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Min HJ, Payne SJ, Stride EP. Modelling Drug Delivery to the Small Airways: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1139-1148. [PMID: 38755398 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this in silico study was to investigate the effect of particle size, flow rate, and tidal volume on drug targeting to small airways in patients with mild COPD. METHOD Design of Experiments (DoE) was used with an in silico whole lung particle deposition model for bolus administration to investigate whether controlling inhalation can improve drug delivery to the small conducting airways. The range of particle aerodynamic diameters studied was 0.4 - 10 µm for flow rates between 100 - 2000 mL/s (i.e., low to very high), and tidal volumes between 40 - 1500 mL. RESULTS The model accurately predicted the relationship between independent variables and lung deposition, as confirmed by comparison with published experimental data. It was found that large particles (~ 5 µm) require very low flow rate (~ 100 mL/s) and very small tidal volume (~ 110 mL) to target small conducting airways, whereas fine particles (~ 2 µm) achieve drug targeting in the region at a relatively higher flow rate (~ 500 mL/s) and similar tidal volume (~ 110 mL). CONCLUSION The simulation results indicated that controlling tidal volume and flow rate can achieve targeted delivery to the small airways (i.e., > 50% of emitted dose was predicted to deposit in the small airways), and the optimal parameters depend on the particle size. It is hoped that this finding could provide a means of improving drug targeting to the small conducting airways and improve prognosis in COPD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhong J Min
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stephen J Payne
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipie, Taiwan
| | - Eleanor P Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Wang S, Li W, Zeng N, Xu J, Yang Y, Deng X, Chen Z, Duan W, Liu Y, Guo Y, Chen R, Kang Y. Acute exacerbation prediction of COPD based on Auto-metric graph neural network with inspiratory and expiratory chest CT images. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28724. [PMID: 38601695 PMCID: PMC11004525 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a widely prevalent disease with significant mortality and disability rates and has become the third leading cause of death globally. Patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) often substantially suffer deterioration and death. Therefore, COPD patients deserve special consideration regarding treatment in this fragile population for pre-clinical health management. Based on the above, this paper proposes an AECOPD prediction model based on the Auto-Metric Graph Neural Network (AMGNN) using inspiratory and expiratory chest low-dose CT images. This study was approved by the ethics committee in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Subsequently, 202 COPD patients with inspiratory and expiratory chest CT Images and their annual number of AECOPD were collected after the exclusion. First, the inspiratory and expiratory lung parenchyma images of the 202 COPD patients are extracted using a trained ResU-Net. Then, inspiratory and expiratory lung Radiomics and CNN features are extracted from the 202 inspiratory and expiratory lung parenchyma images by Pyradiomics and pre-trained Med3D (a heterogeneous 3D network), respectively. Last, Radiomics and CNN features are combined and then further selected by the Lasso algorithm and generalized linear model for determining node features and risk factors of AMGNN, and then the AECOPD prediction model is established. Compared to related models, the proposed model performs best, achieving an accuracy of 0.944, precision of 0.950, F1-score of 0.944, ad area under the curve of 0.965. Therefore, it is concluded that our model may become an effective tool for AECOPD prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Wang
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- School of Applied Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Nanrong Zeng
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- School of Applied Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiaxuan Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yingjian Yang
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Xingguang Deng
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Ziran Chen
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Wenxin Duan
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- School of Applied Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yingwei Guo
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Rongchang Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Yan Kang
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- School of Applied Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Medical Imaging and Intelligent Analysis, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110169, China
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Xu L, Cai Y, He S, Zhu K, Li C, Liang Z, Cao C. Small airway dysfunction associated with poor short-term outcomes in patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer. Surgery 2023; 174:1241-1248. [PMID: 37684166 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although small airway dysfunction is a common respiratory dysfunction, its prognosis after lung cancer surgery is often neglected. This study investigated the relationship between small airway dysfunction and outcomes in patients who underwent thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent thoracoscopic surgery was conducted between December 2019 and March 2021 at Ningbo First Hospital. We used univariate and multivariate analyses to assess the possible associations between postoperative outcomes and clinical variables, including small airway dysfunction. To balance the potential confounding factors, propensity score matching was performed to establish 1:1 small airway dysfunction and small airway normal function group matching. RESULTS In this study, 1,012 patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer were enrolled. Small airway dysfunction was present in 18.7% of patients (189/1,012). The incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in the small airway dysfunction group was higher than that of the small airway normal function group (16.4% vs 6.2%, P < .001). The most significant postoperative pulmonary complications were pneumonia (7.4% vs 2.4%, P < .001) in the small airway dysfunction and normal function groups, respectively. In addition, a significantly prolonged median hospital length of stay was observed in the small airway dysfunction group compared to the small airway normal function group (median [interquartile range], 9 [7-12] vs 8 [7-9], P < .001). After 1:1 propensity score matching, 298 patients (149 pairs) were included in the comparison between small airway dysfunction and small airway normal function, and this association remained. Postoperative pulmonary complications (13.4% vs 6.0%, P = .032) were still higher, and length of stay (median [interquartile range] 9 [7-11] vs 8 [6-10] days, P = .001) was still longer in the small airway dysfunction group. Multivariate analysis indicated that small airway dysfunction was the independent risk factor associated with both postoperative pulmonary complications (odds ratio = 2.694, 95% confidence interval: 1.640-4.426, P < .001) and prolonged length of stay (beta = 1.045, standard error = 0.159, 95% confidence interval: 0.733-1.357, P < .001). CONCLUSION Our study showed that small airway dysfunction increased the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications and prolonged length of stay in patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbin Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuanting Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shiyi He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chenwei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhigang Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chao Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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Gochicoa-Rangel L, Martínez-Briseño D, Guerrero-Zúñiga S, Contreras-Morales J, Arias-Jiménez D, Del-Río-Hidalgo R, Hernández-Rocha FI, Ceballos-Zúñiga CO, Silva-Cerón M, Mora-Romero UDJ, Torre-Bouscoulet L, Fernández-Plata R, Pérez-Nieto JE, Vargas MH. Reference equations using segmented regressions for impulse oscillometry in healthy subjects aged 2.7-90 years. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00503-2023. [PMID: 38111542 PMCID: PMC10726221 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00503-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Published reference equations for impulse oscillometry (IOS) usually encompass a specific age group but not the entire lifespan. This may lead to discordant predicted values when two or more non-coincident equations can be applied to the same person, or when a person moves from one equation to the next non-convergent equation as he or she gets older. Thus, our aim was to provide a single reference equation for each IOS variable that could be applied from infancy to old age. Methods This was an ambispective cross-sectional study in healthy nonsmokers, most of whom lived in Mexico City, who underwent IOS according to international standards. A multivariate piecewise linear regression, also known as segmented regression, was used to obtain reference equations for each IOS variable. Results In a population of 830 subjects (54.0% female) aged 2.7 to 90 years (54.8% children ≤12 years), segmented regression estimated two breakpoints for age in almost all IOS variables, except for R5-R20 in which only one breakpoint was detected. With this approach, multivariate regressions including sex, age, height and body mass index as independent variables were constructed, and coefficients for calculating predicted value, lower and upper limits of normal, percentage of predicted and z-score were obtained. Conclusions Our study provides IOS reference equations that include the major determinants of lung function, i.e. sex, age, height and body mass index, that can be easily implemented for subjects of almost any age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gochicoa-Rangel
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
- Pulmonary Function Test Laboratory, Institute for Development and Innovation in Respiratory Physiology (INFIRE), Mexico City, Mexico
- These authors contributed equally
| | - David Martínez-Briseño
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Selene Guerrero-Zúñiga
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Dulce Arias-Jiménez
- Hospital General de Zona 1, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Pachuca, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Mónica Silva-Cerón
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Torre-Bouscoulet
- Pulmonary Function Test Laboratory, Institute for Development and Innovation in Respiratory Physiology (INFIRE), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Mario H. Vargas
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Su X, Wang Y, Gao G, Wang X, Zhang T. Analysis of influencing factors and a predictive model of small airway dysfunction in adults. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:141. [PMID: 37098545 PMCID: PMC10131465 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small airway dysfunction (SAD) is a widespread but less typical clinical manifestation of respiratory dysfunction. In lung diseases, SAD can have a higher-than-expected impact on lung function. The aim of this study was to explore risk factors for SAD and to establish a predictive model. METHODS We included 1233 patients in the pulmonary function room of TangDu Hospital from June 2021 to December 2021. We divided the subjects into a small airway disorder group and a non-small airway disorder group, and all participants completed a questionnaire. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to identify the risk factors for SAD. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to construct the nomogram. The performance of the nomogram was assessed and validated by the Area under roc curve (AUC), calibration curves, and Decision curve analysis (DCA). RESULTS One. The risk factors for small airway disorder were advanced age (OR = 7.772,95% CI 2.284-26.443), female sex (OR = 1.545,95% CI 1.103-2.164), family history of respiratory disease (OR = 1.508,95% CI 1.069-2.126), history of occupational dust exposure (OR = 1.723,95% CI 1.177-2.521), history of smoking (OR = 1.732,95% CI 1.231-2.436), history of pet exposure (OR = 1.499,95% CI 1.065-2.110), exposure to O3 (OR = 1.008,95% CI 1.003-1.013), chronic bronchitis (OR = 1.947,95% CI 1.376-2.753), emphysema (OR = 2.190,95% CI 1.355-3.539) and asthma (OR = 7.287,95% CI 3.546-14.973). 2. The AUCs of the nomogram were 0.691 in the training set and 0.716 in the validation set. Both nomograms demonstrated favourable clinical consistency. 3.There was a dose‒response relationship between cigarette smoking and SAD; however, quitting smoking did not reduce the risk of SAD. CONCLUSION Small airway disorders are associated with age, sex, family history of respiratory disease, occupational dust exposure, smoking history, history of pet exposure, exposure to O3, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. The nomogram based on the above results can effectively used in the preliminary risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Haihua Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xuan Su
