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Casey AK, Stewart NM, Zaidi N, Gray HF, Cox A, Fields HA, Orth K. FicD regulates adaptation to the unfolded protein response in the murine liver. Biochimie 2024; 225:114-124. [PMID: 38740171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response that is activated when misfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Regulation of the UPR response must be adapted to the needs of the cell as prolonged UPR responses can result in disrupted cellular function and tissue damage. Previously, we discovered that the enzyme FicD (also known as Fic or HYPE) through its AMPylation and deAMPylation activity can modulate the UPR response via post-translational modification of BiP. FicD AMPylates BiP during homeostasis and deAMPylates BiP during stress. We hypothesized that FicD regulation of the UPR will play a role in mitigating the deleterious effects of UPR activation in tissues with frequent physiological stress. Here, we explore the role of FicD in the murine liver. As seen in our pancreatic studies, livers lacking FicD exhibit enhanced UPR signaling in response to short term physiologic fasting and feeding stress. However, in contrast to studies on the pancreas, livers, as a more regenerative tissue, remained remarkably resilient in the absence of FicD. The livers of FicD-/- did not show marked changes in UPR signaling or damage after either chronic high fat diet (HFD) feeding or acute pathological UPR induction. Intriguingly, FicD-/- mice showed changes in UPR induction and weight loss patterns following repeated pathological UPR induction. These findings indicate that FicD regulates UPR responses during mild physiological stress and in adaptation to repeated stresses, but there are tissue specific differences in the requirement for FicD regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Casey
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nathan M Stewart
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Naqi Zaidi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hillery F Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Amelia Cox
- Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
| | - Hazel A Fields
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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2
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Casey AK, Stewart NM, Zaidi N, Gray HF, Cox A, Fields HA, Orth K. FicD regulates adaptation to the unfolded protein response in the murine liver. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.15.589620. [PMID: 38659954 PMCID: PMC11042336 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.15.589620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response that is activated when misfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The UPR elicits a signaling cascade that results in an upregulation of protein folding machinery and cell survival signals. However, prolonged UPR responses can result in elevated cellular inflammation, damage, and even cell death. Thus, regulation of the UPR response must be tuned to the needs of the cell, sensitive enough to respond to the stress but pliable enough to be stopped after the crisis has passed. Previously, we discovered that the bi-functional enzyme FicD can modulate the UPR response via post-translational modification of BiP. FicD AMPylates BiP during homeostasis and deAMPylates BiP during stress. We found this activity is important for the physiological regulation of the exocrine pancreas. Here, we explore the role of FicD in the murine liver. Like our previous studies, livers lacking FicD exhibit enhanced UPR signaling in response to short term physiologic fasting and feeding stress. However, the livers of FicD -/- did not show marked changes in UPR signaling or damage after either chronic high fat diet (HFD) feeding or acute pathological UPR induction. Intriguingly, FicD -/- mice showed changes in UPR induction and weight loss patterns following repeated pathological UPR induction. These findings show that FicD regulates UPR responses during mild physiological stress and may play a role in maintaining resiliency of tissue through adaptation to repeated ER stress.
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Peng H, Zhou Q, Liu J, Wang Y, Mu K, Zhang L. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a vital process and potential therapeutic target in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:1761-1772. [PMID: 37695356 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a chronic and progressive disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and progressive airflow obstruction, has attracted extensive attention due to its high morbidity and mortality. Although the understanding of the pathogenesis of COPD has gradually increased because of increasing evidence, many questions regarding the mechanisms involved in COPD progression and its deleterious effects remain unanswered. Recent advances have shown the potential functions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in causing airway inflammation, emphasizing the vital role of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways in the development of COPD. METHODS A comprehensive search of major databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted to retrieve original research articles and reviews related to ER stress, UPR, and COPD. RESULTS The common causes of COPD, namely cigarette smoke (CS) and air pollutants, induce ER stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). UPR promotes mucus secretion and further plays a dual role in the cell apoptosis-autophagy axis in the development of COPD. Existing drug research has indicated the potential of UPR as a therapeutic target for COPD. CONCLUSIONS ER stress and UPR activation play significant roles in the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of COPD and discuss whether related genes can be used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ketao Mu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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4
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Zhao Y, Ye X, Xiong Z, Ihsan A, Ares I, Martínez M, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Wang X, Martínez MA. Cancer Metabolism: The Role of ROS in DNA Damage and Induction of Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Metabolites 2023; 13:796. [PMID: 37512503 PMCID: PMC10383295 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a huge challenge for people worldwide. High reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are a recognized hallmark of cancer and an important aspect of cancer treatment research. Abnormally elevated ROS levels are often attributable to alterations in cellular metabolic activities and increased oxidative stress, which affects both the development and maintenance of cancer. Moderately high levels of ROS are beneficial to maintain tumor cell genesis and development, while toxic levels of ROS have been shown to be an important force in destroying cancer cells. ROS has become an important anticancer target based on the proapoptotic effect of toxic levels of ROS. Therefore, this review summarizes the role of increased ROS in DNA damage and the apoptosis of cancer cells caused by changes in cancer cell metabolism, as well as various anticancer therapies targeting ROS generation, in order to provide references for cancer therapies based on ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Zhao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaochun Ye
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiong
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo Lopez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Yeap JW, Ali IAH, Ibrahim B, Tan ML. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emerging ER stress-related therapeutic targets. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2023; 81:102218. [PMID: 37201652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2023.102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
COPD pathogenesis is frequently associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) progression. Targeting the major unfolded protein response (UPR) branches in the ER stress pathway may provide pharmacotherapeutic selection strategies for treating COPD and enable relief from its symptoms. In this study, we aimed to systematically review the potential role of the ER stress inhibitors of major UPR branches (IRE1, PERK, and ATF6) in COPD-related studies and determine the current stage of knowledge in this field. The systematic review was carried out adhering to the PRISMA checklist based on published studies obtained from specific keyword searches of three databases, namely PubMed, ScienceDirect and Springer Database. The search was limited to the year 2000-2022 which includes all in vitro studies, in vivo studies and clinical trials related to the application of ER stress inhibitors toward COPD-induced models and disease. The risk of bias was evaluated using the QUIN, SYRCLE, revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0) and NIH tool respectively. A total of 7828 articles were screened from three databases and a final total of 37 studies were included in the review. The ER stress and UPR pathways are potentially useful to prevent COPD progression and attenuate the exacerbation of COPD and related symptoms. Interestingly, the off-target effects from inhibition of the UPR pathway may be desirable or undesirable depending on context and therapeutic applications. Targeting the UPR pathway could have complex consequences as the production of ER molecules involved in folding may be impaired which could continuously provoke misfolding of proteins. Although several emerging compounds were noted to be potentially useful for targeted therapy against COPD, clinical studies have yet to be thoroughly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wen Yeap
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Irfhan Ali Hyder Ali
- Respiratory Department, Penang General Hospital, Jalan Residensi, 10990, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Baharudin Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mei Lan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia; Centre For Global Sustainability Studies (CGSS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Mechanisms and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111637. [DOI: 10.3390/biom12111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an integral organelle for maintaining protein homeostasis. Multiple factors can disrupt protein folding in the lumen of the ER, triggering ER stress and activating the unfolded protein response (UPR), which interrelates with various damage mechanisms, such as inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Numerous studies have linked ER stress and UPR to the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This review focuses on the mechanisms of other cellular processes triggered by UPR and summarizes drug intervention strategies targeting the UPR pathway in COPD to explore new therapeutic approaches and preventive measures for COPD.
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Geisz A. Aldehyde "Adduction" Explains Synergy of Smoking and Alcohol in Promoting Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:817-819. [PMID: 35940252 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Geisz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Senescence: Pathogenic Driver in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58060817. [PMID: 35744080 PMCID: PMC9228143 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recognized as a disease of accelerated lung aging. Over the past two decades, mounting evidence suggests an accumulation of senescent cells within the lungs of patients with COPD that contributes to dysregulated tissue repair and the secretion of multiple inflammatory proteins, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Cellular senescence in COPD is linked to telomere dysfunction, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. This review gives an overview of the mechanistic contributions and pathologic consequences of cellular senescence in COPD and discusses potential therapeutic approaches targeting senescence-associated signaling in COPD.
