentation, and the soluble protein content for this fermentation product was found to be 14% higher than that of unfermented peony seed meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Zhen
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zirwa Abdul Rauf
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Fenfen
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zhan
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, The Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Ma Ruiyu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, The Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Zaigui Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Ogbuewu IP, Mabelebele M, Mbajiorgu CA. Meta-analysis of blood indices and production physiology of broiler chickens on dietary fermented cassava intervention. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:368. [PMID: 37864719 PMCID: PMC10590304 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dietary fermented cassava on the blood constituents and production parameters of broiler chickens have been reported with variable outcomes. Therefore, this investigation aimed to explore the impacts of dietary fermented cassava on growth traits, blood constituents, visceral organ, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Four databases were searched for studies that assessed responses of broiler chickens dietary fermented cassava. Eleven articles were used for the investigation, and data generated were analysed using OpenMEE software. A random effects model was used, and effect sizes were presented as standardised mean difference (SMD) at a 95 % confidence interval (CI). Sources of heterogeneity were evaluated using the following modifiers: broiler strain used, cassava form, feeding duration, type of microbes used for the fermentation, and inclusion level of cassava. Results indicate that fermented cassava-based diets increased feed intake (SMD = 0.38; 95 % CI: 0.11, 0.65; P = 0.006), feed conversion ratio (SMD = 1.26; 95 % CI: 0.91, 1.61; P < 0.001), white blood cells (SMD = 1.26; 95 % CI: 0.54, 1.98; P < 0.001), total serum protein (SMD = 1.23; 95 % CI: 0.41, 2.05; P = 0.003), serum cholesterol (SMD = 0.43; 95 % CI: 0.01, 0.85; P = 0.050), serum creatinine (SMD = 2.53; 95 % CI: 0.53, 4.53; P = 0.013), and serum uric acid (SMD = 4.33; 95 % CI: 6.25, 2.41; P < 0.001), but lowered average daily gain and carcass yield, taking heterogeneity into account. Results reveal that studied modifiers were responsible for the inconsistent results among authors. In conclusion, dietary fermented cassava negatively influenced carcass yield, growth performance, and aspects of blood indices of broiler chickens, but did not affect abdominal fat content, visceral organ weights, and cut-part weights. However, more innovative research is needed to improve the feeding quality of cassava using other biotechnological tools in order to maximise its potential as an energy source in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Ogbuewu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B, Owerri, Imo State, 1526, Nigeria.
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
| | - M Mabelebele
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - C A Mbajiorgu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
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Ogbuewu IP, Mbajiorgu CA. Utilisation of cassava as energy and protein feed resource in broiler chicken and laying hen diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:161. [PMID: 37060476 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the nutrient contents of cassava products is crucial to fully maximise their utilisation in animal feed. This study aimed to review published data on the nutritional quality of cassava products and their use as a source of energy and protein in broiler chicken and laying hen diets. Cassava is a tuber crop that grows abundantly in tropical countries, and its products are classified as energy or protein feed resources based on their protein and energy levels. Cassava starch residue (CSR), cassava root meal (CRM), cassava peel meal (CPM), ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM), fermented cassava peel meal (FCPM), cassava pulp, and cassava root sievate meal (CRSM) were classified as an energy source in chicken feed, whereas cassava leaf meal (CLM) is classified as a protein source. Nutritional analysis indicates that cassava leaves are high in protein, fibre, minerals, vitamins (B1, B2, and C), and carotenoids, while CRM is rich in energy but low in crude protein (CP). Additionally, cassava contains cyanogenic glycosides, especially linamarin, and lotaustralin, which release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) upon tissue disruption. The utilisation of cassava as an energy or protein feed resource in the chicken diet is limited by its high fibre, presence of HCN, nutrient imbalance, and dusty nature of its dried meals. Efforts have been made to enhance the nutrient quality of cassava and increase their utilisation in chicken feed using different processing techniques with some success. Available information on the nutrient contents of differently processed cassava and its effect on chicken performance is vast and dispersed, making it hard to use such information in the decision-making process. Therefore, this review aimed to aggregate published articles on the nutrient contents of cassava products and their impacts on the health and productive indices of broiler chickens and laying hens into a single document for ease of comparison and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Ogbuewu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
| | - C A Mbajiorgu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
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Lu Z, Zeng N, Jiang S, Wang X, Yan H, Gao C. Dietary replacement of soybean meal by fermented feedstuffs for aged laying hens: effects on laying performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, intestinal health, follicle development, and biological parameters in a long-term feeding period. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102478. [PMID: 36696763 PMCID: PMC9879788 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with fermented soybean meal (FSM) or fermented miscellaneous meal (FMM, cottonseed meal: coconut meal = at a 1:1 ratio) on the intestinal health, laying performance, egg quality, and follicle development of laying hens. A total of 1,008 54-wk-old laying hens were randomly divided into 7 treatment groups and fed a corn-soybean base diet in addition to 2%, 4%, and 8% FSM or FMM. The results showed that fermentation increased the contents of crude protein, amino acids (Ser, Gly, Cys, Leu, Lys, His, and Arg), and organic acids (butyric acid, citric acid, succinic acid) and decreased the contents of neutral and acid detergent fiber in the soybean and miscellaneous meals (P < 0.05). Compared with the results found for the control group, feeding with 4% FSM increased the egg production, egg mass and average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feeding with 4% FMM increased the ADFI of laying hens (P < 0.05). Furthermore, feeding with 8% FMM reduced the productive performance and laying performance, supplementation with 4% FSM increased the eggshell strength and weight, and 2 to 4% FSM increased the egg albumen height and Haugh unit (P < 0.05). Moreover, 2 to 8% FSM or 2 to 4% FMM enhanced the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and NDF for laying hens (P < 0.05). The relative weight, villus height, crypt depth, and villus:crypt ratio of the jejunum were higher in the 4% FSM- and FMM-fed groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occluding, and Claudin1), the intestinal stem cell marker Lgr5, and the proliferation cell marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was upregulated in the jejunum of laying hens fed 4% FSM and FMM (P < 0.05). The relative weight of the ovaries, and the number of small yellow follicles and large white follicles were elevated after 4% FSM or FMM supplementation. Furthermore, the levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were increased in the 4% FSM and FMM groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of laying hen feed with FSM and FMM improved the laying performance, egg quality, intestinal barrier function, and follicle development of aged laying hens, and 4% FSM supplementation was optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chunqi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
