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Iriarte-Gahete M, Tarancon-Diez L, Garrido-Rodríguez V, Leal M, Pacheco YM. Absolute and functional iron deficiency: Biomarkers, impact on immune system, and therapy. Blood Rev 2024:101227. [PMID: 39142965 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2024.101227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Iron is essential for numerous physiological processes and its deficiency often leads to anemia. Iron deficiency (ID) is a global problem, primarily affecting reproductive-age women and children, especially in developing countries. Diagnosis uses classical biomarkers like ferritin or transferrin saturation. Recent advancements include using soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) or hepcidin for improved detection and classification of absolute and functional iron deficiencies, though mostly used in research. ID without anemia may present symptoms like asthenia and fatigue, even without relevant clinical consequences. ID impacts not only red-blood cells but also immune system cells, highlighting its importance in global health and immune-related comorbidities. Managing ID, requires addressing its cause and selecting appropriate iron supplementation. Various improved oral and intravenous products are available, but further research is needed to refine treatment strategies. This review updates on absolute and functional iron deficiencies, their relationships with the immune system and advancements in diagnosis and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Iriarte-Gahete
- Immunology Service, Unit of Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS / Virgen del Rocío University Hospital / CSIC / University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Tarancon-Diez
- Group of Infections in the Pediatric Population, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Garrido-Rodríguez
- Immunology Service, Unit of Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS / Virgen del Rocío University Hospital / CSIC / University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Internal Medicine Service, Viamed Santa Ángela de la Cruz Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Yolanda María Pacheco
- Immunology Service, Unit of Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS / Virgen del Rocío University Hospital / CSIC / University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Sevilla, 41704, Dos Hermanas, Sevilla, Spain.
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2
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Douglas-Green SA, Aleman JA, Hammond PT. Electrophoresis-Based Approach for Characterizing Dendrimer-Protein Interactions: A Proof-of-Concept Study. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3747-3758. [PMID: 38753577 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Improving the clinical translation of nanomedicine requires better knowledge about how nanoparticles interact with biological environments. As researchers are recognizing the importance of understanding the protein corona and characterizing how nanocarriers respond in biological systems, new tools and techniques are needed to analyze nanocarrier-protein interactions, especially for smaller size (<10 nm) nanoparticles like polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. Here, we developed a streamlined, semiquantitative approach to assess dendrimer-protein interactions using a nondenaturing electrophoresis technique combined with mass spectrometry. With this protocol, we detect fluorescently tagged dendrimers and proteins simultaneously, enabling us to analyze when dendrimers migrate with proteins. We found that PAMAM dendrimers mostly interact with complement proteins, particularly C3 and C4a, which aligns with previously published data, verifying that our approach can be used to isolate and identify dendrimer-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A Douglas-Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Juan A Aleman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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3
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Heaugwane D, Cerlati O, Belkhir K, Tarek Benkhaled B, Catrouillet S, Fabing I, Claparols C, Vedrenne M, Goudounèche D, Payré B, Lucia Bona B, Tosi A, Baldelli Bombelli F, Vicendo P, Lapinte V, Lonetti B, Mingotaud AF, Gibot L. Coumarin-poly(2-oxazoline)s as synergetic and protein-undetected nanovectors for photodynamic therapy. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124186. [PMID: 38701908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Because of the difficult challenges of nanopharmaceutics, the development of a variety of nanovectors is still highly desired. Photodynamic therapy, which uses a photosensitizer to locally produce reactive oxygen species to kill the undesired cells, is a typical example for which encapsulation has been shown to be beneficial. The present work describes the use of coumarin-functionalized polymeric nanovectors based on the self-assembly of amphiphilic poly(2-oxazoline)s. Encapsulation of pheophorbide a, a known PDT photosensitizer, is shown to lead to an increased efficiency compared to the un-encapsulated version. Interestingly, the presence of coumarin both enhances the desired photocytotoxicity and enables the crosslinking of the vectors. Various nanovectors are examined, differing by their size, shape and hydrophilicity. Their behaviour in PDT protocols on HCT-116 cells monolayers is described, the influence of their crosslinking commented. Furthermore, the formation of a protein corona is assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Heaugwane
- Laboratoire Softmat, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Orélia Cerlati
- Laboratoire Softmat, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Kedafi Belkhir
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Isabelle Fabing
- Laboratoire SPCMIB, CNRS UMR5068, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 Rte de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Catherine Claparols
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, ICT-FR CNRS 2599, 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Marc Vedrenne
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, ICT-FR CNRS 2599, 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Dominique Goudounèche
- CMEAB Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 133 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Bruno Payré
- CMEAB Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 133 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Beatrice Lucia Bona
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Tosi
