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Jang YW, Kim J, Shin J, Jo JW, Shin JW, Kim YH, Cho SW, Park SK. Autonomous Artificial Olfactory Sensor Systems with Homeostasis Recovery via a Seamless Neuromorphic Architecture. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400614. [PMID: 38689548 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Neuromorphic olfactory systems have been actively studied in recent years owing to their considerable potential in electronic noses, robotics, and neuromorphic data processing systems. However, conventional gas sensors typically have the ability to detect hazardous gas levels but lack synaptic functions such as memory and recognition of gas accumulation, which are essential for realizing human-like neuromorphic sensory system. In this study, a seamless architecture for a neuromorphic olfactory system capable of detecting and memorizing the present level and accumulation status of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during continuous gas exposure, regulating a self-alarm implementation triggered after 147 and 85 s at a continuous gas exposure of 20 and 40 ppm, respectively. Thin-film-transistor type gas sensors utilizing carbon nanotube semiconductors detect NO2 gas molecules through carrier trapping and exhibit long-term retention properties, which are compatible with neuromorphic excitatory applications. Additionally, the neuromorphic inhibitory performance is also characterized via gas desorption with programmable ultraviolet light exposure, demonstrating homeostasis recovery. These results provide a promising strategy for developing a facile artificial olfactory system that demonstrates complicated biological synaptic functions with a seamless and simplified system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Woo Jang
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Shin
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Wan Jo
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Jong Wook Shin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woon Cho
- Department of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Park
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
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Scussiatto HO, Wroblewski KE, Pagel KL, Schumm LP, McClintock MK, Ramanathan M, Suh HH, Pinto JM. Air pollution exposure is associated with rhinitis in older US adults via specific immune mechanisms. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2024; 14:68-77. [PMID: 37357822 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathophysiology of rhinitis in older adults is largely unknown. We tested whether air pollution is associated with this condition and how immune mechanisms may play a role in this relationship. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, a nationally representative study of older adults born between 1920 and 1947. Particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) air pollution exposure estimates were generated using validated spatiotemporal models. Presence of rhinitis was defined based on medication use (≥1: intranasal medications: steroids, antihistamines, lubricants, and/or decongestants, and/or oral medications: antihistamines and/or decongestants). K-means cluster analysis (Jaccard method) was used to group 13 peripheral blood cytokines into 3 clusters to facilitate functional determination. We fitted multivariate logistic regressions to correlate PM2.5 exposure with presence of rhinitis, controlling for confounders, and then determined the role of cytokines in this relationship. RESULTS Long- (but not short-) term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with presence of rhinitis: 3-year exposure window, odds ratio (OR) = 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98, 1.80, per 1 standard deviation (SD) PM2.5 increase. Inclusion of cytokine cluster in the model led to a modestly stronger effect of PM2.5 exposure on rhinitis (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.87; 3-year exposure window). The particular immune profile responsible for this result was composed of elevated IL-3, IL-12, and IFN-γ (OR = 4.86, 95% CI: 1.10, 21.58, immune profile-PM2.5 exposure interaction term). CONCLUSION We show for the first time that IL-3, IL-12, and IFN-γ explain in part the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and rhinitis in older US adults. If confirmed, these immune pathways may be used as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen E Wroblewski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristina L Pagel
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado, USA
| | - L Phillip Schumm
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Martha K McClintock
- Department of Comparative Human Development, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Murray Ramanathan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Helen H Suh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Liu W, Cai M, Long Z, Tong X, Li Y, Wang L, Zhou M, Wei J, Lin H, Yin P. Association between ambient sulfur dioxide pollution and asthma mortality: Evidence from a nationwide analysis in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114442. [PMID: 38321661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of research on the effects of acute exposure to ambient sulfur dioxide (SO2) on mortality caused by asthma, especially nationwide research in China. To explore the acute effect of exposure to ambient SO2 on asthma mortality using nationwide dataset in China from 2015 to 2020 and further evaluate the associations in subgroups with different geographical and demographic characteristics. We