Comparative assessment of the apoptotic potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Bacillus tequilensis and Calocybe indica in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells: targeting p53 for anticancer therapy

Advancing biomedical applications: an in-depth analysis of silver nanoparticles in antimicrobial, anticancer, and wound healing roles

Introduction: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention in biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. This review focuses on the roles of AgNPs in antimicrobial activity, anticancer therapy, and wound healing, highlighting their potential to address critical health challenges. Methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using publications from the Scopus database, covering research from 2002 to 2024. The study included keyword frequency, citation patterns, and authorship networks. Data was curated with Zotero and analyzed using Bibliometrix R and VOSviewer for network visualizations. Results: The study revealed an increasing trend in research on AgNPs, particularly in antimicrobial applications, leading to 8,668 publications. Anticancer and wound healing applications followed, with significant contributions from India and China. The analysis showed a growing focus on "green synthesis" methods, highlighting a shift towards sustainable production. Key findings indicated the effectiveness of AgNPs in combating multidrug-resistant bacteria, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, and promoting tissue regeneration in wound healing. Discussion: The widespread research and applications of AgNPs underscore their versatility in medical interventions. The study emphasizes the need for sustainable synthesis methods and highlights the potential risks, such as long-term toxicity and environmental impacts. Future research should focus on optimizing AgNP formulations for clinical use and further understanding their mechanisms of action. Conclusion: AgNPs play a pivotal role in modern medicine, particularly in addressing antimicrobial resistance, cancer treatment, and wound management. Ongoing research and international collaboration are crucial for advancing the safe and effective use of AgNPs in healthcare.

Highly sensitive biofunctionalized nanostructures for paper-based colorimetric sensing of hydrogen peroxide in raw milk

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) is a highly hazardous, toxic, and carcinogenic chemical compound utilised in various industries-based applications. Despite strict restriction, they are deliberately added to food items such as milk as preservatives to increase its shelf life. Herein, we have formulated a green rapid colorimetric nanosensor for detection of H2O2 in milk using cotton leaves as both reducing and functionalizing agent for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). UV-Vis spectra exhibit a strong plasmonic peak at around 434 nm. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to determine the crystallinity of the nanoparticles. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) characterizations revealed spherical morphology with size approximately ∼16 nm. This functionalized nanoparticle could colorimetrically sense presence of H2O2 in milk samples both in liquid media and on paper substrates with Limit of Detection (LOD) of 8.46 ppm even in presence of other interfering substances in milk. This inexpensive route will pave the way for in depth research.

Size- and Shape-Dependent Interactions of Lipid-Coated Silver Nanoparticles: An Improved Mechanistic Understanding through Model Cell Membranes and In Vivo Toxicity

The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various applications and industries has brought to light the need for understanding the complex relationship between the physicochemical properties (shape, size, charge, and surface chemistry) of AgNPs that affect their ability to enter cells and cause toxicity. To evaluate their toxicological outcomes, this study systematically analyzed a series of homogeneous hybrid lipid-coated AgNPs spanning sizes from 5 to 100 nm with diverse shapes (spheres, triangles, and cubes). The hybrid lipid membrane comprises hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine (HPC), sodium oleate (SOA), and hexanethiol (HT), which shield the AgNP surface from surface oxidation and toxic Ag+ ion release to minimize its contribution to toxicity. To reduce any significant effects by surface chemistry, the HPC, SOA, and HT membrane composition ratio was kept constant, and the AgNPs were assessed using embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio). While a direct comparison cannot be drawn due to the lack of complementary sizes below 40 nm for triangular plates and cubes due to synthetic challenges, significant mortality was observed for spherical AgNPs (AgNSs) of 5, 20, 40, and 60 nm at 120 h postfertilization at concentrations ≥6 mg Ag/L. In contrast, the 10, 80, and 100 nm AgNSs, 40, 70, and 100 nm triangular plate AgNPs (AgNPLs), and 55, 75, and 100 nm cubic AgNPs (AgNCs) showed no significant mortality at 5 days postfertilization following exposure to AgNPs at concentrations up to 12 mg Ag/L. With constant surface chemistry on the AgNPs, size is the dominant factor driving toxicological responses, with smaller nanoparticles (5 to 60 nm) being the most toxic. Larger AgNSs, AgNCs, and AgNPLs from 75 to 100 nm do not show any evidence of toxicity. However, when closely examining sizes between 40 and 60 nm for AgNSs, AgNCs, and AgNPLs, there is evidence that discriminates shape as a driver of toxicity since sublethal responses generally were observed to follow a pattern, suggesting toxicity is most significant for AgNSs followed by AgNPLs and then AgNCs, which is the least toxic. Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy showed that irrespective of size or shape, all hybrid lipid-coated AgNPs interact with membrane surfaces and "snorkel" between phases into the lipid monolayer with minimal energetic cost. These findings decisively demonstrate that not only smaller AgNPs but also the shape of the AgNPs influences their biological compatibility.

