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Liu X, Song Z, Tian W, Abdullah, Huang Q, Chen M, Huang Y, Xiao H, Xiao J. Advancements in lipid-based delivery systems for functional foods: a comprehensive review of literature and patent trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38693696 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2343415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Lipid-based delivery systems (LDS) have emerged as cornerstone techniques for bolstering the bioavailability of lipophilic bioactive compounds, addressing challenges related to solubility, stability, and absorption. This critical review examined a substantial dataset of 6,907 scientific articles and 3,021 patents from 2001-2023, elucidating the multifaceted evolution of LDS, with a particular focus on its industrial and patent-driven perspective. Notably, there were pronounced surges in functional food patent applications in 2004, 2011, and 2019. The trajectory revealed a shift from foundational nanoemulsions to more complex structures, such as double/multiple emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, Pickering emulsions, and bigels. The review further identified the top 10 leading institutions shaping this domain. Technologies like spray-drying, microfluidics, and phase gelation had revolutionized the landscape, resulting in refined sensory experiences, innovative reduced-fat formulations, enriched beverages, tailor-made infant nutrition, and nuanced release mechanisms for flavors. The review also spotlighted current research frontiers, notably Pickering emulsions, bigels, and multiple emulsions. These emerging technologies not only exemplified the ongoing innovation in the field but also underscored their potential in reshaping the future landscape of value-added functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidong Liu
- Library, South China Agricultural University (National Intellectual Property Information Service Center of Universities), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengliu Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Food Active Substances, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenni Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Food Active Substances, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Abdullah
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Food Active Substances, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Meimiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Food Active Substances, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Food Active Substances, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Food Active Substances, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Khaire OT, Mhaske A, Prasad AG, Almalki WH, Srivastava N, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. State-of-the-art drug delivery system to target the lymphatics. J Drug Target 2024; 32:347-364. [PMID: 38253594 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2309671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The primary objective of the review is to assess the potential of lymphatic-targeted drug delivery systems, with a particular emphasis on their role in tumour therapy and vaccination efficacy. REASON FOR LYMPHATIC TARGETING The lymphatic system's crucial functions in maintaining bodily equilibrium, regulating metabolism, and orchestrating immune responses make it an ideal target for drug delivery. Lymph nodes, being primary sites for tumour metastasis, underscore the importance of targeting the lymphatic system for effective treatment. OUTCOME Nanotechnologies and innovative biomaterials have facilitated the development of lymphatic-targeted drug carriers, leveraging endogenous macromolecules to enhance drug delivery efficiency. Various systems such as liposomes, micelles, inorganic nanomaterials, hydrogels, and nano-capsules demonstrate significant potential for delivering drugs to the lymphatic system. CONCLUSION Understanding the physiological functions of the lymphatic system and its involvement in diseases underscores the promise of targeted drug delivery in improving treatment outcomes. The strategic targeting of the lymphatic system presents opportunities to enhance patient prognosis and advance therapeutic interventions across various medical contexts, indicating the importance of ongoing research and development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar T Khaire
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Akshada Mhaske
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Aprameya Ganesh Prasad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
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Jitta SR, Salwa, Bhaskaran NA, Marques SM, Kumar L, Cheruku SP, Rao V, Sharma P, Kulkarni OP. Enhanced tissue distribution of ritonavir-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers-recommending its dose reduction. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:116-130. [PMID: 37402943 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mainly attacks lymphocytes of the human immune system. The untreated infection leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ritonavir (RTV) belongs to protease inhibitors (PIs), the crucial contributors of the combination therapy used in the treatment of HIV that is called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Formulations targeting the lymphatic system (LS) play a key role in delivering and maintaining therapeutic drug concentrations in HIV reservoirs. In our previous study, we developed RTV-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), which contain the natural antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (AT). In the current study, the cytotoxicity of the formulation was studied in HepG2, MEK293, and H9C2 cell lines. The formulation efficacy to reach the LS was evaluated through a cycloheximide-injected chylomicron flow blockade model in Wistar rats. Biodistribution and toxicity studies were conducted in rodents to understand drug distribution patterns in various organs and to establish the safety profile of the optimized formulation (RTV-NLCs). From the MTT assay, it was found that the cell viability of the formulation is comparable with the pure drug (RTV-API). More than 2.5-folds difference in AUC was observed in animals treated with RTV-NLCs with and without cycloheximide injection. Biodistribution studies revealed higher drug exposure in the lymphoidal organs with the RTV-NLCs. No significant increase in serum biomarkers for hepatotoxicity was observed in rats dosed with the RTV-NLCs. The current study reveals the lymphatic uptake of the RTV-NLCs and their safety in rodents. As the tissue distribution of RTV-NLCs is high, hence re-adjusting the RTV-NLCs dose to get the response equivalent to RTV-API may be more beneficial with respect to its safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Reddy Jitta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Salwa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Navya Ajitkumar Bhaskaran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Shirleen Miriam Marques
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, Udupi, Karnataka, India.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, 844 102, Vaishali, Bihar, India.
| | - Sri Pragnya Cheruku
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Vanishree Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Pravesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, 500 078, Telangana State, India
| | - Onkar Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, 500 078, Telangana State, India
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Preeti, Sambhakar S, Malik R, Bhatia S, Al Harrasi A, Rani C, Saharan R, Kumar S, Geeta, Sehrawat R. Nanoemulsion: An Emerging Novel Technology for Improving the Bioavailability of Drugs. SCIENTIFICA 2023; 2023:6640103. [PMID: 37928749 PMCID: PMC10625491 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6640103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical sector has made considerable strides recently, emphasizing improving drug delivery methods to increase the bioavailability of various drugs. When used as a medication delivery method, nanoemulsions have multiple benefits. Their small droplet size, which is generally between 20 and 200 nanometers, creates a significant interfacial area for drug dissolution, improving the solubility and bioavailability of drugs that are weakly water-soluble. Additionally, nanoemulsions are a flexible platform for drug administration across various therapeutic areas since they can encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic medicines. Nanoemulsion can be formulated in multiple dosage forms, for example, gels, creams, foams, aerosols, and sprays by using low-cost standard operative processes and also be taken orally, topically, topically, intravenously, intrapulmonary, intranasally, and intraocularly. The article explores nanoemulsion formulation and production methods, emphasizing the role of surfactants and cosurfactants in creating stable formulations. In order to customize nanoemulsions to particular medication delivery requirements, the choice of components and production techniques is crucial in assuring the stability and efficacy of the finished product. Nanoemulsions are a cutting-edge technology with a lot of potential for improving medication bioavailability in a variety of therapeutic contexts. They are a useful tool in the creation of innovative pharmaceutical formulations due to their capacity to enhance drug solubility, stability, and delivery. Nanoemulsions are positioned to play a crucial role in boosting medication delivery and enhancing patient outcomes as this field of study continues to advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti
- Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Aliyabad, Rajasthan 304022, India
- Gurugram Global College of Pharmacy, Haily Mandi Rd, Farukh Nagar, Haryana 122506, India
| | - Sharda Sambhakar
- Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Aliyabad, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Rohit Malik
- Gurugram Global College of Pharmacy, Haily Mandi Rd, Farukh Nagar, Haryana 122506, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Oman
| | - Chanchal Rani
- Gurugram Global College of Pharmacy, Haily Mandi Rd, Farukh Nagar, Haryana 122506, India
| | - Renu Saharan
- Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Aliyabad, Rajasthan 304022, India
- Maharishi Markandeswar Deemed to be University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133203, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Ganpati Institute of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana 135102, India
| | - Geeta
- Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Aliyabad, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Renu Sehrawat
- School of Medical & Allied Sciences, K R Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana 122103, India
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Rathee J, Malhotra S, Pandey M, Jain N, Kaul S, Gupta G, Nagaich U. Recent Update on Nanoemulsion Impregnated Hydrogel: a Gleam into the Revolutionary Strategy for Diffusion-Controlled Delivery of Therapeutics. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:151. [PMID: 37438613 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Since earlier times, dermatological remedies have been utilized to treat diseases associated with pain, irritation, and skin conditions. Compared to other routes of drug delivery, topical delivery of drugs offers several benefits. Scientists are investigating different alterations in dosage forms in addition to existing topical formulations such as ointments, gels, creams, lotions, and ointments to significantly improve the permeation of drugs and enhance the pharmacological efficacy of medications that are poorly absorbed via the skin. Conventional formulations have a plethora of problems viz. poor absorption, no target specificity, low spreadability, and inadequate bioavailability which leads the researchers toward developing novel formulations like nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsion can enhance the gradient in concentration and thermodynamic movement toward the epidermis and enhance the penetration of its constituents. However, due to its difficult application, nanoemulsion's lower viscosity limited its use in transdermal delivery. Thus, the development of nanoemulsion-based hydrogels has shown to be a successful strategy for removing obstacles from existing drug formulations. The simple application, expedient spreadability, non-stickiness, safety, and effectiveness of nanoemulsion-based hydrogel have led to substantial growth in their research in recent years. This review gives a brief idea about the prevalence of skin diseases, skin as an obstacle for drug delivery, and recent research insights to combat these obstacles. The work highlights the mechanism of drug release via nanoemulsion, hydrogels, and nanoemulsion-based hydrogels with reference to recent research on hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Rathee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Sakshi Malhotra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, India.
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, UP, India.
| | - Shreya Kaul
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, 302017, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Upendra Nagaich
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
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6
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Li Y, Li S, Jiang Z, Tan K, Meng Y, Zhang D, Ma X. Targeting lymph node delivery with nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy: recent advances and future directions. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:212. [PMID: 37415161 PMCID: PMC10327386 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cancer immunotherapy is a compelling approach against cancer, its effectiveness is hindered by the challenge of generating a robust and durable immune response against metastatic cancer cells. Nanovaccines, specifically engineered to transport cancer antigens and immune-stimulating agents to the lymph nodes, hold promise in overcoming these limitations and eliciting a potent and sustained immune response against metastatic cancer cells. This manuscript provides an in-depth exploration of the lymphatic system's background, emphasizing its role in immune surveillance and tumor metastasis. Furthermore, it delves into the design principles of nanovaccines and their unique capability to target lymph node metastasis. The primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current advancements in nanovaccine design for targeting lymph node metastasis, while also discussing their potential to enhance cancer immunotherapy. By summarizing the state-of-the-art in nanovaccine development, this review aims to shed light on the promising prospects of harnessing nanotechnology to potentiate cancer immunotherapy and ultimately improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Keqin Tan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanling Meng
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dingyi Zhang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Samanta A, Lufkin T, Kraus P. Intervertebral disc degeneration-Current therapeutic options and challenges. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1156749. [PMID: 37483952 PMCID: PMC10359191 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1156749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is a normal part of aging. Due to the spine's declining function and the development of pain, it may affect one's physical health, mental health, and socioeconomic status. Most of the intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) therapies today focus on the symptoms of low back pain rather than the underlying etiology or mechanical function of the disc. The deteriorated disc is typically not restored by conservative or surgical therapies that largely focus on correcting symptoms and structural abnormalities. To enhance the clinical outcome and the quality of life of a patient, several therapeutic modalities have been created. In this review, we discuss genetic and environmental causes of IVDD and describe promising modern endogenous and exogenous therapeutic approaches including their applicability and relevance to the degeneration process.
