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Yang X, Huang J, Peng J, Wang P, Wong FS, Wang R, Wang D, Wen L. Gut microbiota from B-cell-specific TLR9-deficient NOD mice promote IL-10 + Breg cells and protect against T1D. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1413177. [PMID: 38903498 PMCID: PMC11187306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1413177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing β cells. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) plays a role in autoimmune diseases, and B cell-specific TLR9 deficiency delays T1D development. Gut microbiota are implicated in T1D, although the relationship is complex. However, the impact of B cell-specific deficiency of TLR9 on intestinal microbiota and the impact of altered intestinal microbiota on the development of T1D are unclear. Objectives This study investigated how gut microbiota and the intestinal barrier contribute to T1D development in B cell-specific TLR9-deficient NOD mice. Additionally, this study explored the role of microbiota in immune regulation and T1D onset. Methods The study assessed gut permeability, gene expression related to gut barrier integrity, and gut microbiota composition. Antibiotics depleted gut microbiota, and fecal samples were transferred to germ-free mice. The study also examined IL-10 production, Breg cell differentiation, and their impact on T1D development. Results B cell-specific TLR9-deficient NOD mice exhibited increased gut permeability and downregulated gut barrier-related gene expression. Antibiotics restored gut permeability, suggesting microbiota influence. Altered microbiota were enriched in Lachnospiraceae, known for mucin degradation. Transferring this microbiota to germ-free mice increased gut permeability and promoted IL-10-expressing Breg cells. Rag-/- mice transplanted with fecal samples from Tlr9 fl/fl Cd19-Cre+ mice showed delayed diabetes onset, indicating microbiota's impact. Conclusion B cell-specific TLR9 deficiency alters gut microbiota, increasing gut permeability and promoting IL-10-expressing Breg cells, which delay T1D. This study uncovers a link between TLR9, gut microbiota, and immune regulation in T1D, with implications for microbiota-targeted T1D therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Section of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Juan Huang
- Section of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jian Peng
- Section of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Pai Wang
- Section of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Gastrocolorectal Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Mîrza CM, Mîrza TV, Odagiu ACM, Uifălean A, But AE, Pârvu AE, Bulboacă AE. Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Effects of Prunella vulgaris in Experimental Acute Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4843. [PMID: 38732062 PMCID: PMC11084636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Prunella vulgaris (PV) is one of the most commonly used nutraceuticals as it has been proven to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition of PV and its in vivo antioxidant properties. A phytochemical analysis measuring the total phenolic content (TPC), the identification of phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD-ESI, and the evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity by the DPPH assay of the extract were performed. The antioxidant effects on inflammation induced by turpentine oil were experimentally tested in rats. Seven groups with six animals each were used: a control group, the experimental inflammation treatment group, the experimental inflammation and diclofenac sodium (DS) treatment group, and four groups with their inflammation treated using different dilutions of the extract. Serum redox balance was assessed based on total oxidative status (TOS), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiols, and an oxidative stress index (OSI) contents. The TPC was 0.28 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mL extract, while specific representatives were represented by caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid, protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin-glucuronide, hesperidin, kaempferol-glucuronide. The highest amount (370.45 μg/mL) was reported for hesperidin, which is a phenolic compound belonging to the flavanone subclass. The antioxidant activity of the extracts, determined using the DPPH assay, was 27.52 mmol Trolox/mL extract. The PV treatment reduced the oxidative stress by lowering the TOS, OSI, NO, and MDA and by increasing the TAC and thiols. In acute inflammation, treatment with the PV extract reduced oxidative stress, with lower concentrations being more efficient and having a better effect than DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia-Manuela Mîrza
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.-M.M.); (A.U.); (A.E.B.); (A.E.P.); (A.-E.B.)
| | - Tudor-Valentin Mîrza
- Department of Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases, National Institute of Public Health—Regional Centre of Public Health, 400376 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Antonia Cristina Maria Odagiu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana Uifălean
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.-M.M.); (A.U.); (A.E.B.); (A.E.P.); (A.-E.B.)
| | - Anca Elena But
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.-M.M.); (A.U.); (A.E.B.); (A.E.P.); (A.-E.B.)
| | - Alina Elena Pârvu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.-M.M.); (A.U.); (A.E.B.); (A.E.P.); (A.-E.B.)
| | - Adriana-Elena Bulboacă
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.-M.M.); (A.U.); (A.E.B.); (A.E.P.); (A.-E.B.)