Nano guardians of the heart: A comprehensive investigation into the impact of silver nanoparticles on cardiovascular physiology

Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute the leading cause of death at the moment. More effective treatments to combat CVDs are urgently required. Recent advances in nanotechnology have opened the door to new avenues for cardiovascular health treatment. Silver nanotechnology's inherent therapeutic powers and wide-ranging applications have made it the center of focus in recent years. This review aims to analyze the chemical, physical, and biological processes ofproducing AgNPs and determine their potential utility as theranostics. Despite significant advances, the precise mechanism by which AgNPs function in numerous biological systems remains a mystery. We hope that at the end of this review, you will better understand how AgNPs affect the cardiovascular system from the research done thus far. This endeavor thoroughly investigates the possible toxicological effects and risks associated with exposure to AgNPs. The findings shed light on novel applications of these versatile nanomaterials and point the way toward future research directions. Due to a shortage of relevant research, we will limit our attention to AgNPs as they pertain to CVDs. Future research can use this opportunity to investigate the many medical uses of AgNPs. Given their global prevalence, we fully endorse academics' efforts to prioritize nanotechnological techniques in pursuing risk factor targeting for cardiovascular diseases. The critical need for innovative solutions to this widespread health problem is underscored by the fact that this technique may help with the early diagnosis and treatment of CVDs.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Punica granatum Peel Waste: An Effective Additive for Natural Rubber Latex Nanofibers Enhancement

Pomegranate waste poses an environmental challenge in Arequipa. Simultaneously, interest in sustainable materials like natural rubber latex (NRL) is growing, with Peruvian communities offering a promising source. This study explores the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using pomegranate peel extract and their incorporation into NRL nanofibers for enhanced functionalities. An eco-friendly process utilized silver nitrate and pomegranate peel extract as a reducing and capping agent to synthesize AgNPs. The resulting AgNPs and NRL/AgNPs nanofibers were characterized using imaging and spectroscopic techniques such as UV-vis, TGA, FTIR, XRD, Raman, SEM, and DLS. Green-synthesized AgNPs were spherical and crystalline, with an average diameter of 59 nm. They showed activity against K. pneumoniae, E. coli, B. cereus, and S. aureus (IC50: 51.32, 4.87, 27.72, and 69.72 µg/mL, respectively). NRL and NRL/AgNPs nanofibers (300-373 nm diameter) were successfully fabricated. The composite nanofibers exhibited antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae and B. cereus. This study presents a sustainable approach by utilizing pomegranate waste for AgNP synthesis and NRL sourced from Peruvian communities. Integrating AgNPs into NRL nanofibers produced composites with antimicrobial properties. This work has potential applications in smart textiles, biomedical textiles, and filtration materials where sustainability and antimicrobial functionality are crucial.

Nanoparticle‑based antiviral strategies to combat the influenza virus (Review)

The rapid availability of effective antiviral treatments would be beneficial during the early phases of a pandemic, as they could reduce viral loads and control serious infections until antigenic vaccines become widely available. One promising alternative therapy to combat pandemics is nanotechnology, which has the potential to inhibit a wide variety of viruses, including the influenza virus. This review summarizes the recent progress using gold, copper, silver, silicone, zinc and selenium nanoparticles, since these materials have shown remarkable antiviral capacity against influenza A virus.