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Patel M, Desai A, Kansara V, Vyas B. Core Shell Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles for Oral Bioavailability Enhancement of Ibrutinib via Lymphatic Uptake. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:142. [PMID: 37353671 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to develop ibrutinib (IBR)-loaded lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (IBR-LPHNPs) to improve oral absorption by intestinal lymphatic uptake. IBR-LPHNPs were fabricated by nanoprecipitation method using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), lipoid S 100, and DSPE-MPEG 2000. The IBR-LPHNPs showed particle size of 85.27±3.82 nm, entrapment efficiency of 97.70±3.85%, and zeta potential of -24.9±3.08 mV respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry study revealed compatibility between IBR and excipients. X-ray diffraction study showed the conversion of IBR into amorphous form. High-resolution transmission electron microscopic image displayed spherical-shaped, discrete layered polymeric core and lipid shell structure. The drug release from IBR-LPHNPs exhibited prolong release profile up to 48 h and was best fitted to Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Higher fluorescence intensity at the end of 2 h in the intestinal tissue confirmed the uptake of LPHNPs by Peyer's patches. The oral bioavailability of IBR was improved 22.52-fold with LPHNPs as compared to free IBR. The intestinal lymphatic uptake study in rats pretreated with cycloheximide confirmed the intestinal lymphatic uptake of IBR-LPHNPs. All the results conclusively showed that LPHNPs could be a promising approach to improve oral bioavailability of IBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Patel
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, 394350, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ayushi Desai
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, 394350, Gujarat, India
| | - Vrushti Kansara
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, 394350, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavin Vyas
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, 394350, Gujarat, India
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Fan S, Han H, Yan Z, Lu Y, He B, Zhang Q. Lipid-based nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2023; 3:230-269. [PMID: 37789955 PMCID: PMC10542882 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
As the fourth most important cancer management strategy except surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, cancer immunotherapy has been confirmed to elicit durable antitumor effects in the clinic by leveraging the patient's own immune system to eradicate the cancer cells. However, the limited population of patients who benefit from the current immunotherapies and the immune related adverse events hinder its development. The immunosuppressive microenvironment is the main cause of the failure, which leads to cancer immune evasion and immunity cycle blockade. Encouragingly, nanotechnology has been engineered to enhance the efficacy and reduce off-target toxicity of their therapeutic cargos by spatiotemporally controlling the biodistribution and release kinetics. Among them, lipid-based nanoparticles are the first nanomedicines to make clinical translation, which are now established platforms for diverse areas. In this perspective, we discuss the available lipid-based nanoparticles in research and market here, then describe their application in cancer immunotherapy, with special emphasis on the T cells-activated and macrophages-targeted delivery system. Through perpetuating each step of cancer immunity cycle, lipid-based nanoparticles can reduce immunosuppression and promote drug delivery to trigger robust antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huize Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhicheng Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
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10
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Hu YY, Xiao S, Wang B, Xie RH, Cai YX, Wang JH. Transepithelial transport and cytoprotection of novel antioxidant peptides isolated from simulated gastrointestinal digestion of Xuanwei ham. Food Funct 2023; 14:3552-3563. [PMID: 36945861 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03614b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
As a traditional fermented meat product, dry-cured Xuanwei ham could be a rich source of bioactive peptides. This study intended to investigate the transepithelial transport and cytoprotection of antioxidant peptides isolated from simulated gastrointestinal digestion of Xuanwei ham. Through ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography after simulated digestion, five new antioxidative cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) with 16-27 amino acid residues were identified, and protective effects of the pretreatment with GHYTEGAELVDSVLDVVRK (GK-19) and TDEFQLHTNVNDGTEFGGSIYQK (TK-23) on H2O2-induced damaged HepG2 cells were investigated. The results showed that the peptide TK-23 at 0.5 mg mL-1 showed a good antioxidant activity through upregulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and GR) and decreasing the MDA level in H2O2-induced damaged HepG2 cells with a better protective effect compared to GSH. Our observations of novel antioxidant CPPs with 16-27 amino acid residues could enrich the antioxidative CPP database, and these findings could provide data support for further study of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Hu
- College of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
- School of Life Healthy and Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- College of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
- School of Life Healthy and Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Life Healthy and Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Rui-Hong Xie
- College of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
- School of Life Healthy and Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yan-Xue Cai
- School of Life Healthy and Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Ji-Hui Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
- School of Life Healthy and Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
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11
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Watt MM, Moitra P, Sheffield Z, Ostadhossein F, Maxwell EA, Pan D. A narrative review on the role of carbon nanoparticles in oncology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1845. [PMID: 35975704 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is the first site of metastasis for most tumors and is a common reason for the failure of cancer therapy. The lymphatic system's anatomical properties make it difficult to deliver chemotherapy agents at therapeutic concentrations while avoiding systemic toxicity. Carbon nanoparticles offer a promising alternative for identifying and transporting therapeutic molecules. The larger diameter of lymphatic vessels compared to the diameter of blood vessels, allows carbon nanoparticles to selectively enter the lymphatic system once administered subcutaneously. Carbon nanoparticles stain tumor-draining lymph nodes black following intratumoral injection, making them useful in sentinel lymph node mapping. Drug-loaded carbon nanoparticles allow higher concentrations of chemotherapeutics to accumulate in regional lymph nodes while decreasing plasma drug accumulation. The use of carbon nanoparticles for chemotherapy delivery has been associated with lower mortality, fewer histopathology changes in vital organs, and lower serum concentrations of hepatocellular enzymes. This review will focus on the ability of carbon nanoparticles to target the lymphatics as well as their current and potential applications in sentinel lymph node mapping and oncology treatment regimens. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanoscale Tools and Techniques in Surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Watt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Parikshit Moitra
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Health Sciences Facility III, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zach Sheffield
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fatemeh Ostadhossein
- Department of Bioengineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Maxwell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Health Sciences Facility III, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Health Sciences Facility III, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether-mediated nanostructured lipid carriers enhance trans-ferulic acid delivery by Caco-2 cells superior to solid lipid nanoparticles. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:133-143. [PMID: 36692464 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to compare the performance of trans-ferulic acid-encapsulated nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for transport by Caco-2 cells. The NLC particles (diameter: 102.6 nm) composed of Compritol® 888 ATO, ethyl oleate, Cremophor® EL, and Transcutol® P were larger than the SLNs (diameter: 86.0 nm) formed without liquid lipid (ethyl oleate), and the former had a higher encapsulation efficiency for trans-ferulic acid (p < 0.05). In vitro cultured Caco-2 cell transport was used to simulate intestinal absorption, and the cellular uptake of NLCs was higher than that of SLNs (p < 0.05). Compared to SLNs, NLCs greatly enhanced trans-ferulic acid permeation through the MillicellTM membrane (p < 0.05). This work confirms that NLCs have better properties than SLNs in terms of increasing drug transport by Caco-2 cells. This helps to comprehend the approach by which NLC-mediated oral bioavailability of trans-ferulic acid is better than that mediated by SLNs, as shown in our previous report.
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13
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Abstract
A foundational principle of rational vaccinology is that vaccine structure plays a critical role in determining therapeutic efficacy, but in order to establish fundamental, effective, and translatable vaccine design parameters, a highly modular and well-defined platform is required. Herein, we report a DNA dendron vaccine, a molecular nanostructure that consists of an adjuvant DNA strand that splits into multiple DNA branches with a varied number of conjugated peptide antigens that is capable of dendritic cell uptake, immune activation, and potent cancer killing. We leveraged the well-defined architecture and chemical modularity of the DNA dendron to study structure-function relationships that dictate molecular vaccine efficacy, particularly regarding the delivery of immune-activating DNA sequences and antigenic peptides on a single chemical construct. We investigated how adjuvant and antigen placement and number impact dendron cellular uptake and immune activation, in vitro. These parameters also played a significant role in raising a potent and specific immune response against target cancer cells. By gaining this structural understanding of molecular vaccines, DNA dendrons successfully treated a mouse cervical human papillomavirus TC-1 cancer model, in vivo, where the vaccine structure defined its efficacy; the top-performing design effectively reduced tumor burden (<150 mm3 through day 30) and maintained 100% survival through 44 d after tumor inoculation.