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Olasehinde O, Aderemi F. Effect of sprouted whole pearl millet on growth performance, intestinal development, bacterial count, and blood indices of broiler chickens. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad045. [PMID: 37216186 PMCID: PMC10199787 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of varying levels of sprouted whole grain pearl millet (SPM) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, microbial count, and blood indices of broiler chickens. A maize-soybean meal basal diet was formulated and fed to broiler chickens as starter (0 to 21 d) and finisher (22 to 42 d) diets. The diets comprised of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of SPM incorporated as whole grain. On 0 d, 180 unsexed broiler chickens were allocated to experimental diets in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated three times; each replicate had 12 chicks. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric to meet the nutrient requirements of broiler chickens. Diets and water were provided ad libitum for 42 d. Results showed that the body weight gain (BWG) of broiler chickens on SPM compared favorably with those on the control diet. BWG showed trends in increment (P < 0.10) while FCR showed decreased trends (P < 0.10) with partial inclusion of SPM at 42 d and 0 to 42 d. The drumstick weight showed quadratic effect (P = 0.044) while the wing weight showed linear effect (P = 0.047) to treatment diets at 21 d. The liver weights of broiler chickens showed linear response (P = 0.018) at 21 d and (P = 0.004) at 42 d to SPM inclusion in diets. Sprouted whole PM consistently increased low-density lipoprotein concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (P < 0.05). Length and weight of small intestine and ceca showed decreasing trends on SPM levels in the treatment diets. Digesta pH assessment revealed that pH in the crop was lower (P < 0.05) on partial SPM while pH in proventriculus was reduced (P < 0.05) with inclusion of SPM in treatment diets. Lactobacilli count decreased linearly (P = 0.010) with SPM inclusion. This study suggests that SPM could be used as an alternative source of energy in production of broiler chickens. Therefore, partial replacement of maize with SPM in broiler diet had no negative effect on performance, physiological status, and overall health of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Foluke Aderemi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
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Zengin M, Sur A, İlhan Z, Azman MA, Tavşanlı H, Esen S, Bacaksız OK, Demir E. Effects of fermented distillers grains with solubles, partially replaced with soybean meal, on performance, blood parameters, meat quality, intestinal flora, and immune response in broiler. Res Vet Sci 2022; 150:58-64. [PMID: 35803008 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study set out to examine the effects of fermented distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) partially replaced with soybean meal on growth performance, some blood parameters, meat quality, intestinal microflora, and immune response in broilers. A total of 504 chicks were randomly allocated into 6 groups with 3 replicates. All chicks were fed with one of the following formulated diets i) basal diet based on the maize-soybean meal (C), ii) partially replaced with non-fermented DDGS (NC), iii) partially replaced fermented DDGS with B. subtilis (BS), iv) partially replaced with BS + multienzyme (BSE), v) partially replaced fermented DDGS with S. cerevisiae (SC), vi) partially replaced with SC + multienzyme (SCE). Results showed no significant difference between groups for body weight, daily weight gain (DWG), and feed intake (FI) (P > 0.05). However, feed conversion ratios (FCR) of BS, BSE, and SCE groups were significantly lower than the C and NC groups (P < 0.001). Albumin, total protein, alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.01), Total antioxidant status, aspartate aminotransferase, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and uric acid (P < 0.05) were significantly affected by treatments. The meat color of the SC and SCE groups was darker after 24 h compared to the C group (P < 0.01). The highest LAB counts of ileal and cecum were observed in the BSE and SCE groups (P < 0.001). These results suggest that partial replacement of soybean meal with fermented DDGS had a positive effect on FCR without affecting DWG and FI, and combining fermented DDGS with multienzymes decreased FCR and improved immune and gut health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhittin Zengin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey.
| | - Aslıhan Sur
- Department of Veterinary, Vocational School of Kepsut, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Ziya İlhan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Azman
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Hakan Tavşanlı
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Selim Esen
- Balikesir Directorate of Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Koray Bacaksız
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Ergün Demir
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
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10
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Guo W, Xu LN, Guo XJ, Wang W, Hao QH, Wang SY, Zhu BC. The impacts of fermented feed on laying performance, egg quality, immune function, intestinal morphology and microbiota of laying hens in the late laying cycle. Animal 2022; 16:100676. [PMID: 36442324 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented feed has the potential to improve poultry gastrointestinal microecological environment, health condition and production performance. Thus, the present study was undertaken to explore the effects of fermented feed on the laying performance, egg quality, immune function, intestinal morphology and microbiota of laying hens in the late laying cycle. A total of 360 healthy Hy-Line Brown laying hens aged 80 weeks were used to conduct a 56-day study. All hens were randomly separated into two treatment groups, with five replicates of 36 hens each as follows: basal diet containing 0.0% fermented feed (CON) and 20% fermented feed (FF). Subsequent analyses revealed that fermented feed supplementation was associated with significant increases in laying rates together with reduced broken egg rates and feed conversion ratio for hens in FF group (P < 0.05). There were additionally significant increases in both albumen height and Haugh unit values in hens following fermented feed supplementation (P < 0.05). Fermented feed was also associated with increases in duodenal, jejunal and ileac villus height (P < 0.05). Laying hens fed fermented feed had higher immune globulin (Ig)A, IgG, IgM levels (P < 0.01,) and higher interleukin 2, interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor α and interferon γ (P < 0.05) concentrations than CON. Analysis of the microbiota in these laying hens revealed the alpha diversity was not significantly affected by fermented feed supplementation. Firmicutes abundance was reduced in caecal samples from FF hens relative to those from CON hens (30.61 vs 35.12%, P < 0.05). At the genus level, fermented feed was associated with improvements in relative Lactobacillus, Megasphaera and Peptococcus abundance and decreased Campylobacter abundance in laying hens. These results suggest that fermented feed supplementation may be beneficial to the laying performance, egg quality, immunological function, intestinal villus growth and caecal microecological environment of laying hens at the end of the laying cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, 071000 Baoding, China; Hebei Province Feed Microorganism Technology Innovation Center, No. 2596 Lekai Street, 071000 Baoding, China
| | - Li-Na Xu
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No 199 Guangming South Street, 056000 Handan, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Guo
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, 071000 Baoding, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, 071000 Baoding, China
| | - Qing-Hong Hao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, 071000 Baoding, China
| | - Shi-Ying Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, 071000 Baoding, China