Vanillin-Mediated Green-Synthesised Silver Nanoparticles' Characterisation and Antimicrobial Activity: An In-Vitro Study

Background and aim Nanoparticles in general due to their enhanced antimicrobial effects and other beneficial effects are used in dentistry. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as the metal nanoparticle with the most advantages among the many types. The objective of the study was to synthesise vanillin-mediated AgNPs, then characterise those nanoparticles and assess their antimicrobial effectiveness. Materials and methods One-step synthesis of stable and crystalline AgNPs was done with vanillin as the reducing and capping agent. After being crushed into powder form, the produced AgNPs were subjected to characterisation. A scanning electron Microscope SEM) analysis was done for morphological details of the AgNPs. SEM with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDAX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) testing were done for elemental analysis. AgNPs' antimicrobial properties were tested using the agar well diffusion technique. Results The SEM analysis revealed that the synthesized AgNps were porous and agglomerative clusters and varied in sizes between 30-35 nm. SEM-EDAX revealed the presence of 76.2 weight (wt)% Ag, 4.9 wt% carbon, and 18.9 wt% of oxygen. FTIR prominent peaks were observed at 1431.97 cm and 1361.20 cm indicating the presence of AgNPs. Both low and high concentrations of AgNps showed good antimicrobial effects against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Conclusion Vanillin can be successfully used as a reducing agent for creating AgNPs. Due to their effective antimicrobial activity against S.mutans at various concentrations, vanillin-mediated AgNPs can be used with dental materials to reduce the risk of dental caries and enamel demineralization.

The Cytotoxicity of Cotyledon orbiculata Aqueous Extract and the Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Derived from the Extract

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become popular because of their promising biological activities. However, for most of these nanoparticles, the cytotoxic effects have not been determined and their safety is not guaranteed. In a previous study, we successfully synthesized AgNPs (Cotyledon-AgNPs) using an extract of Cotyledon orbiculata, a medicinal plant traditionally used in South Africa to treat skin conditions. Cotyledon-AgNPs were shown to have significant antimicrobial and wound-healing activities. Fibroblast cells treated with extracts of C. orbiculata and Cotyledon-AgNPs demonstrated an enhanced growth rate, which is essential in wound healing. These nanoparticles therefore have promising wound-healing activities. However, the cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles is not known. In this study, the toxic effects of C. orbiculata extract and Cotyledon-AgNPs on the non-cancerous skin fibroblast (KMST-6) were determined using in vitro assays to assess oxidative stress and cell death. Both the C. orbiculata extract and the Cotyledon-AgNPs did not show any significant cytotoxic effects in these assays. Gene expression analysis was also used to assess the cytotoxic effects of Cotyledon-AgNPs at a molecular level. Of the eighty-four molecular toxicity genes analysed, only eight (FASN, SREBF1, CPT2, ASB1, HSPA1B, ABCC2, CASP9, and MKI67) were differentially expressed. These genes are mainly involved in fatty acid and mitochondrial energy metabolism. The results support the finding that Cotyledon-AgNPs have low cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested. The upregulation of genes such as FASN, SERBF1, and MKI-67 also support previous findings that Cotyledon-AgNPs can promote wound healing via cell growth and proliferation. It can therefore be concluded that Cotyledon-AgNPs are not toxic to skin fibroblast cells at the concentration that promotes wound healing. These nanoparticles could possibly be safely used for wound healing.

The Synergistic Effect of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles and Phytocompound as a Novel Approach to the Elimination of Pathogens