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Guizhou Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Wardyn PM, Edme JL, de Broucker V, Cherot-Kornobis N, Ringeval D, Amouyel P, Sobaszek A, Dauchet L, Hulo S. The impact of occupational exposure to crystalline silica dust on respiratory function (airway obstruction and FEF 25-75) in the French general population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 222:115382. [PMID: 36736759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although several studies have studied the relationship between occupational exposure to crystalline silica dust and respiratory mortality, few have examined the relationship with impairments in respiratory function and the exposure threshold triggering spirometric monitoring in exposed workers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of exposure to crystalline silica dust on respiratory function. METHODS We included 1428 male participants (aged 40 to 65) recruited from the French general population, at random from electoral rolls, in the cross-sectional ELISABET study and for whom data on forced expiratory flow-volume curve indices z-scores (calculated using the Global Lung Function Initiative 2012 equations) and exposure (via a questionnaire) were available. A cumulative exposure index (CEI) for crystalline silica dust (CEIsilica, expressed in mg.m-3.year) was calculated using the Matgéné occupational exposure matrix. RESULTS 293 of the 1428 participants (20.52%) reported exposure to silica dust. We found that the adjusted z-scores for the forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio decreased significantly as CEIsilica increased. After adjustment, the adjusted z-scores for FEV1/FVC (β: -0.426 (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.792, -0.060) per 1 mg m-3.year increment) and the mean forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the forced vital capacity (FEF25-75) (β: -0.552 (95% CI: -0.947, -0.157)) were significantly lower in the participants with CEIsilica ≥1 mg m-3.year than in non-exposed participants. The likelihoods of having airway obstruction (odds ratio (OR): 3.056 (95% CI: 1.107, 7.626)) or having an impaired FEF25-75 (OR: 4.305 (95% CI: 1.393, 11.79)) were also significantly higher in participants with CEIsilica ≥1 mg m-3.year. CONCLUSION Our results emphasize the importance of spirometry-based monitoring in workers exposed to more than 1 mg m-3.year of crystalline silica dust, in order to identify small airway obstruction or airway obstruction as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Wardyn
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Edme
- Univ. Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la, Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Virginie de Broucker
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Cherot-Kornobis
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - David Ringeval
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Annie Sobaszek
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Luc Dauchet
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Sébastien Hulo
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
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Toumpanakis D, Usmani OS. Small airways disease in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Respir Med 2023; 211:107222. [PMID: 36965591 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disorder, characterized by panacinar emphysema mainly in the lower lobes, and predisposes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at a younger age, especially in patients with concomitant cigarette smoking. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (a1-AT) is a serine protease inhibitor that mainly blocks neutrophil elastase and maintains protease/antiprotease balance in the lung and AATD is caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene that encodes a1-AT protein. PiZZ is the most common genotype associated with severe AATD, leading to reduced circulating levels of a1-AT. Besides its antiprotease function, a1-AT has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects and AATD results in defective innate immunity. Protease/antiprotease imbalance affects not only the lung parenchyma but also the small airways and recent studies have shown that AATD is associated with small airway dysfunction. Alterations in small airways structure with peripheral ventilation inhomogeneities may precede emphysema formation, providing a unique opportunity to detect early disease. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current evidence for the contribution of small airways disease in AATD-associated lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Toumpanakis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; General State Hospital for Thoracic Diseases of Athens "Sotiria", Greece.
| | - Omar S Usmani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Mahdavi MMB, Arabfard M, Rafati M, Ghanei M. A Computer-based Analysis for Identification and Quantification of Small Airway Disease in Lung Computed Tomography Images: A Comprehensive Review for Radiologists. J Thorac Imaging 2023; 38:W1-W18. [PMID: 36206107 DOI: 10.1097/rti.0000000000000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) imaging is being increasingly used in clinical practice for detailed characterization of lung diseases. Respiratory diseases involve various components of the lung, including the small airways. Evaluation of small airway disease on CT images is challenging as the airways cannot be visualized directly by a CT scanner. Small airway disease can manifest as pulmonary air trapping (AT). Although AT may be sometimes seen as mosaic attenuation on expiratory CT images, it is difficult to identify diffuse AT visually. Computer technology advances over the past decades have provided methods for objective quantification of small airway disease on CT images. Quantitative CT (QCT) methods are being rapidly developed to quantify underlying lung diseases with greater precision than subjective visual assessment of CT images. A growing body of evidence suggests that QCT methods can be practical tools in the clinical setting to identify and quantify abnormal regions of the lung accurately and reproducibly. This review aimed to describe the available methods for the identification and quantification of small airway disease on CT images and to discuss the challenges of implementing QCT metrics in clinical care for patients with small airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Baradaran Mahdavi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Masoud Arabfard
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Mehravar Rafati
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
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Ahookhosh K, Vanoirbeek J, Vande Velde G. Lung function measurements in preclinical research: What has been done and where is it headed? Front Physiol 2023; 14:1130096. [PMID: 37035677 PMCID: PMC10073442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1130096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the close interaction of lung morphology and functions, repeatable measurements of pulmonary function during longitudinal studies on lung pathophysiology and treatment efficacy have been a great area of interest for lung researchers. Spirometry, as a simple and quick procedure that depends on the maximal inspiration of the patient, is the most common lung function test in clinics that measures lung volumes against time. Similarly, in the preclinical area, plethysmography techniques offer lung functional parameters related to lung volumes. In the past few decades, many innovative techniques have been introduced for in vivo lung function measurements, while each one of these techniques has their own advantages and disadvantages. Before each experiment, depending on the sensitivity of the required pulmonary functional parameters, it should be decided whether an invasive or non-invasive approach is desired. On one hand, invasive techniques offer sensitive and specific readouts related to lung mechanics in anesthetized and tracheotomized animals at endpoints. On the other hand, non-invasive techniques allow repeatable lung function measurements in conscious, free-breathing animals with readouts related to the lung volumes. The biggest disadvantage of these standard techniques for lung function measurements is considering the lung as a single unit and providing only global readouts. However, recent advances in lung imaging modalities such as x-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging opened new doors toward obtaining both anatomical and functional information from the same scan session, without the requirement for any extra pulmonary functional measurements, in more regional and non-invasive manners. Consequently, a new field of study called pulmonary functional imaging was born which focuses on introducing new techniques for regional quantification of lung function non-invasively using imaging-based techniques. This narrative review provides first an overview of both invasive and non-invasive conventional methods for lung function measurements, mostly focused on small animals for preclinical research, including discussions about their advantages and disadvantages. Then, we focus on those newly developed, non-invasive, imaging-based techniques that can provide either global or regional lung functional readouts at multiple time-points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Ahookhosh
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Centre of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Greetje Vande Velde,