used data from China's Disease Surveillance Points system with 29,553 asthma deaths in China during 2015-2020. The exposure variable was the daily mean concentrations of SO2 from the ChinaHighSO2 10 km × 10 km daily grid dataset. Bilinear interpolation was used to estimate each individual's exposure to air pollutants and meteorological variables. We used a time-stratified case crossover design at the individual level to analyze the exposure response relationship between short-term exposure to SO2 and asthma mortality. Stratified analyses were carried out by sex, age group, marital status, warm season and cold season, urbanicity and region. Significant associations between short-term exposure to ambient SO2 and increased asthma mortality were found in this nationwide study. The excess risk (ER) for each 10 μg/m3 increase in SO2 concentrations at lag07 was 7.78 % (95 % CI, 4.16-11.52 %). Season appeared to significantly modify the association. The associations were stronger in cold season (ER 9.78 %, 95 % CI:5.82 -13.89 %). The association remained consistent using different lag periods, adjusting for other pollutants, and in the analysis during pre-Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) period. Our study indicates increased risk of asthma mortality with acute exposures to SO2 in Chinese population. The current study lends support for greater awareness of the harmful effect of SO2 in China and other countries with high SO2 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Miao Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zheng Long
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xunliang Tong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yanming Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Maigeng Zhou
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Hualiang Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Peng Yin
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
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Zeydan Ö, Öztürk E. Modeling of PM 10 emissions from motor vehicles at signalized intersections and cumulative model validation. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:619. [PMID: 34476626 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Motor vehicle emissions especially occur at signalized intersections during idling, acceleration, and deceleration phases. The reduction of exhaust emissions from motor vehicles is on the focus of environmental studies. The main targets of this paper are the modeling of motor vehicle particulate matter (PM10) emissions by American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) and California Line Source for Queuing and Hot Spot Calculations (CAL3QHCR) models and investigating the effectiveness of a hypothetical green wave scenario as a pollution reduction strategy. The portion of D010 State Road in Zonguldak (Turkey) is selected. Vehicle counting is applied for determining the traffic volume. Then, the PM10 emission inventory is prepared. After that, PM10 pollution distribution maps at signalized intersections are created by running air quality models. Next, the CAL3QHCR model is run again for the green wave scenario which assumes free flow at signalized intersections. The maximum PM10 concentrations predicted by AERMOD and CAL3QHCR models are 16.8 µg/m3 and 14.9 µg/m3, respectively. Although these values are below the threshold value, it can be said that air quality may pose a threat to public health in the existence of other sources. With the implementation of signal optimization, the PM10 pollution is reduced by 10-50% at intersections. Cumulative model validation is employed including other PM10 sources in the study area. PM10 contribution of other sources at Zonguldak air quality monitoring station is determined by the AERMOD model. Finally, the sum of model outputs is validated against measured concentrations. According to the validation, both models are found as satisfactory and AERMOD performed better than CAL3QHCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Zeydan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Elif Öztürk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Rhew SH, Kravchenko J, Lyerly HK. Exposure to low-dose ambient fine particulate matter PM2.5 and Alzheimer's disease, non-Alzheimer's dementia, and Parkinson's disease in North Carolina. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253253. [PMID: 34242242 PMCID: PMC8270415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), non-AD dementia, and Parkinson's disease (PD) are increasingly common in older adults, yet all risk factors for their onset are not fully understood. Consequently, environmental exposures, including air pollution, have been hypothesized to contribute to the etiology of neurodegeneration. Because persistently elevated rates of AD mortality in the southern Piedmont area of North Carolina (NC) have been documented, we studied mortality and hospital admissions for AD, non-AD dementia, and PD in residential populations aged 65+ with long-term exposures to elevated levels of ambient air particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality standards (≥10μg/m3). Health data were obtained from the State Center for Health Statistics and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. PM2.5 levels were obtained from the MODIS/MISR and SeaWiFS datafiles. Residents in the Study group of elevated air particulate matter (87 zip codes with PM2.5≥10μg/m3) were compared to the residents in the Control group with low levels of air particulate matter (81 zip codes with PM2.5≤7.61μg/m3), and were found to have higher age-adjusted rates of mortality and hospital admissions for AD, non-AD dementia, and PD, including a most pronounced increase in AD mortality (323/100,000 vs. 257/100,000, respectively). After adjustment for multiple co-factors, the risk of death (odds ratio, or OR) from AD in the Study group (OR = 1.35, 95%CI[1.24-1.48]) was significantly higher than ORs of non-AD dementia or PD (OR = 0.97, 95%CI[0.90-1.04] and OR = 1.13, 95%CI[0.92-1.31]). The OR of hospital admissions was significantly increased only for AD as a primary case of hospitalization (OR = 1.54, 95%CI[1.31-1.82]). Conclusion: NC residents aged 65+ with long-term exposures to ambient PM2.5 levels exceeding the WHO standard had significantly increased risks of death and hospital admissions for AD. The effects for non-AD dementia and PD were less pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Han Rhew