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14
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Kim SA, Lee Y, Ko Y, Kim S, Kim GB, Lee NK, Ahn W, Kim N, Nam GH, Lee EJ, Kim IS. Protein-based nanocages for vaccine development. J Control Release 2023; 353:767-791. [PMID: 36516900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein nanocages have attracted considerable attention in various fields of nanomedicine due to their intrinsic properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, high structural stability, and ease of modification of their surfaces and inner cavities. In vaccine development, these protein nanocages are suited for efficient targeting to and retention in the lymph nodes and can enhance immunogenicity through various mechanisms, including excellent uptake by antigen-presenting cells and crosslinking with multiple B cell receptors. This review highlights the superiority of protein nanocages as antigen delivery carriers based on their physiological and immunological properties such as biodistribution, immunogenicity, stability, and multifunctionality. With a focus on design, we discuss the utilization and efficacy of protein nanocages such as virus-like particles, caged proteins, and artificial caged proteins against cancer and infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, we summarize available knowledge on the protein nanocages that are currently used in clinical trials and provide a general outlook on conventional distribution techniques and hurdles faced, particularly for therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong A Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeram Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeju Ko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kim
- Department of Research and Development, SHIFTBIO INC., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- Department of Research and Development, SHIFTBIO INC., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Kyeong Lee
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonkyung Ahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hoon Nam
- Department of Research and Development, SHIFTBIO INC., Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Dudhipala N, Ettireddy S, Youssef AAA, Puchchakayala G. Development and In vivo Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of an Oral Innovative Cyclodextrin Complexed Lipid Nanoparticles of Irbesartan Formulation for Enhanced Bioavailability. Nanotheranostics 2023; 7:117-127. [PMID: 36593793 PMCID: PMC9760361 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.78102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Irbesartan (IR) is used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and nephropathy in Type II diabetes. IR bioavailability is limited by poor solubility and presystemic metabolism. In our previous investigations, cyclodextrin (HPβCD) complexed solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of IR were prepared, optimized, and characterized. The current study aimed to confirm the reproducibility of the previous methodology and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) performance of the selected lead formulations in an experimental animal model. Methods: SLNs were prepared by hot homogenization followed by probe sonication with IR/HPβCD inclusion complex loaded into a solid lipid (Dynasan 112). SLNs were evaluated for physical characteristics, drug content, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release profile, and surface morphology. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of the SLNs were evaluated in Wistar rats. Results: Photon correlation spectroscopy, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and dissolution studies results were reproducible and consistent with our earlier investigation. PK studies showed 2.1-, 6.6-, and 9.9-fold improvement in the relative oral bioavailability of the drug from IR-HPβCD, IR-SLN, and IR-HPβCD-SLN formulations, respectively compared to IR suspension. However, IR-HPβCD-SLNs showed 1.5- and 4.7-fold improvement in the relative oral bioavailability of the drug compared to IR-SLN and IR-HPβCD formulations, respectively. PD studies in hypertensive Wistar rats showed a good control over systolic blood pressure for 48 h for SLN formulations compared to 2 h for IR suspension. However, the IR-HPβCD inclusion complex exhibited immediate antihypertensive activity (0.5 h) with a period of systolic blood pressure control similar to IR suspension. Conclusions: The current approach exhibited improved oral bioavailability along with improved and prolonged pharmacodynamic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendar Dudhipala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi Pharmacy College, Warangal, Telangana, India - 506005.,Synapse Life Sciences, Warangal, Telangana, India - 506001.,✉ Corresponding author: Dr. Narendar Dudhipala M.Pharm., Ph.D.; Department of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy, Warangal 50 6005, Telangana State, India.
| | | | - Ahmed Adel Ali Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Goverdhan Puchchakayala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi Pharmacy College, Warangal, Telangana, India - 506005.,Synapse Life Sciences, Warangal, Telangana, India - 506001
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16
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Ibáñez MD, Sánchez-Ballester NM, Blázquez MA. Healthy Zerumbone: From Natural Sources to Strategies to Improve Its Bioavailability and Oral Administration. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:5. [PMID: 36616138 PMCID: PMC9823342 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zerumbone is a multifunctional compound with antimicrobial, antitumor, hyperalgesic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications, and constitutes a point molecule for the future synthesis of derivatives with improved efficiency. This monocyclic sesquiterpenoid is found in high content in wild ginger (Zingiber zerumbet Smith), a perennial herb with economic importance as an ornamental as well as a medicinal plant. The presence of zerumbone is a distinctive feature that allows identification and differentiation from other species, not only in Zingiber, but also in Curcuma, Alpinia, Boesenbergia, Ethlingera and Ammomum spp., as well as related families (Costaceaee). To successfully use zerumbone in areas such as medicine, food and agriculture, further research on improving its low solubility and bioavailability, as well as its preservation, is a major current priority. In addition, despite its promising pharmacological activities, preclinical and clinical studies are required to demonstrate and evaluate the in vivo efficacy of zerumbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Ibáñez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Avd. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Noelia M. Sánchez-Ballester
- ICGM, Département Chimie et Matériaux Moléculaires, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900 Nîmes, France
| | - María Amparo Blázquez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Avd. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain
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17
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Chaudhuri A, Kumar DN, Shaik RA, Eid BG, Abdel-Naim AB, Md S, Ahmad A, Agrawal AK. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles as a Pivotal Delivery Approach in Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710068. [PMID: 36077466 PMCID: PMC9456313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer is considered the most aggressive type of breast cancer among women and the lack of expressed receptors has made treatment options substantially limited. Recently, various types of nanoparticles have emerged as a therapeutic option against TNBC, to elevate the therapeutic efficacy of the existing chemotherapeutics. Among the various nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) viz. liposomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid nanocarriers, and lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles are developed for cancer treatment which is well confirmed and documented. LNPs include various therapeutic advantages as compared to conventional therapy and other nanoparticles, including increased loading capacity, enhanced temporal and thermal stability, decreased therapeutic dose and associated toxicity, and limited drug resistance. In addition to these, LNPs overcome physiological barriers which provide increased accumulation of therapeutics at the target site. Extensive efforts by the scientific community could make some of the liposomal formulations the clinical reality; however, the relatively high cost, problems in scaling up the formulations, and delivery in a more targetable fashion are some of the major issues that need to be addressed. In the present review, we have compiled the state of the art about different types of LNPs with the latest advances reported for the treatment of TNBC in recent years, along with their clinical status and toxicity in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiswarya Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Dulla Naveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rasheed A. Shaik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma G. Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf B. Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadab Md
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Health Information Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
- Correspondence:
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18
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Rolon M, Hanna E, Vega C, Coronel C, Dea-Ayuela MA, Serrano DR, Lalatsa A. Solid Nanomedicines of Nifurtimox and Benznidazole for the Oral Treatment of Chagas Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091822. [PMID: 36145570 PMCID: PMC9504116 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic zoonosis endemic in Central and South America affecting nearly 10 million people, with 100 million people at high risk of contracting the disease. Treatment is only effective when received at the early stages of the disease and it involved two drugs (nifurtimox (NFX) and benznidazole (BNZ)). Both treatments require multiple daily administrations of high doses, suffer from variable efficacy and insufficient efficacy in chronic CD, many side effects, and a very long duration of treatment that results in poor compliance, while combined available therapies that lead to reduced duration of treatment are not available and polypharmacy reduces compliance and increases the cost further. Here we present self-nanoemulsified drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) able to produce easily scalable combined formulations of NFX and BNZ that can allow for tailoring of the dose and can be easily converted to oral solid dosage form by impregnation on mesoporous silica particles. SNEDDS demonstrated an enhanced solubilisation capacity for both drugs as demonstrated by flow-through studies and in vitro lipolysis studies. High loading of SNEDDS to Syloid 244 and 3050 silicas (2:1 w/w) allowed clinically translatable amounts of both NFX and BNZ to be loaded. Tablets prepared from NFX-BNZ combined SNEDDS loaded on Syloid 3050 silicas demonstration near complete dissolution in the flow through cell apparatus compared to NFX and BNZ commercial tablets respectively (Lampit® and Rochagan®). NFX-BNZ-SNEDDS demonstrated nanomolar efficacy in epimastigotes and amastigotes of T. cruzi with acceptable selectivity indexes and demonstrated enhanced survival and reduced parasitaemia in acute murine experimental models of CD. Thus, the results presented here illustrate the ability for an easily scalable and personalised combination oral therapy prepared from GRAS excipients, enabling treatment access worldwide for the treatment of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rolon
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigacion Científica (CEDIC), Manduvirá 635 entre 15 de Agosto y O’Leary, Asuncion 1255, Paraguay
| | - Eustine Hanna
- Biomaterials, Bio-Engineering and Nanomedicines (BioN) Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Celeste Vega
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigacion Científica (CEDIC), Manduvirá 635 entre 15 de Agosto y O’Leary, Asuncion 1255, Paraguay
| | - Cathia Coronel
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigacion Científica (CEDIC), Manduvirá 635 entre 15 de Agosto y O’Leary, Asuncion 1255, Paraguay
| | - Maria Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Edificio Seminario s/n, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores R. Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), School of Pharmacy, University Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.R.S.); (A.L.); Tel.: +44-141-548-2675 (A.L.)
| | - Aikaterini Lalatsa
- Biomaterials, Bio-Engineering and Nanomedicines (BioN) Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, John Arbuthnot Building, Robertson Wing, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Correspondence: (D.R.S.); (A.L.); Tel.: +44-141-548-2675 (A.L.)