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Panagopoulos PK, Goules AV, Georgakopoulou VE, Kallianos A, Chatzinikita E, Pezoulas VC, Malagari K, Fotiadis DI, Vlachoyiannopoulos P, Vassilakopoulos T, Tzioufas AG. Small airways dysfunction in patients with systemic sclerosis and interstitial lung disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1016898. [PMID: 36452897 PMCID: PMC9702077 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1016898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies report small airways involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Furthermore, small airways dysfunction is increasingly recognized in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) of idiopathic or autoimmune etiology. The objectives of this study were to evaluate small airways function in SSc patients with ILD and explore the effect of treatment on small airways function by using conventional and contemporary pulmonary function tests (PFTs). METHODS This single-center, prospective, observational study included a total of 35 SSc patients, with and without ILD based on HRCT scan, evaluated by a special radiologist blindly. Clinical data were collected from all patients who were also assessed for HRCT findings of small airways disease. Small airways function was assessed by classic spirometry, measurement of diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, body plethysmography, single breath nitrogen washout (N2SBW) and impulse oscillometry (IOS). The prevalence of small airways dysfunction according to R5-R20, phase III slopeN2SBW and CV/VC methodologies was calculated in the total SSc population. Pulmonary function tests were compared between: (a) SSc-ILD and non-ILD patients and (b) two time points (baseline and follow up visit) in a subset of SSc-ILD patients who received treatment for ILD and were re-evaluated at a follow up visit after 12 months. RESULTS Phase III slopeN2SBW and R5-R20 showed the highest diagnostic performance for detecting small airways dysfunction among SSc patients (61 and 37.5%, respectively). Twenty three SSc patients were found with ILD and 14 of them had a 12-month follow up visit. SSc-ILD patients compared to those without ILD exhibited increased phase III slopeN2SBW ≥120% (p = 0.04), R5-R20 ≥0.07 kPa/L/s (p = 0.025), airway resistance (Raw) (p = 0.011), and special airway resistance (sRaw) (p = 0.02), and decreased specific airway conductance (sGaw) (p = 0.022), suggesting impaired small airways function in the SSc-ILD group. Radiographic features of SAD on HRCT were observed in 22% of SSc-ILD patients and in none of SSc-non-ILD patients. Comparison of PFTs between baseline and follow-up visit after 12 months in the 14 SSc-ILD treated patients, showed improvement of phase III slopeN2SBW (p = 0.034), R5-R20 (p = 0.035) and Raw (p = 0.044) but not sRaw and sGaw parameters. CONCLUSION Phase III slopeN2SBW and R5-R20 may reveal small airways dysfunction in SSc associated ILD before structural damage and may be partially improved in a subset of patients receiving treatment for ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis K. Panagopoulos
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas V. Goules
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Research Institute of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki E. Georgakopoulou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Kallianos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Chatzinikita
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios C. Pezoulas
- Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina Malagari
- 2nd Department of Radiology, “Attikon” Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I. Fotiadis
- Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Vlachoyiannopoulos
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Research Institute of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Vassilakopoulos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G. Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Research Institute of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Athens, Greece
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11
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Fu A, Vasileva A, Hanafi N, Belousova N, Wu J, Rajyam SS, Ryan CM, Hantos Z, Chow CW. Characterization of chronic lung allograft dysfunction phenotypes using spectral and intrabreath oscillometry. Front Physiol 2022; 13:980942. [PMID: 36277208 PMCID: PMC9582781 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.980942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is the major cause of death beyond 2 years after lung transplantation and develops in 50% of all patients by 5 years post-transplant. CLAD is diagnosed on the basis of a sustained drop of 20% for at least 3 months in the forced expiratory volume (FEV1), compared to the best baseline value achieved post-transplant. CLAD presents as two main phenotypes: bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is more common and has better prognosis than restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS). Respiratory oscillometry is a different modality of lung function testing that is highly sensitive to lung mechanics. The current study investigated whether spectral and intrabreath oscillometry can differentiate between CLAD-free, BOS- and RAS-CLAD at CLAD onset, i.e., at the time of the initial 20% drop in the FEV1. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of 263 double lung transplant recipients who underwent paired testing with oscillometry and spirometry at the Toronto General Pulmonary Function Laboratory from 2017 to 2022 was conducted. All pulmonary function testing and CLAD diagnostics were performed following international guidelines. Statistical analysis was conducted using multiple comparisons. Findings: The RAS (n = 6) spectral oscillometry pattern differs from CLAD-free (n = 225) by right-ward shift of reactance curve similar to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis whereas BOS (n = 32) has a pattern similar to obstructive lung disease. Significant differences were found in most spectral and intrabreath parameters between BOS, RAS, and time-matched CLAD-free patients. Post-hoc analysis revealed these differences were primarily driven by BOS instead of RAS. While no differences were found between CLAD-free and RAS patients with regards to spectral oscillometry, the intrabreath metric of reactance at end-inspiration (XeI) was significantly different (p < 0.05). BOS and RAS were differentiated by spectral oscillometry measure R5, and intrabreath resistance at end expiration, ReE (p < 0.05 for both). Conclusion: Both spectral and intrabreath oscillometry can differentiate BOS-CLAD from CLAD-free states while intrabreath oscillometry, specifically XeI, can uniquely distinguish RAS-CLAD from CLAD-free. Spectral and intrabreath oscillometry offer complementary information regarding lung mechanics in CLAD patients to help distinguish the two phenotypes and could prove useful in prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fu
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anastasiia Vasileva
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nour Hanafi
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natalia Belousova
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, Ajmera Multi-Organ Transplant Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joyce Wu
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Pulmonary Function Laboratory, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarada Sriya Rajyam
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clodagh M. Ryan
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Pulmonary Function Laboratory, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zoltán Hantos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Chung-Wai Chow
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, Ajmera Multi-Organ Transplant Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Pulmonary Function Laboratory, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Chung-Wai Chow,
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12
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Chetta A, Facciolongo N, Franco C, Franzini L, Piraino A, Rossi C. Impulse Oscillometry, Small Airways Disease, and Extra-Fine Formulations in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Windows for New Opportunities. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2022; 18:965-979. [PMID: 36212050 PMCID: PMC9533783 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s369876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the perspective of management of respiratory disease has been gradually changing in light of the increasing evidence of small airways as the major site of airflow obstruction contributing to the development of both COPD and asthma already in early stages of disease. First and foremost, the evidence is redefining disease severity, identifying small airways disease phenotypes and early signs of disease, and revising prevalence and overall epidemiological data as well. Much effort has been put toward the instrumental assessment of small airways’ involvement and early detection. Several clinical trials have evaluated the advantage of extra-fine formulations which can best target the small airways in uncontrolled asthma and severe COPD. Here, we briefly present a practical overview of the role of the small airways in disease, the most appropriate diagnostic methods for quantifying their impairment, and provide some insight into the costs of respiratory management in Italy, especially in sub-optimally controlled disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Chetta
- Clinica Pneumologica, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: Alfredo Chetta, Tel +39 0521.703478, Email
| | | | - Cosimo Franco
- UOC Pneumologia, Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza, Italy
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13
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Anderson S, Atkins P, Bäckman P, Cipolla D, Clark A, Daviskas E, Disse B, Entcheva-Dimitrov P, Fuller R, Gonda I, Lundbäck H, Olsson B, Weers J. Inhaled Medicines: Past, Present, and Future. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:48-118. [PMID: 34987088 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize essential pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and clinical aspects in the field of orally inhaled therapies that may help scientists seeking to develop new products. After general comments on the rationale for inhaled therapies for respiratory disease, the focus is on products approved approximately over the last half a century. The organization of these sections reflects the key pharmacological categories. Products for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include β -2 receptor agonists, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, glucocorticosteroids, and cromones as well as their combinations. The antiviral and antibacterial inhaled products to treat respiratory tract infections are then presented. Two "mucoactive" products-dornase α and mannitol, which are both approved for patients with cystic fibrosis-are reviewed. These are followed by sections on inhaled prostacyclins for pulmonary arterial hypertension and the challenging field of aerosol surfactant inhalation delivery, especially for prematurely born infants on ventilation support. The approved products for systemic delivery via the lungs for diseases of the central nervous system and insulin for diabetes are also discussed. New technologies for drug delivery by inhalation are analyzed, with the emphasis on those that would likely yield significant improvements over the technologies in current use or would expand the range of drugs and diseases treatable by this route of administration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review of the key aspects of approved orally inhaled drug products for a variety of respiratory diseases and for systemic administration should be helpful in making judicious decisions about the development of new or improved inhaled drugs. These aspects include the choices of the active ingredients, formulations, delivery systems suitable for the target patient populations, and, to some extent, meaningful safety and efficacy endpoints in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Anderson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
| | - Paul Atkins
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
| | - Per Bäckman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
| | - David Cipolla
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
| | - Andrew Clark
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
| | - Evangelia Daviskas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
| | - Bernd Disse
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
| | - Plamena Entcheva-Dimitrov
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
| | - Rick Fuller
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
| | - Igor Gonda
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
| | - Hans Lundbäck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
| | - Bo Olsson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
| | - Jeffry Weers
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (S.A.); Inhaled Delivery Solutions LLC, Durham, North Carolina (P.A.); Emmace Consulting AB Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden (P.B., H.L., B.O.); Insmed Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey (D.C.); Aerogen Pharma Corporation, San Mateo, California (A.C.); Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia (E.D.); Drug Development, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Consulting, Mainz, Germany (B.D.); Preferred Regulatory Consulting, San Mateo, California (P.E-.D.); Clayton, CA (R.F.); Respidex LLC, Dennis, Massachusetts (I.G.); and cystetic Medicines, Inc., Burlingame, California (J.W.)