| | - Bao-Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, 071000 Baoding, China
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11
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Osman A, Abd El-Wahab A, Ahmed MFE, Buschmann M, Visscher C, Hartung CB, Lingens JB. Nutrient Composition and In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Sorghum Depending on Variety and Year of Cultivation in Northern Italy. Foods 2022. [PMCID: PMC9601989 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum is the fifth most produced cereal in the world and is a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds for the human diet. This study examined the nutrient composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of sorghum varieties grown in 2020 and 2021 (n = 15 × 3 × 2) across three locations in the north of Italy (Bologna, Padova, and Rovigo). In 2020, the crude protein content of sorghum was significantly higher in the region of Padova than in the region of Bologna (124 vs. 95.5 g/kg dry matter). However, crude fat, sugar, and gross energy levels showed no significant differences among the different regions in 2020. In 2021, the levels of crude protein, crude fat, sugar, and gross energy had no significant differences among different sorghum varieties harvested from the three regions. Significant differences in some mineral contents were found among the samples particularly in manganese and zinc in both years. After 24 h of fermentation of two different sorghum hybrids (hybrids 1 and 2 of both years harvested in Bologna, n = 4 × 2 × 2), the pH value was significantly higher in hybrid 1 of year 2021 (3.98) than in the other fermented samples (range: 3.71–3.88). The sorghum harvested from the region of Bologna had a significantly higher viscosity value (1.22 mPa·s) compared to other regions (1.8–1.10 mPa·s) in 2021 only. The results show that the nutritional value and viscosity of different sorghum varieties could differ depending on the location and year of cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Osman
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Amr Abd El-Wahab
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Marwa Fawzy Elmetwaly Ahmed
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | | | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Clara Berenike Hartung
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Berend Lingens
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Hamza AA, Abaci Gunyar O. Nutritional value of commercial broiler feed supplemented with olive mill waste fermented with probiotic Rhizopus oryzae strains. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1872-1881. [PMID: 35771120 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The changes in chemical composition and metabolizable energy of both olive mill waste (OMW) upon fermentation by three potential probiotic Rhizopus oryzae strains and commercial feed (CF) upon its supplementation by fermented olive mill waste (FOMW) were investigated. The objective was to test if there will be an enhancement in the nutritional value of olive mill waste after fermentation and/or commercial broiler feed upon supplementation by potentially probiotic filamentous fungi. METHODS AND RESULTS A three Rhizopus oryzae strains (92/1, 236/2, and 284) isolated from agricultural soil that were proven to have good probiotic properties (non-toxic, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant capacity, and gastrointestinal tolerance) were used to ferment OMW, then the chemical composition was analyzed after 7 and 14 days of fermentation. The FOMW with the R. oryzae 284 strain, which gave the best results, was added to a commercial broiler feed at 20%, 30%, and 40% supplementation ratios. Then proximal analyses were done to compare non-supplemented with supplemented CF. Chemical analyses included dry weight, crude protein, crude fats, crude fibers, crude ash, sugars, and starch, then metabolizable energy was calculated from the given values. CONCLUSIONS Compared to non-fermented OMW, the best results were obtained by the R. oryzae 284 strain allowing an increase in crude protein content by 23.4% after 7 days of fermentation, a decrease in crude fiber content by 9.8% after 14 days of fermentation, and an increase in metabolizable energy by 3.6% after 7 days of fermentation. Compared to non-supplemented CF, the metabolizable energy changes of 20, 30, and 40% supplementation increased by 8.38, 2.83%, and decreased by 4.27% respectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY FOMW can be incorporated into broiler feed rations until 30% without causing any decrease in metabolizable energy. It can be a cheaper alternative with promising productivity and chicken health improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Adel Hamza
- Researcher at Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University
| | - Ozlem Abaci Gunyar
- Associate professor at Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University
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Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the fermentation characteristics of rye or sorghum mixed with different ratios of water (25%, 37.5%, 50%, 62.5%, and 75% in dry matter (DM)), incubated up to 48 h. The pH of the fermented rye at a DM content of 25% after 24 h had the lowest values (3.57) compared to that at a DM content of 75% (6.42). In fermented sorghum, pH values were lower than 4 already after incubation at 25% DM for 12 h (3.93) in comparison to that at DM content 75% (6.51). The L-lactic acid concentration in the fermented rye with 25% DM content after 24 h was significantly the highest (18.7 g/kg DM), as was that of sorghum with 25% DM content after 24 h (22.2 g/kg DM). Moreover, the acetic acid level in the fermented rye with 25% DM content after 24 h was significantly the highest (3.02 g/kg DM) compared to the other DM contents of fermented rye. Also, in fermented sorghum (25% DM), the acetic acid content was significantly the greatest (1.49 g/kg DM) in comparison to the other DM contents of fermented sorghum. Overall, fermented rye and sorghum containing 25 or 37.5% DM for 24 h and 12 h for rye and sorghum, respectively are sufficient for fermentation to be optimized based on the values of pH and lactic acid content, except for acetic acid content, which may negatively affect the palatability in animals.
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14
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Functional properties of Rhizopus oryzae strains isolated from agricultural soils as a potential probiotic for broiler feed fermentation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:41. [PMID: 35018552 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The most crucial and expensive fragment in the broiler chicken production industry is the feed. Because of the rising demand, finding a cheap and effective feed is an urgent necessity. Fermentation of broiler feed by probiotic fungal starters can enhance the nutrient's availability and digestibility while preventing pathogenic growth. In this study different Rhizopus spp. have been isolated from agricultural soils around Izmir, Turkey, and tested for their probiotic potential and fermentative capacity. The isolated Rhizopus strains first underwent microscopical fluorescent investigation to exclude endofungal bacterial presence, then, those without endofungal bacteria (totally 82) were tested for antimicrobial activity counter bacterial and fungal pathogens. The ones with wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity (totally 10) were tested for gastrointestinal tolerance and antioxidant ability. Upon phenotypic and genotypic identification, the 10 isolates were found to belong to Rhizopus oryzae species. While all 10 strains showed variable gastrointestinal tolerance and antioxidant activities, three of them (92/1, 236/2, and 284) had relatively high antioxidant activity. Upon fermentative capacity assay, compared to unfermented commercial feed, there was a general decrease in crude fiber content by 56% after fermentation by 92/1 isolate for 4 days and 236/2 isolate for 2 days. The highest increase in crude protein content (by 14.5%) occurred after a 4-day fermentation period by 236/2 isolate. The highest increase in metabolizable energy was 8.64%, by the 284 isolate after 2 days of fermentation. In conclusion, the three strains showed good probiotic properties and fermentative capacities hence can be beneficial for the poultry industry.