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Baldelli Bombelli
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Vicendo
- Laboratoire Softmat, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Lapinte
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Lonetti
- Laboratoire Softmat, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Françoise Mingotaud
- Laboratoire Softmat, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Laure Gibot
- Laboratoire Softmat, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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4
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Liu Y, Cui W, Liu H, Yao M, Shen W, Miao L, Wei J, Liang X, Zhang Y. Exploring the "gene-metabolite" network of ischemic stroke with blood stasis and toxin syndrome by integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics strategy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11947. [PMID: 38789486 PMCID: PMC11126742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A research model combining a disease and syndrome can provide new ideas for the treatment of ischemic stroke. In the field of traditional Chinese medicine, blood stasis and toxin (BST) syndrome is considered an important syndrome seen in patients with ischemic stroke (IS). However, the biological basis of IS-BST syndrome is currently not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the biological mechanism of IS-BST syndrome. This study is divided into two parts: (1) establishment of an animal model of ischemic stroke disease and an animal model of BST syndrome in ischemic stroke; (2) use of omics methods to identify differentially expressed genes and metabolites in the models. We used middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery to establish the disease model, and utilized carrageenan combined with active dry yeast and MCAO surgery to construct the IS-BST syndrome model. Next, we used transcriptomics and metabolomics methods to explore the differential genes and metabolites in the disease model and IS-BST syndrome model. It is found that the IS-BST syndrome model exhibited more prominent characteristics of IS disease and syndrome features. Both the disease model and the IS-BST syndrome model share some common biological processes, such as thrombus formation, inflammatory response, purine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and so on. Results of the "gene-metabolite" network revealed that the IS-BST syndrome model exhibited more pronounced features of complement-coagulation cascade reactions and amino acid metabolism disorders. Additionally, the "F2 (thrombin)-NMDAR/glutamate" pathway was coupled with the formation process of the blood stasis and toxin syndrome. This study reveals the intricate mechanism of IS-BST syndrome, offering a successful model for investigating the combination of disease and syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongxi Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Mingjiang Yao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lina Miao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
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5
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Marques C, Borchard G, Jordan O. Unveiling the challenges of engineered protein corona from the proteins' perspective. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123987. [PMID: 38467206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that protein corona affects the "biological identity" of nanoparticles (NPs), which has been seen as both a challenge and an opportunity. Approaches have moved from avoiding protein adsorption to trying to direct it, taking advantage of the formation of a protein corona to favorably modify the pharmacokinetic parameters of NPs. Although promising, the results obtained with engineered NPs still need to be completely understood. While much effort has been put into understanding how the surface of nanomaterials affects protein absorption, less is known about how proteins can affect corona formation due to their specific physicochemical properties. This review addresses this knowledge gap, examining key protein factors influencing corona formation, highlighting current challenges in studying protein-protein interactions, and discussing future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Marques
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Jordan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Qiao S, Zheng X, Ou Y, Li T, Zhao X, Quan J, Zhao X, Li Q. Highly efficient GPCR immobilization with enhanced fouling resistance, salt tolerance, and chromatographic performance. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 236:113818. [PMID: 38417347 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The feasibility of immobilized protein-based biodetection relies critically on the activity of the immobilized proteins as well as the biocompatibility of the protein surface. Although many protein immobilization strategies have been developed with satisfied detection readout signals. Non-specific interactions caused by the protein-coating surface are still of great concern since they often interfere with or affect the reliability of detection. Herein, we developed a highly efficient G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) immobilization method by the combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a self-labeling enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The immobilization relies on the covalent interaction between the fusion tag of a target GPCR (kinase domain of epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) and its covalent inhibitor ibrutinib, which is modified on PEGylated silica gels. Two types of GPCRs, N-methyl-D-aspartate 2 A receptor (NMDAR2A) and endothelin A receptor (ETAR), were used as examples to realize protein immobilization. The GPCR modified gels and the affinity columns packed with them have been extensively characterized, in terms of non-specific adsorptions, retention factor (k'), half peak width (W1/2), tailing factor (Tf), theoretical plates (N), and association and dissociation constants of the ligands with the receptors. The immobilized GPCRs with reduced non-specific interactions and enhanced fouling resistance, salt tolerance, and chromatographic performance were clearly observed. We believe it is the first work to introduce PEGylation in GPCR immobilization and provide comprehensive proof-of-concept studies to illustrate the improved antifouling property, salt tolerance, and chromatographic performance. This method could be generally applicable in other immobilized protein-based technology for reliable biodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xinxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jia Quan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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7