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Papageorgiou CV, Savourdos P, Douna E, Georgakopoulou VE, Makrodimitri S, Dounias G. Respiratory Symptoms and Pulmonary Function of Workers in the Waste Management Industry. Cureus 2021; 13:e17027. [PMID: 34522508 PMCID: PMC8425493 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Waste handling workers are exposed to air pollutants and toxic compounds produced during waste management and processing that can cause respiratory symptoms and lung function impairment. This study aimed to evaluate the respiratory health of exposed workers in a waste management plant in Attica, Greece. Methods: 50 field workers exposed to outdoor pollutants (exposure group) and 32 office clerks with no exposure (control group) were evaluated. Upper and lower respiratory symptoms were documented and spirometry was performed. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the exposure and the control group in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)%, forced vital capacity (FVC)%, FEV1/FVC% predicted values. Workers had lower maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF)% predicted values compared to controls (82% vs 94%, p=0.019). No difference was observed regarding the respiratory symptoms between the two groups. Conclusion: Lower MMEF values were observed in the exposure group. Low MMEF can be indicative of small airway disease, thus smoking cessation, close follow-up, and the use of personal protective equipment are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petros Savourdos
- Department of Occupational & Industrial Hygiene, National School of Public Health, Athens, GRC
| | - Eleni Douna
- Department of Occupational & Industrial Hygiene, National School of Public Health, Athens, GRC
| | | | | | - Georgios Dounias
- Department of Occupational & Industrial Hygiene, National School of Public Health, Athens, GRC
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15
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Li T, Zhou HP, Zhou ZJ, Guo LQ, Zhou L. Computed tomography-identified phenotypes of small airway obstructions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2025-2036. [PMID: 34517376 PMCID: PMC8440009 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease characteristic of small airway inflammation, obstruction, and emphysema. It is well known that spirometry alone cannot differentiate each separate component. Computed tomography (CT) is widely used to determine the extent of emphysema and small airway involvement in COPD. Compared with the pulmonary function test, small airway CT phenotypes can accurately reflect disease severity in patients with COPD, which is conducive to improving the prognosis of this disease. CT measurement of central airway morphology has been applied in clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic investigations as an inference of the presence and severity of small airway disease. This review will focus on presenting the current knowledge and methodologies in chest CT that aid in identifying discrete COPD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xuzhou First People's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Hao-Peng Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhou
- Institute of Radio Frequency & Optical Electronics-Integrated Circuits, School of Information and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Li-Quan Guo
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China
| | - Linfu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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16
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Usmani OS, Dhand R, Lavorini F, Price D. Why We Should Target Small Airways Disease in Our Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96:2448-2463. [PMID: 34183115 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For more than 50 years, small airways disease has been considered a key feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a major cause of airway obstruction. Both preventable and treatable, small airways disease has important clinical consequences if left unchecked. Small airways disease is associated with poor spirometry results, increased lung hyperinflation, and poor health status, making the small airways an important treatment target in COPD. The early detection of small airways disease remains the key barrier; if detected early, treatments designed to target small airways may help reduce symptoms and allow patients to maintain their activities. Studies are needed to evaluate the possible role of new drugs and novel drug formulations, inhalers, and inhalation devices for treating small airways disease. These developments will help to improve our management of small airways disease in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Usmani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and Royal Brompton Hospital, Airways Disease Section, London, UK.
| | - Rajiv Dhand
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville
| | - Federico Lavorini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - David Price
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute, Singapore; Optimum Patient Care, Cambridge, UK; Centre of Academic Primary Care, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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17
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Usmani OS, Han MK, Kaminsky DA, Hogg J, Hjoberg J, Patel N, Hardin M, Keen C, Rennard S, Blé FX, Brown MN. Seven Pillars of Small Airways Disease in Asthma and COPD: Supporting Opportunities for Novel Therapies. Chest 2021; 160:114-134. [PMID: 33819471 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of pathologic changes in early and mild obstructive lung disease has shown the importance of the small airways and their contribution to symptoms. Indeed, significant small airways dysfunction has been found prior to any overt airway obstruction being detectable by conventional spirometry techniques. However, most therapies for the treatment of obstructive lung disease target the physiological changes and associated symptoms that result from chronic lung disease, rather than directly targeting the specific underlying causes of airflow disruption or the drivers of disease progression. In addition, although spirometry is the current standard for diagnosis and monitoring of response to therapy, the most widely used measure, FEV1 , does not align with the pathologic changes in early or mild disease and may not align with symptoms or exacerbation frequency in the individual patient. Newer functional and imaging techniques allow more effective assessment of small airways dysfunction; however, significant gaps in our understanding remain. Improving our knowledge of the role of small airways dysfunction in early disease in the airways, along with the identification of novel end points to measure subclinical changes in this region (ie, those not captured as symptoms or identified through standard FEV1), may lead to the development of novel therapies that directly combat early airways disease processes with a view to slowing disease progression and reversing damage. This expert opinion paper discusses small airways disease in the context of asthma and COPD and highlights gaps in current knowledge that impede earlier identification of obstructive lung disease and the development and standardization of novel small airways-specific end points for use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Usmani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.
| | - MeiLan K Han
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David A Kaminsky
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - James Hogg
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Christina Keen
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephen Rennard
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - François-Xavier Blé
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mary N Brown
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA
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Pini L, Tiberio L, Arici M, Corda L, Giordani J, Bargagli E, Tantucci C. Z-alpha1-antitrypsin polymers and small airways disease: a new paradigm in alfa-1 anti-trypsin deficiency-related COPD development? Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2021; 91. [PMID: 34468105 DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2021.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT) polymers, known to promote a sustained pro-inflammatory activity, has been previously demonstrated in bronchial biopsies of subjects with Z-AAT deficiency (AATD) suggesting a possible role in the development of COPD through a small airway disease impairment. The study aimed to assess the presence of small airways dysfunction and the potential correlation with the presence of Z-AAT polymers obtained by Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) collection in PiZZ subjects, as compared with matched healthy PiMM subjects. We enrolled 19 asymptomatic, never smoker subjects: 9 PiZZ and 10 PiMM as controls, without obstructive ventilatory defect (i.e., normal FEV1/VC% ratio). All subjects underwent complete pulmonary function tests (PFT). EBC was collected in all subjects. ELISA test was applied to search for Z-AAT polymers. The PiZZ subjects showed normal lung volumes and DLCO values. However, in comparison with PiMM subjects, the single breath test N2 wash-out revealed significant differences regarding the phase III slope (1.45±0.35 N2/L vs. 0.96±0.40 N2/L) (p<0.02) in the PiZZ subjects, while the closing volume/vital capacity ratio (14.3±4.5 % vs. 11.3±6.3 %) was not significantly increased. The ELISA test detected the presence of Z-AAT polymers in 44% of PiZZ patients. Asymptomatic, never smoker PiZZ subjects with normal spirometry and lung diffusion capacity showed airways impairment when compared to PiMM subjects. Although Z-AAT polymers were found only in 44% of PiZZ subjects, these findings suggest the possibility that chronic bronchiolitis can develop as a result of the long-term pro-inflammatory activity of Z-AAT polymers in subjects with Z-related AATD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pini
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia.
| | - Laura Tiberio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia.
| | - Marianna Arici
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia.
| | - Luciano Corda
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia.
| | - Jordan Giordani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia.
| | - Elena Bargagli
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena.
| | - Claudio Tantucci
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia.