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19
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Agrawal YO, Husain M, Patil KD, Sodgir V, Patil TS, Agnihotri VV, Mahajan HS, Sharma C, Ojha S, Goyal SN. Verapamil hydrochloride loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Preparation, optimization, characterisation, and assessment of cardioprotective effect in experimental model of myocardial infarcted rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113429. [PMID: 36007280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker has poor bioavailability (20-30%) owing to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. Hence, the major objective of this research was to improve the oral bioavailability of Verapamil by Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (V-SLNs) using high shear homogenization and ultrasonication technology. A 32 factorial design was employed to statistically optimize the formulation to get minimum particle size with maximum entrapment efficiency. The average particle size was 218 nm and the entrapment efficiency was 80.32%. The V-SLN formulation exhibited biphasic behavior with a rapid release at first, then a steady release (75-80%) up to 24 h following the Korsmeyer Peppas release model. In the Isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis model, oral administration of V-SLNs positively modulated almost all the studied hemodynamic parameters such as left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac injury markers, and tissue architecture. The cardioprotective effect was also confirmed with histopathological studies. When compared with free drugs, in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated a rise in t1/2, AUC0-∞, and Cmax, indicating that bioavailability has improved. These encouraging results demonstrate the promising potential of developed V-SLNs for oral delivery and thereby improve the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeeta O Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Muzammil Husain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kiran D Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishal Sodgir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, N.D.M.V. P's College of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tulshidas S Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinit V Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hitendra S Mahajan
- R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, District-Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, India, 424001
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20
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Kemper C, Benham D, Brothers S, Wahlestedt C, Volmar CH, Bennett D, Hayward M. Safety and pharmacokinetics of a highly bioavailable resveratrol preparation (JOTROL TM). AAPS OPEN 2022; 8:11. [PMID: 35789594 PMCID: PMC9243782 DOI: 10.1186/s41120-022-00058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-glycation, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, neuroprotective (including against advanced dementia and Alzheimer’s disease), anti-cancer, and anti-aging activity in experimental models (Galiniak et al., Acta Biochim Pol 66:13-21, 2019). Unfortunately, this compound exhibits low bioavailability and solubility (Galiniak et al., Acta Biochim Pol 66:13-21, 2019), requiring large doses that can cause nausea and GI distress. JOTROLTM is a micellar 10% resveratrol solubilization formulation that is thought to increase bioavailability of resveratrol via lymphatic system absorption. Jupiter Neurosciences (formerly Jupiter Orphan Therapeutics; “Jupiter”) is pursuing the use of resveratrol in mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 (MPS 1), Friedreich’s ataxia, and Alzheimer’s disease/mild cognitive impairment. This paper describes a first in human study (FIH) to evaluate the bioavailability of resveratrol after ascending, single oral doses up to 700 mg resveratrol as JOTROLTM. After a single 500 mg dose of JOTROLTM, a Cmax of 455 ng/mL was observed, vs. 85 ng/mL Cmax after a 1 g encapsulated dose (Turner et al., Neurology 85:1383-91, 2015) and 1942 ng/mL after a 2.5 g micronized dose (Howells et al., Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 4:1419-1425, 2011). In this study, resveratrol exposures (AUCs and Cmax) increased with increasing doses. This increase appears to be higher than dose-proportional for AUC0-t and Cmax. Resveratrol and its three major conjugates accounted for 40 to 55% of the dose in urine, consistent with a high extent of absorption, but < 1% of drug-related material was intact relative to key metabolites in plasma and urine. Studies in Alzheimer’s patients and in MPS 1 are currently in development to test the effect this improved bioavailability has on those patient populations (Clintrials.gov, NCT04668274, 12/16/2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04668274).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaun Brothers
- Jupiter Neurosciences Inc., 1001 US Highway North Suite 504, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA.,Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Jupiter Neurosciences Inc., 1001 US Highway North Suite 504, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA.,Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Claude-Henry Volmar
- Jupiter Neurosciences Inc., 1001 US Highway North Suite 504, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA.,Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | | | - Marshall Hayward
- Jupiter Neurosciences Inc., 1001 US Highway North Suite 504, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
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21
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Figueiredo-Junior AT, Valença SS, Finotelli PV, dos Anjos FDF, de Brito-Gitirana L, Takiya CM, Lanzetti M. Treatment with Bixin-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles Prevents Cigarette Smoke-Induced Acute Lung Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071293. [PMID: 35883784 PMCID: PMC9311961 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of annatto pigments has been evaluated as a therapeutic strategy in animal models of several health disorders. Beneficial effects were generally attributed to the inhibition of oxidative stress. Bixin is the main pigment present in annatto seeds and has emerged as an important scavenger of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). However, this carotenoid is highly hydrophobic, affecting its therapeutic applicability. Therefore, bixin represents an attractive target for nanotechnology to improve its pharmacokinetic parameters. In this study, we prepared bixin nanoparticles (npBX) and evaluated if they could prevent pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke (CS). C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CS and treated daily (by gavage) with different concentrations of npBX (6, 12 and 18%) or blank nanoparticles (npBL, 18%). The negative control group was sham smoked and received 18% npBL. On day 6, the animals were euthanized, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), as well as lungs, were collected for analysis. CS exposure led to an increase in ROS and nitrite production, which was absent in animals treated with npBX. In addition, npBX treatment significantly reduced leukocyte numbers and TNF-α levels in the BALF of CS-exposed mice, and it strongly inhibited CS-induced increases in MDA and PNK in lung homogenates. Interestingly, npBX protective effects against oxidative stress seemed not to act via Nrf2 activation in the CS + npBX 18% group. In conclusion, npBX prevented oxidative stress and acute lung inflammation in a murine model of CS-induced acute lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandro Tavares Figueiredo-Junior
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.T.F.-J.); (S.S.V.); (F.d.F.d.A.); (L.d.B.-G.)
| | - Samuel Santos Valença
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.T.F.-J.); (S.S.V.); (F.d.F.d.A.); (L.d.B.-G.)
| | - Priscilla Vanessa Finotelli
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos da Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Francisca de Fátima dos Anjos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.T.F.-J.); (S.S.V.); (F.d.F.d.A.); (L.d.B.-G.)
| | - Lycia de Brito-Gitirana
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.T.F.-J.); (S.S.V.); (F.d.F.d.A.); (L.d.B.-G.)
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Manuella Lanzetti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (A.T.F.-J.); (S.S.V.); (F.d.F.d.A.); (L.d.B.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Singh N, Handa M, Singh V, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. Lymphatic targeting for therapeutic application using nanoparticulate systems. J Drug Target 2022; 30:1017-1033. [PMID: 35722764 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2092741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system has grasped attention of researchers to a greater extent. The conventional methods of lymphatic delivery are now being modified to include nanotechnology to enhance the targeting of the drug at the specific pathological site. Scientists have worked successfully on different drug loaded nanocarriers that are modulated for the lymphatic system targeting for the treatment of various fatal diseases. Huge strides have been made in methods of delivery of these drugs either individually or in combination along with nanoparticles, therapeutic genes, and vaccines. However, the products introduced for commercial use are almost near nil. Altogether, there are challenges that need to be resolved and studies that are meant to be done for further improvements. The current review focuses on the understanding and pathophysiology of the lymphatic system and changes that occur during disease, drug characteristics, and physicochemical parameters that influence the lymphatic uptake of drugs and different nanocarriers. We further highlight different potential results obtained over the years with nanocarriers and other delivery methods to effectively target the lymphatic system for their therapeutic application. The challenges and drawbacks governing the lack of products available clinically have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P, India-226002
| | - Mayank Handa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P, India-226002
| | - Vanshikha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India-110062
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India-110062
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P, India-226002
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23
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Selmani A, Seibert E, Tetyczka C, Kuehnelt D, Vidakovic I, Kornmueller K, Absenger-Novak M, Radatović B, Vinković Vrček I, Leitinger G, Fröhlich E, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Roblegg E, Prassl R. Thiolated Chitosan Conjugated Liposomes for Oral Delivery of Selenium Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040803. [PMID: 35456640 PMCID: PMC9032237 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to design a hybrid oral liposomal delivery system for selenium nanoparticles (Lip-SeNPs) to improve the bioavailability of selenium. Thiolated chitosan, a multifunctional polymer with mucoadhesive properties, was used for surface functionalization of Lip-SeNPs. Selenium nanoparticle (SeNP)-loaded liposomes were manufactured by a single step microfluidics-assisted chemical reduction and assembling process. Subsequently, chitosan-N-acetylcysteine was covalently conjugated to the preformed Lip-SeNPs. The Lip-SeNPs were characterized in terms of composition, morphology, size, zeta potential, lipid organization, loading efficiency and radical scavenging activity. A co-culture system (Caco-2:HT29-MTX) that integrates mucus secreting and enterocyte-like cell types was used as a model of the human intestinal epithelium to determine adsorption, mucus penetration, release and transport properties of Lip-SeNPs in vitro. Thiolated Lip-SeNPs were positively charged with an average size of about 250 nm. Thiolated Lip-SeNPs tightly adhered to the mucus layer without penetrating the enterocytes. This finding was consistent with ex vivo adsorption studies using freshly excised porcine small intestinal tissues. Due to the improved mucoadhesion and retention in a simulated microenvironment of the small intestine, thiolated Lip-SeNPs might be a promising tool for oral selenium delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiđa Selmani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.S.); (C.T.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisabeth Seibert
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (E.S.); (I.V.); (K.K.)
| | - Carolin Tetyczka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.S.); (C.T.); (E.R.)
| | - Doris Kuehnelt
- Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Ivan Vidakovic
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (E.S.); (I.V.); (K.K.)
| | - Karin Kornmueller
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (E.S.); (I.V.); (K.K.)
| | - Markus Absenger-Novak
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.A.-N.); (E.F.)
| | - Borna Radatović
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | | | - Gerd Leitinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.A.-N.); (E.F.)
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.S.); (C.T.); (E.R.)
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (E.S.); (I.V.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-71695
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24
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Landh E, Wang R, Moir LM, Traini D, Young PM, Ong HX. Prospective nanoparticle treatments for lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:75-86. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2029401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Landh
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roger Wang
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lyn M. Moir
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul M. Young
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hui Xin Ong
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
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25
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He R, Zang J, Zhao Y, Dong H, Li Y. Nanotechnology-Based Approaches to Promote Lymph Node Targeted Delivery of Cancer Vaccines. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:406-423. [PMID: 35005881 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are a promising immunotherapy that awakens the human immune system to inhibit and eliminate cancer with fewer side effects compared with traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Although cancer vaccines have shown some efficacy, there are still troublesome bottlenecks to expand their benefits in the clinic, including weak immune effects and limited therapeutic outcomes. In the past few years, in addition to neoantigen screening, a main branch of the efforts has been devoted to promoting the lymph nodes (LNs) targeting of cancer vaccines and the cross-presentation of antigens by dendritic cells (DCs), two cardinal stages in effective initiation of the immune response. Especially, nanomaterials have shown hopeful biomedical applications in the improvement of vaccine effectiveness. This Review briefly outlines the possible mechanisms by which nanoparticle properties affect LN targeting and antigen cross-presentation and then gives an overview of state-of-the-art advances in improving these biological outcomes with nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing He
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jie Zang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuge Zhao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haiqing Dong
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongyong Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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26
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Celecoxib-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Colon Delivery: Formulation Optimization and In Vitro Assessment of Anti-Cancer Activity. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010131. [PMID: 35057027 PMCID: PMC8780659 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to optimize a celecoxib (CXB)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) colon delivery system for the enhancement of anticancer activity. An ultrasonic melt-emulsification method was employed in this work for the preparation of SLN. The physical attributes were characterized for their particle sizes, charges, morphology, and entrapment efficiency (%EE), in addition to DSC and FTIR. The in vitro drug release profiles were evaluated, and the anticancer activity was examined utilizing an MTT assay in three cancer cell lines: the colon cancer HT29, medulloblastoma Daoy, and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. All of the prepared SLN formulations had nanoscale particle sizes ranging from 238 nm to 757 nm. High zeta-potential values (mv) within −30 s mv were reported. The %EE was in the range 86.76–96.6%. The amorphous nature of the SLN-entrapped CXB was confirmed from SLN DSC thermograms. The in vitro release profile revealed a slow constant rate of release with no burst release, which is unusual for SLN. Both the F9 and F14 demonstrated almost complete CXB release within 24 h, with only 25% completed within the first 5 h. F9 caused a significant percentage of cell death in the three cancer cell lines tested after 24 h of incubation and maintained this effect for 72 h. The prepared CXB-loaded SLN exhibited unique properties such as slow release with no burst and a high %EE. The anticancer activity of one formulation was extremely significant in all tested cancer cell lines at all incubation times, which is very promising.