- Memory Keepers Medical Discovery Team, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Julia Kravchenko
- Environmental Health Scholars Program, Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - H. Kim Lyerly
- Environmental Health Scholars Program, Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Lim YH, Oh J, Han C, Bae HJ, Kim S, Jang Y, Ha E, Hong YC. Long-term exposure to moderate fine particulate matter concentrations and cause-specific mortality in an ageing society. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 49:1792-1801. [PMID: 33079997 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to particulate matter <2.5 μm in size (PM2.5) is considered a risk factor for premature death. However, only a few studies have been conducted in areas with moderate PM2.5 concentrations. Moreover, an ageing society may be more susceptible to environmental exposure and future burden of mortality due to PM2.5. METHODS This study estimates hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality from long-term exposure to moderate PM2.5 concentrations in the elderly populations of seven cities in South Korea. We also projected nationwide elderly mortality caused by long-term exposure to PM2.5, accounting for population ageing until 2045. Mortality in 1 720 230 elderly adults aged ≥65 years in 2008 was monitored across 2009-16 and linked to modelled PM2.5 concentrations. RESULTS A total of 421 100 deaths occurred in 2009-16, and the mean of annual PM2.5 concentration ranged between 21.1 and 31.9 μg/m3 in most regions. The overall HR for a 10 μg/m3 increase in a 36-month PM2.5 moving average was 1.024 (95% confidence intervals: 1.009, 1.039). We estimated that 11 833 all-cause nationwide elderly deaths were attributable to PM2.5 exposure. Annual death tolls may increase to 17 948 by 2045. However, if PM2.5 is reduced to 5 μg/m3 by 2045, the tolls may show a lower increase to 3646. CONCLUSIONS Long-term exposure to moderately high levels of PM2.5 was associated with increased mortality risk among the elderly. Thus, PM2.5 reduction in response to the projected ageing-associated mortality in South Korea is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Hee Lim
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Oh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwoo Han
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Bae
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonyoung Jang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Ha
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Stellefson M, Wang MQ, Balanay JAG, Wu R, Paige SR. Latent Health Risk Classes Associated with Poor Physical and Mental Outcomes in Workers with COPD from Central Appalachian U.S. States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186798. [PMID: 32957739 PMCID: PMC7558335 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adults who work in the Central Appalachian region of the United States (U.S.) are disproportionately affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). While there is a socio-demographic profile of adults with COPD who are at increased risk for physical and mental distress, the risk factors that uniquely affect the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of Central Appalachian workers with COPD are unknown. Therefore, we conducted a latent class analysis of 2016 and 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 1326 currently employed adults with COPD living in four U.S. states (KY, NC, TN, and WV) within the Central Appalachian Region. Drawing from the social ecological model, we identified associations between theoretically informed risk indicators-comorbid health conditions, substance use and abuse, and limited access to healthcare-on three HRQoL variables, including infrequent (0-13 days) or frequent (≥14 days) physical distress, mental distress, and limited activity due to poor health over the past 30 days. Workers at high risk for comorbid conditions reported more frequent physical distress, mental distress, and activity limitations as compared to those at low risk. Workers reporting difficulty accessing healthcare were no more likely to report physical or mental distress when compared to workers with adequate access to healthcare; however, those with limited healthcare access did report more frequent activity limitation due to poor health. Interestingly, workers with COPD at high risk for substance use and abuse were no more likely to report poor HRQoL outcomes compared to those at low risk. Our findings have important implications for addressing indicators of poor health among Central Appalachian workers with COPD, especially those living with multiple comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stellefson
- Department of Health Science, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Min Qi Wang