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19
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Urbankowski T, Przybyłowski T. Blood eosinophils, FeNO and small airways dysfunction in predicting airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with asthma-like symptoms. J Asthma 2021; 59:1376-1386. [PMID: 33926353 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2021.1923741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In patients with suspected asthma and no airflow limitation in spirometry, methacholine challenge testing (MCT) for airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is an option of documenting variable airflow limitation. The goal of the study was to assess the ability of blood eosinophils, fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and distal airways function to discriminate patients with AHR from those with normal airway responsiveness (AR). METHODS We analyzed baseline data from 42 participants who underwent MCT because of asthma-like symptoms and no airflow limitation in spirometry. RESULTS Eosinophil count was higher among participants with borderline AHR comparing to those with normal AR (340 cells/µL, IQR 285-995 vs. 125 cells/µL, IQR 75-180, post-hoc p = 0.041). FeNO and percent predicted of functional residual volume (FRC%pred) were higher in participants with moderate-marked AHR compared to those with normal AR (40 ppb, IQR 30.5-100.5 vs. 18 ppb, IQR 13-50, post-hoc p = 0.008; 140.1%±17.0% vs. 107.3%±20.7%, post-hoc p < 0.001, respectively). Percentage predicted of the maximal expiratory flow at 25% of the forced vital capacity (MEF25%pred) was lower in participants with mild AHR and borderline AHR compared to those with normal AR (72.9%±16.9% vs. 113.0%±36.8%, post-hoc p = 0.017; 73.3%±15.9% vs. 113.0%±36.8%, post-hoc p = 0.045; respectively). Level of AHR correlated with eosinophil count, FeNO, MEF25%pred, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75%pred), FRC%pred and specific airway resistance (sRaw). CONCLUSIONS Blood eosinophils, FeNO and small airways dysfunction markers are related to the level of AR to methacholine in patients with asthma-like symptoms and no airflow limitation in spirometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Urbankowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Przybyłowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Yip KP, Stockley RA, Sapey E. Catching "Early" COPD - The Diagnostic Conundrum. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:957-968. [PMID: 33880020 PMCID: PMC8053524 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s296842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite this, there has been little progress so far in terms of disease-modifying therapies over the last few decades and this is in part due to poor understanding of the definition and mechanisms surrounding early disease before it becomes established and increasingly complex. In this review, the nuances and difficulty in defining early disease in COPD are discussed. There are clear benefits in identifying patients early; however, usually diagnosis is made in the presence of significant lung damage. We consider what can be learned of early disease from COPD studies and highlight the lack of inclusion of young smokers (who may be at risk of COPD) or those with mild disease. We discuss promising clinical measures that are being used in an effort to detect early disease. These include symptom assessment, lung physiology measures and computed tomography (CT) imaging modalities. There is emerging evidence for the role of neutrophils and their proteinases in early COPD. This may form an important biomarker to investigate the pathophysiological processes of early COPD. Given the importance of the early disease, it is recommended that future COPD studies focus on capturing the earliest manifestations of disease, to understand the initiating mechanisms and to identify novel treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Por Yip
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robert A Stockley
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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21
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Liu H, Li J, Ma Q, Tang J, Jiang M, Cao X, Lin L, Kong N, Yu S, Sood A, Zheng Y, Leng S, Han W. Chronic exposure to diesel exhaust may cause small airway wall thickening without lumen narrowing: a quantitative computerized tomography study in Chinese diesel engine testers. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:14. [PMID: 33766066 PMCID: PMC7992811 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diesel exhaust (DE) is a major source of ultrafine particulate matters (PM) in ambient air and contaminates many occupational settings. Airway remodeling assessed using computerized tomography (CT) correlates well with spirometry in patients with obstructive lung diseases. Structural changes of small airways caused by chronic DE exposure is unknown. Wall and lumen areas of 6th and 9th generations of four candidate airways were quantified using end-inhalation CT scans in 78 diesel engine testers (DET) and 76 non-DETs. Carbon content in airway macrophage (CCAM) in sputum was quantified to assess the dose-response relationship. Results Environmental monitoring and CCAM showed a much higher PM exposure in DETs, which was associated with higher wall area and wall area percent for 6th generation of airways. However, no reduction in lumen area was identified. No study subjects met spirometry diagnosis of airway obstruction. This suggested that small airway wall thickening without lumen narrowing may be an early feature of airway remodeling in DETs. The effect of DE exposure status on wall area percent did not differ by lobes or smoking status. Although the trend test was of borderline significance between categorized CCAM and wall area percent, subjects in the highest CCAM category has a 14% increase in wall area percent for the 6th generation of airways compared to subjects in the lowest category. The impact of DE exposure on FEV1 can be partially explained by the wall area percent with mediation effect size equal to 20%, Pperm = 0.028). Conclusions Small airway wall thickening without lumen narrowing may be an early image feature detected by CT and underlie the pathology of lung injury in DETs. The pattern of changes in small airway dimensions, i.e., thicker airway wall without lumen narrowing caused by occupational DE exposure was different to that (i.e., thicker airway wall with lumen narrowing) seen in our previous study of workers exposed to nano-scale carbon black aerosol, suggesting constituents other than carbon cores may contribute to such differences. Our study provides some imaging indications of the understanding of the pulmonary toxicity of combustion derived airborne particulate matters in humans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-021-00406-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Jianyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Jinglong Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong, China
| | - Menghui Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Nan Kong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong, China
| | - Shanfa Yu
- Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Akshay Sood
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong, China.
| | - Shuguang Leng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong, China. .,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA. .,Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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22
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Aktan R, Ozalevli S, Alpaydin AO. Clinical Outcomes of Male Subjects With Moderate COPD Based on Maximum Mid-Expiratory Flow. Respir Care 2021; 66:442-448. [PMID: 32900916 PMCID: PMC9994064 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.07794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although FEV1 and FEV1/FVC are accepted as standard parameters in treatment follow-up, these parameters have a limited ability to predict clinical outcomes in patients with COPD. However, small airways dysfunction, which is determined by maximum mid-expiratory flow, is variable in the same stage of patients with COPD, even if their FEV1 and FEV1/FVC are similar. The aim of this study was to compare pulmonary function, the severity of perceived dyspnea, the severity of fatigue, physical activity level, and health-related quality of life based on the severity of small airways dysfunction in male subjects with moderate COPD. METHODS The study consisted of 96 subjects with moderate COPD. Pulmonary function tests, the distance achieved on the 6-min walk test, the modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - short form, the Fatigue Severity Scale, the St George Respiratory Questionnaire, and Short Form 36 questionnaire were evaluated in all subjects. After calculating the mean percent of predicted maximum mid-expiratory flow for the entire sample, subjects were divided into 2 groups: below average (Group 1, n = 54 subjects) and above average (Group 2, n = 42 subjects). RESULTS There were no differences between the groups in age, body mass index, cigarette consumption, percent of predicted FEV1, and FEV1/FVC (P = .55, .61, .19, .09, and .15, respectively). Scores from the Fatigue Severity Scale and the modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale were significantly higher in Group 1 (P = .003 and P = .002, respectively); in addition, results from the 6-min walk test and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - short form scores were significantly lower (P = .001 and P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Increased small airways dysfunction led to increased perception of dyspnea and fatigue, as well as poor exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in male subjects with COPD. We suggest that it may be useful to consider the maximum mid-expiratory flow in addition to FEV1 and FEV1/FVC in the treatment and follow-up of male patients with moderate COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridvan Aktan
- Department of Physiotherapy, Vocational School of Health Services, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey.
- Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Ozalevli
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aylin Ozgen Alpaydin
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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23
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Chukowry PS, Spittle DA, Turner AM. Small Airways Disease, Biomarkers and COPD: Where are We? Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:351-365. [PMID: 33628018 PMCID: PMC7899307 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s280157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The response to treatment and progression of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) varies significantly. Small airways disease (SAD) is being increasingly recognized as a key pathological feature of COPD. Studies have brought forward pathological evidence of small airway damage preceding the development of emphysema and the detection of obstruction using traditional spirometry. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the early detection of SAD and this has brought along an increased demand for physiological tests able to identify and quantify SAD. Early detection of SAD allows early targeted therapy and this suggests the potential for altering the course of disease. The aim of this article is to review the evidence available on the physiological testing of small airways. The first half will focus on the role of lung function tests such as maximum mid-expiratory flow, impulse oscillometry and lung clearance index in detecting and quantifying SAD. The role of Computed Tomography (CT) as a radiological biomarker will be discussed as well as the potential of recent CT analysis software to differentiate normal aging of the lungs to pathology. The evidence behind SAD biomarkers sourced from blood as well as biomarkers sourced from sputum and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) will be reviewed. This paper focuses on CC-16, sRAGE, PAI-1, MMP-9 and MMP-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada S Chukowry
- Respiratory Research Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniella A Spittle
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alice M Turner
- Institute for Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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24
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Chen CH, Tsai PJ, Wang YF, Pan CH, Hung PC, Ho JJ, Perng DW, Nemery B, Guo YL. Respiratory health effects of the fiberglass-reinforced plastic lamination process in the yacht-building industry. Scand J Work Environ Health 2021; 47:62-69. [PMID: 32940339 PMCID: PMC7801144 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRP) manufacturing has been related to cases of severe airway obstruction and elevated risk of respiratory mortality. But the specific job content risk is not clear. This study evaluated the respiratory health effects of the FRP lamination process. Methods: A questionnaire was used to evaluate respiratory symptoms of workers in two yacht-building plants. Pre-shift (07:30–08:30 hours) and post-shift (17:00–18:00 hours) lung function was measured, while post-shift induced sputum was collected on the first day of the week. The participants were grouped into FRP laminators and non-laminators. Linear and logistic regression was used to investigate the effects of the lamination process on lung function. Results: Laminators had a higher prevalence of chronic cough, lower pre-shift forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) and FEV1/force vital capacity (FVC) (-3.3% and -1.5%), lower post-shift FVC and FEV1 (-3.6% and -4.9%), and larger post-shift reduction of FVC (-2.1%) compared to non-laminators. The laminators also had higher risk of early obstructive and overall (obstructive plus restrictive) lung function impairment, and post-shift reduction of FVC >10% [odds ratio (OR) 5.98, 4.98, and 3.87, respectively). They also had higher percentages of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the induced sputum. Conclusion: Laminators should undergo regular check-ups of respiratory symptoms and lung function. Further toxicologic studies are warranted to identify the specific causal agent in the FRP lamination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsien Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Rm 339, 17 Syujhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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25
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Ribeiro CO, Lopes AJ, de Melo PL. Oscillation Mechanics, Integer and Fractional Respiratory Modeling in COPD: Effect of Obstruction Severity. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2020; 15:3273-3289. [PMID: 33324050 PMCID: PMC7733470 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s276690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This research examines the emerging role of respiratory oscillometry associated with integer (InOr) and fractional order (FrOr) respiratory models in the context of groups of patients with increasing severity. The contributions to our understanding of the respiratory abnormalities along the course of increasing COPD severity and the diagnostic use of this method were also evaluated. Patients and Methods Forty-five individuals with no history of smoking or pulmonary diseases (control group) and 141 individuals with diagnoses of COPD were studied, being classified into 45 mild, 42 moderate, 36 severe and 18 very severe cases. Results This study has shown initially that the course of increasing COPD severity was adequately described by the model parameters. This resulted in significant and consistent correlations among these parameters and spirometric indexes. Additionally, this evaluation enhanced our understanding of the respiratory abnormalities in different COPD stages. The diagnostic accuracy analyses provided evidence that hysteresivity, obtained from FrOr modeling, allowed a highly accurate identification in patients with mild changes [area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC)= 0.902]. Similar analyses in groups of moderate and severe patients showed that peripheral resistance, derived from InOr modeling, provided the most accurate parameter (AUC=0.898 and 0.998, respectively), while in very severe patients, traditional, InOr and FrOr parameters were able to reach high diagnostic accuracy (AUC>0.9). Conclusion InOr and FrOr modeling improved our knowledge of the respiratory abnormalities along the course of increasing COPD severity. In addition, the present study provides evidence that these models may contribute in the diagnosis of COPD. Respiratory oscillometry exams require only tidal breathing and are easy to perform. Taken together, these practical considerations and the results of the present study suggest that respiratory oscillometry associated with InOr and FrOr models may help to improve lung function tests in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Oliveira Ribeiro
- Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Institute of Biology and Faculty of Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo José Lopes
- Pulmonary Function Laboratory, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Pulmonary Rehabilitation Laboratory, Augusto Motta University Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Lopes de Melo
- Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Institute of Biology and Faculty of Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Alobaidi NY, Almeshari M, Stockley JA, Sapey E, Edgar RG. A Systematic Review of the Use of Physiological Tests Assessing the Acute Response to Treatment During Exacerbations of COPD (with a Focus on Small Airway Function). COPD 2020; 17:711-720. [PMID: 33183078 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2020.1815183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exacerbations are prevalent in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients and associated with poor clinical outcomes. Currently, there is a lack of sensitive and specific tools that can objectively identify exacerbations and assess their progress or treatment response. FEV1 is often reported as a study outcome, but it has significant limitations. Studies have suggested that small airways measures might provide physiological biomarkers during exacerbations. Therefore, this study was done to assess which physiological tests of small airways function have been used in the acute setting during exacerbations of COPD and the evidence to support their use. An electronic databases search was conducted in April 2019. A standard systematic review methodology was used. Eligible studies were those of ≥10 participants that compared at least one small airway test with FEV1 to assess response to treatment with baseline and a follow-up measurement ≤2 months after. Analyses were narrative. Of 1436 screened studies, seven studies were eligible. There was heterogeneity in which tests of small airways were used and three different small airways measures were reported. Studies were small (including 20 to 87 subjects). Six articles reported improvements in small airway measurements during the recovery from exacerbation which correlated with FEV1. Included studies varied in their timing and duration of the assessment. There is some evidence to support the use of small airway tests in acute exacerbations of COPD. However, studies have been small with different tests being utilized. Further studies to determine the usefulness of each test may be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nowaf Y Alobaidi
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.,Respiratory Therapy Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almeshari
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.,Rehabilitation Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James A Stockley
- Department of Lung Function and Sleep, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ross G Edgar
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.,Therapy Services, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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27
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Xiao D, Chen Z, Wu S, Huang K, Xu J, Yang L, Xu Y, Zhang X, Bai C, Kang J, Ran P, Shen H, Wen F, Yao W, Sun T, Shan G, Yang T, Lin Y, Zhu J, Wang R, Shi Z, Zhao J, Ye X, Song Y, Wang Q, Hou G, Zhou Y, Li W, Ding L, Wang H, Chen Y, Guo Y, Xiao F, Lu Y, Peng X, Zhang B, Wang Z, Zhang H, Bu X, Zhang X, An L, Zhang S, Cao Z, Zhan Q, Yang Y, Liang L, Liu Z, Zhang X, Cheng A, Cao B, Dai H, Chung KF, He J, Wang C. Prevalence and risk factors of small airway dysfunction, and association with smoking, in China: findings from a national cross-sectional study. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2020; 8:1081-1093. [PMID: 32598906 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small airway dysfunction is a common but neglected respiratory abnormality. Little is known about its prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic factors in China or anywhere else in the world. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of small airway dysfunction using spirometry before and after bronchodilation, both overall and in specific population subgroups; assess its association with a range of lifestyle and environmental factors (particularly smoking); and estimate the burden of small airway dysfunction in China. METHODS From June, 2012, to May, 2015, the nationally representative China Pulmonary Health study invited 57 779 adults to participate using a multistage stratified sampling method from ten provinces (or equivalent), and 50 479 patients with valid lung function testing results were included in the analysis. We diagnosed small airway dysfunction on the basis of at least two of the following three indicators of lung function being less than 65% of predicted: maximal mid-expiratory flow, forced expiratory flow (FEF) 50%, and FEF 75%. Small airway dysfunction was further categorised into pre-small airway dysfunction (defined as having normal FEV1 and FEV1/forced vital capacity [FVC] ratio before bronchodilator inhalation), and post-small airway dysfunction (defined as having normal FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio both before and after bronchodilator inhalation). Logistic regression yielded adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for small airway dysfunction associated with smoking and other lifestyle and environmental factors. We further estimated the total number of cases of small airway dysfunction in China by applying present study findings to national census data. FINDINGS Overall the prevalence of small airway dysfunction was 43·5% (95% CI 40·7-46·3), pre-small airway dysfunction was 25·5% (23·6-27·5), and post-small airway dysfunction was 11·3% (10·3-12·5). After multifactor regression analysis, the risk of small airway dysfunction was significantly associated with age, gender, urbanisation, education level, cigarette smoking, passive smoking, biomass use, exposure to high particulate matter with a diameter less than 2·5 μm (PM2·5) concentrations, history of chronic cough during childhood, history of childhood pneumonia or bronchitis, parental history of respiratory diseases, and increase of body-mass index (BMI) by 5 kg/m2. The ORs for small airway dysfunction and pre-small airway dysfunction were similar, whereas larger effect sizes were generally seen for post-small airway dysfunction than for either small airway dysfunction or pre-small airway dysfunction. For post-small airway dysfunction, cigarette smoking, exposure to PM2·5, and increase of BMI by 5 kg/m2 were significantly associated with increased risk, among preventable risk factors. There was also a dose-response association between cigarette smoking and post-small airway dysfunction among men, but not among women. We estimate that, in 2015, 426 (95% CI 411-468) million adults had small airway dysfunction, 253 (238-278) million had pre-small airway dysfunction, and 111 (104-126) million had post-small airway dysfunction in China. INTERPRETATION In China, spirometry-defined small airway dysfunction is highly prevalent, with cigarette smoking being a major modifiable risk factor, along with PM2·5 exposure and increase of BMI by 5 kg/m2. Our findings emphasise the urgent need to develop and implement effective primary and secondary prevention strategies to reduce the burden of this condition in the general population. FUNDING Ministry of Science and Technology of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Health Commission of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiao
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sinan Wu
- Data and Project Management Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Center of Respiratory Medicine, and Data and Project Management Unit, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kewu Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianying Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pixin Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huahao Shen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanzhen Yao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tieying Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China; National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Guangliang Shan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxiang Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiying Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhihong Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianping Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianwei Ye
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Hou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yumin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liren Ding
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yahong Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China; National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Peng
- Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuomin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Bu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhua Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lirong Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- Data and Project Management Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Center of Respiratory Medicine, and Data and Project Management Unit, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Contoli M, Morandi L, Di Marco F, Carone M. A perspective for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management: six key clinical questions to improve disease treatment. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 22:427-437. [PMID: 33021128 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1828352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2011, the GOLD recommendations for the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) introduced new clinical elements to classify the severity of the disease and to guide pharmacological choice. For the first time in the GOLD documents, treatment decision was no longer guided only by pulmonary function, but by a more complex combination of pulmonary function and clinical aspects. The recent versions of the GOLD recommendations introduce new aspects for the clinicians and pose new question for the management of the disease. In addition, inflammatory biomarkers and blood eosinophil levels, have been considered to guide treatment selection. AREA COVERED The evolution of disease management proposed by the GOLD document opens several areas of debate. A series of roundtable discussions among respiratory physicians took place in Italy to address key clinical questions. Particularly, the role of lung function and the use of biomarkers, the adherence to international guidelines and the possibility to personalize the pharmacological approach in COPD patients have been discussed, summarized and analyzed. EXPERT OPINION The authors believe that the development of a precision medicine approach tailoring the specific treatment for each patient is the goal of COPD management and may be achieved by considering the phenotypic classification of COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Contoli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Università Di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Morandi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Università Di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabiano Di Marco
- Department of Health Science, Università degli studi di Milano, Respiratory Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Mauro Carone
- Division of Pneumology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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Clinical Application of Forced Oscillation Technique (FOT) in Early Detection of Airway Changes in Smokers. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092778. [PMID: 32867314 PMCID: PMC7565456 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The forced oscillation technique (FOT) is a non-invasive method to assess airway function by emitting oscillatory signals into the respiratory tract during tidal ventilation. This opinion piece discusses the current use, trialled modification and future directions in utilizing FOT as a novel diagnostic tool for early detection of small airway changes in smokers. The published evidence to date has shown that FOT parameters could be a sensitive diagnostic tool to detect early respiratory changes in smokers. Multiple frequencies and the frequency dependence of resistance and reactance can provide the most valuable and early information regarding smoking induced changes in airways. Considering its non-invasiveness, lower level of discomfort to patients than spirometry, feasibility, and cost effectiveness, it could be the first-choice diagnostic technique for detection of early respiratory changes in smokers. The finding of FOT could further be supported and correlated with inflammatory markers.