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Chen L, Nie P, Yao L, Tang Y, Hong W, Liu W, Fu F, Xu H. TiO 2 NPs induce the reproductive toxicity in mice with gestational diabetes mellitus through the effects on the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112814. [PMID: 34592519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of one of the most widely studied nanomaterials at present, TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), on pregnancy-related diseases is not clear. In this study, the adverse effects of TiO2 NPs on mice with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their possible mechanism were investigated. GDM mice were orally administered 0, 10, 50 and 250 mg/kg TiO2 NPs for 14 days. GDM reduced the weight of pregnant mice, destroyed the placental structure and caused abnormal fetal development. After exposure to increasing doses of TiO2 NPs, blood glucose levels increased significantly and body weight further decreased in GDM mice. The accumulation of the Ti content was detected in the placenta and fetus, which may further damage the placental structure in GDM mice, thereby exacerbating abnormal fetal development. In addition, the MDA and SOD activities were obviously increased, and the expression of genes associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) (PERK, eIF2α, AFT4, IRE1α, and XBP1s) and apoptosis (CHOP, JNK, Bax/Bcl-2, Caspase-12, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3) were also obviously increased in the placenta, which reflected the possible activation of apoptosis. It could be speculated that the reproductive toxicity of TiO2 NPs in GDM mice triggered oxidative stress that subsequently activated ERS pathways to induce cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Penghui Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - LiYang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - YiZhou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Wuding Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Wenting Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, PR China.
| | - Fen Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, PR China.
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China.
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Chipurupalli S, Samavedam U, Robinson N. Crosstalk Between ER Stress, Autophagy and Inflammation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:758311. [PMID: 34805224 PMCID: PMC8602556 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.758311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is not only responsible for protein synthesis and folding but also plays a critical role in sensing cellular stress and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Upon sensing the accumulation of unfolded proteins due to perturbation in protein synthesis or folding, specific intracellular signaling pathways are activated, which are collectively termed as unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR expands the capacity of the protein folding machinery, decreases protein synthesis and enhances ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) which degrades misfolded proteins through the proteasomes. More recent evidences suggest that UPR also amplifies cytokines-mediated inflammatory responses leading to pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. UPR signaling also activates autophagy; a lysosome-dependent degradative pathwaythat has an extended capacity to degrade misfolded proteins and damaged ER. Thus, activation of autophagy limits inflammatory response and provides cyto-protection by attenuating ER-stress. Here we review the mechanisms that couple UPR, autophagy and cytokine-induced inflammation that can facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate cellular stress and inflammation associated with various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Chipurupalli
- Cellular-Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Unni Samavedam
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Cellular-Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Becker EJ, Faiz A, van den Berge M, Timens W, Hiemstra PS, Clark K, Liu G, Xiao X, Alekseyev YO, O'Connor G, Lam S, Spira A, Lenburg ME, Steiling K. Bronchial gene expression signature associated with rate of subsequent FEV 1 decline in individuals with and at risk of COPD. Thorax 2021; 77:31-39. [PMID: 33972452 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COPD is characterised by progressive lung function decline. Leveraging prior work demonstrating bronchial airway COPD-associated gene expression alterations, we sought to determine if there are alterations associated with differences in the rate of FEV1 decline. METHODS We examined gene expression among ever smokers with and without COPD who at baseline had bronchial brushings profiled by Affymetrix microarrays and had longitudinal lung function measurements (n=134; mean follow-up=6.38±2.48 years). Gene expression profiles associated with the rate of FEV1 decline were identified by linear modelling. RESULTS Expression differences in 171 genes were associated with rate of FEV1 decline (false discovery rate <0.05). The FEV1 decline signature was replicated in an independent dataset of bronchial biopsies from patients with COPD (n=46; p=0.018; mean follow-up=6.76±1.32 years). Genes elevated in individuals with more rapid FEV1 decline are significantly enriched among the genes altered by modulation of XBP1 in two independent datasets (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) p<0.05) and are enriched in mucin-related genes (GSEA p<0.05). CONCLUSION We have identified and replicated an airway gene expression signature associated with the rate of FEV1 decline. Aspects of this signature are related to increased expression of XBP1-regulated genes, a transcription factor involved in the unfolded protein response, and genes related to mucin production. Collectively, these data suggest that molecular processes related to the rate of FEV1 decline can be detected in airway epithelium, identify a possible indicator of FEV1 decline and make it possible to detect, in an early phase, ever smokers with and without COPD most at risk of rapid FEV1 decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Becker
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alen Faiz
- Respiratory Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology (RBMB), School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kristopher Clark
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaohui Xiao
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuriy O Alekseyev
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George O'Connor
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Lam
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Avrum Spira
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc E Lenburg
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katrina Steiling
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA .,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Baratella E, Ruaro B, Giudici F, Wade B, Santagiuliana M, Salton F, Confalonieri P, Simbolo M, Scarpa A, Tollot S, Marrocchio C, Cova MA, Confalonieri M. Evaluation of Correlations between Genetic Variants and High-Resolution Computed Tomography Patterns in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050762. [PMID: 33922858 PMCID: PMC8146750 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (ILD). This prospective observational study aimed at the evaluation of any correlation between genetic variants associated with IPF susceptibility and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) patterns. It also aimed at evidencing any differences in the HRTC pattern between the familial and sporadic form at diagnosis and after two years. Methods. A total of 65 IPF patients (mean age at diagnosis 65 ± 10) were enrolled after having given written informed consent. HRCT and genetic evaluations were performed. Results. A total of 19 familial (mean age 62 ± 15) and 46 sporadic (mean age 70 ± 9) IPF patients were enrolled. A statistically significant difference was evidenced in the HRTC pattern at diagnosis between the two groups. Sporadic IPF patients had a predominantly usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern compared with those patients with familial IPF (60.0% vs. 21.1%, respectively). Moreover, familial IPF patients had more alternative diagnoses than those with sporadic IPF (31.6% vs. 2.2%, respectively). Furthermore, there was a slight increase in the typical UIP pattern in the familial IPF group at two years from diagnosis. Conclusions. Genetic factors play a pivotal role in the risk of developing IPF. However, further studies are required to clarify how these genetic factors may guide clinical treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Baratella
- Department of Radiology, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.T.); (C.M.); (M.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-040-399-4372
| | - Barbara Ruaro
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.R.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Fabiola Giudici
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Wade
- AOU City of Health and Science of Turin, Department of Science of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Mario Santagiuliana
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.R.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesco Salton
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.R.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Paola Confalonieri
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.R.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Simbolo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37219 Verona, Italy; (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Section of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37219 Verona, Italy; (M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Saverio Tollot
- Department of Radiology, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.T.); (C.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Cristina Marrocchio
- Department of Radiology, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.T.); (C.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Maria Assunta Cova
- Department of Radiology, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.T.); (C.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Marco Confalonieri
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.R.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
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13
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Fu X, Cui J, Meng X, Jiang P, Zheng Q, Zhao W, Chen X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, cell death and tumor: Association between endoplasmic reticulum stress and the apoptosis pathway in tumors (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 45:801-808. [PMID: 33469681 PMCID: PMC7859917 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