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Wang J, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Jia J, Jiao P, Liu Y, Su G. Modulating the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles by controlling protein corona formation: Recent advances and future prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169590. [PMID: 38154635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development and widespread application of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), understanding the fundamental interactions between ENPs and biological systems is essential to assess and predict the fate of ENPs in vivo. When ENPs are exposed to complex physiological environments, biomolecules quickly and inevitably adsorb to ENPs to form a biomolecule corona, such as a protein corona (PC). The formed PC has a significant effect on the physicochemical properties of ENPs and gives them a brand new identity in the biological environment, which determines the subsequent ENP-cell/tissue/organ interactions. Controlling the formation of PCs is therefore of utmost importance to accurately predict and optimize the behavior of ENPs within living organisms, as well as ensure the safety of their applications. In this review, we provide an overview of the fundamental aspects of the PC, including the formation mechanism, composition, and frequently used characterization techniques. We comprehensively discuss the potential impact of the PC on ENP toxicity, including cytotoxicity, immune response, and so on. Additionally, we summarize recent advancements in manipulating PC formation on ENPs to achieve the desired biological outcomes. We further discuss the challenges and prospects, aiming to provide valuable insights for a better understanding and prediction of ENP behaviors in vivo, as well as the development of low-toxicity ENPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yuhang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Digestive Diseases Center, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 510001, China; Center for Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510001 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Jia
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peifu Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Yin Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Gaoxing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
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8
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Malabanan JWT, Alcantara KP, Jantaratana P, Pan Y, Nalinratana N, Vajragupta O, Rojsitthisak P, Rojsitthisak P. Enhancing Physicochemical Properties and Biocompatibility of Hollow Porous Iron Oxide Nanoparticles through Polymer-Based Surface Modifications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5426-5441. [PMID: 37956113 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized hollow porous iron oxide nanoparticles (HPIONPs) with surface modifications using polymers, specifically chitosan (Chi), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and alginate (Alg), to improve colloidal stability and biocompatibility. For colloidal stability, Alg-coated HPIONPs maintained size stability up to 24 h, with only an 18% increase, while Chi, PEG, and uncoated HPIONPs showed larger size increases ranging from 64 to 140%. The biocompatibility of polymer-coated HPIONPs was evaluated by assessing their cell viability, genotoxicity, and hemocompatibility. Across tested concentrations from 6.25 to 100 μg/mL, both uncoated and polymer-coated HPIONPs showed minimal cytotoxicity against three normal cell lines: RAW264.7, 3T3-L1, and MCF10A, with cell viability exceeding 80% at the highest concentration. Notably, polymer-coated HPIONPs exhibited nongenotoxicity based on the micronucleus assay and showed hemocompatibility, with only 2-3% hemolysis in mouse blood, in contrast to uncoated HPIONPs which exhibited 4-5%. Furthermore, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of HPIONPs on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells after a 2 h exposure to a stationary magnetic field, and the results showed the highest cell death of 38 and 29% when treated with uncoated and polymer-coated HPIONPs at 100 μg/mL, respectively. This phenomenon is attributed to iron catalyzing the Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions, leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent cell death (r ≥ 0.98). In conclusion, the hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent surface modification of HPIONPs with polymers showed improved colloidal stability, nongenotoxicity, and hemocompatibility compared to uncoated HPIONPs while maintaining closely similar levels of cytotoxicity against both normal and cancer cells. This research has paved the way for further exploration of polymer coatings to enhance the overall performance and safety profile of magnetic nanoparticles in delivering anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wilfred T Malabanan
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Khent Primo Alcantara
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Jantaratana
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yue Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Nonthaneth Nalinratana
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Opa Vajragupta
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Molecular Probes for Imaging Research Network, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pranee Rojsitthisak
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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9