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27
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Tamang N, Shrestha P, Khadka B, Mondal MH, Saha B, Bhattarai A. A Review of Biopolymers' Utility as Emulsion Stabilizers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:127. [PMID: 35012149 PMCID: PMC8747219 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides, polynucleotides, and polypeptides are basic natural polymers. They have various applications based on their properties. This review mostly discusses the application of natural polymers as emulsion stabilizers. Natural emulsion stabilizers are polymers of amino acid, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, etc., which are derived from microorganisms, bacteria, and other organic materials. Plant and animal proteins are basic sources of natural emulsion stabilizers. Pea protein-maltodextrin and lentil protein feature entrapment capacity up to 88%, (1-10% concentrated), zein proteins feature 74-89% entrapment efficiency, soy proteins in various concentrations increase dissolution, retention, and stability to the emulsion and whey proteins, egg proteins, and proteins from all other animals are applicable in membrane formation and encapsulation to stabilize emulsion/nanoemulsion. In pharmaceutical industries, phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl ethanol-amine (PE), and phosphatidyl glycerol (PG)-based stabilizers are very effective as emulsion stabilizers. Lecithin (a combination of phospholipids) is used in the cosmetics and food industries. Various factors such as temperature, pH, droplets size, etc. destabilize the emulsion. Therefore, the emulsion stabilizers are used to stabilize, preserve and safely deliver the formulated drugs, also as a preservative in food and stabilizer in cosmetic products. Natural emulsion stabilizers offer great advantages because they are naturally degradable, ecologically effective, non-toxic, easily available in nature, non-carcinogenic, and not harmful to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Tamang
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus (M.M.A.M.C.), Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar 56613, Nepal;
| | - Pooja Shrestha
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal; (P.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Binita Khadka
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal; (P.S.); (B.K.)
| | | | - Bidyut Saha
- Homogeneous Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, India
| | - Ajaya Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus (M.M.A.M.C.), Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar 56613, Nepal;
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28
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Dudhipala N, Ettireddy S, Youssef AAA, Puchchakayala G. Cyclodextrin Complexed Lipid Nanoparticles of Irbesartan for Oral Applications: Design, Development, and In Vitro Characterization. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247538. [PMID: 34946619 PMCID: PMC8704533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Irbesartan (IR) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist drug with antihypertensive activity. IR bioavailability is limited due to poor solubility and first-pass metabolism. The current investigation aimed to design, develop, and characterize the cyclodextrin(s) (CD) complexed IR (IR-CD) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (IR-CD-SLNs) for enhanced solubility, sustained release behavior, and subsequently improved bioavailability through oral administration. Based on phase solubility studies, solid complexes were prepared by the coacervation followed by lyophilization method and characterized for drug content, inclusion efficiency, solubility, and in vitro dissolution. IR-CD inclusion complexes demonstrated enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate of IR. However, the dissolution efficiency was significantly increased with hydroxypropyl-βCD (HP-βCD) inclusion complex than beta-CD (βCD). SLNs were obtained by hot homogenization coupled with the ultrasonication method with IR/HP-βCD inclusion complex loaded into Dynasan 112 and glycerol monostearate (GMS). SLNs were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, in vitro release, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), and physical stability at room temperature for two months. The optimized SLNs formulation showed particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, assay, and entrapment efficiency of 257.6 ± 5.1 nm, 0.21 ± 0.03, -30.5 ± 4.1 mV, 99.8 ± 2.5, and 93.7 ± 2.5%, respectively. IR-CD-SLN and IR-SLN dispersions showed sustained release of IR compared to the IR-CD inclusion complexes. DSC results complimented PXRD results by the absence of IR endothermic peak. Optimized IR-CD complex, IR-SLN, and IR-CD-SLN formulations were stable for two months at room temperature. Thus, the current IR oral formulation may exhibit improved oral bioavailability and prolonged antihypertensive activity, which may improve therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendar Dudhipala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi Pharmacy College, Warangal 506005, Telangana, India;
- Synapse Life Sciences, Warangal 506001, Telangana, India;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Ahmed Adel Ali Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Goverdhan Puchchakayala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi Pharmacy College, Warangal 506005, Telangana, India;
- Synapse Life Sciences, Warangal 506001, Telangana, India;
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29
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Grilc NK, Sova M, Kristl J. Drug Delivery Strategies for Curcumin and Other Natural Nrf2 Modulators of Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2137. [PMID: 34959418 PMCID: PMC8708625 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with a wide range of diseases characterised by oxidant-mediated disturbances of various signalling pathways and cellular damage. The only effective strategy for the prevention of cellular damage is to limit the production of oxidants and support their efficient removal. The implication of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in the cellular redox status has spurred new interest in the use of its natural modulators (e.g., curcumin, resveratrol). Unfortunately, most natural Nrf2 modulators are poorly soluble and show extensive pre-systemic metabolism, low oral bioavailability, and rapid elimination, which necessitates formulation strategies to circumvent these limitations. This paper provides a brief introduction on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in Nrf2 modulation and an overview of commonly studied formulations for the improvement of oral bioavailability and in vivo pharmacokinetics of Nrf2 modulators. Some formulations that have also been studied in vivo are discussed, including solid dispersions, self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems, and nanotechnology approaches, such as polymeric and solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocrystals, and micelles. Lastly, brief considerations of nano drug delivery systems for the delivery of Nrf2 modulators to the brain, are provided. The literature reviewed shows that the formulations discussed can provide various improvements to the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of natural Nrf2 modulators. This has been demonstrated in animal models and clinical studies, thereby increasing the potential for the translation of natural Nrf2 modulators into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Katarina Grilc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Matej Sova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Julijana Kristl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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30
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Pechenov S, Revell J, Will S, Naylor J, Tyagi P, Patel C, Liang L, Tseng L, Huang Y, Rosenbaum AI, Balic K, Konkar A, Grimsby J, Subramony JA. Development of an orally delivered GLP-1 receptor agonist through peptide engineering and drug delivery to treat chronic disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22521. [PMID: 34795324 PMCID: PMC8602401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide therapeutics are increasingly used in the treatment of disease, but their administration by injection reduces patient compliance and convenience, especially for chronic diseases. Thus, oral administration of a peptide therapeutic represents a significant advance in medicine, but is challenged by gastrointestinal instability and ineffective uptake into the circulation. Here, we have used glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) as a model peptide therapeutic for treating obesity-linked type 2 diabetes, a common chronic disease. We describe a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach leading to the development of MEDI7219, a GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) specifically engineered for oral delivery. Sites of protease/peptidase vulnerabilities in GLP-1 were removed by amino acid substitution and the peptide backbone was bis-lipidated to promote MEDI7219 reversible plasma protein binding without affecting potency. A combination of sodium chenodeoxycholate and propyl gallate was used to enhance bioavailability of MEDI7219 at the site of maximal gastrointestinal absorption, targeted by enteric-coated tablets. This synergistic approach resulted in MEDI7219 bioavailability of ~ 6% in dogs receiving oral tablets. In a dog model of obesity and insulin resistance, MEDI7219 oral tablets significantly decreased food intake, body weight and glucose excursions, validating the approach. This novel approach to the development of MEDI7219 provides a template for the development of other oral peptide therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Pechenov
- Drug Delivery, Dosage Form Design and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Sarah Will
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline Naylor
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Puneet Tyagi
- Drug Delivery, Dosage Form Design and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chandresh Patel
- Drug Delivery, Dosage Form Design and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lihuan Liang
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leo Tseng
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anton I Rosenbaum
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kemal Balic
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anish Konkar
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Grimsby
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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31
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Hasan D, Shono A, van Kalken CK, van der Spek PJ, Krenning EP, Kotani T. A novel definition and treatment of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 based on purinergic signalling. Purinergic Signal 2021; 18:13-59. [PMID: 34757513 PMCID: PMC8578920 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinflammation plays an important role in severe and critical COVID-19. Using inconsistent criteria, many researchers define hyperinflammation as a form of very severe inflammation with cytokine storm. Therefore, COVID-19 patients are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs appear to be less efficacious than expected and are sometimes accompanied by serious adverse effects. SARS-CoV-2 promotes cellular ATP release. Increased levels of extracellular ATP activate the purinergic receptors of the immune cells initiating the physiologic pro-inflammatory immune response. Persisting viral infection drives the ATP release even further leading to the activation of the P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs) and a severe yet physiologic inflammation. Disease progression promotes prolonged vigorous activation of the P2X7R causing cell death and uncontrolled ATP release leading to cytokine storm and desensitisation of all other purinergic receptors of the immune cells. This results in immune paralysis with co-infections or secondary infections. We refer to this pathologic condition as hyperinflammation. The readily available and affordable P2X7R antagonist lidocaine can abrogate hyperinflammation and restore the normal immune function. The issue is that the half-maximal effective concentration for P2X7R inhibition of lidocaine is much higher than the maximal tolerable plasma concentration where adverse effects start to develop. To overcome this, we selectively inhibit the P2X7Rs of the immune cells of the lymphatic system inducing clonal expansion of Tregs in local lymph nodes. Subsequently, these Tregs migrate throughout the body exerting anti-inflammatory activities suppressing systemic and (distant) local hyperinflammation. We illustrate this with six critically ill COVID-19 patients treated with lidocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuko Shono
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
| | | | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toru Kotani
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
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Improved Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs through Gastrointestinal Muco-Adhesion of Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111817. [PMID: 34834232 PMCID: PMC8620210 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal absorption remains indispensable in the systemic delivery of most drugs, even though it presents several challenges that, paradoxically, may also provide opportunities that can be exploited to achieve maximal bioavailability. Drug delivery systems made from nanoparticle carriers and especially, lipid carriers, have the potential to traverse gastrointestinal barriers and deploy in the lymphatic pathway, which aptly, is free from first pass via the liver. Several poorly soluble drugs have presented improved systemic bioavailability when couriered in lipid nanoparticle carriers. In this review, we propose an additional frontier to enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs when encapsulated in lipid nano-carriers by imparting muco-adhesion to the particles through application of appropriate polymeric coating to the lipid carrier. The combined effect of gastrointestinal muco-adhesion followed by lymphatic absorption is a promising approach to improving systemic bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs following oral administration. Evidence to the potential of this approach is backed-up by recent studies within the review.