Due to the wide applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), research on their ecological synthesis has been extensive in recent years. In our study, biogenic silver nanoparticles were synthesized extracellularly using the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor via two cultivation methods: static and shaking. The cell filtrate of the fungus was used as a reducing agent in the process of nanoparticle synthesis. Characterization of the obtained nanoparticles was carried out using UV-VIS spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The biosynthesized nanoparticles have antimicrobial potential against pathogenic bacteria, particularly in Gram-negative strains. The bactericidal effect was obtained for E. coli at a concentration of 7 µg/mL. The use of higher concentrations of compounds was necessary for Gram-positive bacteria. Taking into account the problem of the risk of cytotoxicity of AgNPs, combined therapy using a phytochemical was used for the first time, which was aimed at reducing the doses of nanoparticles. The most representative synergistic effect was observed in the treatment of 5 µg/mL silver nanoparticles in combination with 15 µg/mL ursolic acid against E. coli and P. aeruginosa with a bactericidal effect. Moreover, the coadministration of nanoparticles considerably reduced the growth of both Staphylococcus strains, with a bactericidal effect against S. aureus. The viability test confirmed the strong synergistic effect of both tested compounds. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using the T. versicolor showed excellent antibacterial potential, which opens perspectives for future investigations concerning the use of the nanoparticles as antimicrobials in the areas of health.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa derived outer membrane vesicles against Streptococcus mutans

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious and most urgent global threat to human health. AMR is one of today's biggest difficulties in the health system and has the potential to harm people at any stage of life, making it a severe public health issue. There must be fewer antimicrobial medicines available to treat diseases given the rise in antibiotic-resistant organisms. If no new drugs are created or discovered, it is predicted that there won't be any effective antibiotics accessible by 2050. In most cases, Streptococcus increased antibiotic resistance by forming biofilms, which account for around 80 % of all microbial infections in humans. This highlights the need to look for new strategies to manage diseases that are resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, development alternative, biocompatible and high efficacy new strategies are essential to overcome drug resistance. Recently, bacterial derived extracellular vesicles have been applied to tackle infection and reduce the emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, the objective of the current study was designed to assess the antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa againstStreptococcus mutans. According to the findings of this investigation, the pure P. aeruginosa outer membrane vesicles (PAOMVs) display a size of 100 nm. S. mutans treated with PAOMVs showed significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. The mechanistic studies revealed that PAOMVs induce cell death through excessive generation of reactive oxygen species and imbalance of redox leads to lipid peroxidation, decreased level of antioxidant markers including glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Further this study confirmed that PAOMVs significantly impairs metabolic activity through inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, leakage of proteins and sugars. Interestingly, combination of sub-lethal concentrations of PAOMVs and antibiotics enhances cell death and biofilm formation of S. mutans. Altogether, this work, may serve as an important basis for further evaluation of PAOMVs as novel therapeutic agents against bacterial infections.

Extracellular nanovesicles produced by Bacillus licheniformis: A potential anticancer agent for breast and lung cancer

Cancer is a major public burden and leading cause of death worldwide; furthermore, it is a significant barrier to increasing life expectancy in most countries of the world. Among various types of cancers, breast and lung cancers lead to significant mortality in both males and females annually. Bacteria-derived products have been explored for their use in cancer therapy. Although bacteria contain significant amounts of anticancer substances, attenuated bacteria may still pose a potential risk for infection owing to the variety of immunomodulatory molecules present in the parental bacteria; therefore, non-cellular bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs), which are naturally non-replicating, safer, and are considered to be potential anticancer agents, are preferred for cancer therapy. Gram-positive bacteria actively secrete cytoplasmic membrane vesicles that are spherical and vary between 10 and 400 nm in size. However, no studies have considered cytoplasmic membrane vesicles derived from Bacillus licheniformisin cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated the potential use of B. licheniformis extracellular nanovesicles (BENVs) as therapeutic agents to treat cancer. Purified BENVs from the culture supernatant of B. licheniformis using ultracentrifugation and ExoQuick were characterized using a series of analytical techniques. Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and lung cancer cells (A549) were treated with different concentrations of purified BENVs, which inhibited the cell viability and proliferation, and increased cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of BENVs, the oxidative stress markers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. The ROS levels were significantly higher in BENV-treated cells, whereas the GSH levels were markedly reduced. Cells treated with BENVs, doxorubicin (DOX), or a combination of BENVs and DOX showed significantly increased expression of p53, p21, caspase-9/3, and Bax, and concomitantly decreased expression of Bcl-2. The combination of BENVs and doxorubicin enhanced mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and apoptosis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the anticancer properties of BENVs derived from industrially significant probacteria on breast and lung cancer cells.