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15
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Khempaka S, Pukkung C, Okrathok S, Chaiyasit S, Khimkem A, Sirisopapong M, Pasri P. Mix of cassava pulp, napier grass, and enzymes can be used as low cost alternative feed ingredient for laying hens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 54:5. [PMID: 34890021 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-03013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of mixed cassava pulp and napier grass (MCN) supplemented with multi-component enzymes on the hen performance and egg quality as well as nutrient digestibility. In experiment 1, forty laying hens (Isa Brown) of 34 weeks in age were randomly allotted to 5 groups: control and 5, 10, 15, and 20% MCN for 10 days (one bird per cage, eight cage replicates). The results indicated that dry matter, and organic matter digestibilities, or nitrogen retention (P > 0.05) showed no significant alteration when used MCN up to 20%. In experiment 2, one hundred and eighty Isa Brown laying hens of 67 weeks in age were randomly assigned to 5 groups (control and 4 MCN: 5, 10, 15, and 20%) and raised for 8 weeks. It revealed that the inclusion rate of MCN up to 20% did not affect the productive performance, plasma cholesterol concentration, cecal microbial populations, or ammonia production (P > 0.05). In addition, egg yolk cholesterol was found to be lower in laying hens fed 20% MCN compared to 5% MCN (P < 0.05), but no significant differences compared to the control. In conclusion, it is indicated that MCN can be used as a partial part of an energy source in laying hen diets with no adverse effects on productive performance, nutrient digestibility or egg quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutisa Khempaka
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
| | - Chayanan Pukkung
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Supattra Okrathok
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Chaiyasit
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Arporn Khimkem
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Merisa Sirisopapong
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Phocharapon Pasri
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
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16
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Lv J, Guo L, Chen B, Hao K, Ma H, Liu Y, Min Y. Effects of different probiotic fermented feeds on production performance and intestinal health of laying hens. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101570. [PMID: 34852968 PMCID: PMC8639472 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different probiotic fermented diets on production performance and intestinal health of laying hens. A total of 360 healthy 22-wk-age Jingfen No. 6 layers were randomly divided into 4 treatments: basal diet (CON); supplemented with 6% Clostridium butyricum fermented feed (CB); supplemented with 6% Lactobacillus crispatus fermented feed (LC); supplemented with 6% Lactobacillus salivarius fermented feed (LS). The experiment lasted for 8 wk. The results showed that the levels of crude fiber, β-glucan and pH of feed decreased significantly after fermentation (P < 0.05). Compared with CON group, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and albumen height and Haugh unit in LC group and LS group were increased significantly (P < 0.05). Fermented feed supplementation significantly improved villus height (VH) of the jejunum and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VH/CD) of the ileum (P < 0.05). Additionally, the VH and VH/CD of the duodenum were significantly increased in LS group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the ACE and chao1 indexes in LS group were extremely significant higher than that in the other 3 groups (P < 0.05). In addition, compared with CON group, the abundance of Rikenellaceae and Methanobacteriaceae was significantly decreased at the family level in LC group and LS group (P < 0.05), while the abundance of Ruminocaceae was significantly higher (P < 0.05). Collectively, feeding Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus crispatus fermented feed improved the FCR, albumen height and Haugh unit of laying hens, and Lactobacillus salivarius fermented feed supplementation could improve intestinal health by ameliorating intestinal morphology, altering microbial composition and enhancing microbial community richness.
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17
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Yesuf YK, Lejamo SB, Abduljebar TH. Effect of effective microorganisms (EM) treated taro ( Colocasia esculenta) root on the growth performance of broiler chickens. Anim Biotechnol 2021:1-9. [PMID: 34665682 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1988627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A seven-week study was conducted to determine the effects of the replacement of maize with TRM treated with effective microorganisms on the growth performance of broiler chickens (cobb-500). In a completely randomized design, 2*3 factorial, the first factor corresponded to the EM (with and without), and the second factor corresponded to the taro levels (0%, 30%, and 45%), 216 unsexed, day-old broiler chickens were used for the study divided into 6 treatments and 3 replicates. Each treatment contained (T1) 0% TRM without EM (negative control); (T2) 30% TRM without EM; (T3) 45% TRM without EM; (T4) 0% TRM with-EM (positive control); (T5) 30% TRM with-EM; (T6) 45% TRM with-EM of the total diets. There were (p < .001) interaction effects (TRM level*EM) on DM intake, BWG (p < .001), and FCR (p < .05), during the starter, finisher, and overall periods. A higher improvement (p < .001) on DM intake and BWG was observed from broiler fed T6. In addition, T6 had comparable (p < .05) with the T4 group broilers. There were significant (p < .05) reductions in antinutritional factors concentrations in EM-fermented taro root than that unfermented one. Therefore, it had seen that the replacement of maize at 45% TRM with-EM in diets improved the growth performance of broiler chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Kassu Yesuf
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia
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18
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Omar AE, Al-Khalaifah HS, Ismail TA, Abd El-Aziz RM, El-Mandrawy SAM, Shalaby SI, Ibrahim D. Performance, Serum Biochemical and Immunological Parameters, and Digestive Enzyme and Intestinal Barrier-Related Gene Expression of Broiler Chickens Fed Fermented Fava Bean By-Products as a Substitute for Conventional Feed. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:696841. [PMID: 34336981 PMCID: PMC8319473 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.696841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the nutritional quality of unconventional feed ingredients such as fava bean by-products can enhance their utilization by broiler chickens. Hence, the quality of fermented fava bean by-products (FFB), in addition to growth, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme, and intestinal barrier-related gene expression, and serum biochemical and immunological parameters were evaluated in response to different levels of FFB. A total of 500 1-day-old broiler chicks (46.00 ± 0.388 g) were allocated to five groups with 10 replicates each (100 chicks per treatment). The first group was fed a corn-soybean diet (control diet), and the other four groups were fed a diet containing 5, 15, 25, and 35% FFB for 38 days. Birds fed 25% FFB exhibited maximum body weight gain (increase by 12.5%, compared with the control group) and the most improved feed conversion ratio. Additionally, birds fed FFB at 15, 25, and 35% showed improved dry matter and crude protein digestibility. Moreover, birds fed FFB at 25 and 35% exhibited a decrease in ileal pH and an increase in fiber digestibility (p < 0.05). Upregulation of digestive enzyme genes (AMY2A, PNLIP, and CCK) was observed in groups fed with FFB. The most prominent upregulation of genes encoding tight junction proteins (claudin-1, occludin, and junctional adhesion molecules) in the duodenum was observed in chicks fed 25 and 35% FFB (increase of 0.66-, 0.31-, and 1.06-fold and 0.74-, 0.44-, and 0.92-fold, respectively). Additionally, the highest expression level of enterocyte protective genes [glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2), mucin-2 (MUC-2), and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP-6)] was detected in duodenum of chicks fed high levels of FFB. Substitution of corn-soybean diet with FFB had an inhibitory effect on cecal pathogenic microbes (Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens) and increased beneficial microflora (Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium), especially at high levels. Additionally, an increase was observed in IgM and lysozyme activity, with no effect on IgA in all groups fed FFB. All levels of FFB decreased cholesterol levels. Based on our results, we concluded that substitution of corn-soybean diet with FFB can improve the growth rate and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens, enhance their intestinal barrier functions, and increase the number of beneficial microorganisms. Using FFB at 25% had a positive effect on the growth performance of broiler chickens, and it could be utilized in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaam E Omar