External and internal stimuli are often involved in the pathogenesis of tumors, and the deterioration of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function within cells is also an important etiological factor of tumorigenesis resulting in the impairment of the endoplasmic reticulum, which is termed ER stress. The ER is an organelle that serves a crucial role in the process of protein synthesis and maturation, and also acts as a reservoir of calcium to maintain intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. ER stress has been revealed to serve a critical role in tumorigenesis. In the present review, the association between ER stress‑related pathways and tumor cell apoptosis is examined. Primarily, the role of ER stress in tumor cell apoptosis is discussed, and it is stipulated that ER stress, induced by drugs both directly and indirectly, promotes tumor cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Fu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Juanjuan Cui
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao (Group), Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Piyu Jiang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Qiuling Zheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xuehong Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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14
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Bradley KL, Stokes CA, Marciniak SJ, Parker LC, Condliffe AM. Role of unfolded proteins in lung disease. Thorax 2021; 76:92-99. [PMID: 33077618 PMCID: PMC7803888 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lungs are exposed to a range of environmental toxins (including cigarette smoke, air pollution, asbestos) and pathogens (bacterial, viral and fungal), and most respiratory diseases are associated with local or systemic hypoxia. All of these adverse factors can trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The ER is a key intracellular site for synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins, regulating their folding, assembly into complexes, transport and degradation. Accumulation of misfolded proteins within the lumen results in ER stress, which activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). Effectors of the UPR temporarily reduce protein synthesis, while enhancing degradation of misfolded proteins and increasing the folding capacity of the ER. If successful, homeostasis is restored and protein synthesis resumes, but if ER stress persists, cell death pathways are activated. ER stress and the resulting UPR occur in a range of pulmonary insults and the outcome plays an important role in many respiratory diseases. The UPR is triggered in the airway of patients with several respiratory diseases and in corresponding experimental models. ER stress has been implicated in the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis, and evidence is accumulating suggesting that ER stress occurs in obstructive lung diseases (particularly in asthma), in pulmonary infections (some viral infections and in the setting of the cystic fibrosis airway) and in lung cancer. While a number of small molecule inhibitors have been used to interrogate the role of the UPR in disease models, many of these tools have complex and off-target effects, hence additional evidence (eg, from genetic manipulation) may be required to support conclusions based on the impact of such pharmacological agents. Aberrant activation of the UPR may be linked to disease pathogenesis and progression, but at present, our understanding of the context-specific and disease-specific mechanisms linking these processes is incomplete. Despite this, the ability of the UPR to defend against ER stress and influence a range of respiratory diseases is becoming increasingly evident, and the UPR is therefore attracting attention as a prospective target for therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Bradley
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Clare A Stokes
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Lisa C Parker
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alison M Condliffe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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15
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Abstract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a severe disorder affecting thousands of individuals worldwide. The available medical countermeasures do not sufficiently suppress the unacceptable high mortality rates associated with those in need. Thus, intense efforts aim to delineate the function of the lung endothelium, so to deliver new therapeutic approaches against this disease. The present manuscript attempts to shed light on the interrelations between the unfolded protein response and autophagy towards lung disease, to deliver a new line of possible therapeutic approaches against the ferocious Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Akhter
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, USA
| | - Mohammad A Uddin
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, USA
| | - Khadeja-Tul Kubra
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, USA
| | - Nektarios Barabutis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, USA
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16
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Korfei M, MacKenzie B, Meiners S. The ageing lung under stress. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/156/200126. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0126-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy ageing of the lung involves structural changes but also numerous cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic alterations. Among them are the age-related decline in central cellular quality control mechanisms such as redox and protein homeostasis. In this review, we would like to provide a conceptual framework of how impaired stress responses in the ageing lung, as exemplified by dysfunctional redox and protein homeostasis, may contribute to onset and progression of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We propose that age-related imbalanced redox and protein homeostasis acts, amongst others (e.g.cellular senescence), as a “first hit” that challenges the adaptive stress-response pathways of the cell, increases the level of oxidative stress and renders the lung susceptible to subsequent injury and disease. In both COPD and IPF, additional environmental insults such as smoking, air pollution and/or infections then serve as “second hits” which contribute to persistently elevated oxidative stress that overwhelms the already weakened adaptive defence and repair pathways in the elderly towards non-adaptive, irremediable stress thereby promoting development and progression of respiratory diseases. COPD and IPF are thus distinct horns of the same devil, “lung ageing”.
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17
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Manevski M, Muthumalage T, Devadoss D, Sundar IK, Wang Q, Singh KP, Unwalla HJ, Chand HS, Rahman I. Cellular stress responses and dysfunctional Mitochondrial-cellular senescence, and therapeutics in chronic respiratory diseases. Redox Biol 2020; 33:101443. [PMID: 32037306 PMCID: PMC7251248 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal inflammatory responses due to the lung tissue damage and ineffective repair/resolution in response to the inhaled toxicants result in the pathological changes associated with chronic respiratory diseases. Investigation of such pathophysiological mechanisms provides the opportunity to develop the molecular phenotype-specific diagnostic assays and could help in designing the personalized medicine-based therapeutic approaches against these prevalent diseases. As the central hubs of cell metabolism and energetics, mitochondria integrate cellular responses and interorganellar signaling pathways to maintain cellular and extracellular redox status and the cellular senescence that dictate the lung tissue responses. Specifically, as observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary fibrosis, the mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) crosstalk is disrupted by the inhaled toxicants such as the combustible and emerging electronic nicotine-delivery system (ENDS) tobacco products. Thus, the recent research efforts have focused on understanding how the mitochondria-ER dysfunctions and oxidative stress responses can be targeted to improve inflammatory and cellular dysfunctions associated with these pathologic illnesses that are exacerbated by viral infections. The present review assesses the importance of these redox signaling and cellular senescence pathways that describe the role of mitochondria and ER on the development and function of lung epithelial responses, highlighting the cause and effect associations that reflect the disease pathogenesis and possible intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Manevski
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thivanka Muthumalage
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dinesh Devadoss
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Isaac K Sundar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Qixin Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kameshwar P Singh
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hoshang J Unwalla
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hitendra S Chand
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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18
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Mechanism of YuPingFeng in the Treatment of COPD Based on Network Pharmacology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1630102. [PMID: 32566658 PMCID: PMC7275212 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1630102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
YuPingFeng (YPF) granules are a classic herbal formula extensively used in clinical practice in China for the treatment of COPD. However, the pathological mechanisms of YPF in COPD remain undefined. In the present research, a network pharmacology-based strategy was implemented to elucidate the underlying multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway modes of action of YPF against COPD. First, we identified putative YPF targets based on TCMSP databases and constructed a network containing interactions between putative YPF targets and known therapeutic targets of COPD. Next, two topological parameters, “degree” and “closeness,” were calculated to identify target genes in the network. The major hubs were imported to the MetaCore database for pathway enrichment analysis. In total, 23 YPF active ingredients and 83 target genes associated with COPD were identified. Through protein interaction network analysis, 26 genes were identified as major hubs due to their topological importance. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis results revealed YPF to be mainly associated with the response to glucocorticoids and steroid hormones, with apoptotic and HIF-1 signalling pathways being dominant and correlative pathways. The promising utility of YPF in the treatment of COPD has been demonstrated by a network pharmacology approach.