Nanotechnology development in surgical applications: recent trends and developments

This paper gives a detailed analysis of nanotechnology's rising involvement in numerous surgical fields. We investigate the use of nanotechnology in orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, surgical oncology, heart surgery, vascular surgery, ophthalmic surgery, thoracic surgery, and minimally invasive surgery. The paper details how nanotechnology helps with arthroplasty, chondrogenesis, tissue regeneration, wound healing, and more. It also discusses the employment of nanomaterials in implant surfaces, bone grafting, and breast implants, among other things. The article also explores various nanotechnology uses, including stem cell-incorporated nano scaffolds, nano-surgery, hemostasis, nerve healing, nanorobots, and diagnostic applications. The ethical and safety implications of using nanotechnology in surgery are also addressed. The future possibilities of nanotechnology are investigated, pointing to a possible route for improved patient outcomes. The essay finishes with a comment on nanotechnology's transformational influence in surgical applications and its promise for future breakthroughs.

Alginate-based hydrogel platform embedding silver nanoparticles and cisplatin: characterization of the synergistic effect on a breast cancer cell line

Introduction: Breast cancer is a significant cause of mortality in women globally, and current treatment approaches face challenges due to side effects and drug resistance. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions by enabling targeted drug delivery and minimizing toxicity to normal tissues. Methods: In this study, we developed a composite platform called (Alg-AgNPs-CisPt), consisting of silver nanoparticles coated with an alginate hydrogel embedding cisplatin. We examined the effectiveness of this nanocomplex in induce synergistic cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells. Results and Discussion: Characterization using various analytical techniques confirmed the composition of the nanocomplex and the distribution of its components. Cytotoxicity assays and apoptosis analysis demonstrated that the nanocomplex exhibited greater efficacy against breast cancer cells compared to AgNPs or cisplatin as standalone treatments. Moreover, the nanocomplex was found to enhance intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, further validating its efficacy. The synergistic action of the nanocomplex constituents offers potential advantages in reducing side effects associated with higher doses of cisplatin as a standalone treatment. Overall, this study highlights the potential of the (Alg-AgNPs-CisPt) nanocomplex as a promising platform embedding components with synergistic action against breast cancer cells.

Current Overview of Metal Nanoparticles' Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications, with a Focus on Silver and Gold Nanoparticles

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered considerable attention, due to their unique physicochemical properties, that render them promising candidates for various applications in medicine and industry. This article offers a comprehensive overview of the most recent advancements in the manufacturing, characterization, and biomedical utilization of metal NPs, with a primary focus on silver and gold NPs. Their potential as effective anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents, drug delivery systems, and imaging agents in the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of disorders is reviewed. Moreover, their translation to therapeutic settings, and the issue of their inclusion in clinical trials, are assessed in light of over 30 clinical investigations that concentrate on administering either silver or gold NPs in conditions ranging from nosocomial infections to different types of cancers. This paper aims not only to examine the biocompatibility of nanomaterials but also to emphasize potential challenges that may limit their safe integration into healthcare practices. More than 100 nanomedicines are currently on the market, which justifies ongoing study into the use of nanomaterials in medicine. Overall, the present review aims to highlight the potential of silver and gold NPs as innovative and effective therapeutics in the field of biomedicine, citing some of their most relevant current applications.

Advances in therapeutic applications of silver nanoparticles

Nanotechnology is one of the most appealing area for developing new applications in biotechnology and medicine. For decades, nanoparticles have been extensively studied for a variety of biomedical applications. Silver has evolved into a potent antibacterial agent that can be used in a variety of nanostructured materials of various shapes and sizes. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) based antimicrobial compounds are employed in a wide range of applications, including medicinal uses, surface treatment and coatings, the chemical and food industries, and agricultural productivity. When designing formulations for specific applications, the size, shape, and surface area of AgNPs are all crucial structural aspects to consider. Different methods for producing AgNPs with varying sizes and forms that are less harmful have been devised. The anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-angiogenic properties of AgNPs have been addressed in this review, as well as their generation and processes. Herein, we have reviewed the advances in therapeutic applications of AgNPs, as well as their limitations and barriers for future applications.