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hanan S Al-Khalaifah
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Tamer Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda M Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shefaa A M El-Mandrawy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shymaa I Shalaby
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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19
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Ibrahim D, Moustafa A, Shahin SE, Sherief WRIA, Abdallah K, Farag MFM, Nassan MA, Ibrahim SM. Impact of Fermented or Enzymatically Fermented Dried Olive Pomace on Growth, Expression of Digestive Enzyme and Glucose Transporter Genes, Oxidative Stability of Frozen Meat, and Economic Efficiency of Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:644325. [PMID: 34124216 PMCID: PMC8193359 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of dried olive pomace as complementary energy sources in poultry feed is still limited due to its low protein and high fiber contents. Bioconversion of olive pomace through solid-state fermentation with or without exogenous enzymes is considered as a trial for improving its nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fermented olive pomace with or without enzymatic treatment on the growth, modulations of genes encoding digestive enzymes and glucose transporters, meat oxidative stability, and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. A total of 1400 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments with 10 replicates of 20 birds/replicate. Treatments included control (basal corn-soybean diet) and other six treatments in which basal diet was replaced by three levels (7.5, 15, and 30%) of fermented olive pomace (FOPI) or enzymatically fermented olive pomace (FOPII) for 42 days. The highest body weight gain was observed in groups fed 7.5 and 15% FOPII (increased by 6.6 and 12.5%, respectively, when compared with the control group). Also, feeding on 7.5 and 15% FOPII yielded a better feed conversion ratio and improved the digestibility of crude protein, fat, and crude fiber. The expression of the SGLT-1 gene was upregulated in groups fed FOPI and FOPII when compared with the control group. Moreover, the expression of the GLUT2 gene was elevated in groups fed 7.5 and 15% FOPII. By increasing the levels of FOPI and FOPII in diets, the expression of genes encoding pancreatic AMY2A, PNLIP, and CCK was upregulated (p < 0.05) when compared with the control. Fat percentage and cholesterol content in breast meat were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by nearly 13.7 and 16.7% in groups fed FOPI and FOPII at the levels of 15 and 30%. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in breast meat were significantly increased in groups fed 15 and 30% FOPI and FOPII when compared with the control group and even after a long period of frozen storage. After 180 days of frozen storage, the inclusion of high levels of FOP significantly increased (p < 0.05) the levels of glutathione peroxide and total superoxide dismutase and meat ability to scavenge free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Furthermore, the highest net profit and profitability ratio and the lowest cost feed/kg body gain were achieved in groups fed 7.5 and 15% of FOPII, respectively. The results of this study indicated that dietary inclusion of 15% FOPII could enhance the growth performance and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. Moreover, a higher inclusion level of FOPI or FOPII could enhance the quality and increase the oxidative stability of frozen meat and extend the storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira Moustafa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sara E Shahin
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Veterinary Economics and Farm Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wafaa R I A Sherief
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Animal Breeding, and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Karima Abdallah
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F M Farag
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Nassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seham M Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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20
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Zamanizadeh A, Mirakzehi MT, Agah MJ, Saleh H, Baranzehi T. A comparison of two probiotics Aspergillus oryzae and, Saccharomyces cerevisiae on productive performance, egg quality, small intestinal morphology, and gene expression in laying Japanese quail. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1878944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Zamanizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Higher Education Complex of Saravan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Saravan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taher Mirakzehi
- Department of Animal Science, Higher Education Complex of Saravan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Saravan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Agah
- Animal Science Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Saleh
- Department of Animal Science, Higher Education Complex of Saravan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Saravan, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Baranzehi
- Departement of biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
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Al-Khalaifah HS, Shahin SE, Omar AE, Mohammed HA, Mahmoud HI, Ibrahim D. Effects of graded levels of microbial fermented or enzymatically treated dried brewer's grains on growth, digestive and nutrient transporter genes expression and cost effectiveness in broiler chickens. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:424. [PMID: 33153443 PMCID: PMC7643478 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poultry feed consists mainly of conventional grains and protein supplements, however, using treated unconventional agro-industrial by-products as replacements of corn soybean-based diet can minimize production costs and improve productivity. Therefore, in this study, the effects of fermented or enzymatically treated dried brewer grains (DBG) on growth, expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters genes and the profitability of the rations were evaluated. A total of 1600 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly distributed in 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (eight treatments with ten replicates, 20 birds/replicate). Experimental diets included two controls; negative control (basal corn-soybean diet; NC) and positive control (basal corn-soybean diet with exogenous enzymes; PC), and six diets in which basal diet was replaced by three levels of fermented DBG (FDBG; 5, 10 or 15%), or enzyme-treated DBG (DBG 5, 10 or 15%+Enz), for 38 days. RESULTS The results described that feeding FDBG (three levels) or DBG5%+Enz improved (P < 0.05) BW gain and feed efficiency of broilers. Also, feeding FDBG10% yielded the best improvement in weight gain (10%), compared to NC group. Increasing the inclusion levels of DBG either fermented or enzymatically treated up-regulated (p < 0.01) expression of digestive-genes in proventriculus (PGC and PGA5, range 1.4-1.8 fold), pancreas (AMY2A, PNLIP, CELA1, and CCK; range 1.2-2.3 fold) and duodenum (CAT1, CAT2, GLUT1, GLUT2, LAT1, Pep1; range 1.3-3 fold) when compared to NC group. Feeding treated DBG significantly increased (p < 0.05, range 4.5-13.6%) gizzard relative weight compared to NC and PC groups. An additional benefit was lower (p < 0.01) cholesterol content from 66.9 mg/100 mg (NC) to 62.8 mg/100 mg (FDBG5 or 10%) in thigh meat. Furthermore, the least cost feed/kg body gain was achieved in FDBG10% and DBG5%+Enz groups, with approx. 16% reduction compared to NC cost, leading to increasing the income gross margin by 47% and 40% in FDBG10% and DBG5%+Enz groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Substitution of corn-soybean based diet with 10% FDBG or 5% DBG+Enz resulted in better growth and higher economic efficiency of broilers chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan S Al-Khalaifah