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Kanber M, Umerah O, Brindley S, Zhang X, Brown JM, Reynolds L, Beltran-Huarac J. Magneto-Mechanical Actuation Induces Endothelial Permeability. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6902-6914. [PMID: 38014849 PMCID: PMC10716818 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment is one of the major health problems that burden our society. According to the American Cancer Society, over 1.9 million new cancer cases and ∼0.6 million deaths from cancer are expected in the US in 2023. Therapeutic targeting is considered to be the gold standard in cancer treatment. However, when a tumor grows beyond a critical size, its vascular system differentiates abnormally and erratically, creating a heterogeneous endothelial barrier that further restricts drug delivery into tumors. While several methods exist, these prompt tumor migration and the appearance of new metastatic sites. Herein, we propose an innovative method based on magneto-mechanical actuation (MMA) to induce endothelial permeability. This method employs FDA-approved PEGylated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (PEG-SPIONs) and alternating nonheating magnetic fields. MMA lies in the translation of magnetic forces into mechanical agitation. As a proof of concept, we developed a 2D cell culture model based on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), which were incubated with PEG-SPIONs and then exposed to different magnetic doses. After adjusting the particle concentration, incubation times, and parameters (amplitude, frequency, and exposure time) of the magnetic field generator, we induced actin filament remodeling and subsequent vascular endothelial-cadherin junction disruption. This led to transient gaps in cell monolayers, through which fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran was translocated. We observed no cell viability reduction for 3 h of particle incubation up to a concentration of 100 μg/mL in the presence and absence of magnetic fields. For optimal permeability studies, the magnetic field parameters were adjusted to 100 mT, 65 Hz, and 30 min in a pulse mode with 5 min OFF intervals. We found that the endothelial permeability reached the highest value (33%) when 2 h postmagnetic field treatment was used. To explain these findings, a magneto-mechanical transduced stress mechanism mediated by intracellular forces was proposed. This method can open new avenues for targeted drug delivery into anatomic regions within the body for a broad range of disease interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kanber
- Department
of Physics, Howell Science Complex, East
Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Obum Umerah
- Brody
School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Stephen Brindley
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Xuanyi Zhang
- Department
of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jared M. Brown
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Lew Reynolds
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Juan Beltran-Huarac
- Department
of Physics, Howell Science Complex, East
Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
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10
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Huang Y, Li X, Zhang Z, Xiong L, Wang Y, Wen Y. Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Ferroptosis Is a Synergistic Antitumor Therapy Strategy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5043. [PMID: 37894410 PMCID: PMC10604985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a programmed death mode that regulates redox homeostasis in cells, and recent studies suggest that it is a promising mode of tumor cell death. Ferroptosis is regulated by iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and intracellular reducing substances, which is the mechanism basis of its combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 1O2 through type I and type II photochemical reactions, and subsequently induces ferroptosis through the Fenton reaction and the peroxidation of cell membrane lipids. PDT kills tumor cells by generating excessive cytotoxic ROS. Due to the limited laser depth and photosensitizer enrichment, the systemic treatment effect of PDT is not good. Combining PDT with ferroptosis can compensate for these shortcomings. Nanoparticles constructed by photosensitizers and ferroptosis agonists are widely used in the field of combination therapy, and their targeting and biological safety can be improved through modification. These nanoparticles not only directly kill tumor cells but also further exert the synergistic effect of PDT and ferroptosis by activating antitumor immunity, improving the hypoxia microenvironment, and inhibiting the tumor angiogenesis. Ferroptosis-agonist-induced chemotherapy and PDT-induced ablation also have good clinical application prospects. In this review, we summarize the current research progress on PDT and ferroptosis and how PDT and ferroptosis promote each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.H.); (Z.Z.); (L.X.)
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China;
| | - Zijian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.H.); (Z.Z.); (L.X.)
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.H.); (Z.Z.); (L.X.)
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.H.); (Z.Z.); (L.X.)
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.H.); (Z.Z.); (L.X.)
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11
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Yang W, Li Y, Boraschi D. Association between Microorganisms and Microplastics: How Does It Change the Host-Pathogen Interaction and Subsequent Immune Response? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044065. [PMID: 36835476 PMCID: PMC9963316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a significant problem worldwide because of the risks it poses to the equilibrium and health of the environment as well as to human beings. Discarded plastic released into the environment can degrade into microplastics (MPs) due to various factors, such as sunlight, seawater flow, and temperature. MP surfaces can act as solid scaffolds for microorganisms, viruses, and various biomolecules (such as LPS, allergens, and antibiotics), depending on the MP characteristics of size/surface area, chemical composition, and surface charge. The immune system has efficient recognition and elimination mechanisms for pathogens, foreign agents, and anomalous molecules, including pattern recognition receptors and phagocytosis. However, associations with MPs can modify the physical, structural, and functional characteristics of microbes and biomolecules, thereby changing their interactions with the host immune system (in particular with innate immune cells) and, most likely, the features of the subsequent innate/inflammatory response. Thus, exploring differences in the immune response to microbial agents that have been modified by interactions with MPs is meaningful in terms of identifying new possible risks to human health posed by anomalous stimulation of immune reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518071, China
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518071, China
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518071, China
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80132 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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12
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Kim W, Ly NK, He Y, Li Y, Yuan Z, Yeo Y. Protein corona: Friend or foe? Co-opting serum proteins for nanoparticle delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 192:114635. [PMID: 36503885 PMCID: PMC9812987 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