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30
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Small airways' function in Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome. Pulmonology 2020; 27:208-214. [PMID: 32859561 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Most of the studies of the pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS) focus on the collapsibility and obstruction of the upper airways. The aim of our study was the investigation of small airways' function in patients with OSAHS. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 23 patients (mean age, 51.6 years) diagnosed with mild to severe OSAHS, without comorbidities and 8 controls (mean age, 45.9 years). All subjects underwent full polysomnography sleep study; spirometry and maximum flow/volume curves while breathing room air and a mixture of 80%He-20%O2. The volume of equal flows (VisoV⋅) of the two curves and the difference of flows at 50% of FVC (ΔV˙max50) were calculated, as indicates of small airways' function. RESULTS The results showed that VisoV⋅ was significantly increased in patients with OSAHS compared with controls (18.79±9.39 vs. 4.72±4.68, p=0.004). No statistically significantly difference was found in ΔV˙max50% (p=0.551); or the maximum Expiratory flow at 25-75% of FVC (p=0.067) and the maximum expiratory flow at 50% of FVC (p=0.174) breathing air. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that at the time of the diagnosis of OSAHS, the function of the small airways is affected. This could be due to breathing at low lung volumes and the cyclic closure/opening of the small airways and may affect the natural history of OSAHS. The findings could lead to new therapeutic implications, targeting directly the small airways.
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31
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Trinkmann F, Watz H, Herth FJF. Why do we still cling to spirometry for assessing small airway function? Eur Respir J 2020; 56:56/1/2001071. [PMID: 32616553 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01071-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Trinkmann
- Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany .,Dept of Biomedical Informatics of the Heinrich-Lanz-Center, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Watz
- Pulmonary Research Institute at LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Felix J F Herth
- Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Gellatly S, Pavelka N, Crue T, Schweitzer KS, Day BJ, Min E, Numata M, Voelker DR, Scruggs A, Petrache I, Chu HW. Nicotine-Free e-Cigarette Vapor Exposure Stimulates IL6 and Mucin Production in Human Primary Small Airway Epithelial Cells. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:175-185. [PMID: 32368126 PMCID: PMC7170627 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s244434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are relatively new devices that allow the user to inhale a heated and aerosolized solution. At present, little is known about their health effects in the human lung, particularly in the small airways (<2 mm in diameter), a key site of airway obstruction and destruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other acute and chronic lung conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of e-cigarettes on human distal airway inflammation and remodeling. METHODS We isolated primary small airway epithelial cells from donor lungs without known lung disease. Small airway epithelial cells were cultured at air-liquid interface and exposed to 15 puffs vapor obtained by heating a commercially available e-cigarette solution (e-vapor) with or without nicotine. After 24 hrs of e-vapor exposure, basolateral and apical media as well as cell lysates were collected to measure the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin 6 (IL6) and MUC5AC, one of the major components in mucus. RESULTS Unlike the nicotine-containing e-vapor, nicotine-free e-vapor significantly increased the amount of IL6, which was coupled with increased levels of intracellular MUC5AC protein. Importantly, a neutralizing IL6 antibody (vs an IgG isotype control) significantly inhibited the production of MUC5AC induced by nicotine-free e-vapor. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that human small airway epithelial cells exposed to nicotine-free e-vapor increase the inflammatory response and mucin production, which may contribute to distal lung airflow limitation and airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaan Gellatly
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Nicole Pavelka
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Taylor Crue
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | | | - Brian J Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Elysia Min
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Mari Numata
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Dennis R Voelker
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - April Scruggs
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Irina Petrache
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206, USA
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Belgacemi R, Luczka E, Ancel J, Diabasana Z, Perotin JM, Germain A, Lalun N, Birembaut P, Dubernard X, Mérol JC, Delepine G, Polette M, Deslée G, Dormoy V. Airway epithelial cell differentiation relies on deficient Hedgehog signalling in COPD. EBioMedicine 2020; 51:102572. [PMID: 31877414 PMCID: PMC6931110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgehog (HH) pathway is constantly under scrutiny in the context of organ development. Lung morphogenesis requires HH signalling which participates thereafter to the pulmonary homeostasis by regulating epithelial cell quiescence and repair. Since epithelial remodelling is a hallmark of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), we investigated whether the main molecular actors of HH pathway participate to airway epithelial cell differentiation and we analysed their alterations in COPD patients. METHODS Sonic HH (Shh) secretion was assessed by ELISA in airway epithelial cell (AEC) air-liquid interface culture supernatants. HH pathway activation was evaluated by RT-qPCR, western blot and immunostaining. Inhibition of HH signalling was achieved upon Shh chelation during epithelial cell differentiation. HH pathway core components localization was investigated in lung tissues from non-COPD and COPD patients. FINDINGS We demonstrate that progenitors of AEC produced Shh responsible for the activation of HH signalling during the process of differentiation. Preventing the ligand-induced HH activation led to the establishment of a remodelled epithelium with increased number of basal cells and reduced ciliogenesis. Gli2 activating transcription factor was demonstrated as a key-element in the regulation of AEC differentiation. More importantly, Gli2 and Smo were lost in AEC from COPD patients. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that HH pathway is crucial for airway epithelial cell differentiation and highlight its role in COPD-associated epithelial remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Belgacemi
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Emilie Luczka
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Julien Ancel
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Service de pneumologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Zania Diabasana
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Jeanne-Marie Perotin
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Service de pneumologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Adeline Germain
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Nathalie Lalun
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Philippe Birembaut
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Laboratoire de biopathologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Xavier Dubernard
- CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mérol
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Gonzague Delepine
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de chirurgie cardio-vasculaire et thoracique, Reims 51092, France
| | - Myriam Polette
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Laboratoire de biopathologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Gaëtan Deslée
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Service de pneumologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France.