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box:24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Sara E Shahin
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Veterinary Economics and Farm Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Anaam E Omar
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Haiam A Mohammed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hala I Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Sugiharto S, Widiastuti E, Isroli I, Wahyuni HI, Yudiarti T. Effect of a Fermented Mixture of Papaya Leaf and Seed Meal on Production Traits and Intestinal Ecology of the Indonesian Indigenous Crossbred Chickens. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun202068040707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Li L, Li WF, Liu SZ, Wang HH. Probiotic fermented feed improved the production, health and nutrient utilisation of yellow-feathered broilers reared in high altitude in Tibet. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:746-753. [PMID: 32723086 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1801988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Probiotic fermented feed (PFF) has been widely used in poultry production. The current study was designed to investigate whether PPF could alleviate the negative effects of hypoxia on yellow-feathered broilers reared at high altitude on the Tibet Plateau. 2. A total of 480, one-day-old male Lingnan yellow-feathered broilers were divided into four treatment groups with six replicates, each containing 20 broiler chickens. Broilers in the four groups were offered either a basal diet (without antibiotics) or test diets containing 5, 10 and 15% of PFF respectively. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. 3. Birds fed the 10% PFF diet exhibited increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) on d 28 and 56, body weight (BW) on d 56, total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE). Feeding diets supplemented with 10% PFF increased (P < 0.05) digestive activity and gut development in duodenum and jejunum. Supplementation with 10% or 15% PFF significantly increased (P < 0.05) the caecal populations of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria spp. and decreased (P < 0.05) caecal E. coli and Salmonella spp. on d 28 and 56. 4. The ADG and BW on d 56, protease activity in duodenum on d 56 and jejunum on d 28 and 56, villus height and villi absorptive area in duodenum and jejunum and caecal Bifidobacteria spp. showed a quadratic (P < 0.05) dose response as supplemental PFF level increased. The TTAD of DM and CP and caecal Lactobacilli spp. increased linearly with PFF level. The caecal populations of E. coli and Salmonella spp. decreased linearly with PFF level. 5. In conclusion, addition of PFF in broiler diets had the potential to improve production performance, nutrient utilisation, intestinal digestive function and caecal microflora in yellow broiler chickens raised at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- Department of Animal Engineering, YangLing Vocational and Technical College , Yangling, China
| | - W F Li
- Department of Animal Engineering, YangLing Vocational and Technical College , Yangling, China
| | - S Z Liu
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College , Linzhi, China
| | - H H Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College , Linzhi, China
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Huang CM, Chuang WY, Lin WC, Lin LJ, Chang SC, Lee TT. Production performances and antioxidant activities of laying hens fed Aspergillus oryzae and phytase co-fermented wheat bran. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:371-384. [PMID: 32777910 PMCID: PMC7961196 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wheat bran (WB) was co-fermented with Aspergillus oryzae and phytase (Phy) to determine whether co-fermentation improve WB phosphorus and fiber utilization in Isa-brown layers. METHODS A total of 112 Isa brown layer were randomly divided into 7 treatments with 8 replicates per a treatment and 2 hens per a replicate. The treatments included basal diet (control), basal diet supplemented with 250 unit/kg Phy (control+Phy), diet with 10% WB (10% WB), diet with 5% WB and 250 unit/kg Phy (5% WB+Phy) diet with 10% WB and 250 unit/kg Phy (10% WB+Phy), diet with 5% fermented WB supplemented with molasses and phy (PCFWH) and 125 unit/kg Phy (5% PCFWH), and diet with 10% PCFWH (10% PCFWH). The intestinal microbial population, intestinal morphology, serum antioxidant enzyme activities, and excreta phosphorus content were assessed. RESULTS In PCFWH, spore counts, protease activity, xylanase activity, and ferulic acid were 8.50 log/g dry matter (DM), 190 unit/g DM, 120 unit/g DM, and 127 μg/g, respectively. Xylobiose and xylotriose were released in PCFWH, while they were not detectable in WB. Antioxidant capacity was also enhanced in PCFWH compared to WB. The 10% WB+Phy and 10% PCFWH groups produced higher egg mass, but hens fed 5% WB+Phy had the lowest amount of feed intake. Eggs from 10% PCFWH had better eggshell weight, eggshell strength, and eggshell thickness. Birds fed with 10% PCFWH also had higher serum superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Compare to control, 10% PCFWH significantly reduced excreta phosphorus content. CONCLUSION Diet inclusion of 10% PCFWH improved egg quality, antioxidant status, and excreta phosphorus content of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Ming Huang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wen Yang Chuang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wei Chih Lin
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Li Jen Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Sheng Chang Chang
- Kaohsiung Animal Propagation Station, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Kaohsiung 912, Taiwan
| | - Tzu Tai Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Chuang WY, Hsieh YC, Lee TT. The Effects of Fungal Feed Additives in Animals: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E805. [PMID: 32384791 PMCID: PMC7278461 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As probiotics, fungi enhance animal health and are suitable animal feed additives. In addition to brewing fungi, there are also edible and medicinal fungi. Common fungi utilized in feeding programs include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Pleurotus spp., Antrodia cinnamomea, and Cordyceps militaris. These fungi are rich in glucans, polysaccharides, polyphenols, triterpenes, ergosterol, adenosine, and laccases. These functional components play important roles in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and immune system regulation. As such, fungal feed additives could be of potential use when breeding livestock. In previous studies, fungal feed additives enhanced body weight and egg production in poultry and improved the feed conversion rate. Several mycotoxins can be produced by hazardous fungi but fortunately, the cell walls constituents and enzymes of fungal probiotics can also act to decrease the toxicity of mycotoxins. Overall, fungal feed additives are of value, but their safety and usage must be studied further, including cost-benefit economic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang Chuang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (Y.C.H.)
| | - Yun Chen Hsieh
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (Y.C.H.)
| | - Tzu-Tai Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (Y.C.H.)