For systemically delivered nanoparticles to reach target tissues, they must first circulate long enough to reach the target and extravasate there. A challenge is that the particles end up engaging with serum proteins and undergo immune cell recognition and premature clearance. The serum protein binding, also known as protein corona formation, is difficult to prevent, even with artificial protection via "stealth" coating. Protein corona may be problematic as it can interfere with the interaction of targeting ligands with tissue-specific receptors and abrogate the so-called active targeting process, hence, the efficiency of drug delivery. However, recent studies show that serum protein binding to circulating nanoparticles may be actively exploited to enhance their downstream delivery. This review summarizes known issues of protein corona and traditional strategies to control the corona, such as avoiding or overriding its formation, as well as emerging efforts to enhance drug delivery to target organs via nanoparticles. It concludes with a discussion of prevailing challenges in exploiting protein corona for nanoparticle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojun Kim
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nhu Ky Ly
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Santé, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Yanying He
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhongyue Yuan
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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13
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Aram E, Moeni M, Abedizadeh R, Sabour D, Sadeghi-Abandansari H, Gardy J, Hassanpour A. Smart and Multi-Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment Applications: Clinical Challenges and Future Prospects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12203567. [PMID: 36296756 PMCID: PMC9611246 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticle (IONPs) have become a subject of interest in various biomedical fields due to their magnetism and biocompatibility. They can be utilized as heat mediators in magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) or as contrast media in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US). In addition, their high drug-loading capacity enabled them to be therapeutic agent transporters for malignancy treatment. Hence, smartening them allows for an intelligent controlled drug release (CDR) and targeted drug delivery (TDD). Smart magnetic nanoparticles (SMNPs) can overcome the impediments faced by classical chemo-treatment strategies, since they can be navigated and release drug via external or internal stimuli. Recently, they have been synchronized with other modalities, e.g., MRI, MHT, US, and for dual/multimodal theranostic applications in a single platform. Herein, we provide an overview of the attributes of MNPs for cancer theranostic application, fabrication procedures, surface coatings, targeting approaches, and recent advancement of SMNPs. Even though MNPs feature numerous privileges over chemotherapy agents, obstacles remain in clinical usage. This review in particular covers the clinical predicaments faced by SMNPs and future research scopes in the field of SMNPs for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Aram
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Babol 47138-18981, Iran
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan 49188-88369, Iran
| | - Masome Moeni
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Roya Abedizadeh
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Babol 47138-18981, Iran
| | - Davood Sabour
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Babol 47138-18981, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadeghi-Abandansari
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Babol 47138-18981, Iran
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
| | - Jabbar Gardy
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Ali Hassanpour
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (A.H.)
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14
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Padín-González E, Lancaster P, Bottini M, Gasco P, Tran L, Fadeel B, Wilkins T, Monopoli MP. Understanding the Role and Impact of Poly (Ethylene Glycol) (PEG) on Nanoparticle Formulation: Implications for COVID-19 Vaccines. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:882363. [PMID: 35747492 PMCID: PMC9209764 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.882363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a widely used polymer in a variety of consumer products and in medicine. PEGylation refers to the conjugation of PEG to drugs or nanoparticles to increase circulation time and reduce unwanted host responses. PEG is viewed as being well-tolerated, but previous studies have identified anti-PEG antibodies and so-called pseudoallergic reactions in certain individuals. The increased use of nanoparticles as contrast agents or in drug delivery, along with the introduction of mRNA vaccines encapsulated in PEGylated lipid nanoparticles has brought this issue to the fore. Thus, while these vaccines have proven to be remarkably effective, rare cases of anaphylaxis have been reported, and this has been tentatively ascribed to the PEGylated carriers, which may trigger complement activation in susceptible individuals. Here, we provide a general overview of the use of PEGylated nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications, and we discuss the activation of the complement cascade that might be caused by PEGylated nanomedicines for a better understanding of these immunological adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pearl Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Terence Wilkins
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Terence Wilkins, ; Marco P. Monopoli,
| | - Marco P. Monopoli
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: Terence Wilkins, ; Marco P. Monopoli,
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15