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19
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Song M, Peng H, Guo W, Luo M, Duan W, Chen P, Zhou Y. Cigarette Smoke Extract Promotes Human Lung Myofibroblast Differentiation by the Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Respiration 2019; 98:347-356. [DOI: 10.1159/000502099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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20
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Guo H, Tian L, Zhang JZ, Kitani T, Paik DT, Lee WH, Wu JC. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation Delineates Adverse Effects of Nicotine on Embryonic Development. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:772-786. [PMID: 30827876 PMCID: PMC6449785 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the main chemical constituent of tobacco, is highly detrimental to the developing fetus by increasing the risk of gestational complications and organ disorders. The effects of nicotine on human embryonic development and related mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived embryoid body (EB) in the presence or absence of nicotine. Nicotine-induced lineage-specific responses and dysregulated cell-to-cell communication in EBs, shedding light on the adverse effects of nicotine on human embryonic development. In addition, nicotine reduced cell viability, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and altered cell cycling in EBs. Abnormal Ca2+ signaling was found in muscle cells upon nicotine exposure, as verified in hESC-derived cardiomyocytes. Consequently, our scRNA-seq data suggest direct adverse effects of nicotine on hESC differentiation at the single-cell level and offer a new method for evaluating drug and environmental toxicity on human embryonic development in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Guo
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive G1120B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive G1120B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joe Z Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive G1120B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tomoya Kitani
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive G1120B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David T Paik
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive G1120B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive G1120B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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21
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Jubinville É, Routhier J, Maranda-Robitaille M, Pineault M, Milad N, Talbot M, Beaulieu MJ, Aubin S, Paré MÈ, Laplante M, Morissette MC. Pharmacological activation of liver X receptor during cigarette smoke exposure adversely affects alveolar macrophages and pulmonary surfactant homeostasis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L669-L678. [PMID: 30702343 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00482.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking alters pulmonary reverse lipid transport and leads to intracellular lipid accumulation in alveolar macrophages. We investigated whether stimulating reverse lipid transport with an agonist of the liver X receptor (LXR) would help alveolar macrophages limit lipid accumulation and dampen lung inflammation in response to cigarette smoke. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke and treated intraperitoneally with the LXR agonist T0901317. Expression of lipid capture and lipid export genes was assessed in lung tissue and alveolar macrophages. Pulmonary inflammation was assessed in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Finally, cholesterol efflux capacity and pulmonary surfactant levels were determined. In room air-exposed mice, T0901317 increased the expression of lipid export genes in macrophages and the whole lung and increased cholesterol efflux capacity without inducing inflammation or affecting the pulmonary surfactant. However, cigarette smoke-exposed mice treated with T0901317 showed a marked increase in BAL neutrophils, IL-1α, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor levels. T0901317 treatment in cigarette smoke-exposed mice failed to increase the ability of alveolar macrophages to export cholesterol and markedly exacerbated IL-1α release. Finally, T0901317 led to pulmonary surfactant depletion only in cigarette smoke-exposed mice. This study shows that hyperactivation of LXR and the associated lipid capture/export mechanisms only have minor pulmonary effects on the normal lung. However, in the context of cigarette smoke exposure, where the pulmonary surfactant is constantly oxidized, hyperactivation of LXR has dramatic adverse effects, once again showing the central role of lipid homeostasis in the pulmonary response to cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Jubinville
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Joanie Routhier
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | | | - Marie Pineault
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Nadia Milad
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Maude Talbot
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Beaulieu
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Sophie Aubin
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Paré
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu C Morissette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
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22
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Dickens JA, Malzer E, Chambers JE, Marciniak SJ. Pulmonary endoplasmic reticulum stress-scars, smoke, and suffocation. FEBS J 2019; 286:322-341. [PMID: 29323786 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) can be a cause or consequence of pulmonary disease. Mutation of proteins restricted to the alveolar type II pneumocyte can lead to inherited forms of pulmonary fibrosis, but even sporadic cases of pulmonary fibrosis appear to be strongly associated with activation of the unfolded protein response and/or the integrated stress response. Inhalation of smoke can impair protein folding and may be an important cause of pulmonary ER stress. Similarly, tissue hypoxia can lead to impaired protein homeostasis (proteostasis). But the mechanisms linking smoke and hypoxia to ER stress are only partially understood. In this review, we will examine the role of ER stress in the pathogenesis of lung disease by focusing on fibrosis, smoke, and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Dickens
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Elke Malzer
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph E Chambers
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefan J Marciniak
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, UK
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23
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Huang YF, Zhu DJ, Chen XW, Chen QK, Luo ZT, Liu CC, Wang GX, Zhang WJ, Liao NZ. Curcumin enhances the effects of irinotecan on colorectal cancer cells through the generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40264-40275. [PMID: 28402965 PMCID: PMC5522238 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although initially effective against metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), irinotecan-based chemotherapy leads to resistance and adverse toxicity. Curcumin is well known for its anti-cancer effects in many cancers, including CRC. Here, we describe reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as important mechanisms by which curcumin enhances irinotecan's effects on CRC cells. CRC cell lines were treated with curcumin and/or irinotecan for 24 h, and then evaluated using cell proliferation assays, cell apoptosis assays, cell cycle analysis, intracellular Ca2+ measurements, ROS measurements and immunoblotting for key ER stress-related proteins. We found that cell viability was inhibited and apoptosis was increased, accompanied by ROS generation and ER stress activation in CRC cells treated with curcumin alone or in combination with irinotecan. Blocking ROS production attenuated the expression of two markers of ER stress: binding of immunoglobulin protein (BIP) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). Blocking CHOP expression using RNA interference also inhibited ROS generation. These results demonstrated that curcumin could enhance the effects of irinotecan on CRC cells by inhibiting cell viability and inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and that these effects may be mediated, in part, by ROS generation and activation of the ER stress pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Da-Jian Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Xiao-Wu Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Qi-Kang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Zhen-Tao Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Chang-Chun Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Guo-Xin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Wei-Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong 528300, China
| | - Nv-Zhu Liao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Guangdong 528300, China
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24
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Liu JQ, Zhang L, Yao J, Yao S, Yuan T. AMPK alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress by inducing the ER-chaperone ORP150 via FOXO1 to protect human bronchial cells from apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:564-570. [PMID: 29448096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by inflammation of airways accompanied by a progressive destruction of lung parenchyma. This process is initiated in most cases by cigarette smoking. In this study we investigated the role of AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced airway epithelial cell apoptosis as a consequence of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). Exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpC) to CSE resulted in apoptosis as detected using Annexin V-PI flow cytometry. However, co-treatment with N1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR), a pharmacological activator of AMPK, significantly increased cell protection against ER stress-induced apoptosis by upregulating the 150 kDa oxygen-regulated protein (ORP150), which functions as an ER-associated chaperone, with concomitant elevation of FOXO1, a critical transcription factor regulating ORP150 expression. Lentiviral silencing of AMPK or FOXO1 using short hairpin (sh) RNA resulted in a significant decrease of ORP150 and an elevation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP) resulting in ER stress and apoptosis of HBEpC. Together, our results strongly suggest that AMPK can activate ORP150 through FOXO1 pathway and confer protection against ER stress-induced apoptosis of airway epithelial cells following exposure to CSE. Thus, AMPK may serve as a likely therapeutic target for clinical and sub-clinical interventions in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Qiang Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji Yao
- Department of Radiology Department, Changsha Central Hospital, China
| | - Shuo Yao
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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25
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Weidner J, Jarenbäck L, Åberg I, Westergren‐Thorsson G, Ankerst J, Bjermer L, Tufvesson E. Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and lysosomes are disorganized in lung fibroblasts from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13584. [PMID: 29484832 PMCID: PMC5827558 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is often caused by smoking and other stressors. This causes oxidative stress, which induces numerous changes on both the transcriptome and proteome of the cell. We aimed to examine if the endomembrane pathway, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, and lysosomes, was disrupted in fibroblasts from COPD patients as opposed to healthy ever-smokers or never-smokers, and if the response to stress differed. Different cellular compartments involved in the endomembrane pathway, as well as mRNA expression and apoptosis, were examined before and after the addition of stress in lung fibroblasts from never-smokers, ever-smokers, and patients with COPD. We found that the ER, Golgi, and lysosomes were disorganized in fibroblasts from COPD patients under baseline conditions. After a time course with ER stress inducing chemicals, changes to the phenotypes of cellular compartments in COPD patient fibroblasts were observed, and the expression of the ER stress-induced gene ERP72 was upregulated more in the COPD patient's cells compared to ever-smokers or never-smokers. Lastly, a tendency of increased active Caspase-3 was observed in COPD fibroblasts. Our results show that COPD patients have phenotypic changes in the lung fibroblasts endomembrane pathway, and respond differently to stress. Furthermore, these fibroblasts were cultured for several weeks outside the body, but they were not able to regain proper ER structure, indicating that the internal changes to the endomembrane system are permanent in smokers. This vulnerability to cellular stress might be a cause as to why some smokers develop COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Weidner
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and AllergologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Linnea Jarenbäck
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and AllergologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Ida Åberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and AllergologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | | | - Jaro Ankerst
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and AllergologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and AllergologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Ellen Tufvesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and AllergologyLund UniversityLundSweden
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26
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The Unfolded Protein Response in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 13 Suppl 2:S138-45. [PMID: 27115948 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201506-320kv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of nonfunctional and potentially cytotoxic, misfolded proteins in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is believed to contribute to lung cell apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy. Because of its fundamental role as a quality control system in protein metabolism, the "unfolded protein response" (UPR) is of potential importance in the pathogenesis of COPD. The UPR comprises a series of transcriptional, translational, and post-translational processes that decrease protein synthesis while enhancing protein folding capacity and protein degradation. Several studies have suggested that the UPR contributes to lung cell apoptosis and lung inflammation in at least some subjects with human COPD. However, information on the prevalence of the UPR in subjects with COPD, the lung cells that manifest a UPR, and the role of the UPR in the pathogenesis of COPD is extremely limited and requires additional study.