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Sugiharto S, Widiastuti E, Isroli I, Yudiarti T, Sartono TA, Wahyuni HI. Effect of feeding fermented mixture of cassava pulp and Moringa oleifera leaf meal on immune responses, antioxidative status, biochemistry indices, and intestinal ecology of broilers. Vet World 2020; 13:392-399. [PMID: 32255984 PMCID: PMC7096295 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.392-399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study investigated the effect of feeding fermented mixture of cassava pulp and Moringa oleifera leaf meal (FCPMO) on the immune responses, antioxidative status, biochemical parameters, and intestinal ecology of broiler chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four hundred Lohmann broiler chickens were distributed to four groups of diets including CONT (corn-soybean-based feed with no additive), BACI (corn-soybean-based diet supplemented with 0.1% zinc bacitracin), FERM (diet containing 20% FCPMO), and FERB (diet containing 20% FCPMO and added with 0.1% Bacillus subtilis). At days 4, 14, and 19, the chicks were vaccinated using commercial Newcastle disease-infectious bursal disease (ND-IBD), IBD, and ND vaccines, respectively. At day 35, blood was sampled and digesta was obtained from the ileum and caecum. Furthermore, the duodenal segment was obtained. RESULTS The BACI, FERM, and FERB groups had higher (p<0.05) serum superoxide dismutase activity than control. The malondialdehyde was lower (p=0.07) in BACI, FERM, and FERB than that in CONT. The BACI and FERM had lower (p<0.05) leukocytes and lymphocytes than CONT. The hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and hematocrit were lower (p<0.05) in BACI and FERM than those in CONT and FERB. Serum total triglyceride was lower (p<0.05) in FERM and FERB than that in CONT. The FERM and FERB had higher (p<0.05) albumin levels. Serum globulin level was lower (p<0.05) in FERB than that in BACI, but did not differ from that in CONT and FERM. The numbers of coliform, lactose-negative-enterobacteria and enterobacteria were lower (p<0.05) in FERB than that in other treatment groups. Crypt depth (CD) was higher (p<0.05) in FERM, while the villi height to CD ratio was lower (p<0.05) in FERM than that in CONT and FERB. The treatments showed no effect (p>0.05) on cecal volatile fatty acids production. CONCLUSION Feeding FCPMO improved immune responses, antioxidative status, and physiological conditions, but had less effect on the intestinal ecology of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugiharto Sugiharto
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Endang Widiastuti
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Isroli Isroli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Turrini Yudiarti
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Tri A Sartono
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Hanny I Wahyuni
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
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Chuang WY, Lin WC, Hsieh YC, Huang CM, Chang SC, Lee TT. Evaluation of the Combined Use of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Aspergillus Oryzae with Phytase Fermentation Products on Growth, Inflammatory, and Intestinal Morphology in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1051. [PMID: 31805670 PMCID: PMC6940866 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae are both ancient probiotic species traditionally used as microbes for brewing beer and soy sauce, respectively. This study investigated the effect of adding these two probiotics with phytase fermentation products to the broilers diet. Fermented products possess protease and cellulase, and the activities were 777.1 and 189.5 U/g dry matter (DM) on S. cerevisiae fermented products (SCFP) and 190 and 213.4 U/g DM on A. oryzae fermented products (AOFP), respectively. Liposaccharides stimulated PBMCs to produce nitric oxide to 120 μmol. Both SCFP and AOFP reduced lipopolysaccharides stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) nitric oxide release to 40 and 60 μmol, respectively. Nevertheless, in an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, SCFP and AOFP also increased the survival rate of lipopolysaccharides stimulated PBMCs by almost two-fold compared to the negative control. A total of 240 broilers were divided into four groups as Control, SCFP 0.1% (SCFP), SCFP 0.05% + AOFP 0.05% (SAFP), and AOFP 0.1% (AOFP) groups, respectively. Each group had 20 broilers, and three replicate pens. The results showed that the addition of SCFP, SAFP, and AOFP groups did not affect the growth performances, but increased the jejunum value of villus height and villus: crypt ratio on SAFP and AOFP groups compared to the control and SCFP groups. Furthermore, adding SCFP, SAFP, and AOFP significantly reduced the number of Clostridium perfringens in ileum chyme. SCFP, SAFP, and AOFP significantly reduced the amount of interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthases, interferon-γ, and nuclear factor kappa B mRNA expression in PBMCs, especially in the AOFP group. In summary, all the SCFP, SAFP, and AOFP groups can be suggested as a functional feed additive since they enhanced villus: crypt ratio and decreased inflammation-related mRNA expression, especially for AOFP group in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang. Chuang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (W.C.L.); (Y.C.H.); (C.M.H.)
| | - Wei Chih. Lin
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (W.C.L.); (Y.C.H.); (C.M.H.)
| | - Yun Chen. Hsieh
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (W.C.L.); (Y.C.H.); (C.M.H.)
| | - Chung Ming. Huang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (W.C.L.); (Y.C.H.); (C.M.H.)
| | - Shen Chang. Chang
- Kaohsiung Animal Propagation Station, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
| | - Tzu-Tai Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (W.C.L.); (Y.C.H.); (C.M.H.)