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Liu R, Liu K, Cui G, Tan M. Change of Cell Toxicity of Food-Borne Nanoparticles after Forming Protein Coronas with Human Serum Albumin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1261-1271. [PMID: 34978192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) can form protein coronas with plasma proteins after entering the biological environment due to their surface adsorption ability. In this study, the effects of protein coronas of roast squid food-borne nanoparticles (FNPs) with human serum albumin (HSA) on the HepG-2 and normal rat kidney (NRK) cells were investigated. The hydrodynamic diameters of the HSA and HSA-FNPs were 8 and 13 nm, respectively. The cytotoxicity and cell membrane damage of FNPs to HepG-2 cells increased with the increase of roasting temperature. The presence of 4.78 × 10-3 mol/L FNPs increased the numbers of cellular necrosis and prolonged the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The formation of protein coronas of squid FNPs mitigated the autophagy phenomenon by FNPs on HepG-2 cells. Moreover, protein coronas reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential in the HepG-2 and NRK cells and the production of reactive oxygen species caused by FNPs. The abnormal contents of oxidative stress indicators such as glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and catalase in HepG-2 and NRK cells induced by FNPs were alleviated due to the presence of HSA. These results suggested that the protein coronas formed by HSA on FNPs mitigated the cytotoxicity compared with the bare FNPs, thus providing insights into the interaction of squid FNPs with HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronggang Liu
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan1, Gangjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Kangjing Liu
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan1, Gangjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Guoxin Cui
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan1, Gangjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Mingqian Tan
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan1, Gangjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
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16
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Abaricia JO, Farzad N, Heath TJ, Simmons J, Morandini L, Olivares-Navarrete R. Control of innate immune response by biomaterial surface topography, energy, and stiffness. Acta Biomater 2021; 133:58-73. [PMID: 33882355 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As the focus of implantable biomaterials has shifted from bioinert implants to bioactive designs, recent research has highlighted the complex interactions between cell physiologic systems and material properties, particularly physical cues. From the cells known to interact with implanted biomaterials, the response of the immune system has been a critical target of study recently. Here, we review studies characterizing the response of innate immune cells to various material cues, particularly of those at the surface of implanted materials.The innate immune system consists of cell types with various roles in inflammation. Neutrophils and macrophages serve both phagocytic and signaling roles, especially early in the inflammatory phase of biomaterial implantation. These cell types ultimately dictate the outcome of implants as chronic inflammation, fibrosis, or integration. Other cell types like dendritic cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, and innate lymphoid cells may also serve an immunomodulatory role in the biomaterial context. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the role of innate immunity in the response to implantable biomaterials as well as key mechanobiological findings in innate immune cells underpinning these advances. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the role of innate immunity in the response to implantable biomaterials, especially in neutrophils and macrophages, as well as key mechanobiological findings in innate immune cells underpinning these advances. Here we discuss how physicochemical properties of biomaterials control innate immune cell behavior.
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17
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Vincent MP, Karabin NB, Allen SD, Bobbala S, Frey MA, Yi S, Yang Y, Scott EA. The Combination of Morphology and Surface Chemistry Defines the Immunological Identity of Nanocarriers in Human Blood. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2100062. [PMID: 34485684 PMCID: PMC8411909 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon exposure to blood, a corona of proteins adsorbs to nanocarrier surfaces to confer a biological identity that interfaces with the immune system. While the nanocarrier surface chemistry has long been the focus of protein corona formation, the influence of nanostructure has remained unclear despite established influences on biodistribution, clearance, and inflammation. Here, combinations of nanocarrier morphology and surface chemistry are engineered to i) achieve compositionally distinct protein coatings in human blood and ii) control protein-mediated interactions with the immune system. A library of nine PEGylated nanocarriers differing in their combination of morphology (spheres, vesicles, and cylinders) and surface chemistry (methoxy, hydroxyl, and phosphate) are synthesized to represent properties of therapeutic and biomimetic delivery vehicles. Analysis by quantitative label-free proteomic techniques reveal that specific surface chemistry and morphology combinations adsorb unique protein signatures from human blood, resulting in differential complement activation and elicitation of distinct proinflammatory cytokine responses. Furthermore, nanocarrier morphology is shown to primarily influence uptake and clearance by human monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. This comprehensive analysis provides mechanistic insights into rational design choices that impact the immunological identity of nanocarriers in human blood, which can be leveraged to engineer drug delivery vehicles for precision medicine and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Nicholas B Karabin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sean D Allen
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sharan Bobbala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Molly A Frey
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sijia Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yufan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Evan A Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Robert H. Lurie Medical Research Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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18