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Jo Anne G. Balanay
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA;
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Computer Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA;
| | - Samantha R. Paige
- STEM Translational Communication Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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Liu Y, Pan J, Zhang H, Shi C, Li G, Peng Z, Ma J, Zhou Y, Zhang L. Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Asthma Mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 200:24-32. [PMID: 30871339 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201810-1823oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Short-term exposure to air pollution has been associated with asthma exacerbation and increased healthcare use caused by asthma, but its effect on asthma mortality remains largely unknown. Objectives: To quantitatively assess the association between short-term exposure to air pollution and asthma mortality. Methods: We investigated 4,454 individuals who lived in Hubei province, China, and died from asthma between 2013 and 2018. A case-crossover design and conditional logistic regression models were applied for data analyses. Exposures to particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), particulate matter ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) were estimated by inverse distance weighted averages of all monitoring stations within 50 km from each case's home address. Measurements and Main Results: Each interquartile range (IQR) increase of PM2.5 (lag 3; IQR, 47.1 μg/m3), NO2 (lag 03; IQR, 26.3 μg/m3), and O3 (lag 3; IQR, 52.9 μg/m3) were positively associated with asthma mortality, with odds ratios of 1.07 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.12), 1.11 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.22), and 1.09 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.18), respectively. There was no evidence of departure from linearity for these associations. Further adjustment for other pollutants did not change the associations materially. We did not observe significant associations between PM10, SO2, and CO exposures and asthma mortality. Overall, the estimates remained consistent in various sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Our results provide new evidence that short-term exposures to PM2.5, NO2, and O3 may increase asthma mortality risk. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Liu
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,2 Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology and
| | - Jingju Pan
- 3 Institute of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- 2 Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology and
| | - Chunxiang Shi
- 4 National Meteorological Information Center, Beijing, China; and
| | - Guo Li
- 5 Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, and
| | - Zhe Peng
- 2 Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology and
| | - Jixuan Ma
- 6 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- 6 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- 3 Institute of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
RATIONALE The relationship between air pollution and pneumonia is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To examine relationships between short-term air pollution exposure and number and severity of pneumonia cases along the Wasatch Front in Utah, a region with periodic high levels of outdoor air pollution. METHODS We applied time-stratified case-crossover analyses with distributed lag to patients presenting to seven emergency departments with pneumonia over a 2-year period. We compared levels of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone at patient residences with emergency department cases, hospitalizations, objectively defined severe pneumonia, and mortality. We calculated direct cost impacts of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter reduction. RESULTS We evaluated 4,336 pneumonia cases in seven hospitals. Among adults aged 65 years and older, we found consistently positive associations between particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter within 6 days of presentation and instances of pneumonia (Lag Day 1 adjusted odds ratio, 1.35 per 10 μg/m3 over 12 μg/m3; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.57), severe pneumonia (Lag Day 1 adjusted odds ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.80), and inpatient mortality (Lag Day 5 adjusted odds ratio, 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.16). Smaller associations were found between nitrogen dioxide exposure and pneumonia occurrence, severity, and inpatient and 30-day mortality. Ozone exposure was modestly associated with increased instance and severity of pneumonia in younger adults. Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter and nitrogen dioxide effects were greatest in colder months, and ozone effects were greatest in warmer months. Reduction of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter levels to less than 12.0 mg/m3 could prevent 76-112 cases of pneumonia per year in these hospitals serving approximately half of the Wasatch Front's population, reducing direct medical facility costs by $807,000 annually. CONCLUSIONS Among older adults, short-term ambient particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter exposure is associated with more emergency department visits and hospitalizations for pneumonia, severe pneumonia, increased mortality, and increased healthcare costs. Nitrogen dioxide and ozone modestly increase pneumonia risk and illness severity.