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Increasing Nutritional Contents of Cassava Starch Wastes Using Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P.Kumm. and Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sugiharto S, Ranjitkar S. Recent advances in fermented feeds towards improved broiler chicken performance, gastrointestinal tract microecology and immune responses: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:1-10. [PMID: 30899804 PMCID: PMC6407077 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, fermentation has been associated with methods that improve the nutritional value of unconventional feed ingredients for broilers. In recent decades, the fermentation process has been employed to produce functional feeds that have the potential to improve broiler gastrointestinal tract microecology, health and production performance. Some of the functional ingredients found in fermented feed include lactic acid bacteria (LAB), lactic acid and other organic acids, and appear to play major roles in determining the beneficial effects of fermented feed on broiler gut health and performance. Unlike the pig, the available literature on broiler fermented feed is still rather limited. This review describes recent advances in the use of fermented feed (on the basis of conventional and unconventional feed ingredients) in broilers. Similarly, this review also shows that additional research is necessary to exploit fermented feed as a viable food source in broiler nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugiharto Sugiharto
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java 50275, Indonesia
| | - Samir Ranjitkar
- Department of Animal Science (Immunology and Microbiology), Aarhus University, Tjele DK-8830, Denmark
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Glanpracha N, Basnayake BMN, Rene ER, Lens PNL, Annachhatre AP. Cyanide degradation kinetics during anaerobic co-digestion of cassava pulp with pig manure. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 2017:650-660. [PMID: 30016282 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic co-digestion of cassava pulp (CP) and pig manure (PM) under cyanide inhibition conditions was investigated and modeled. Batch experiments were performed with initial cyanide concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 10 mg/L. Cyanide acclimatized sludge from an anaerobic co-digester treating cyanide-containing CP and PM was used as the seed sludge (inoculum). Cyanide degradation during anaerobic digestion consisted of an initial lag phase, followed by a cyanide degradation phase. After a short sludge acclimatization period of less than 3 days, the anaerobic sludge was able to degrade cyanide, indicating that the sludge inhibition due to cyanide was reversible. Cyanide degradation during anaerobic co-digestion of CP and PM followed the first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.094 d-1. Gas evolution during batch anaerobic degradation was modeled using the modified Monod-type kinetics to incorporate cyanide inhibition. The model predicted results yielded a satisfactory fit with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naraporn Glanpracha
- Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand E-mail: ; Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12110, Thailand
| | - B M N Basnayake
- Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand E-mail:
| | - Eldon R Rene
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Piet N L Lens
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ajit P Annachhatre
- Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand E-mail:
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Digestibility, productive performance, and egg quality of laying hens as affected by dried cassava pulp replacement with corn and enzyme supplementation. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1239-1247. [PMID: 29478205 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the potential use of dried cassava pulp (DCP) supplemented with enzymes as an alternative feed ingredient in laying hen diets. In experiment 1, 45 laying hens (Isa Brown) aged 45 weeks were placed in individual cages to measure nutrient digestibility for 10 days. Nine dietary treatments were control and DCP as a replacement for corn at 20, 25, 30, and 35% supplemented with mixed enzymes (cellulase, glucanase, and xylanase) at 0.10 and 0.15%. Results showed that the use of DCP at 20-35% added with mixed enzymes had no negative effects on dry matter digestibility, while organic matter digestibility and nitrogen retention decreased with increased DCP up to 30-35% in diets. Both enzyme levels (0.10 and 0.15%) showed similar results on nutrient digestibility and retention. In experiment 2, a total of 336 laying hens aged 32 weeks were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments (control and DCP-substituted diets at 20, 25, and 30%) supplemented with mixed enzymes (0.10 and 0.15%). Diets incorporated with 20-30% of DCP and supplemented with mixed enzymes at both levels had no significant effects on egg production, egg weight, feed intake, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, or egg quality, except for egg yolk color being decreased with an increase of DCP in diets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, it is suggested that DCP supplemented with enzymes can be used as an energy source in laying hen diets up to 30% without showing negative effects on nutrient digestibility, productive performance, or egg quality.
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Morgan NK, Choct M. Cassava: Nutrient composition and nutritive value in poultry diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2016; 2:253-261. [PMID: 29767067 PMCID: PMC5941045 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient supply, high prices and competition with the human food and biofuel industries means there is a continuous demand for alternative energy sources for poultry. As a result, cassava is becoming an increasingly important ingredient in poultry diets, largely due to its high availability. Efficient use of cassava products has been shown to reduce feed costs of poultry production. The utilisation of cassava is, however, limited by a number of factors, including its high fibre and low energy content and the presence of anti-nutritional factors, primarily hydrocyanic acid (HCN). With correct processing the inclusion level of cassava in poultry diets could be increased. Extensive research has been conducted on cassava products for poultry, but there is still a lack of consistency amongst the measured nutritive values for cassava and its products, hence variation exists in results from poultry studies. This paper reviews the nutrient composition of cassava products and its value as an alternative energy source in poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K. Morgan
- School of Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia
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Glanpracha N, Annachhatre AP. Anaerobic co-digestion of cyanide containing cassava pulp with pig manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 214:112-121. [PMID: 27128196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic co-digestion of cyanide-containing cassava pulp with pig manure was evaluated using laboratory scale mesophilic digester. The digester was operated in a semi-continuous mode with the mixed feedstock having C/N ratio of 35:1. Digester startup was accomplished in 60days with loading of 0.5-1kgVS/m(3)d. Subsequently, the loading to digester was increased step-wise from 2 to 9kgVS/m(3)d. Digester performance was stable at loading between 2 and 6kgVS/m(3)d with an average volatile solid removal and methane yield of 82% and 0.38m(3)/kgVSadded, respectively. However, beyond loading of 7kgVS/m(3)d, solubilization of particulate matter did not take place efficiently. Cyanide present in cassava pulp was successfully degraded indicating that anaerobic sludge in the digester was well acclimatized to cyanide. The results show that cassava pulp can be successfully digested anaerobically with pig manure as co-substrate without any inhibitory effect of cyanide present in the cassava pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naraporn Glanpracha
- Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Ajit P Annachhatre
- Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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Performances and haematological profile of broilers fed fermented dried cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1337-41. [PMID: 27307279 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of feeding fermented dried cassava (gathot) on the performances and haematological profile of broilers was investigated. There were four dietary treatments arranged in a completely randomized design, i.e. control diet and diets containing 25, 50 or 100 g/kg gathot. The birds were provided with the treatment diets ad libitum from 8 to 35 days of age. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined weekly. At day 32, the birds were blood sampled, sacrificed and immediately the internal organs and abdominal fat were removed and weighed. Feeding gathot at various levels did not affect (P > 0.05) the growth and FCR, but tended (P = 0.09) to reduce the feed cost per kilogramme live weight gain of broilers. The dietary treatments did not cause toxicological effect on broilers, indicated by the values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) that were not different from those in the control diet. Dietary inclusion of gathot lowered heterophils to lymphocytes ratio (H/L ratio) (P < 0.05) and albumin to globulin ratio (A/G ratio) (P = 0.14) of broilers as compared to the control diet. Total triglyceride was lower (P < 0.05) in the serum of broilers fed diets containing 5 and 10 % of gathot, when compared with that in the control diet. The treatments resulted in reduced abdominal fat deposition in broilers. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of gathot at up to 10 % had no negative impact on the growth performance of broilers. Feeding gathot has potential to improve the health and physiological stress responses as well as reduce body fat deposition in broilers.
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