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Quantitative Imaging Analysis of the Spatial Relationship between Antiretrovirals, Reverse Transcriptase Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA, and Collagen in the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Nonhuman Primates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.00019-21. [PMID: 33782003 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00019-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence in tissue reservoirs is a major barrier to HIV cure. While antiretrovirals (ARVs) suppress viral replication, antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption results in rapid rebound viremia that may originate from lymphoid tissues. To understand the relationship between anatomic distribution of ARV exposure and viral expression in lymph nodes, we performed mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of 6 ARVs, RNAscope in situ hybridization for viral RNA (vRNA), and immunohistochemistry of collagen in mesenteric lymph nodes from 8 uninfected and 10 reverse transcriptase simian/human immunodeficiency virus (RT-SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques dosed to steady state with combination ART. MATLAB-based quantitative imaging analysis was used to evaluate spatial and pharmacological relationships between these ARVs, viral RNA (both vRNA+ cells and follicular dendritic cell [FDC]-bound virions), and collagen deposition. Using MSI, 31% of mesenteric lymph node tissue area was found to be not covered by any ARV. Additionally, 28% of FDC-trapped virions and 21% of infected cells were not exposed to any detected ARV. Of the 69% of tissue area that was covered by cumulative ART exposure, nearly 100% of concentrations were greater than in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values; however, 52% of total tissue coverage was from only one ARV, primarily maraviroc. Collagen covered ∼35% of tissue area but did not influence ARV distribution heterogeneity. Our findings are consistent with our hypothesis that ARV distribution, in addition to total-tissue drug concentration, must be considered when evaluating viral persistence in lymph nodes and other reservoir tissues.
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Farsani PA, Mahjub R, Mohammadi M, Oliaei SS, Mahboobian MM. Development of Perphenazine-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Statistical Optimization and Cytotoxicity Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6619195. [PMID: 33997026 PMCID: PMC8099510 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6619195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perphenazine (PPZ), as a typical antipsychotic medical substance, has the same effectiveness compared to atypical antipsychotic medications for the treatment of schizophrenia. Despite the lipophilic essence, PPZ encounters limited bioavailability caused by the first-pass metabolism following oral administration. In the present study, PPZ-containing solid lipid nanoparticles (PPZ-SLNs) were prepared and optimized based on different factors, including lipid and surfactant amount, to develop appropriate and safe novel oral dosage forms of PPZ. METHODS The solvent emulsification-evaporation method was utilized to form SLNs by using soybean lecithin, glycerol monostearate (GMS), and Tween 80. Statistical optimization was done by the Box-Behnken design method to achieve formulation with optimized particle size, entrapment efficiency, and zeta potential. Also, transmission electron microscopy, in vitro release behavior, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffractometry (P-XRD) studies and cytotoxicity studies were assessed. RESULTS Optimization exhibited the significant effect of various excipients on SLN characteristics. Our finding indicated that the mean particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of optimized PPZ-SLN were, respectively, 104 ± 3.92 nm, -28 ± 2.28 mV, and 83% ± 1.29. Drug release of PPZ-SLN was observed to be greater than 90% for 48 h that emphasized a sustained-release pattern. The DSC and P-XRD studies revealed the amorphous state of PPZ-SLN. FTIR spectra showed no incompatibility between the drug and the lipid. Performing cytotoxicity studies indicated no significant cytotoxicity on HT-29 cell culture. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that PPZ-SLNs can make a promising vehicle for a suitable therapy of schizophrenia for the oral drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Abbasi Farsani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reza Mahjub
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajad Oliaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants & Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Mahboobian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Alhalmi A, Beg S, Kohli K, Waris M, Singh T. Nanotechnology Based Approach for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Targeting. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:779-792. [PMID: 33302831 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999201209194524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the primary liver cancer that has shown a high incidence and mortality rate worldwide among several types of cancers. A large variety of chemotherapeutic agents employed for the treatment have a limited success rate owing to their limited site-specific drug targeting ability. Thus, there is a demand to develop novel approaches for the treatment of HCC. With advancements in nanotechnology-based drug delivery approaches, the challenges of conventional chemotherapy have been continuously decreasing. Nanomedicines constituted of lipidic and polymeric composites provide a better platform for delivering and opening new pathways for HCC treatment. A score of nanocarriers such as surface-engineered liposomes, nanoparticles, nanotubes, micelles, quantum dots, etc., has been investigated in the treatment of HCC. These nanocarriers are considered to be highly effective clinically for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs with high site-specificity ability and therapeutic efficiency. The present review highlights the current focus on the application of nanocarrier systems using various ligand-based receptor-specific targeting strategies for the treatment and management of HCC. Moreover, the article has also included information on the current clinically approved drug therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment and updates of regulatory requirements for approval of such nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam Alhalmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Md Waris
- Department of Botany, Thakur Prasad Singh College, Patna, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, India
| | - Tanuja Singh
- University Department of Botany, Patliputra University, Patna, Bihar, India
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Wang X, Bou S, Klymchenko AS, Anton N, Collot M. Ultrabright Green-Emitting Nanoemulsions Based on Natural Lipids-BODIPY Conjugates. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030826. [PMID: 33807096 PMCID: PMC8005018 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions (NEs) are water-dispersed oil droplets that constitute stealth biocompatible nanomaterials. NEs can reach an impressive degree of fluorescent brightness owing to their oily core that can encapsulate a large number of fluorophores on the condition the latter are sufficiently hydrophobic and oil-soluble. BODIPYs are among the brightest green emitting fluorophores and as neutral molecules possess high lipophilicity. Herein, we synthesized three different natural lipid-BODIPY conjugates by esterification of an acidic BODIPY by natural lipids, namely: α-tocopherol (vitamin E), cholesterol, and stearyl alcohol. The new BODIPY conjugates were characterized in solvents and oils before being encapsulated in NEs at various concentrations. The physical (size, stability over time, leakage) and photophysical properties (absorption and emission wavelength, brightness, photostability) are reported and showed that the nature of the lipid anchor and the nature of the oil used for emulsification greatly influence the properties of the bright NEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Faculté de Pharmacie d’Illkirch, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France;
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Université de Strasbourg, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, UMR 1260, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Bou
- Faculté de Pharmacie d’Illkirch, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LPB 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.B.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Andrey S. Klymchenko
- Faculté de Pharmacie d’Illkirch, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LPB 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.B.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Faculté de Pharmacie d’Illkirch, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France;
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Université de Strasbourg, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, UMR 1260, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Faculté de Pharmacie d’Illkirch, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LPB 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.B.); (A.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (M.C.)
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Current Nanocarrier Strategies Improve Vitamin B12 Pharmacokinetics, Ameliorate Patients' Lives, and Reduce Costs. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030743. [PMID: 33809596 PMCID: PMC8001893 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (VitB12) is a naturally occurring compound produced by microorganisms and an essential nutrient for humans. Several papers highlight the role of VitB12 deficiency in bone and heart health, depression, memory performance, fertility, embryo development, and cancer, while VitB12 treatment is crucial for survival in inborn errors of VitB12 metabolism. VitB12 is administrated through intramuscular injection, thus impacting the patients’ lifestyle, although it is known that oral administration may meet the specific requirement even in the case of malabsorption. Furthermore, the high-dose injection of VitB12 does not ensure a constant dosage, while the oral route allows only 1.2% of the vitamin to be absorbed in human beings. Nanocarriers are promising nanotechnology that can enable therapies to be improved, reducing side effects. Today, nanocarrier strategies applied at VitB12 delivery are at the initial phase and aim to simplify administration, reduce costs, improve pharmacokinetics, and ameliorate the quality of patients’ lives. The safety of nanotechnologies is still under investigation and few treatments involving nanocarriers have been approved, so far. Here, we highlight the role of VitB12 in human metabolism and diseases, and the issues linked to its molecule properties, and discuss how nanocarriers can improve the therapy and supplementation of the vitamin and reduce possible side effects and limits.
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Scholz EMB, Kashuba ADM. The Lymph Node Reservoir: Physiology, HIV Infection, and Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 109:918-927. [PMID: 33529355 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment, finding a cure for HIV remains a top priority. Chronic HIV infection is associated with increased risk of comorbidities, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, people living with HIV must remain adherent to daily antiretroviral therapy, because lapses in medication adherence can lead to viral rebound and disease progression. Viral recrudescence occurs from cellular reservoirs in lymphoid tissues. In particular, lymph nodes are central to the pathology of HIV due to their unique architecture and compartmentalization of immune cells. Understanding how antiretrovirals (ARVs) penetrate lymph nodes may explain why these tissues are maintained as HIV reservoirs, and how they contribute to viral rebound upon treatment interruption. In this report, we review (i) the physiology of the lymph nodes and their function as part of the immune and lymphatic systems, (ii) the pathogenesis and outcomes of HIV infection in lymph nodes, and (iii) ARV concentrations and distribution in lymph nodes, and the relationship between ARVs and HIV in this important reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M B Scholz
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Transmucosal Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Improve Genistein Absorption via Intestinal Lymphatic Transport. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020267. [PMID: 33669306 PMCID: PMC7920073 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein (GEN) is a soy-derived isoflavone that exhibits several biological effects, such as neuroprotective activity and the prevention of several types of cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, due to its poor water solubility and the extensive first-pass metabolism, the oral bioavailability of GEN is limited. In this work, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were developed to preferentially reach the intestinal lymphatic vessels, avoiding the first-pass metabolism of GEN. GEN-loaded SLN were obtained by a hot homogenization process, and the formulation parameters were chosen based on already formulated studies. The nanoparticles were characterized, and the preliminary in vitro chylomicron formation was evaluated. The cell uptake of selected nanocarriers was studied on the Caco-2 cell line and intestinal mucosa. The SLN, characterized by a spherical shape, showed an average diameter (about 280 nm) suitable for an intestinal lymphatic uptake, good stability during the testing time, and high drug loading capacity. Furthermore, the intestinal mucosa and Caco-2 cells were found to uptake SLN. The approximately two-fold increase in particle size suggested a possible interaction between SLN and the lipid components of chylomicrons like phospholipid; therefore, the results may support the potential for these SLN to improve oral GEN bioavailability via intestinal lymphatic absorption.
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40
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Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Goyal A, Ghosh G, Rath G. Recent Advancement in Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery System Against Viral Infections. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:47. [PMID: 33447909 PMCID: PMC7808403 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the exponential rise in the incidence of viral infections sets a global health emergency across the world. The biomimetic architecture, the ability to hijack host immune responses, continuous antigen shifting, and drafting are the major critical factors that are responsible for the unavailability of a concrete therapeutic regimen against viral infections. Further, inappropriate pharmacodynamic physicochemical and biological parameters such as low aqueous solubility, poor permeability, high affinity for plasm proteins, short biological half-lives, and fast elimination from the systemic circulation are the major critical factors that govern the suboptimal drug concentration at the target site that leads to the development of drug resistance. To address this issue, nanotechnology-based drug delivery approach is emerged as an altering method to attain the optimal drug concentration at the target site for a prolonged period by integrating the nanoengineering tools in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanodimensional configuration with enhanced permeability and retention effect, increased surface-area-to-volume ratio, provision for surface functionalization, etc., are the privileged aspects that make it an effective drug delivery system for dispensing the antiviral therapeutics. However, size, shape, charge, and surface topology of nanoparticles are the greater influential factors that determine target-specific drug delivery, optimum cellular uptake, degree of opsonization by the host immune cells, drug retention time, transcytosis, the extension of biological half-life, in vivo stability, and cytotoxicity. The review will enlighten the elaborative role of nanotechnology-based drug delivery and the major challenging aspect of clinical safety and efficacy.