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Ning N, Nan Y, Chen G, Huang S, Lu D, Yang Y, Meng F, Yuan L. Anti-Tumor Effects and Toxicity Reduction Mechanisms of Prunella vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2024; 29:1843. [PMID: 38675663 PMCID: PMC11052495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate and systematically describe the mechanism of action of Prunella vulgaris (P. vulgaris) against digestive system tumors and related toxicity reduction. METHODS This study briefly describes the history of medicinal food and the pharmacological effects of P. vulgaris, focusing on the review of the anti-digestive tumor effects of the active ingredients of P. vulgaris and the mechanism of its toxicity reduction. RESULTS The active ingredients of P. vulgaris may exert anti-tumor effects by inducing the apoptosis of cancer cells, inhibiting angiogenesis, inhibiting the migration and invasion of tumor cells, and inhibiting autophagy. In addition, P. vulgaris active ingredients inhibit the release of inflammatory factors and macrophages and increase the level of indicators of oxidative stress through the modulation of target genes in the pathway to achieve the effect of toxicity reduction. CONCLUSION The active ingredients in the medicine food homology plant P. vulgaris not only treat digestive system tumors through different mechanisms but also reduce the toxic effects. P. vulgaris is worthy of being explored more deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ning
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (N.N.); (G.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Yi Nan
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
| | - Guoqing Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (N.N.); (G.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Shicong Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (N.N.); (G.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Doudou Lu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
| | - Yating Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
| | - Fandi Meng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
| | - Ling Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (N.N.); (G.C.); (S.H.)
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Zhou L, Luo JL, Sun A, Yang HY, Lin YQ, Han L. Clinical efficacy and molecular mechanism of Chinese medicine in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117689. [PMID: 38160869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Autoimmune Thyroiditis (AIT) is a common refractory autoimmune disease of the endocrine system that may eventually lead to complete loss of thyroid function, with subsequent severe effects on the metabolism. Because of the deficiency in current clinical management of AIT, the need for alternative therapies is highlighted. With its multi-component and multi-target characteristics, Chinese medicine has good potential as an alternative therapy for AIT. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to systematically summarize the clinical efficacy and safety evaluation of TCM and its active ingredients in the treatment and regulation of AIT. Additionally, we provide an in-depth discussion of the relevant mechanisms and molecular targets to understand the protective effects of traditional Chinese medicine on AIT and explore new ideas for clinical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature related to "Hashimoto", "autoimmune thyroiditis", "traditional Chinese medicine," and "Chinese herbal medicine" was systematically summarized and reviewed from Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, CNKI, and other databases. Domestic and international literature were analyzed, compared, and reviewed. RESULTS An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that herbal medicines can intervene in immunomodulation, with pharmacological effects such as antibody lowering, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic thyroid follicular cells, regulation of intestinal flora, and regulation of estrogen and progesterone levels. The signaling pathways and molecular targets of the immunomodulatory effects of Chinese herbal medicine for AIT may include Fas/FasL, Caspase, BCL-2, and TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB et al. CONCLUSIONS: The use of Chinese herbs in the treatment and management of AIT is clinically experienced, satisfactory, and safe. Future studies may evaluate the influence of herbal medicines on the occurrence and development of AIT by modulating the interaction between immune factors and conventional signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5, North Line Court, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jin-Li Luo
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5, North Line Court, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; Guangdong e-fong Pharmaceutical CO., LTD., Qifeng Industrial Road, Nanhai District, Foshan, 528244, China
| | - Aru Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No.1035 Boshuo Road, Economic Development Zone, Jingyue Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Hao-Yu Yang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5, North Line Court, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yi-Qun Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital South Campus, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.138, Section 2, Xingfeng Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 100105, China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5, North Line Court, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Wei J, Leng L, Sui Y, Song S, Owusu FB, Li X, Cao Y, Li P, Wang H, Li R, Yang W, Gao X, Wang Q. Phenolic acids from Prunella vulgaris alleviate cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction partially by suppressing NLRP3 activation. Phytother Res 2024; 38:384-399. [PMID: 37992723 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of mortality around the world. Prunella vulgaris (Xia-Ku-Cao in Chinese) is used in traditional Chinese medicine practice for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, its active ingredients and mechanisms of action on cardiac remodeling following MI remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the cardioprotective effect of P. vulgaris on MI rat models. MI rats were treated with aqueous extract of P. vulgaris or phenolic acids from P. vulgaris, including caffeic acid, ursolic acid or rosmarinic acid, 1 day after surgery and continued for the following 28 days. Then the cardioprotective effect, such as cardiac function, inflammatory status, and fibrosis areas were evaluated. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, and ELISA were used to explore the underlying mechanism. In addition, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer analysis was used to identify the chemicals from P. vulgaris. THP-1NLRP3-GFP cells were used to confirm the inhibitory effect of P. vulgaris and phenolic acids on the expression and activity of NLRP3. We found that P. vulgaris significantly improved cardiac function and reduced infarct size. Meanwhile, P. vulgaris protected cardiomyocyte against apoptosis, evidenced by increasing the expression of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 in the heart and decreasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in serum. Results from RNA-seq revealed that the therapeutic effect of P. vulgaris might relate to NLRP3-mediated inflammatory response. Results from real-time PCR and western blotting confirmed that P. vulgaris suppressed NLRP3 expression in MI heart. We also found that P. vulgaris suppressed NLRP3 expression and the secretion of HMGB1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in THP-1NLRP3-GFP cells. Further studies indicated that the active components of P. vulgaris were three phenolic acids, those were caffeic acid, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid. These phenolic acids inhibited LPS-induced NLRP3 expression and activity in THP-1 cells, and improved cardiac function, suppressed inflammatory aggregation and fibrosis in MI rat models. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that P. vulgaris and phenolic acids from P. vulgaris, including caffeic acid, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid, could improve cardiac function and protect cardiomyocytes from ischemia injury during MI. The mechanism was partially related to inhibiting NLRP3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinna Wei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Lab of Pharmacological Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Leng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Lab of Pharmacological Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunchan Sui
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaofei Song
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Felix Boahen Owusu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Peijie Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiqiao Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Lab of Pharmacological Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Key Lab of Pharmacological Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Lab of Pharmacological Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Endocrinology Department, Fourth Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Chen X, Zheng X, Shen T, He T, Zhao Y, Dong Y. In vitro validation: GLY alleviates UV-induced corneal epithelial damage through the HMGB1-TLR/MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:152111. [PMID: 37939523 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
UV-induced corneal damage is a common ocular surface injury that usually leads to corneal lesions causing persistent inflammation. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is identified as an inflammatory alarm in various tissue injuries. Here, this study first evaluates the repair effect of the HMGB1-selective inhibitor GLY in UV-induced corneal damage; Secondly, the inhibitory effect of GLY on UV-induced corneal damage induced inflammation and the potential therapeutic mechanism of GLY were studied. GLY effectively attenuates the expression of UV-induced inflammatory factors and HMGB1, TLR/MyD88, NF-κB signaling pathway genes at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, RT-PCR and Western Blot experiments after knocking down HMGB1 and TLR2/9 genes showed that GLY alleviated corneal inflammation by inhibiting the HMGB1-TLR/MyD88 signaling pathway. The results of this study show that targeting HMGB1-NF-κB by GLY can alleviate the inflammatory response induced by UV induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinYi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, China
| | - XiaoXiao Zheng
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy combining Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine,China Department of Medical Oncology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China.
| | - Ting He
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - YangQi Zhao
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, China
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Xiang Y, Zhang M, Jiang D, Su Q, Shi J. The role of inflammation in autoimmune disease: a therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267091. [PMID: 37859999 PMCID: PMC10584158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are immune disorders whose incidence and prevalence are increasing year by year. AIDs are produced by the immune system's misidentification of self-antigens, seemingly caused by excessive immune function, but in fact they are the result of reduced accuracy due to the decline in immune system function, which cannot clearly identify foreign invaders and self-antigens, thus issuing false attacks, and eventually leading to disease. The occurrence of AIDs is often accompanied by the emergence of inflammation, and inflammatory mediators (inflammatory factors, inflammasomes) play an important role in the pathogenesis of AIDs, which mediate the immune process by affecting innate cells (such as macrophages) and adaptive cells (such as T and B cells), and ultimately promote the occurrence of autoimmune responses, so targeting inflammatory mediators/pathways is one of emerging the treatment strategies of AIDs. This review will briefly describe the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of different AIDs, and give a rough introduction to inhibitors targeting inflammatory factors, hoping to have reference significance for subsequent treatment options for AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Die Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Su