Propolis Silver Nanoparticles as an Adjuvant in Immunization of Rats with Citrobactor Freundii Antigens

This study aimed to examine the impact of Citrobacter freundii killed whole cell sonicated antigen (KWCSAg) alone and in combination with propolis nanoparticles on humoral immunoglobulin (IgG) and cellular immune responses of rats. The ELISA interleukin 4 (IL4) and IgG, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test, and phagocytosis activity tests were used in this study. In total, 45 rats were divided into five groups of 9 rats. The first group received a 1,000 μg\ml dose of KWCSAg-CF. The second group received an injection of 1,000 μg/ml of KWCSAg-CF antigen and 30 mg/ml of propolis AgNPs. The third group received an injection of 1,000 μg/ml of KWCSAg-CF antigen along with 10 mg/ml of propolis AgNPs. The fourth group was subjected to 30 mg/ml of propolis AgNPs. One ml of phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) was injected into the fifth group (the negative control group). The rats received booster injections of the same antigens after 14 days. Blood was obtained from them to detect immunoglobulin and interleukin 4 (IL-4) on days 21, 28, 32, 46, 50, and 60 following the injection. The second group showed the most significant rise in IL-4 and IgG concentration, followed by the third group, the first group, and the fourth group, compared to the negative control group (fifth group). In all immunized groups, the DTH test results demonstrated an increase in the means of induration with significant differences (P<0.05) of the concentrated antigen after 24 and 48 h, and subsequently a decrease after 72 h, compared to the negative control group. At 48 h after the concentrated antigen was indurated, the second group displayed the most significant increase in diameter.

Silver Nanoparticles Enhance Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Liver and Kidney Tissues: Potential Protective Role of Thymoquinone

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most common nanomaterials in consumer products. Therefore, it has been crucial to control AgNPs toxicological effects to improve their safety and increase the outcome of their applications. This work investigated the possible protective effect of thymoquinone (TQ) against AgNPs-induced hepatic and renal cytotoxicity in rats. Serum markers of liver and kidney functions as well as liver and kidney oxidative stress status, pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis markers, and histopathology were assessed. TQ reversed AgNPs-induced elevation in serum liver and kidney function markers, including aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, urea, and creatinine. Moreover, TQ co-administration with AgNPs alleviates hepatic and renal oxidative insults by decreasing MDA and NO levels with a significant increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione recycling enzymes peroxidase and reductase) compared to AgNPs-treated rats. Besides, TQ upregulated hepatic and renal Nrf2 gene expression in AgNPs-intoxicated rats. Furthermore, TQ co-administration decreased the hepatic and renal pro-inflammatory mediators represented by IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, and NF-κB levels. Besides, TQ co-administration decreased apoptotic protein (Bax) levels and increased the anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) levels. These findings were confirmed by the histopathological examination of hepatic and renal tissues. Our data affirmed the protective effect of TQ against AgNPs cytotoxicity and proposed a possible mechanism of TQ antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Consequently, we could conclude that using TQ might control AgNPs toxicological effects, improve their safety, and increase the outcome of their applications.

Myco-Nanofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles by Penicillium brasilianum NP5 and Their Antimicrobial, Photoprotective and Anticancer Effect on MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Line

Currently, the exploration of fungal organisms for novel metabolite production and its pharmacological applications is much appreciated in the biomedical field. In the present study, the fungal strains were isolated from soil of unexplored Yellapura regions. The potent isolate NP5 was selected based on preliminary screening and identified as Penicillium brasilianum NP5 through morphological, microscopic, and molecular characterizations. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from P. brasilianum was confirmed by the color change of the reaction mixture and UV-visible surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectra of 420 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the functional groups involved in synthesis. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis showed aggregation of the NPs, with sizes ranged from 10 to 60 nm, an average particle size of 25.32 nm, and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.40. The crystalline nature and silver as the major element in NP5-AgNPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The negative value −15.3 mV in Zeta potential exhibited good stability, and thermostability was recorded by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). NP5-AgNPs showed good antimicrobial activity on selected human pathogens in a concentration-dependent manner. The MTT assay showed concentration-dependent anticancer activity with an IC50 of 41.93 µg/mL on the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Further, apoptotic study was carried out by flow cytometry to observe the rate of apoptosis. The calculated sun protection factor (SPF) value confirms good photoprotection capacity. From the results obtained, NP5-AgNPs can be used in the pharmaceutical field after successful in vitro clinical studies.

Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Eisenia bicyclis seaweed, their antimicrobial and anticancer activities

Silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) production with antibacterial and antitumor properties is an important application in the medical field. This study introduces a novel organism that can be used for the large-scale production of AgNPs. The edible brown alga Eisenia bicyclis was used as a reducing agent to biosynthesize stable AgNPs. In this study, we achieved producing 50 mg AgNPs using only 1 g dried E. bicyclis seaweed. AgNP biosynthesis was performed at optimized conditions of a reaction temperature of 90°C, a seaweed extract concentration of 0.4%, and an AgNO3 concentration of 0.5 mM within 20 min, and the results showed that the formed nanoparticles are spherical and monodispersed with an average size 18.5 ± 1.2 nm. The antibacterial activity of biosynthesized AgNPs was evaluated against some human clinical pathogens. Results showed that AgNPs had antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains, with the appearance of a clear zone equal to or larger than positive controls. Also, there was a concentration-dependent growth inhibition of in vitro cultured breast cancer cells treated with AgNPs and overexpression of p53 and Bax, and underexpression of Bcl-2. AgNPs synthesized by this method provide a potential source for antibacterial and anticancer applications.

Mycochemistry, antioxidant content, and antioxidant potentiality of the ethanolic extract of Pleurotus florida and its anti-cancerous effect on HeLa cancer cell line, and antitumor effect on HeLa-implanted mice

Objectives

Cervical cancer is increasing worldwide and is becoming resistant to the existing drugs in clinical practice. Here, ethanolic extract of fruit body of Pleurotus florida was evaluated as antioxidant, anticancer agent against HeLa cell lines and anti-tumor against cervical cancer in mice model.

Methods

Fruit bodies of P. florida in 90% ethanol, and the P. florida ethanolic extract (PFEE) was subsequently investigated for its antioxidant content and activity, anticancer properties against the cervical cancer cell line, HeLa, and antitumor activity against HeLa implanted mice.

Results

The antioxidant activity bioassay showed that the IC50 of PFEE was 41.17 ± 1.42a μg/ml. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that PFEE caused inhibition of cell proliferation. At the highest dose (1,250 μg/ml) after 24 h, 48 h, or 72 h of treatment, the percentages of cell growth inhibition were 75.22%, 77.77%, and 84.65%, respectively. It revealed that PFEE-treated cells became rounded and the nuclei became fragmented. PFEE induced intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential. PFEE also led to an up regulation of the apoptotic genes for caspases-3, -9, and Bax, whereas Bcl-2 gene was down regulated, and it also promoted the expression of p53. Cell cycle analysis revealed that cell cycle was arrested at the G0/G1 checkpoint. PFEE suppressed metastasis and colonization. At a dosage of PFEE of 50 mg/kg of body weight, a 66.72% reduction in the size of tumors and an 87.44% reduction in the tumor weight were observed in mice.

Conclusions

It has demonstrated that PFEE is a highly potent anti-cervical cancer agent in vitro and in vivo.

Asiaticoside Prevents Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Endothelial Cells by Activating ROS-dependent p53/Bcl-2/Caspase-3 Signaling Pathway

BACKGROUND

Asiaticoside (AC) is a triterpenoid saponin found in Centella asiatica (L.) urban extract that has a wide range of pharmacological properties. Our previous study demonstrated that AC could promote angiogenesis in diabetic wounds, but the specific mechanisms remain unknown.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness and mechanism of AC on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) toxicity.

METHODS

Senescence was confirmed using senescence-associated betagalactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity and expression of the cell cycle phase markers p16 and p21. The levels of SOD, NO, MDA, GSH-Px, and ROS were tested. Furthermore, several cell death-related genes and proteins (p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3) were assessed with RT-qPCR and Western blotting.