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27
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Kropski JA, Blackwell TS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:64-73. [PMID: 29293089 DOI: 10.1172/jci93560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain an elegant protein quality control system that is crucial in maintaining cellular homeostasis; however, dysfunction of this system results in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Severe or prolonged ER stress is associated with the development of degenerative and fibrotic disorders in multiple organs, as evidenced by the identification of disease-causing mutations in epithelial-restricted genes that lead to protein misfolding or mistrafficking in familial fibrotic diseases. Emerging evidence implicates ER stress and UPR signaling in a variety of profibrotic mechanisms in individual cell types. In epithelial cells, ER stress can induce apoptosis, inflammatory signaling, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In other cell types, ER stress is linked to myofibroblast activation, macrophage polarization, and T cell differentiation. ER stress-targeted therapies have begun to emerge using approaches that range from global enhancement of chaperone function to selective targeting of activated ER stress sensors and other downstream mediators. As the complex regulatory mechanisms of this system are further clarified, there are opportunities to develop new disease-modifying therapeutic strategies in a wide range of chronic fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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28
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Lugea A, Gerloff A, Su HY, Xu Z, Go A, Hu C, French SW, Wilson JS, Apte MV, Waldron RT, Pandol SJ. The Combination of Alcohol and Cigarette Smoke Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cell Death in Pancreatic Acinar Cells. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1674-1686. [PMID: 28847752 PMCID: PMC5705421 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Smoking, an independent risk factor for pancreatitis, accelerates the development of alcoholic pancreatitis. Alcohol feeding of mice induces up-regulation of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s), which regulates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response and promotes cell survival upon ER stress. We examined whether smoking affects the adaptive mechanisms induced by alcohol and accelerates disorders of the ER in pancreatic acinar cells. METHODS We studied the combined effects of ethanol (EtOH) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on ER stress and cell death responses in mouse and human primary acini and the acinar cell line AR42J. Cells were incubated with EtOH (50 mmol/L), CSE (20-40 μg/mL), or both (CSE+EtOH), and analyzed by immunoblotting, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and cell death assays. Some cells were incubated with MKC-3946, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 (ERN1, also called IRE1) that blocks XBP1s formation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed isocaloric amounts of an EtOH-containing (Lieber-DeCarli) or control diet for 11 weeks and exposed to cigarette smoke or room air in an exposure chamber for 2 hours each day. During the last 3 weeks, a subset of rats received intravenous injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 3 mg/kg per week) to induce pancreatitis or saline (control). Pancreatic tissues were collected and analyzed by histology and immunostaining techniques. RESULTS In AR42J and primary acini, CSE+EtOH induced cell death (necrosis and apoptosis), but neither agent alone had this effect. Cell death was associated with a significant decrease in expression of XBP1s. CSE+EtOH, but neither agent alone, slightly decreased adenosine triphosphate levels in AR42J cells, but induced oxidative stress and sustained activation (phosphorylation) of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 (EIF2AK3, also called PERK) and increased protein levels of DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3, also called CHOP). CHOP regulates transcription to promote apoptosis. Incubation of AR42J or primary mouse or human acinar cells with MKC-3946 reduced expression of XBP1s, increased levels of CHOP, and induced cell death. In rats fed an EtOH diet, exposure to cigarette smoke increased ER stress in acinar cells and sensitized the pancreas to LPS-induced pathology. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoke promotes cell death and features of pancreatitis in EtOH-sensitized acinar cells by suppressing the adaptive unfolded protein response signaling pathway. It also activates ER stress pathways that promote acinar cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Lugea
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/University of California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Andreas Gerloff
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Zhihong Xu
- University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Ariel Go
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cheng Hu
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jeremy S. Wilson
- University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Minoti V. Apte
- University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Richard T. Waldron
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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29
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Lin F, Liao C, Sun Y, Zhang J, Lu W, Bai Y, Liao Y, Li M, Ni X, Hou Y, Qi Y, Chen Y. Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits Cigarette Smoke-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:675. [PMID: 29033840 PMCID: PMC5625329 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Apoptosis of lung structural cells contributes to the process of lung damage and remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Our previous studies demonstrated that exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can reduce the lung tissue pathology score, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects in COPD, but the effect of H2S in regulating cigarette smoke (CS) induced bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Objectives: To investigate the effect of H2S on CS induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis. Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats randomly divided into four groups for treatment: control, CS, NaHS + CS, and propargylglycine (PPG) + CS. The rats in the CS group were exposed to CS generated from 20 commercial unfiltered cigarettes for 4 h/day, 7 days/week for 4 months. Since the beginning of the third month, freshly prepared NaHS (14 μmol/kg) and PPG (37.5 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered 30 min before CS-exposure in the NaHS and PPG groups. 16HBE cells were pretreated with Taurine (10 mM), 5 mmol/L 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) or NaHS (100, 200, and 400 μM) for 30 min, and then cells were exposed to 40 μmol/L nicotine for 72 h. ERS markers (GRP94, GRP78) and ERS-mediated apoptosis markers 4-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-3 and caspase-12 were assessed in rat lung tissues and human bronchial epithelial cells. The apoptotic bronchial epithelial cells were detected by Hoechst staining in vitro and TUNEL staining in vivo. Results: In CS exposed rats, peritoneal injection of NaHS significantly inhibited CS induced overexpression ERS-mediated apoptosis markers and upregulation of apoptotic rate in rat lungs, and inhibiting the endogenous H2S production by peritoneal injection of PPG exacerbated these effects. In the nicotine-exposed bronchial epithelial cells, appropriate concentration of NaHS and ERS inhibitors taurine and 4-PBA inhibited nicotine-induced upregulation of apoptotic rate and overexpression of ERS-mediated apoptosis markers. Conclusion: H2S inhibited lung tissue damage by attenuating CS induced ERS in rat lung and exogenous H2S attenuated nicotine induced ERS-mediated apoptosis in bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Liao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Liao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minxia Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianqiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuelong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yahong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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30
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Wang S, Zhang M, Liu Z, Yang W, Shi J, Dean V, Chen D. Relationship between CHOP/GADD153 and unstable human carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Br J Neurosurg 2017; 31:648-652. [PMID: 28513228 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2017.1327016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The signaling protein C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and corresponding growth-arrest-and-DNA-damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153) is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which can lead to apoptosis. Our study aims to elucidate the role of CHOP/GADD153 in unstable atherosclerotic (AS) plaque formation isolated from confounding factors such as diabetes mellitus, primary hyperlipidemia, autoimmune deficiencies/abnormalities, essential hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and smoking. MATERIAL AND METHODS We collected carotid artery tissue samples from patients aged 50-80 years-old who received carotid endarterectomies (CEA) at our institution. We obtained fresh AS plaque samples during CEA and preserved the specimens immediately in the operating room with liquid nitrogen. Samples were categorized as stable or unstable AS plaques according to a six-stage histologic classification. CHOP/GADD153 expression was then examined with immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS A total of 32 patients met our inclusion and exclusion criteria, with 24 (75.0%) classified as unstable lesions. The mean optical density ratio normalized to GAPDH for CHOP/GADD153 in stable and unstable groups was 0.357 ± 0.025 and 0.490 ± 0.027, respectively (p < .05). Positive immunostaining of CHOP/GADD153 was found in macrophages and smooth muscle cells of unstable AS plaques with a mean integrated optical density of 0.63 ± 0.03, compared to 0.17 ± 0.05 in the stable group (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we were able to show significant elevation of CHOP/GADD153 in unstable plaques independent of other confounding factors that induce ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Wang
- a Department of Neurology , Dalian Municipal Central Hospital , Dalian , China
| | - Meiyan Zhang
- a Department of Neurology , Dalian Municipal Central Hospital , Dalian , China
| | - Zanhua Liu
- a Department of Neurology , Dalian Municipal Central Hospital , Dalian , China
| | - Wuyang Yang
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Junwei Shi
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Dalian Municipal Central Hospital , Dalian , China
| | - Victor Dean
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Dalian Municipal Central Hospital , Dalian , China
| | - Dong Chen
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Dalian Municipal Central Hospital , Dalian , China
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31
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Geraghty P, Baumlin N, Salathe MA, Foronjy RF, D'Armiento JM. Glutathione Peroxidase-1 Suppresses the Unfolded Protein Response upon Cigarette Smoke Exposure. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9461289. [PMID: 28070146 PMCID: PMC5187475 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9461289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress provokes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) in the lungs of chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD) subjects. The antioxidant, glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), counters oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke exposure. Here, we investigate whether GPx-1 expression deters the UPR following exposure to cigarette smoke. Expression of ER stress markers was investigated in fully differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells isolated from nonsmoking, smoking, and COPD donors and redifferentiated at the air liquid interface. NHBE cells from COPD donors expressed heightened ATF4, XBP1, GRP78, GRP94, EDEM1, and CHOP compared to cells from nonsmoking donors. These changes coincided with reduced GPx-1 expression. Reintroduction of GPx-1 into NHBE cells isolated from COPD donors reduced the UPR. To determine whether the loss of GPx-1 expression has a direct impact on these ER stress markers during smoke exposure, Gpx-1-/- mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 1 year. Loss of Gpx-1 expression enhanced cigarette smoke-induced ER stress and apoptosis. Equally, induction of ER stress with tunicamycin enhanced antioxidant expression in mouse precision-cut lung slices. Smoke inhalation also exacerbated the UPR response during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Therefore, ER stress may be an antioxidant-related pathophysiological event in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthias A. Salathe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert F. Foronjy