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Gomi M, Sakurai Y, Okada T, Miura N, Tanaka H, Akita H. Development of Sentinel LN Imaging with a Combination of HAase Based on a Comprehensive Analysis of the Intra-lymphatic Kinetics of LPs. Mol Ther 2021; 29:225-235. [PMID: 32966771 PMCID: PMC7791005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sentinel lymph node (LN) is the first LN to which lymph fluid flows from tumor tissue. We identified the key parameters of liposomes (LPs) that affect their accumulation in regional (primary) LNs with minimum leakage to its connecting (secondary) LNs by a comprehensive analysis of the LN-to-LN trafficking of LPs with various surface charges and various sizes. We used a lymphatic flow-modified (LFM) mouse that allows for the chronological analysis of inguinal (primary) LN-to-axillary (secondary) LN at the body surface. As a result, the anionic medium-sized LPs (130 nm on average) exhibited the highest accumulation in the primary LNs. A mechanism-based analysis revealed that CD169-positive macrophages in LNs were the dominant cell population that captures anionic LPs. Sentinel LN imaging was also performed by the intratumoral injection of fluorescent medium-sized anionic LPs using a breast cancer orthotopic model. In comparison with the typically used contrast agent indocyanine green, the anionic LPs were detected in sentinel LNs with a high sensitivity. Additionally, the co-injection of hyaluronidase significantly improved the sensitivity of detection of the fluorescent LPs in sentinel LNs. In conclusion, medium-sized anionic LPs combined with hyaluronidase represents a potent strategy for investigating sentinel LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Gomi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 264-0028, Japan
| | - Yu Sakurai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 264-0028, Japan.
| | - Takaharu Okada
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoya Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 264-0028, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 264-0028, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 264-0028, Japan.
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Shenkoya B, Atoyebi S, Eniayewu I, Akinloye A, Olagunju A. Mechanistic Modeling of Maternal Lymphoid and Fetal Plasma Antiretroviral Exposure During the Third Trimester. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:734122. [PMID: 34616699 PMCID: PMC8488224 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.734122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-induced changes in plasma pharmacokinetics of many antiretrovirals (ARV) are well-established. Current knowledge about the extent of ARV exposure in lymphoid tissues of pregnant women and within the fetal compartment is limited due to their inaccessibility. Subtherapeutic ARV concentrations in HIV reservoirs like lymphoid tissues during pregnancy may constitute a barrier to adequate virological suppression and increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). The present study describes the pharmacokinetics of three ARVs (efavirenz, dolutegravir, and rilpivirine) in lymphoid tissues and fetal plasma during pregnancy using materno-fetal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models (m-f-PBPK). Lymphatic and fetal compartments were integrated into our previously validated adult PBPK model. Physiological and drug disposition processes were described using ordinary differential equations. For each drug, virtual pregnant women (n = 50 per simulation) received the standard dose during the third trimester. Essential pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Cmin, and AUC (0-24), were computed from the concentration-time data at steady state for lymph and fetal plasma. Models were qualified by comparison of predictions with published clinical data, the acceptance threshold being an absolute average fold-error (AAFE) within 2.0. AAFE for all model predictions was within 1.08-1.99 for all three drugs. Maternal lymph concentration 24 h after dose exceeded the reported minimum effective concentration (MEC) for efavirenz (11,514 vs. 800 ng/ml) and rilpivirine (118.8 vs. 50 ng/ml), but was substantially lower for dolutegravir (16.96 vs. 300 ng/ml). In addition, predicted maternal lymph-to-plasma AUC ratios vary considerably (6.431-efavirenz, 0.016-dolutegravir, 1.717-rilpivirine). Furthermore, fetal plasma-to-maternal plasma AUC ratios were 0.59 for efavirenz, 0.78 for dolutegravir, and 0.57 for rilpivirine. Compared with rilpivirine (0 h), longer dose forgiveness was observed for dolutegravir in fetal plasma (42 h), and for efavirenz in maternal lymph (12 h). The predicted low lymphoid tissue penetration of dolutegravir appears to be significantly offset by its extended dose forgiveness and adequate fetal compartment exposure. Hence, it is unlikely to be a predictor of maternal virological failure or MTCT risks. Predictions from our m-f-PBPK models align with recommendations of no dose adjustment despite moderate changes in exposure during pregnancy for these drugs. This is an important new application of PBPK modeling to evaluate the adequacy of drug exposure in otherwise inaccessible compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babajide Shenkoya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Shakir Atoyebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Eniayewu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Abdulafeez Akinloye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Adeniyi Olagunju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Baart VM, Deken MM, Bordo MW, Bhairosingh SS, Salvatori DCF, Hyun H, Henary M, Choi HS, Sier CFM, Kuppen PJK, van Scheltinga AGTT, March TL, Valentijn ARPM, Frangioni JV, Vahrmeijer AL. Small Molecules for Multi-Wavelength Near-Infrared Fluorescent Mapping of Regional and Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Colorectal Cancer Staging. Front Oncol 2020; 10:586112. [PMID: 33392081 PMCID: PMC7774022 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.586112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing lymph node (LN) status during tumor resection is fundamental for the staging of colorectal cancer. Current guidelines require a minimum of 12 LNs to be harvested during resection and ultra-staging regional lymph nodes by sentinel lymph node (SLN) assessment is being extensively investigated. The current study presents novel near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dyes for simultaneous pan lymph node (PanLN; regional) and SLN mapping. PanLN-Forte was intravenously injected in mice and assessed for accumulation in regional LNs. SLN800 was injected intradermally in mice, after which the collection and retention of fluorescence in SLNs were measured using indocyanine green (ICG) and its precursor, SLN700, as references. LNs in the cervical, inguinal, jejunal, iliac, and thoracic basins could clearly be distinguished after a low dose intravenous injection of PanLN-Forte. Background fluorescence was significantly lower compared to the parent compound ZW800-3A (p < 0.001). SLN700 and SLN800 specifically targeted SLNs with fluorescence being retained over 40-fold longer than the current clinically used agent ICG. Using SLN700 and SLN800, absolute fluorescence in SLN was at least 10 times higher than ICG in second-tier nodes, even at 1 hour post-injection. Histologically, the fluorescent signal localized in the LN medulla (PanLN-Forte) or sinus entry (SLN700/SLN800). PanLN-Forte and SLN800 appear to be optimal for real-time NIR fluorescence imaging of regional and SLNs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Baart
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marion M Deken
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Daniela C F Salvatori
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hoon Hyun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwanju, South Korea
| | - Maged Henary
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cornelis F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Taryn L March
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Adrianus R P M Valentijn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Novoselova MV, Abakumova TO, Khlebtsov BN, Zatsepin TS, Lazareva EN, Tuchin VV, Zharov VP, Gorin DA, Galanzha EI. Optical clearing for photoacoustic lympho- and angiography beyond conventional depth limit in vivo. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100186. [PMID: 32637316 PMCID: PMC7327268 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging (PAI) is an emerging powerful tool for noninvasive real-time mapping of blood and lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes in vivo to diagnose cancer, lymphedema and other diseases. Among different PAI instruments, commercially available raster-scanning optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM) (iThera Medical GmbH., Germany) is useful for high-resolution imaging of different tissues with high potential of clinical translation. However, skin light scattering prevents mapping vessels and nodes deeper than 1-2 mm, that limits diagnostic values of PAI including RSOM. Here we demonstrate that glycerol-based tissue optical clearing (TOC) overcomes this challenge by reducing light scattering that improves RSOM depth penetration. In preclinical model of mouse limb in vivo, the replacement of conventional acoustic coupling agents such as water on the mixture of 70 % glycerol and 30 % ultrasound (US) gel resulted in the increase of tissue imaging depth in 1.5-2 times with 3D visualization of vessels with diameter down to 20 μm. To distinguish blood and lymphatic networks, we integrated label-free PA angiography (i.e., imaging of blood vessels), which uses hemoglobin as endogenous contrast agent, with PA lymphography based on labeling of lymphatic vessels with exogenous PA contrast agents. Similar to well-established clinical lymphography, contrast agents were injected in tissue and taken up by lymphatic vessels within a few minutes that provided quick RSOM lymphography. Furthermore, co-injection of PA contrast dye and multilayer nanocomposites as potential low-toxic drug-cargo showed selective prolonged accumulation of nanocomposites in sentinel lymph nodes. Overall, our findings open perspectives for deep and high resolution 3D PA angio- and lymphography, and for PA-guided lymphatic drug delivery using new RSOM & TOC approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boris N. Khlebtsov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russia
| | - Timofei S. Zatsepin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Dmitry A. Gorin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
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Awadeen RH, Boughdady MF, Meshali MM. Quality by Design Approach for Preparation of Zolmitriptan/Chitosan Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Particles - Formulation and Pharmacodynamic Assessment. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:8553-8568. [PMID: 33173292 PMCID: PMC7646415 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s274352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Zolmitriptan (ZT) is a selective serotonin agonist that is used for the treatment of migraine. It belongs to BCS class III with high solubility and low permeability. Besides, the drug is subjected to pre-systemic metabolism. Accordingly, new Zolmitriptan/chitosan nanostructured lipid carriers (ZT/CT NLCs) coated with Tween 80 (stealthy layer) have been developed to overcome such demerits. Methods The NLCs were developed by combining ultrasonication and double emulsion (w/o/w) techniques. The lipids were Gelucire and Labrasol. Herein, the quality by design (23 full factorial design) was scrupulously followed, where critical process parameters and critical quality attributes were predefined. The optimized formulation (F8) was fully characterized with respect to entrapment efficiency (%EE), percentage yield (% yield), particle size, size distribution (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), morphological appearance (TEM). In vitro release, stability study and pharmacodynamic evaluations were also assessed. The optimized freeze dried formula was dispensed in in situ gelling hard gelatin capsule encompassing pectin and guar gum for further in vitro and pharmacodynamic evaluations. Results The optimized spherical nanoparticles experienced high percentage EE and yield (78.14% and 60.19%, respectively), low particle size and PDI (343.87 nm and 0.209, respectively), as well as high negative ZP (−25.5 mV). It showed good physical stability at refrigerated conditions. The NLCs dispensed in in situ gelling hard gelatin capsule comprising pectin and guar gum experienced sustained release for 30 h and significantly maintained the pharmacological effect in mice up to 8 h (p < 0.001). Conclusion ZT, a BCS class III drug that suffers from poor permeability and pre-systemic metabolism, was successfully maneuvered as nanostructured lipid carrier particles (NLCs). The incorporation of the NLCs in in situ gelling hard gelatin capsules fulfilled a dual function in increasing permeability, as well as sustaining the pharmacodynamic effect. This result would open new vistas in improving the efficacy of other class III drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Hanie Awadeen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mariza Fouad Boughdady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahasen Mohamed Meshali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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46