- Department of Health Management & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Ren W, Zhao L, Sun Y, Wang X, Shi X. HMGB1 and Toll-like receptors: potential therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases. Mol Med 2023; 29:117. [PMID: 37667233 PMCID: PMC10478470 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HMGB1, a nucleoprotein, is expressed in almost all eukaryotic cells. During cell activation and cell death, HMGB1 can function as an alarm protein (alarmin) or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and mediate early inflammatory and immune response when it is translocated to the extracellular space. The binding of extracellular HMGB1 to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as TLR2 and TLR4 transforms HMGB1 into a pro-inflammatory cytokine, contributing to the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. TLRs, which are members of a family of pattern recognition receptors, can bind to endogenous DAMPs and activate the innate immune response. Additionally, TLRs are key signaling molecules mediating the immune response and play a critical role in the host defense against pathogens and the maintenance of immune balance. HMGB1 and TLRs are reported to be upregulated in several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune thyroid disease. The expression levels of HMGB1 and some TLRs are upregulated in tissues of patients with autoimmune diseases and animal models of autoimmune diseases. The suppression of HMGB1 and TLRs inhibits the progression of inflammation in animal models. Thus, HMGB1 and TLRs are indispensable biomarkers and important therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases. This review provides comprehensive strategies for treating or preventing autoimmune diseases discovered in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xichang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
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Zhang C, Zhang Q, Qin L, Yan Z, Wu L, Liu T. Dioscin Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis via the mTOR and TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:2273-2285. [PMID: 37551407 PMCID: PMC10404412 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s410901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is a common autoimmune disease that causes thyroid dysfunction. Clinical symptoms in Hashimoto thyroiditis patients were improved after oral administration of dioscin. However, the mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effect remain unclear. METHODS The protective effects and potential mechanisms of dioscin for autoimmune thyroiditis were explored in a rat model of thyroglobulin-induced autoimmune thyroiditis. Firstly, the rat model of AIT was obtained by subcutaneous injection of thyroglobulin and drinking the sodium iodide solution, followed by gavage administration for 8 weeks. Rats were sacrificed after anaesthesia, serum and thyroid samples were preserved. Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyrotropin (TSH), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) expressions were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Morphological changes were observed by H&E staining. Next, we used transcriptomics techniques to find the potential therapeutic target of dioscin. Finally, we validated the transcriptomic results by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC-P), respectively. RESULTS Animal experiments showed that dioscin regulated T3, T4, FT3, TSH, TgAb, TPOAb, and TRAb and alleviated the pathological process in a dose-dependent manner, with the high-dose group showing optimal efficacy. In the transcriptome, the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway was identified by KEGG enrichment analysis and validated by RT-PCR and IHC-P. The relative expression of NF-κB, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA and protein were decreased in the dioscin-treated group compared to the AIT model group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that dioscin treatment improved thyroid function and downregulated TGAb, TPOAb and TRAb levels in rat models of AIT, which may alleviate the pathological process and suppress the inflammatory response by inhibiting mTOR and TLR4/NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiue Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingling Qin
- Technology Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Wu
- Technology Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Zheng H, Zhao H, Zhang X, Liang Z, He Q. Systematic Identification and Validation of Suitable Reference Genes for the Normalization of Gene Expression in Prunella vulgaris under Different Organs and Spike Development Stages. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1947. [PMID: 36360184 PMCID: PMC9689956 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is an efficient and sensitive method for determining gene expression levels, but the accuracy of the results substantially depends on the stability of the reference gene (RG). Therefore, choosing an appropriate reference gene is a critical step in normalizing qRT-PCR data. Prunella vulgaris L. is a traditional Chinese medicine herb widely used in China. Its main medicinal part is the fruiting spike which is termed Spica Prunellae. However, thus far, few studies have been conducted on the mechanism of Spica Prunellae development. Meanwhile, no reliable RGs have been reported in P. vulgaris. The expression levels of 14 candidate RGs were analyzed in this study in various organs and at different stages of Spica Prunellae development. Four statistical algorithms (Delta Ct, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm) were utilized to identify the RGs' stability, and an integrated stability rating was generated via the RefFinder website online. The final ranking results revealed that eIF-2 was the most stable RG, whereas VAB2 was the least suitable as an RG. Furthermore, eIF-2 + Histon3.3 was identified as the best RG combination in different periods and the total samples. Finally, the expressions of the PvTAT and Pv4CL2 genes related to the regulation of rosmarinic acid synthesis in different organs were used to verify the stable and unstable RGs. The stable RGs in P. vulgaris were originally identified and verified in this work. This achievement provides strong support for obtaining a reliable qPCR analysis and lays the foundation for in-depth research on the developmental mechanism of Spica Prunellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hongguang Zhao
- Tasly Botanical Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shangluo 726000, China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Qiuling He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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11