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Rodrigues G, Gonçalves da Costa Sousa M, da Silva DC, Berto Rezende TM, de Morais PC, Franco OL. Nanostrategies to Develop Current Antiviral Vaccines. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3880-3890. [PMID: 35006813 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a worldwide concern. They are responsible for increasing the mortality rate and causing economic and social problems. Viral epidemics and pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, force the scientific community to consider molecules with antiviral activity. A number of viral infections still do not have a vaccine or efficient treatment and it is imperative to search for vaccines to control these infections. In this context, nanotechnology in association with the design of vaccines has presented an option for virus control. Nanovaccines have displayed an impressive immune response using a low dosage. This review aims to describe the advances and update the data in studies using nanovaccines and their immunomodulatory effect against human viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Gonçalves da Costa Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Dieime Custódia da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Departamento de Física, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Taia Maria Berto Rezende
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Paulo César de Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Nanobiotecnologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79117-900, Brazil
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Bai X, Wang J, Mu Q, Su G. In vivo Protein Corona Formation: Characterizations, Effects on Engineered Nanoparticles' Biobehaviors, and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:646708. [PMID: 33869157 PMCID: PMC8044820 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.646708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the basic interactions between engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and biological systems is essential for evaluating ENPs’ safety and developing better nanomedicine. Profound interactions between ENPs and biomolecules such as proteins are inevitable to occur when ENPs are administered or exposed to biological systems, for example, through intravenous injection, oral, or respiration. As a key component of these interactions, protein corona (PC) is immediately formed surrounding the outlayer of ENPs. PC formation is crucial because it gives ENPs a new biological identity by altering not only the physiochemical properties, but also the biobehaviors of ENPs. In the past two decades, most investigations about PC formation were carried out with in vitro systems which could not represent the true events occurring within in vivo systems. Most recently, studies of in vivo PC formation were reported, and it was found that the protein compositions and structures were very different from those formed in vitro. Herein, we provide an in-time review of the recent investigations of this in vivo PC formation of ENPs. In this review, commonly used characterization methods and compositions of in vivo PC are summarized firstly. Next, we highlight the impacts of the in vivo PC formation on absorption, blood circulation, biodistribution, metabolism, and toxicity of administered ENPs. We also introduce the applications of modulating in vivo PC formation in nanomedicine. We further discuss the challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingxin Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Gaoxing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Solorio-Rodríguez A, Escamilla-Rivera V, Uribe-Ramírez M, González-Pozos S, Hernández-Soto J, Rafael-Vázquez L, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A. In vitro cytotoxicity study of superparamagnetic iron oxide and silica nanoparticles on pneumocyte organelles. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 72:105071. [PMID: 33352256 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation is the main route of nanoparticles (NP) exposure during manufacturing. Although many mechanisms of toxicity have been described, the interaction of NP with relevant pneumocytes organelles is not widely understood. Considering that the physicochemical properties of NP influence their toxicological responses, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether exposure to different NP, crystalline Fe3O4 NP and amorphous SiO2 NP could alter pneumocytes organelles in alveolar epithelial cells. To achieve this goal, cell viability, ultrastructural changes, lysosomal damage, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), lipid droplets (LD) formation and cytokines production were evaluated by MTT, electron microscopy, lysotracker red staining, JC-1, Oil Red staining and Milliplex® assay respectively. Both NP were observed within lamellar bodies (LB), lysosomes, and cytoplasm causing morphological changes. Exposure to SiO2 NP at 6 h induced lysosomal activation, but not Fe3O4 NP. MMP decreased and LD increased at the highest concentrations after both NP exposure. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were released only after SiO2 NP exposure at 48 h. These results indicate that SiO2 NP have a greater impact than Fe3O4 NP on organelles responsible for energy, secretion, degradation and metabolism in pneumocytes leading to the development of respiratory disorders or the exacerbation of preexisting conditions. Therefore, the established biocompatibility for amorphous NP has to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Solorio-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - V Escamilla-Rivera
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - M Uribe-Ramírez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - S González-Pozos
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica (LanSE), CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - J Hernández-Soto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - L Rafael-Vázquez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Use of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) via Multiple Imaging Modalities and Modifications to Reduce Cytotoxicity: An Educational Review. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt1010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present educational review on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) is to inform and guide young scientists and students about the potential use and challenges associated with SPIONs. The present review discusses the basic concepts of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), basic construct of SPIONs, cytotoxic challenges associated with SPIONs, shape and sizes of SPIONs, site-specific accumulation of SPIONs, various methodologies applied to reduce cytotoxicity including coatings with various materials, and application of SPIONs in targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics (Doxorubicin), biotherapeutics (DNA, siRNA), and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging applications.