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Jamani K, He Q, Liu Y, Davis C, Hubbard J, Schoch G, Lee SJ, Gooley T, Flowers MED, Cheng GS. Early Post-Transplantation Spirometry Is Associated with the Development of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 26:943-948. [PMID: 31821885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is often diagnosed at a late stage when lung dysfunction is severe and irreversible. Identifying patients early after transplantation may offer improved strategies for early detection that could avert the morbidity and mortality of BOS. This study aimed to determine whether a decline in lung function before and early after (days +80 to +100) allo-HCT are associated with a risk of BOS beyond 6 months post-transplantation. In a single-center cohort of 2941 allo-HCT recipients, 186 (6%) met National Institutes of Health criteria for BOS. Pretransplantation and post-transplantation day +80 spirometric parameters were analyzed as continuous variables and included in a multivariable model with other factors, including donor source, graft source, conditioning regimen, use of total body irradiation, and immunoglobulin levels. Pre-transplantation forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of maximum (FEF25-75), day +80 forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and day +80 FEF25-75 had the strongest associations with increased risk of BOS. Assessment of the multivariable model showed that a decline in day +80 FEF25-75 added additional risk to the day +80 FEV1 model (P = .03), whereas FEV1 decline at day +80 added no additional risk to the day +80 FEF25-75 model (P = .645). Moreover, day +80 FEF25-75 conferred additional risk when considered with pretransplantation FEF25-75. These results suggest that day +80 FEF25-75 may be more important than FEV1 in predicting the development of BOS. This study highlights the importance of obtaining early post-transplantation pulmonary function tests for the potential risk stratification of patients at risk for BOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Jamani
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Qianchuan He
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yang Liu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chris Davis
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jesse Hubbard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gary Schoch
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie J Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ted Gooley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary E D Flowers
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Guang-Shing Cheng
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Suhas HS, Utpat K, Desai U, Joshi JM. The clinico-radiological profile of obliterative bronchiolitis in a tertiary care center. Lung India 2019; 36:313-318. [PMID: 31290416 PMCID: PMC6625238 DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_499_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) forms a major proportion of chronic airway diseases (CADs). OB is often misdiagnosed and included under the umbrella term 'chronic obstructive pulmonary disease'. We set out to identify the proportion of OB cases among the CADs and study the clinical profile of OB. Materials and Methods This prospective, observational study noted all patients with Chronic airway obstruction (CAO), of which patients with OB were included and the clinical profile was studied. Data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results Five hundred patients with CAO were noted in the study period, of which 115 patients were found to be OB amounting to a prevalence of 23%. The mean age of presentation was 51.8 years (standard deviation 12.1) with a male-female ratio of 1:1. The most common etiology for OB was as sequelae to past treated pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) seen in 82 patients (71%) of cases. Dyspnea in 114 patients (99%) and productive cough in 110 patients (95%) were the predominant symptoms. Postexercise desaturation was seen in all 115 patients (100%). Forty-six patients (43%) presented with either Type 1 or Type 2 respiratory failure. Spirometry showed obstructive pattern in 68 patients (59%) with forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio of <70% and FEV1 <70% postbronchodilator and mixed pattern in 47 patients (41%) with a reduction in both FEV1 and FVC and normal FEV1/FVC ratio. There was the presence of mosaic attenuation on high-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) of the chest with expiratory scans in all 115 patients (100%). Pulmonary hypertension was documented in 109 patients (95%). Conclusion OB is one of the major causes of CAO. HRCT of the chest with expiratory scans plays a important role in the diagnosis. Early diagnosis can prevent irrevocable complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Suhas
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, TNMC and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai Central, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ketaki Utpat
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, TNMC and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai Central, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Unnati Desai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, TNMC and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai Central, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyotsna M Joshi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, TNMC and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai Central, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Calzetta L, Rogliani P, Page C, Rinaldi B, Cazzola M, Matera MG. Pharmacological characterization of the interaction between tiotropium bromide and olodaterol on human bronchi and small airways. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2019; 56:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dynamics of exhaled breath temperature after smoking a cigarette and its association with lung function changes predictive of COPD risk in smokers: a cross-sectional study. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2019; 70:123-129. [PMID: 31246566 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaled breath temperature (EBT) is a biomarker of inflammation and vascularity of the airways already shown to predict incident COPD. This cross-sectional study was aimed to assess the potential of EBT in identifying "healthy" smokers susceptible to cigarette smoke toxicity of the airways and to the risk of developing COPD by analysing the dynamics of EBT after smoking a cigarette and its associations with their demographics (age, smoking burden) and lung function. The study included 55 current smokers of both sexes, 29-62 years of age, with median smoking exposure of 15 (10-71.8) pack-years. EBT was measured at baseline and 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after smoking a single cigarette. Lung function was measured with spirometry followed by a bronchodilator test. To compare changes in EBT between repeated measurements we used the analysis of variance and the area under the curve (EBTAUC) as a dependent variable. Multivariate regression analysis was used to look for associations with patient characteristics and lung function in particular. The average (±SD) baseline EBT was 33.42±1.50 °C. The highest significant increase to 33.84 (1.25) °C was recorded 5 min after the cigarette was smoked (p=0.003), and it took one hour for it to return to the baseline. EBTAUC showed significant repeatability (ICC=0.85, p<0.001) and was significantly associated with age, body mass index, number of cigarettes smoked a day, baseline EBT, and baseline FEF75 (R2=0.39, p<0.001 for the model). Our results suggest that EBT after smoking a single cigarette could be used as early risk predictor of changes associated with chronic cigarette smoke exposure.
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Ulubay G, Dilektaşlı AG, Börekçi Ş, Yıldız Ö, Kıyan E, Gemicioğlu B, Saryal S. Turkish Thoracic Society Consensus Report: Interpretation of Spirometry. Turk Thorac J 2019; 20:69-89. [PMID: 30664428 DOI: 10.5152/turkthoracj.2018.180175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ÖZET: Günümüzde spirometre ölçümlerinin uygulama ve yorumlama nitelik güvencesi "American Thoracic Society / European Respiratory Society" standartları ile belirlenmiştir. Dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de birçok laboratuvar bu standartları kullanmaktadır. Buna karşın, farklı laboratuvarlardan farklı değerlendirme sonuçları görebilmek mümkündür. Bu rapor, ülkemizdeki solunum fonksiyon testi laboratuvarlarında yapılan değerlendirmelerin standardizasyonunu sağlamak amacı ile hazırlanmıştır.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaye Ulubay
- Department of Chest Diseases, Başkent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Şermin Börekçi
- Department of Chest Diseases, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Öznur Yıldız
- Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esen Kıyan
- Department of Chest Diseases, İstanbul University, İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilun Gemicioğlu
- Department of Chest Diseases, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Saryal
- Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Alcázar-Navarrete B, Castellano Miñán F, Santiago Díaz P, Ruiz Rodríguez O, Romero Palacios PJ. Alveolar and Bronchial Nitric Oxide in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma–COPD Overlap. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ceresa M, Olivares AL, Noailly J, González Ballester MA. Coupled Immunological and Biomechanical Model of Emphysema Progression. Front Physiol 2018; 9:388. [PMID: 29725304 PMCID: PMC5917021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disabling respiratory pathology, with a high prevalence and a significant economic and social cost. It is characterized by different clinical phenotypes with different risk profiles. Detecting the correct phenotype, especially for the emphysema subtype, and predicting the risk of major exacerbations are key elements in order to deliver more effective treatments. However, emphysema onset and progression are influenced by a complex interaction between the immune system and the mechanical properties of biological tissue. The former causes chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling. The latter influences the effective resistance or appropriate mechanical response of the lung tissue to repeated breathing cycles. In this work we present a multi-scale model of both aspects, coupling Finite Element (FE) and Agent Based (AB) techniques that we would like to use to predict the onset and progression of emphysema in patients. The AB part is based on existing biological models of inflammation and immunological response as a set of coupled non-linear differential equations. The FE part simulates the biomechanical effects of repeated strain on the biological tissue. We devise a strategy to couple the discrete biological model at the molecular /cellular level and the biomechanical finite element simulations at the tissue level. We tested our implementation on a public emphysema image database and found that it can indeed simulate the evolution of clinical image biomarkers during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ceresa
- BCN-Medtech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andy L Olivares
- BCN-Medtech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérôme Noailly
- BCN-Medtech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A González Ballester
- BCN-Medtech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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Alveolar and Bronchial Nitric Oxide in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma-COPD Overlap. Arch Bronconeumol 2018; 54:414-419. [PMID: 29627118 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) measurements differentiate COPD phenotypes from asthma-COPD overlap (ACO). To date, no study has been conducted to determine whether alveolar and bronchial components differ in this group of patients. METHODS This was an observational cross-sectional study recruiting ambulatory COPD patients. FENO was measured, differentiating alveolar (CANO) from bronchial (JawNO) components using a multiple-flow technique. CANO and JawNO values were compared between eosinophilic COPD patients (defined as ≥ 300 eosinophils/μL in peripheral blood test, or ≥ 2% eosinophils or ≥ 3% eosinophils), and a linear regression analysis was performed to determine clinical and biological variables related to these measurements. RESULTS 73 COPD patients were included in the study. Eosinophil counts were associated with increased values of CANO and JawNO (for the latter only the association with ≥ 300 or ≥ 3% eosinophils was significant). CANO was also associated with CRP, and JawNO with smoking. CONCLUSIONS Patients with COPD and ACO characteristics show increased inflammation in the large and small airways. CANO and JawNO are associated with clinical and biological variables.
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