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Wu S, Luo H, Zhong Z, Ai Y, Zhao Y, Liang Q, Wang Y. Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Quality Control of Xiasangju: A Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:930813. [PMID: 35814215 PMCID: PMC9259862 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.930813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a traditional Chinese herbal formula, Xiasangju (XSJ) is widely used in China for antipyresis and influenza treatment. However, XSJ still fails to have a comprehensive summary of the research progress in the last decade. This review summarizes the advanced research on the extraction process, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and quality control of XSJ. Current research mainly focuses on quality control and the pharmacological effects of single herbs and active ingredients, but many pharmacological mechanisms of the formula are unclear. The development of active ingredients reflects the active characteristics of triterpenes, phenolic acids and flavonoids, but the hepatotoxicity of Prunella vulgaris L. has not been taken into account. XSJ has extensive historical practical experiences, while systematic clinical trials remain lacking. Therefore, it is necessary to study the active ingredients and define the mechanisms of XSJ to develop multiple applications, and further studies on the dose range between its hepatoprotective activity and hepatotoxicity are necessary to improve the safety of the clinical application. In this review, the current problems are discussed to facilitate the reference basis for the subsequent research on the development of XSJ and future application directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wu
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hua Luo
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yongjian Ai
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Yonghua Zhao, ; Qionglin Liang, ; Yitao Wang,
| | - Qionglin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yonghua Zhao, ; Qionglin Liang, ; Yitao Wang,
| | - Yitao Wang
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Yonghua Zhao, ; Qionglin Liang, ; Yitao Wang,
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12
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Pan J, Wang H, Chen Y. Prunella vulgaris L. – A Review of its Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Quality Control and Pharmacological Effects. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903171. [PMID: 35814234 PMCID: PMC9261270 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prunella vulgaris L. (PVL) is dried fruit spike of Lamiacea plant Prunella vulgaris L., which is a perennial herb with medicinal and edible homology used for thousands of years. PVL is bitter, acrid, cold, and belongs to the liver and gallbladder meridians. It clears the liver and dissipate fire, improve vision, disperse swelling, and has satisfactory clinical therapeutic effects on many diseases such as photophobia, dizziness, scrofula, goiter, breast cancer. The collection of information and data related to PVL comes from literatures retrieved and collated from various online scientific databases (such as CNKI, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, Research Gate, Science Database), ancient books of traditional chinese medicine (Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Classics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine), and Doctoral and Master’s Dissertations. Currently, the major chemical constituents isolated and identified from PVL are triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, organic acids, volatile oils and polysaccharides. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that PVL has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antibacterial and antiviral effects, as well as immune regulation, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, liver protection, sedative and hypnotic effects. This paper reviewes the botany, ethnopharmacology, traditional application, phytochemistry, analytical methods, quality control, pharmacological effects of PVL. It can be used not only as medicine, but also gradually integrated into the “medicine and food homology” and “Chinese medicine health” boom. More importantly, it has great potential for drug resources development. This paper deeply discusses the shortcomings of current PVL research, and proposes corresponding solutions, in order to find a breakthrough point for PVL research in the future. At the same time, it is necessary to further strengthen the research on its medicinal chemistry, mechanism of action and clinical application efficacy in the future, and strive to extract, purify and synthesize effective components with high efficiency and low toxicity, so as to improve the safety and rationality of clinical medication.
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13
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Zhong H, Gui X, Hou L, Lv R, Jin Y. From Inflammation to Fibrosis: Novel Insights into the Roles of High Mobility Group Protein Box 1 in Schistosome-Induced Liver Damage. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030289. [PMID: 35335612 PMCID: PMC8951358 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic helminthic disease of both humans and animals and the second most prevalent parasitic disease after malaria. Through a complex migration process, schistosome eggs trapped in the liver can lead to the formation of granulomas and subsequent schistosome-induced liver damage, which results in high mortality and morbidity. Although praziquantel can eliminate mature worms and prevent egg deposition, effective drugs to reverse schistosome-induced liver damage are scarce. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a multifunctional cytokine contributing to liver injury, inflammation, and immune responses in schistosomiasis by binding to cell-surface Toll-like receptors and receptors for advanced glycation end products. HMGB1 is increased in the serum of patients with schistosomiasis and enables hepatic stellate cells to adopt a proliferative myofibroblast-like phenotype, which is crucial to schistosome-induced granuloma formation. Inhibition of HMGB1 was found to generate protective responses against fibrotic diseases in animal models. Clinically, HMGB1 presents a potential target for treatment of the chronic sequelae of schistosomiasis. Here, the pivotal role of HMGB1 in granuloma formation and schistosome-induced liver damage, as well the potential of HMGB1 as a therapeutic target, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (H.Z.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (R.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiang Gui
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (H.Z.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (R.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ling Hou
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (H.Z.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (R.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030031, China
| | - Rongxue Lv
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (H.Z.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (R.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yamei Jin
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (H.Z.); (X.G.); (L.H.); (R.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-021-34293150
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