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jeanine M. D'Armiento
- Center for Pulmonary Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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32
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Kenche H, Ye ZW, Vedagiri K, Richards DM, Gao XH, Tew KD, Townsend DM, Blumental-Perry A. Adverse Outcomes Associated with Cigarette Smoke Radicals Related to Damage to Protein-disulfide Isomerase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4763-78. [PMID: 26728460 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.712331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of factors contributing to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for developing new treatments. An increase in the levels of protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI), a multifaceted endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone, has been demonstrated in human smokers, presumably as a protective adaptation to cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. We found a similar increase in the levels of PDI in the murine model of COPD. We also found abnormally high levels (4-6 times) of oxidized and sulfenilated forms of PDI in the lungs of murine smokers compared with non-smokers. PDI oxidation progressively increases with age. We begin to delineate the possible role of an increased ratio of oxidized PDI in the age-related onset of COPD by investigating the impact of exposure to CS radicals, such as acrolein (AC), hydroxyquinones (HQ), peroxynitrites (PN), and hydrogen peroxide, on their ability to induce unfolded protein response (UPR) and their effects on the structure and function of PDIs. Exposure to AC, HQ, PN, and CS resulted in cysteine and tyrosine nitrosylation leading to an altered three-dimensional structure of the PDI due to a decrease in helical content and formation of a more random coil structure, resulting in protein unfolding, inhibition of PDI reductase and isomerase activity in vitro and in vivo, and subsequent induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Addition of glutathione prevented the induction of UPR, and AC and HQ induced structural changes in PDI. Exposure to PN and glutathione resulted in conjugation of PDI possibly at active site tyrosine residues. The findings presented here propose a new role of PDI in the pathogenesis of COPD and its age-dependent onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhan Kenche
- From the Anderson Cancer Institute, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, Georgia 31404
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- the College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Kokilavani Vedagiri
- From the Anderson Cancer Institute, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, Georgia 31404
| | - Dylan M Richards
- From the Anderson Cancer Institute, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, Georgia 31404
| | - Xing-Huang Gao
- Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- the College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- the College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Anna Blumental-Perry
- From the Anderson Cancer Institute, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, Georgia 31404, the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia 31404, the Departments of Surgery and
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33
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Zhang X, Chen M, Zou P, Kanchana K, Weng Q, Chen W, Zhong P, Ji J, Zhou H, He L, Liang G. Curcumin analog WZ35 induced cell death via ROS-dependent ER stress and G2/M cell cycle arrest in human prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:866. [PMID: 26546056 PMCID: PMC4636884 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among men. The Discovery of new agents for the treatment of prostate cancer is urgently needed. Compound WZ35, a novel analog of the natural product curcumin, exhibited good anti-prostate cancer activity, with an IC50 of 2.2 μM in PC-3 cells. However, the underlying mechanism of WZ35 against prostate cancer cells is still unclear. Methods Human prostate cancer PC-3 cells and DU145 cells were treated with WZ35 for further proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and mechanism analyses. NAC and CHOP siRNA were used to validate the role of ROS and ER stress, respectively, in the anti-cancer actions of WZ35. Results Our results show that WZ35 exhibited much higher cell growth inhibition than curcumin by inducing ER stress-dependent cell apoptosis in human prostate cells. The reduction of CHOP expression by siRNA partially abrogated WZ35-induced cell apoptosis. WZ35 also dose-dependently induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, we found that WZ35 treatment for 30 min significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in PC-3 cells. Co-treatment with the ROS scavenger NAC completely abrogated the induction of WZ35 on cell apoptosis, ER stress activation, and cell cycle arrest, indicating an upstream role of ROS generation in mediating the anti-cancer effect of WZ35. Conclusions Taken together, this work presents the novel anticancer candidate WZ35 for the treatment of prostate cancer, and importantly, reveals that increased ROS generation might be an effective strategy in human prostate cancer treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1851-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China. .,Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical Universtiy, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Minxiao Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical Universtiy, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Peng Zou
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical Universtiy, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Karvannan Kanchana
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical Universtiy, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiaoyou Weng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical Universtiy, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Interventional Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical Universtiy, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Peng Zhong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical Universtiy, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jiansong Ji
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical Universtiy, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Langchong He
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical Universtiy, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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34
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Kropski JA, Blackwell TS, Loyd JE. The genetic basis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1717-27. [PMID: 25837031 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00163814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the past decade, there have been substantial advances in understanding the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Recently, several large genome-wide association and linkage studies have identified common genetic variants in more than a dozen loci that appear to contribute to IPF risk. In addition, family-based studies have led to the identification of rare genetic variants in genes related to surfactant function and telomere biology, and mechanistic studies suggest pathophysiological derangements associated with these rare genetic variants are also found in sporadic cases of IPF. Current evidence suggests that rather than existing as distinct syndromes, sporadic and familial cases of IPF (familial interstitial pneumonia) probably reflect a continuum of genetic risk. Rapidly evolving bioinformatic and molecular biology techniques, combined with next-generation sequencing technologies, hold great promise for developing a comprehensive, integrated approach to defining the fundamental molecular mechanisms that underlie IPF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA Dept of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA Dept of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James E Loyd
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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35
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Huang C, Wang JJ, Ma JH, Jin C, Yu Q, Zhang SX. Activation of the UPR protects against cigarette smoke-induced RPE apoptosis through up-regulation of Nrf2. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5367-80. [PMID: 25568320 PMCID: PMC4342454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.603738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) in the regulation of RPE cell activity and survival. Herein, we examined the mechanisms by which the UPR modulates apoptotic signaling in human RPE cells challenged with cigarette smoking extract (CSE). Our results show that CSE exposure induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in ER stress markers, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial fragmentation, and apoptosis of RPE cells. These changes were prevented by the anti-oxidant NAC or chemical chaperone TMAO, suggesting a close interaction between oxidative and ER stress in CSE-induced apoptosis. To decipher the role of the UPR, overexpression or down-regulation of XBP1 and CHOP genes was manipulated by adenovirus or siRNA. Overexpressing XBP1 protected against CSE-induced apoptosis by reducing CHOP, p-p38, and caspase-3 activation. In contrast, XBP1 knockdown sensitized the cells to CSE-induced apoptosis, which is likely through a CHOP-independent pathway. Surprisingly, knockdown of CHOP reduced p-eIF2α and Nrf2 resulting in a marked increase in caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. Furthermore, Nrf2 inhibition increased ER stress and exacerbated cell apoptosis, while Nrf2 overexpression reduced CHOP and protected RPE cells. Our data suggest that although CHOP may function as a pro-apoptotic gene during ER stress, it is also required for Nrf2 up-regulation and RPE cell survival. In addition, enhancing Nrf2 and XBP1 activity may help reduce oxidative and ER stress and protect RPE cells from cigarette smoke-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangxin Huang
- From the Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14215, SUNY Eye Institute, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14215, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060 China, and
| | - Joshua J Wang
- From the Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14215, SUNY Eye Institute, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14215
| | - Jacey H Ma
- From the Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14215, SUNY Eye Institute, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14215, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060 China, and
| | - Chenjin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060 China, and
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060 China, and
| | - Sarah X Zhang
- From the Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14215, SUNY Eye Institute, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14215, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14215
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Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor for major non-communicable chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, most forms of lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. While the prevalence of these diseases continually increases with age, their respective incidence peaks at different times during the lifespan, suggesting specific effects of ageing on the onset and/or pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Recently, the nine hallmarks of ageing have been defined as cell-autonomous and non-autonomous pathways involved in ageing. Here, we review the available evidence for the involvement of each of these hallmarks in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Importantly, we propose an additional hallmark, “dysregulation of the extracellular matrix”, which we argue acts as a crucial modifier of cell-autonomous changes and functions, and as a key feature of the above-mentioned lung diseases.