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Rebouças-Silva J, Tadini MC, Devequi-Nunes D, Mansur AL, S Silveira-Mattos P, I de Oliveira C, R Formiga F, Berretta AA, Marquele-Oliveira F, Borges VM. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo Efficacy of a Novel Amphotericin B-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier in the Treatment of Leishmania braziliensis Infection. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:8659-8672. [PMID: 33177824 PMCID: PMC7652360 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s262642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease, and the current therapeutic arsenal for its treatment is seriously limited by high cost and toxicity. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) represent a promising approach due to high drug loading capacity, controlled drug release profiles and superior stability. Here, we explore the efficacy of a unique pH-sensitive amphotericin B-loaded NLC (AmB-NLC) in Leishmania braziliensis infection in vitro and in vivo. Methods and Results AmB-NLC was assessed by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy assays. The carrier showed a spherical shape with a nanometric size of 242.0 ± 18.3 nm. Zeta potential was suggestive of high carrier stability (−42.5 ± 1.5 mV), and the NLC showed ~99% drug encapsulation efficiency (EE%). In biological assays, AmB-NLC presented a similar IC50 as free AmB and conventional AmB deoxycholate (AmB-D) (11.7 ± 1.73; 5.3 ± 0.55 and 13 ± 0.57 ng/mL, respectively), while also presenting higher selectivity index and lower toxicity to host cells, with no observed production of nitric oxide or TNF-α by in vitro assay. Confocal microscopy revealed the rapid uptake of AmB-NLC by infected macrophages after 1h, which, in association with more rapid disruption of AmB-NLC at acidic pH levels, may directly affect intracellular parasites. Leishmanicidal effects were evaluated in vivo in BALB/c mice infected in the ear dermis with L. braziliensis and treated with a pentavalent antimonial (Sb5+), liposomal AmB (AmB-L) or AmB-NLC. After 6 weeks of infection, AmB-NLC treatment resulted in smaller ear lesion size in all treated mice, indicating the efficacy of the novel formulation. Conclusion Here, we preliminarily demonstrate the effectiveness of an innovative and cost-effective AmB-NLC formulation in promoting the killing of intracellular L. braziliensis. This novel carrier system could be a promising alternative for the future treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Rebouças-Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maraine Catarina Tadini
- Eleve Science Research and Development, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Devequi-Nunes
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Formulations, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Advanced Health Systems, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza Mansur
- Eleve Science Research and Development, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Silveira-Mattos
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fábio R Formiga
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andresa A Berretta
- Laboratory of Research, Development and Innovation, Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria M Borges
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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47
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Holanda VN, Silva WVD, Nascimento PHD, Silva SRB, Cabral Filho PE, Assis SPDO, Silva CAD, Oliveira RND, Figueiredo RCBQD, Lima VLDM. Antileishmanial activity of 4-phenyl-1-[2-(phthalimido-2-yl)ethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole (PT4) derivative on Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis: In silico ADMET, in vitro activity, docking and molecular dynamic simulations. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104437. [PMID: 33339081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds obtained by click chemistry reactions have demonstrated a broad spectrum of biological activities being widely applied for the development of molecules against pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by intracellular protozoa parasite of genus Leishmania, comprises a complex of clinical manifestations that affect the skin and mucous membranes. The available drugs for the treatment are toxic and costly, with long periods of treatment, and the emergence of resistant strains has been reported. In this study we investigated the in vitro effects of a phthalimide-1,2,3-triazole derivative, the 4-Phenyl-1-[2-(phthalimido-2-yl)ethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole (PT4) obtained by click chemistry, on mammalian cells and on L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, the causative agents of CL in Brazil. In silico ADMET evaluation of PT4 showed that this molecule has good pharmacokinetic properties with no violation of Lipinski's rules. The in vitro assays showed that PT4 was more selective for both Leishmania species than to mammalian cells. This compound also presented low cytotoxicity to mammalian cells with CC50 > 500 μM. Treatment of promastigote forms with different concentrations of PT4 resulted in ultrastructural alterations, such as plasma membrane wrinkling, shortening of cell body, increased cell volume and cell rupture. The molecular dynamic simulations showed that PT4 interacts with Lanosterol 14 α-demethylase from Leishmania, an essential enzyme of lipid synthesis pathway in this parasite. Our results demonstrated PT4 was effective against both species of Leishmania. PT4 caused a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased production of reactive oxygen species, which may lead to parasite death. Taken together, our results pointed PT4 as promissing therapeutic agent against CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanderlan Nogueira Holanda
- Laboratório de Lipídios e Aplicação de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas. Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Patógenos, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Microbiologia, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Welson Vicente da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Patógenos, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Microbiologia, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Patógenos, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Microbiologia, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Ruschi Bergamachi Silva
- Instituto do Cérebro, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nascimento de Castro, 2155 - Morro Branco, 59056-450 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Paulo Euzébio Cabral Filho
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Shalom Porto de Oliveira Assis
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Ambientais e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, Rua do Príncipe, 526, 50050-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - César Augusto da Silva
- Colegiado de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Avenida José de Sá Maniçoba, s/n - Campus Universitário, 56304-205 Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Nascimento de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Síntese de Compostos Bioativos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Patógenos, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Microbiologia, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia de Menezes Lima
- Laboratório de Lipídios e Aplicação de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas. Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Manspeaker MP, Thomas SN. Lymphatic immunomodulation using engineered drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 160:19-35. [PMID: 33058931 PMCID: PMC7736326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Though immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer to improve disease outcomes, an array of challenges remain that limit wider clinical success, including low rate of response and immune-related adverse events. Targeting immunomodulatory drugs to therapeutically relevant tissues offers a way to overcome these challenges by potentially enabling enhanced therapeutic efficacy and decreased incidence of side effects. Research highlighting the importance of lymphatic tissues in the response to immunotherapy has increased interest in the application of engineered drug delivery systems (DDSs) to enable specific targeting of immunomodulators to lymphatic tissues and cells that they house. To this end, a variety of DDS platforms have been developed that enable more efficient uptake into lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes to provide targeted modulation of the immune response to cancer. This can occur either by delivery of immunotherapeutics to lymphatics tissues or by direct modulation of the lymphatic vasculature itself due to their direct involvement in tumor immune processes. This review will highlight DDS platforms that, by enabling the activities of cancer vaccines, chemotherapeutics, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies, and anti- or pro-lymphangiogenic factors to lymphatic tissues through directed delivery and controlled release, augment cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret P Manspeaker
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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49
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Chen X, Zhang YS, Zhang X, Liu C. Organ-on-a-chip platforms for accelerating the evaluation of nanomedicine. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1012-1027. [PMID: 33102943 PMCID: PMC7566214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine involves the use of engineered nanoscale materials in an extensive range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications and can be applied to the treatment of many diseases. Despite the rapid progress and tremendous potential of nanomedicine in the past decades, the clinical translational process is still quite slow, owing to the difficulty in understanding, evaluating, and predicting nanomaterial behaviors within the complex environment of human beings. Microfluidics-based organ-on-a-chip (Organ Chip) techniques offer a promising way to resolve these challenges. Sophisticatedly designed Organ Chip enable in vitro simulation of the in vivo microenvironments, thus providing robust platforms for evaluating nanomedicine. Herein, we review recent developments and achievements in Organ Chip models for nanomedicine evaluations, categorized into seven broad sections based on the target organ systems: respiratory, digestive, lymphatic, excretory, nervous, and vascular, as well as coverage on applications relating to cancer. We conclude by providing our perspectives on the challenges and potential future directions for applications of Organ Chip in nanomedicine. Microfluidics-based organ-on-a-chip (Organ Chip) techniques offer a promising way to understand, evaluate, and predict nanomedicine behaviors within the complex environment. Organ Chip models for nanomedicine evaluations are categorized into seven broad sections based on the targeted body systems. Limitations, challenges, and perspectives of Organ Chip for accelerating the assessment of nanomedicine are discussed, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
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50
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Ahiwale RJ, Chellampillai B, Pawar AP. Investigation of 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphoglycerol-Sodium (DMPG-Na) Lipid with Various Metal Cations in Nanocochleate Preformulation: Application for Andrographolide Oral Delivery in Cancer Therapy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:279. [PMID: 33037507 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at carrying out a preformulation investigation of nanocochleates (NCs) and develop andrographolide-loaded nanocochleates. Preformulation study comprised of exploring the effect of trivalent and divalent ions on transition temperature (TT) of lipid (DMPG-Na), on particle size (PS), entrapment efficacy (EE), zeta potential (ZP) of NCs, and effect of NCs on change in lipid solubility post-NC formation. Further, the andrographolide-loaded nanocochleates made with CaCl2 (ANDNCs) were characterized for ZP, PS, EE, X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transition electron microscopy (TEM), in vitro release studies, in vitro anticancer potential on the cell line of human breast cancer (MCF-7), in vivo oral pharmacokinetic studies, and tissue distribution in female Wistar rats. Nanocochleates developed with CaCl2 had a significant reduction in PS (1.78-fold) and ZP (1.38-fold), and elevation of EE (1.17-fold) as compared to AlCl3 developed NCs. Trivalent ions demonstrated elevation of TT as compared to divalent ions. Spiral-shaped ANDNCs demonstrated ZP, PS, and EE of - 121.46 ± 15.12 mV, 360 ± 47 nm, and 68.12 ± 3.81% respectively. In vitro release study of ANDNCs showed a strong pH-dependent release profile due to hydrogen bonding between NCs and andrographolide (AND). Formulated ANDNCs demonstrated 26.99-fold decrease in IC50 value as compared to free AND. Additionally, the oral bioavailability of AND from ANDNCs improved by 1.81-fold as compared to free AND. Furthermore, ANDNCs showed minimum accumulation within the vital organs such as liver, kidney, and spleen. Briefly, the preformulation study laid a platform for better understanding the NCs and its components. Further, developed ANDNCs revealed superior physiochemical properties to be used as an alternative for a clinical setting.
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