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22
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Pinals RL, Chio L, Ledesma F, Landry MP. Engineering at the nano-bio interface: harnessing the protein corona towards nanoparticle design and function. Analyst 2020; 145:5090-5112. [PMID: 32608460 PMCID: PMC7439532 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unpredictable and uncontrollable protein adsorption on nanoparticles remains a considerable challenge to achieving effective application of nanotechnologies within biological environments. Nevertheless, engineered nanoparticles offer unprecedented functionality and control in probing and altering biological systems. In this review, we highlight recent advances in harnessing the "protein corona" formed on nanoparticles as a handle to tune functional properties of the protein-nanoparticle complex. Towards this end, we first review nanoparticle properties that influence protein adsorption and design strategies to facilitate selective corona formation, with the corresponding characterization techniques. We next focus on literature detailing corona-mediated functionalities, including stealth to avoid recognition and sequestration while in circulation, targeting of predetermined in vivo locations, and controlled activation once localized to the intended biological compartment. We conclude with a discussion of biocompatibility outcomes for these protein-nanoparticle complexes applied in vivo. While formation of the nanoparticle-corona complex may impede our control over its use for the projected nanobiotechnology application, it concurrently presents an opportunity to create improved protein-nanoparticle architectures by exploiting natural or guiding selective protein adsorption to the nanoparticle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Pinals
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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23
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The Intrinsic Biological Identities of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Coatings: Unexplored Territory for Combinatorial Therapies. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050837. [PMID: 32349362 PMCID: PMC7712800 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been the subject of increasing investigation due to their potential use as theranostic agents. Their unique physical properties (physical identity), ample possibilities for surface modifications (synthetic identity), and the complex dynamics of their interaction with biological systems (biological identity) make IONPs a unique and fruitful resource for developing magnetic field-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to the treatment of diseases such as cancer. Like all nanomaterials, IONPs also interact with different cell types in vivo, a characteristic that ultimately determines their activity over the short and long term. Cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system (macrophages), dendritic cells (DCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) are engaged in the bulk of IONP encounters in the organism, and also determine IONP biodistribution. Therefore, the biological effects that IONPs trigger in these cells (biological identity) are of utmost importance to better understand and refine the efficacy of IONP-based theranostics. In the present review, which is focused on anti-cancer therapy, we discuss recent findings on the biological identities of IONPs, particularly as concerns their interactions with myeloid, endothelial, and tumor cells. Furthermore, we thoroughly discuss current understandings of the basic molecular mechanisms and complex interactions that govern IONP biological identity, and how these traits could be used as a stepping stone for future research.
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24
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Poelstra K. Innovative Nanotechnological Formulations to Reach the Hepatic Stellate Cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s43152-020-00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Treatment of liver fibrosis benefits from hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-specific delivery. Since the description of first carrier to HSC, many developments have taken place in this area. The purpose is to give an overview of the different carriers and homing moieties that are available for HSC targeting and illustrate the opportunities and hurdles they provide.
Recent Findings
There is a growing number of homing devices to deliver drugs to HSC, and options to deliver siRNA to HSC have emerged. Other developments include controlling corona formation, development of linker technology, and design of theranostic approaches. We are on the eve of reaching the clinic with innovative HSC-specific compounds.
Summary
An overview of different core molecules is presented together with an overview of targeting strategies toward different receptors on HSC, providing a versatile toolbox. Many therapeutics, ranging from small chemical entities and proteins to RNA- or DNA-modulating substances, have already been incorporated in these constructs in the recent years.
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25
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Wu J, Wang X, Zhu B, He Q, Ren F, Tong F, Jiang W, He X. pH-sensitive magnetic drug delivery system via layer-by-layer self-assembly of CS/PEG and its controlled release of DOX. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 31:1057-1070. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1740963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Jiangsu ZonHon Biopharma Institute Inc., Changzhou, China
| | - Binglong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Qinting He
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Fang Ren
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Fei Tong
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianghong He
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
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26
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Simberg D, Moghimi SM. Complement Activation by Nanomaterials. INTERACTION OF NANOMATERIALS WITH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33962-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Chiu CY, Chung TW, Chen SY, Ma YH. Effects of PEGylation on capture of dextran-coated magnetic nanoparticles in microcirculation. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4767-4780. [PMID: 31308657 PMCID: PMC6613455 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s204844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can be localized against hemodynamic forces in blood vessels with the application of an external magnetic field. In addition, PEGylation of nanoparticles may increase the half-life of nanocomposites in circulation. In this work, we examined the effect of PEGylation on the magnetic capture of MNPs in vivo. METHODS Laser speckle contrast imaging and capillaroscopy were used to assess the magnetic capture of dextran-coated MNPs and red blood cell (RBC) flow in cremaster microvessels of anesthetized rats. Magnetic capture of MNPs in serum flow was visualized with an in vitro circulating system. The effect of PEGylation on MNP-endothelial cell interaction was studied in cultured cells using an iron assay. RESULTS In microcirculation through cremaster muscle, magnet-induced retention of 250 nm MNPs was associated with a variable reduction in RBC flow, suggesting a dynamic coupling of hemodynamic and magnetic forces. After magnet removal, faster restoration of flow was observed in PEG(+) than PEG(-) group, which may be attributed to a reduced interaction with vascular endothelium. However, PEGylation appears to be required for magnetic capture of 50 nm MNPs in microvessels, which was associated with increased hydrodynamic diameter to 130±6 nm in serum, but independent of the ς-potential. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PEGylation may enhance magnetic capture of smaller MNPs and dispersion of larger MNPs after magnet removal, which may potentially affect the targeting, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan City33302, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan City33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tze-Wen Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Beitou, Taipei City11221, Taiwan, ROC
- Center for Advanced Pharmaceutical Research and Drug Delivery, National Yang-Ming University, Beitou, Taipei City11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Si-Yi Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan City33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yunn-Hwa Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan City33302, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan City33305, Taiwan, ROC
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