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Burns J, Boogaard H, Polus S, Pfadenhauer LM, Rohwer AC, van Erp AM, Turley R, Rehfuess E. Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 5:CD010919. [PMID: 31106396 PMCID: PMC6526394 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010919.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution is associated with a large burden of disease in both high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To date, no systematic review has assessed the effectiveness of interventions aiming to reduce ambient air pollution. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution in reducing pollutant concentrations and improving associated health outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched a range of electronic databases with diverse focuses, including health and biomedical research (CENTRAL, Cochrane Public Health Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO), multidisciplinary research (Scopus, Science Citation Index), social sciences (Social Science Citation Index), urban planning and environment (Greenfile), and LMICs (Global Health Library regional indexes, WHOLIS). Additionally, we searched grey literature databases, multiple online trial registries, references of included studies and the contents of relevant journals in an attempt to identify unpublished and ongoing studies, and studies not identified by our search strategy. The final search date for all databases was 31 August 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA Eligible for inclusion were randomized and cluster randomized controlled trials, as well as several non-randomized study designs, including controlled interrupted time-series studies (cITS-EPOC), interrupted time-series studies adhering to EPOC standards (ITS-EPOC), interrupted time-series studies not adhering to EPOC standards (ITS), controlled before-after studies adhering to EPOC standards (CBA-EPOC), and controlled before-after studies not adhering to EPOC standards (CBA); these were classified as main studies. Additionally, we included uncontrolled before-after studies (UBA) as supporting studies. We included studies that evaluated interventions to reduce ambient air pollution from industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, with respect to their effect on mortality, morbidity and several air pollutant concentrations. We did not restrict studies based on the population, setting or comparison. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS After a calibration exercise among the author team, two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We conducted data extraction, risk of bias assessment and evidence synthesis only for main studies; we mapped supporting studies with regard to the types of intervention and setting. To assess risk of bias, we used the Graphic Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies (GATE) for correlation studies, as modified and employed by the Centre for Public Health Excellence at the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). For each intervention category, i.e. those targeting industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, we synthesized evidence narratively, as well as graphically using harvest plots. MAIN RESULTS We included 42 main studies assessing 38 unique interventions. These were heterogeneous with respect to setting; interventions were implemented in countries across the world, but most (79%) were implemented in HICs, with the remaining scattered across LMICs. Most interventions (76%) were implemented in urban or community settings.We identified a heterogeneous mix of interventions, including those aiming to address industrial (n = 5), residential (n = 7), vehicular (n = 22), and multiple sources (n = 4). Some specific interventions, such as low emission zones and stove exchanges, were assessed by several studies, whereas others, such as a wood burning ban, were only assessed by a single study.Most studies assessing health and air quality outcomes used routine monitoring data. Studies assessing health outcomes mostly investigated effects in the general population, while few studies assessed specific subgroups such as infants, children and the elderly. No identified studies assessed unintended or adverse effects.The judgements regarding the risk of bias of studies were mixed. Regarding health outcomes, we appraised eight studies (47%) as having no substantial risk of bias concerns, five studies (29%) as having some risk of bias concerns, and four studies (24%) as having serious risk of bias concerns. Regarding air quality outcomes, we judged 11 studies (31%) as having no substantial risk of bias concerns, 16 studies (46%) as having some risk of bias concerns, and eight studies (23%) as having serious risk of bias concerns.The evidence base, comprising non-randomized studies only, was of low or very low certainty for all intervention categories and primary outcomes. The narrative and graphical synthesis showed that evidence for effectiveness was mixed across the four intervention categories. For interventions targeting industrial, residential and multiple sources, a similar pattern emerged for both health and air quality outcomes, with essentially all studies observing either no clear association in either direction or a significant association favouring the intervention. The evidence base for interventions targeting vehicular sources was more heterogeneous, as a small number of studies did observe a significant association favouring the control. Overall, however, the evidence suggests that the assessed interventions do not worsen air quality or health. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the heterogeneity across interventions, outcomes, and methods, it was difficult to derive overall conclusions regarding the effectiveness of interventions in terms of improved air quality or health. Most included studies observed either no significant association in either direction or an association favouring the intervention, with little evidence that the assessed interventions might be harmful. The evidence base highlights the challenges related to establishing a causal relationship between specific air pollution interventions and outcomes. In light of these challenges, the results on effectiveness should be interpreted with caution; it is important to emphasize that lack of evidence of an association is not equivalent to evidence of no association.We identified limited evidence for several world regions, notably Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Southeast Asia; decision-makers should prioritize the development and implementation of interventions in these settings. In the future, as new policies are introduced, decision-makers should consider a built-in evaluation component, which could facilitate more systematic and comprehensive evaluations. These could assess effectiveness, but also aspects of feasibility, fidelity and acceptability.The production of higher quality and more uniform evidence would be helpful in informing decisions. Researchers should strive to sufficiently account for confounding, assess the impact of methodological decisions through the conduct and communication of sensitivity analyses, and improve the reporting of methods, and other aspects of the study, most importantly the description of the intervention and the context in which it is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Burns
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | | | - Stephanie Polus
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | - Lisa M Pfadenhauer
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | - Anke C Rohwer
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesFrancie van Zijl DriveCape TownSouth Africa7505
| | | | - Ruth Turley
- Cardiff UniversityCentre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer)1 Museum PlaceCardiffUKCF10 3BD
| | - Eva Rehfuess
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
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Liu L, Ma Z, Sun WW, Cao JP. Upregulated Expression of Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor in Lung by Inhalation of High Concentration of Sulfur Dioxide. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:2005-2007. [PMID: 30082535 PMCID: PMC6085855 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.238143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Wen-Wu Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Jian-Ping Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
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Li R, Zhou R, Zhang J. Function of PM2.5 in the pathogenesis of lung cancer and chronic airway inflammatory diseases. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7506-7514. [PMID: 29725457 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has identified that air pollution is associated with various respiratory diseases, but few studies have investigated the function served by particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in these diseases. PM2.5 is known to cause epigenetic and microenvironmental alterations in lung cancer, including tumor-associated signaling pathway activation mediated by microRNA dysregulation, DNA methylation, and increased levels of cytokines and inflammatory cells. Autophagy and apoptosis of tumor cells may also be detected in lung cancer associated with PM2.5 exposure. A number of mechanisms are involved in triggering and aggravating asthma and COPD, including PM2.5-induced cytokine release and oxidative stress. The present review is an overview of the underlying molecular mechanisms of PM2.5-induced pathogenesis in lung cancer and chronic airway inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jiange Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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Spatial variation of pneumonia hospitalization risk in Twin Cities metro area, Minnesota. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3274-3283. [PMID: 29039282 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine resolution spatial variability in pneumonia hospitalization may identify correlates with socioeconomic, demographic and environmental factors. We performed a retrospective study within the Fairview Health System network of Minnesota. Patients 2 months of age and older hospitalized with pneumonia between 2011 and 2015 were geocoded to their census block group, and pneumonia hospitalization risk was analyzed in relation to socioeconomic, demographic and environmental factors. Spatial analyses were performed using Esri's ArcGIS software, and multivariate Poisson regression was used. Hospital encounters of 17 840 patients were included in the analysis. Multivariate Poisson regression identified several significant associations, including a 40% increased risk of pneumonia hospitalization among census block groups with large, compared with small, populations of ⩾65 years, a 56% increased risk among census block groups in the bottom (first) quartile of median household income compared to the top (fourth) quartile, a 44% higher risk in the fourth quartile of average nitrogen dioxide emissions compared with the first quartile, and a 47% higher risk in the fourth quartile of average annual solar insolation compared to the first quartile. After adjusting for income, moving from the first to the second quartile of the race/ethnic diversity index resulted in a 21% significantly increased risk of pneumonia hospitalization. In conclusion, the risk of pneumonia hospitalization at the census-block level is associated with age, income, race/ethnic diversity index, air quality, and solar insolation, and varies by region-specific factors. Identifying correlates using fine spatial analysis provides opportunities for targeted prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Di