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Hassan T, Carroll TP, Buckley PG, Cummins R, O'Neill SJ, McElvaney NG, Greene CM. miR-199a-5p silencing regulates the unfolded protein response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:263-73. [PMID: 24299514 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201306-1151oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Retention of abnormal α1-antitrypsin (AAT) activates the unfolded protein response in AAT-deficient monocytes. The regulatory role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in unfolded protein responses and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES To investigate miRNA expression and function in MM and ZZ monocytes and identify miRNA(s) regulating the unfolded protein response. METHODS Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from asymptomatic and symptomatic MM and ZZ individuals for miRNA expression profiling and pyrosequencing analysis. miRNA/gene and protein expression was measured with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Overexpression and inhibition studies were performed with pre-miR or anti-miR, respectively. Luciferase reporter genes were used to elucidate direct miRNA-target interactions. Inflammatory cytokines were detected using the Meso Scale Discovery Plex assays. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Forty-three miRNAs were differentially expressed, with miR-199a-5p most highly up-regulated in asymptomatic ZZ versus MM monocytes. miR-199a-2 promoter hypermethylation inhibits miR-199a-5p expression and was increased in symptomatic MM and ZZ monocytes compared with asymptomatic counterparts. GRP78, activating transcription factor 6, p50, and p65 were increased in symptomatic versus asymptomatic ZZ monocytes. Reciprocal down- or up-regulation of these markers was observed after miRNA modulation. Direct miR-199a-5p targeting of activating transcription factor 6, p50, and p65 by miR-199a-5p was demonstrated using luciferase reporter systems. Overexpression of miR-199a-5p also decreased other arms of the UPR and expression of cytokines that are not putative targets. CONCLUSIONS miR-199a-5p is a key regulator of the unfolded protein response in AAT-deficient monocytes, and epigenetic silencing of its expression regulates this process in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tidi Hassan
- 1 Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, and
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38
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Choo-Wing R, Syed MA, Harijith A, Bowen B, Pryhuber G, Janér C, Andersson S, Homer RJ, Bhandari V. Hyperoxia and interferon-γ-induced injury in developing lungs occur via cyclooxygenase-2 and the endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:749-57. [PMID: 23470621 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0381oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We noted a marked increase in cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) and the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway in newborn murine lung on exposure to hyperoxia and IFN-γ. We sought to evaluate Cox2-mediated ER stress pathway activation in hyperoxia-induced and IFN-γ-mediated injury in developing lungs. We applied in vivo genetic gain-of-function and genetic/chemical inhibition, as well as in vitro loss-of-function genetic strategies. Hyperoxia-induced and IFN-γ-mediated impaired alveolarization was rescued by Cox2 inhibition, using celecoxib. The use of small interfering RNA against the ER stress pathway mediator, the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP; also known as growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 153/GADD153), alleviated cell death in alveolar epithelial cells as well as in hyperoxia-induced and IFN-γ-mediated murine models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In addition, CHOP siRNA also restored alveolarization in the in vivo models. Furthermore, as evidence of clinical relevance, we show increased concentrations of Cox2 and ER stress pathway mediators in human lungs with BPD. Cox2, via CHOP, may significantly contribute to the final common pathway of hyperoxia-induced and IFN-γ-mediated injury in developing lungs and human BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayman Choo-Wing
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Steiling K, van den Berge M, Hijazi K, Florido R, Campbell J, Liu G, Xiao J, Zhang X, Duclos G, Drizik E, Si H, Perdomo C, Dumont C, Coxson HO, Alekseyev YO, Sin D, Pare P, Hogg JC, McWilliams A, Hiemstra PS, Sterk PJ, Timens W, Chang JT, Sebastiani P, O'Connor GT, Bild AH, Postma DS, Lam S, Spira A, Lenburg ME. A dynamic bronchial airway gene expression signature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung function impairment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:933-42. [PMID: 23471465 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201208-1449oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Molecular phenotyping of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been impeded in part by the difficulty in obtaining lung tissue samples from individuals with impaired lung function. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether COPD-associated processes are reflected in gene expression profiles of bronchial airway epithelial cells obtained by bronchoscopy. METHODS Gene expression profiling of bronchial brushings obtained from 238 current and former smokers with and without COPD was performed using Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST Arrays. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified 98 genes whose expression levels were associated with COPD status, FEV1% predicted, and FEV1/FVC. In silico analysis identified activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) as a potential transcriptional regulator of genes with COPD-associated airway expression, and ATF4 overexpression in airway epithelial cells in vitro recapitulates COPD-associated gene expression changes. Genes with COPD-associated expression in the bronchial airway epithelium had similarly altered expression profiles in prior studies performed on small-airway epithelium and lung parenchyma, suggesting that transcriptomic alterations in the bronchial airway epithelium reflect molecular events found at more distal sites of disease activity. Many of the airway COPD-associated gene expression changes revert toward baseline after therapy with the inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone in independent cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a molecular field of injury throughout the bronchial airway of active and former smokers with COPD that may be driven in part by ATF4 and is modifiable with therapy. Bronchial airway epithelium may ultimately serve as a relatively accessible tissue in which to measure biomarkers of disease activity for guiding clinical management of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Steiling
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Kropski JA, Lawson WE, Young LR, Blackwell TS. Genetic studies provide clues on the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:9-17. [PMID: 23268535 PMCID: PMC3529334 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and often fatal lung disease for which there is no known treatment. Although the traditional paradigm of IPF pathogenesis emphasized chronic inflammation as the primary driver of fibrotic remodeling, more recent insights have challenged this view. Linkage analysis and candidate gene approaches have identified four genes that cause the inherited form of IPF, familial interstitial pneumonia (FIP). These four genes encode two surfactant proteins, surfactant protein C (encoded by SFTPC) and surfactant protein A2 (SFTPA2), and two components of the telomerase complex, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the RNA component of telomerase (TERC). In this review, we discuss how investigating these mutations, as well as genetic variants identified in other inherited disorders associated with pulmonary fibrosis, are providing new insights into the pathogenesis of common idiopathic interstitial lung diseases, particularly IPF. Studies in this area have highlighted key roles for epithelial cell injury and dysfunction in the development of lung fibrosis. In addition, genetic approaches have uncovered the importance of several processes – including endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response, DNA-damage and -repair pathways, and cellular senescence – that might provide new therapeutic targets in fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kropski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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41
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Leberl M, Kratzer A, Taraseviciene-Stewart L. Tobacco smoke induced COPD/emphysema in the animal model-are we all on the same page? Front Physiol 2013; 4:91. [PMID: 23720629 PMCID: PMC3654205 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the foremost causes of death worldwide. It is primarily caused by tobacco smoke, making it an easily preventable disease, but facilitated by genetic α-1 antitrypsin deficiency. In addition to active smokers, health problems also occur in people involuntarily exposed to second hand smoke (SHS). Currently, the relationship between SHS and COPD is not well established. Knowledge of pathogenic mechanisms is limited, thereby halting the advancement of new treatments for this socially and economically detrimental disease. Here, we attempt to summarize tobacco smoke studies undertaken in animal models, applying both mainstream (direct, nose only) and side stream (indirect, whole body) smoke exposures. This overview of 155 studies compares cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as proteolytic, inflammatory, and vasoreactive responses underlying COPD development. This is a difficult task, as listing of exposure parameters is limited for most experiments. We show that both mainstream and SHS studies largely present similar inflammatory cell populations dominated by macrophages as well as elevated chemokine/cytokine levels, such as TNF-α. Additionally, SHS, like mainstream smoke, has been shown to cause vascular remodeling and neutrophil elastase-mediated proteolytic matrix breakdown with failure to repair. Disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions appear to coincide in both exposure scenarios. One of the more widely applied interventions, the anti-oxidant therapy, is successful for both mainstream and SHS. The comparison of direct with indirect smoke exposure studies in this review emphasizes that, even though there are many overlapping pathways, it is not conclusive that SHS is using exactly the same mechanisms as direct smoke in COPD pathogenesis, but should be considered a preventable health risk. Some characteristics and therapeutic alternatives uniquely exist in SHS-related COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Leberl
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Denver, CO, USA
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42
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Is there a therapeutic role for selenium in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency? Nutrients 2013; 5:758-70. [PMID: 23478569 PMCID: PMC3705318 DOI: 10.3390/nu5030758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace mineral of fundamental importance to human health. Much of its beneficial influence is attributed to its presence within selenoproteins, a group of proteins containing the rare amino acid selenocysteine. There are 25 known human selenoproteins including glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases and selenoproteins. Selenoprotein S (SEPS1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident selenoprotein involved in the removal of misfolded proteins from the ER. SEPS1 expression can be induced by ER stress, an event that is associated with conformational disorders and occurs due to accumulation of misfolded proteins within the ER. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, also known as genetic emphysema, is a conformational disorder in which the roles of ER stress, SEPS1 and selenium have been investigated. SEPS1 can relieve ER stress in an in vitro model of AAT deficiency by reducing levels of active ATF6 and inhibiting grp78 promoter- and NFκB activity; some of these effects are enhanced in the presence of selenium supplementation. Other studies examining the molecular mechanisms by which selenium mediates its anti-inflammatory effects have identified a role for prostaglandin 15d-PGJ2 in targeting NFκB and PPARγ. Together these ER stress-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties suggest a therapeutic potential for selenium supplementation in genetic emphysema.