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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15
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Liu S, Zhou Y, Liu S, Chen X, Zou W, Zhao D, Li X, Pu J, Huang L, Chen J, Li B, Liu S, Ran P. Association between exposure to ambient particulate matter and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a cross-sectional study in China. Thorax 2016; 72:788-795. [PMID: 27941160 PMCID: PMC5738534 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective The association between exposure to ambient particles with a median aerodynamic diameter less than 10/2.5 µm (particulate matter, PM10/2.5) and COPD remains unclear. Our study objective was to examine the association between ambient PM10/2.5 concentrations and lung functions in adults. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in southern China. Seven clusters were randomly selected from four cities across Guangdong province. Residents aged ≥20 years in the participating clusters were randomly recruited; all eligible participants were examined with a standardised questionnaire and spirometry. COPD was defined as a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC less than 70%. Atmosphere PM sampling was conducted across the clusters along with our survey. Results Of the subjects initially recruited, 84.4% (n=5993) were included for analysis. COPD prevalence and atmosphere PM concentration varied significantly among the seven clusters. COPD prevalence was significantly associated with elevated PM concentration levels: adjusted OR 2.416 (95% CI 1.417 to 4.118) for >35 and ≤75 µg/m3 and 2.530 (1.280 to 5.001) for >75 µg/m3 compared with the level of ≤35 µg/m3 for PM2.5; adjusted OR 2.442 (95% CI 1.449 to 4.117) for >50 and ≤150 µg/m3 compared with the level of ≤50 µg/m3 for PM1. A 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentrations was associated with a 26 mL (95% CI −43 to −9) decrease in FEV1, a 28 mL (−49 to −8) decrease in FVC and a 0.09% decrease (−0.170 to −0.010) in FEV1/FVC ratio. The associations of COPD with PM10 were consistent with PM2.5 but slightly weaker. Conclusions Exposure to higher PM concentrations was strongly associated with increased COPD prevalence and declined respiratory function. Trial registration number ChiCTR-OO-14004264; Post-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yumin Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Zou
- Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongxing Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinding Pu
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingmei Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Li
- The Research Center of Experimental Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Pixin Ran
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Dominici F, Wang Y, Correia AW, Ezzati M, Pope CA, Dockery DW. Chemical Composition of Fine Particulate Matter and Life Expectancy: In 95 US Counties Between 2002 and 2007. Epidemiology 2015; 26:556-64. [PMID: 25906366 PMCID: PMC4742572 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study, we provided evidence that a decline in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution during the period between 2000 and 2007 was associated with increased life expectancy in 545 counties in the United States. In this article, we investigated which chemical constituents of PM2.5 were the main drivers of the observed association. METHODS We estimated associations between temporal changes in seven major components of PM2.5 (ammonium, sulfate, nitrate, elemental carbon matter, organic carbon matter, sodium, and silicon) and temporal changes in life expectancy in 95 counties between 2002 and 2007. We included US counties that had adequate chemical components of PM2.5 mass data across all seasons. We fitted single pollutant and multiple pollutant linear models, controlling for available socioeconomic, demographic, and smoking variables and stratifying by urban and nonurban counties. RESULTS In multiple pollutant models, we found that: (1) a reduction in sulfate was associated with an increase in life expectancy; and (2) reductions in ammonium and sodium ion were associated with increases in life expectancy in nonurban counties only. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that recent reductions in long-term exposure to sulfate, ammonium, and sodium ion between 2002 and 2007 are associated with improved public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Dominici
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C. Arden Pope
- Department of Economics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Douglas W. Dockery
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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