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Goldklang MP, Marks SM, D'Armiento JM. Second hand smoke and COPD: lessons from animal studies. Front Physiol 2013; 4:30. [PMID: 23450717 PMCID: PMC3583033 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to second hand smoke is a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the non-smoker. In this review we explore the use of animal smoke exposure models and their insight into disease pathogenesis. The methods of smoke exposure, including exposure delivery systems, are described. Key findings from the acute and chronic smoke exposure models are outlined, including descriptions of the inflammation processes, proteases involved, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Finally, alternatives to rodent models of lung disease are presented.
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Moghadaszadeh B, Rider BE, Lawlor MW, Childers MK, Grange RW, Gupta K, Boukedes SS, Owen CA, Beggs AH. Selenoprotein N deficiency in mice is associated with abnormal lung development. FASEB J 2013; 27:1585-99. [PMID: 23325319 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-212688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the human SEPN1 gene, encoding selenoprotein N (SepN), cause SEPN1-related myopathy (SEPN1-RM) characterized by muscle weakness, spinal rigidity, and respiratory insufficiency. As with other members of the selenoprotein family, selenoprotein N incorporates selenium in the form of selenocysteine (Sec). Most selenoproteins that have been functionally characterized are involved in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, with the Sec residue located at their catalytic site. To model SEPN1-RM, we generated a Sepn1-knockout (Sepn1(-/-)) mouse line. Homozygous Sepn1(-/-) mice are fertile, and their weight and lifespan are comparable to wild-type (WT) animals. Under baseline conditions, the muscle histology of Sepn1(-/-) mice remains normal, but subtle core lesions could be detected in skeletal muscle after inducing oxidative stress. Ryanodine receptor (RyR) calcium release channels showed lower sensitivity to caffeine in SepN deficient myofibers, suggesting a possible role of SepN in RyR regulation. SepN deficiency also leads to abnormal lung development characterized by enlarged alveoli, which is associated with decreased tissue elastance and increased quasi-static compliance of Sepn1(-/-) lungs. This finding raises the possibility that the respiratory syndrome observed in patients with SEPN1 mutations may have a primary pulmonary component in addition to the weakness of respiratory muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Moghadaszadeh
- Division of Genetics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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45
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Somborac-Bacura A, van der Toorn M, Franciosi L, Slebos DJ, Zanic-Grubisic T, Bischoff R, van Oosterhout AJM. Cigarette smoke induces endoplasmic reticulum stress response and proteasomal dysfunction in human alveolar epithelial cells. Exp Physiol 2013; 98:316-25. [PMID: 22848082 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.067249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cigarette smoke (CS) causes oxidative stress and severe damage to proteins in the lungs. One of the main systems to protect cells from the accumulation of damaged proteins is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In the present study, we aimed to find out whether exposure of alveolar epithelial cells to CS induces an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response by accumulation of damaged proteins that are inefficiently degraded by the proteasomes. The hypothesis was tested in a human alveolar epithelial cell line (A549) exposed to gas-phase CS. Exposure to gas-phase CS for 5 min caused an increase in the amount of ubiquitin-protein conjugates within 4 h. Cigarette smoke exposure also induced the ER stress response marker eIF2α, followed by a significant reduction of nascent protein synthesis and increase in the level of free intracellular amino acids. Moreover, CS exposure significantly reduced all three proteasomal activities (caspase-, trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like activity) within 4 h, which was still present after 24 h. It can be concluded that gas-phase CS induces ER stress in A549 alveolar epithelial cells, leading to inadequate protein turnover caused by an accumulation of damaged proteins, reduction in nascent protein synthesis and inhibition of the proteasome. We suggest that prolonged ER stress may lead to excessive cell death with disruption of the epithelial barrier, contributing to development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Somborac-Bacura
- Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kenche H, Baty CJ, Vedagiri K, Shapiro SD, Blumental-Perry A. Cigarette smoking affects oxidative protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum by modifying protein disulfide isomerase. FASEB J 2012; 27:965-77. [PMID: 23169770 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-216234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response (ERSR) and associated protein aggregation, is under investigation for its role in human diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) where cigarette smoking (CS) is a risk factor for disease development. Our hypothesis states that CS-associated oxidative stress interferes with oxidative protein folding in the ER and elicits ERSR. We investigated ERSR induction following acute CS exposure and delineated mechanisms of CS-induced ERSR. Lung lysates from mice exposed or not to one cigarette were tested for activation of the ERSR. Up to 4-fold increase in phosphorylation of eIF2α and nuclear form of ATF6 was detected in CS-exposed animals. CS affected the formation of disulfide bonds through excessive posttranslational oxidation of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Increased amounts of complexes between PDI and its client proteins persisted in CS-exposed samples. BiP was not a constituent of these complexes, demonstrating the specificity of the early effects of CS exposure on ER. Disturbances in protein folding were accompanied by changes in the organization of ER network and ER exit sites. Our results provide evidence that ERSR is induced early in response to CS exposure and identifies the first known ER-resident target of CS PDI, demonstrating that CS affects oxidative protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhan Kenche
- Memorial Health University Medical Center, Anderson Cancer Institute, Hoskins Research Bldg., 4700 Waters Ave, Savannah, GA 31405, USA
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Dedov II, Smirnova OM, Gorelyshev AS. Stress of endoplasmic reticulum: the cytological "scenario" of pathogenesis of human diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.14341/probl201258557-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of stress of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) attracts an increasingly higher attention of the researchers. The available data suggest that ER dysfunction is a common component of many human pathologies including oncological diseases and neurodegenerative viral diseases. Stress of ER is of special significance in the cell populations actively secreting proteins because protein folding disturbances play an important role in its development. This fact opens up prospects for the better understanding of pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and some other diseases. The present work summarizes the current concepts of biochemical mechanisms underlying stress of endoplasmic reticulum and elucidates the key signal pathways for its compensation and proapoptosis.
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Acrolein induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and causes airspace enlargement. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38038. [PMID: 22675432 PMCID: PMC3364999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Given the relative abundance and toxic potential of acrolein in inhaled cigarette smoke, it is surprising how little is known about the pulmonary and systemic effects of acrolein. Here we test the hypothesis whether systemic administration of acrolein could cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and lung cell apoptosis, leading to the enlargement of the alveolar air spaces in rats. Methods Acute and chronic effects of intraperitoneally administered acrolein were tested. Mean alveolar airspace area was measured by using light microscopy and imaging system software. TUNEL staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for active caspase 3 and Western blot analysis for active caspase 3, and caspase 12 were performed to detect apoptosis. The ER-stress related gene expression in the lungs was determined by Quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Acrolein-protein adducts in the lung tissue were detected by IHC. Results Acute administration of acrolein caused a significant elevation of activated caspase 3, upregulation of VEGF expression and induced ER stress proteins in the lung tissue. The chronic administration of acrolein in rats led to emphysematous lung tissue remodeling. TUNEL staining and IHC for cleaved caspase 3 showed a large number of apoptotic septal cells in the acrolein-treated rat lungs. Chronic acrolein administration cause the endoplasmic reticulum stress response manifested by significant upregulation of ATF4, CHOP and GADd34 expression. In smokers with COPD there was a considerable accumulation of acrolein-protein adducts in the inflammatory, airway and vascular cells. Conclusions Systemic administration of acrolein causes endoplasmic reticulum stress response, lung cell apoptosis, and chronic administration leads to the enlargement of the alveolar air spaces and emphysema in rats. The substantial accumulation of acrolein-protein adducts in the lungs of COPD patients suggest a role of acrolein in the pathogenesis of emphysema.
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