RESULTS

AC significantly reduced SA-β-gal activity, with both the suppression of cellcycle inhibitors p16 and p21. We also found that the induced oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by t-BHP treatment resulted in the decrease of antioxidant enzymes activities, the surge of ROS and MDA, the up-regulation of p53, Bax and caspase-3, and the decrease of SOD, NO, GSH-Px and Bcl-2. These biochemical changes were all reversed by treatment with varying doses of AC.

CONCLUSION

AC alleviates t-BHP-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis in HUVECs through the ROS-dependent p53/Bcl-2/Caspase-3 signaling pathway. It may be a potential antioxidant applied in metabolic disorders and pharmaceutical products.

Apoptotic effects of Phlomis armeniaca mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles in monolayer (2D) and spheroid (3D) cultures of human breast cancer cell lines

The purpose of current research was to assess the apoptotic effects of biofabrication silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mediated by the aqueous extract of Phlomis armeniaca on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) in monolayer (2D) and spheroid (3D) cultures. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer (the peaks of resonances at 432 nm), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). 1-20 µM/mL AgNPs were applied to MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines to determine IC50 values at 24, 48 and 72nd h and were found to be 10 µM/mL for both cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining results of BrdU, TUNEL, caspase-3 and Endo G in both 2D and 3D cultures and gene expression levels of caspases (caspase-3, -8 and -9) and Endo G were evaluated. Moreover, the total oxidant/antioxidant status (TOS-TAS) due to AgNPs application in both cell culture mediums was evaluated. AgNPs treatment results in both cell lines in both 2D and 3D cultures showed a significant decrease in the BrdU labeling index, while large amounts of cells were labelled with TUNEL and Endo G. In 2D culture, Endo G expression increased in MCF-7 cells at 48 and 72nd hours, while it increased significantly in MDA-MB-231 cells at all hours. OSI results show that ROS production is increased in cell medium treated with AgNPs. In conclusion, AgNPs mediated by Phlomis armeniaca, synthesized by a green method, successfully induced damage to mitochondria, resulting in cell cycle arrest and consequent cell proliferation blockade and death in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles and miR34a mimics mediated activation of death receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines

Nano-biotechnology-based clinical applications to cure health-related issues have gained huge attention among the scientific community and hold great promise to limit cancer metastasis. In this study, green-derived silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using leaf extract of Litchi chinensis. Characterization of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was performed by using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, EDS, and SEM analysis. The clinical application of green-drive nanoparticles was investigated by using MCF-7 cancer cell lines. MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines were analyzed against three different treatments. (i) Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), (ii) miR34a mimics and (iii) Co-delivery of AgNPs and miR34a mimics. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay and, extraction of mRNA and cDNA synthesis were performed after successful cellular transfection. qRT-PCR was done for expression analysis of DR4 and DR5 upon exogenous delivery of all 3 treatments. Results indicate that L. chinensis leaves have a significant amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents and also possess massive antioxidant activity. The diameter of nanoparticles was observed in the range of 41–55 nm. It was concluded that green-derived silver nanoparticles can be a potential contributing agent for cancer prevention and are reported to upregulate the expression of DR4 and DR5 by 0.8-folds and 3.7-folds, respectively.

Preparation of triangular silver nanoparticles and their biological effects in the treatment of ovarian cancer

BACKGROUND

In recent years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gradually been widely used, especially in the field of anticancer medicine. Ovarian cancer (OC) is the gynaecological malignancy with the highest mortality rate, and the current treatment is still based on surgery, chemotherapy and postoperative targeted therapy. Therefore, the development of safe and effective nanoparticles for targeted therapy of OC is very important. This study aimed to prepare a new type of triangular silver nanoparticles (tAgNPs) and evaluate the anticancer properties for OC in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

The tAgNPs were chemically synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry and other techniques. By performing cell-based tests, such as cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), plate colony formation, cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and western blot (WB) assays, the inhibitory effects and related mechanisms of tAgNPs on OC cells were analysed.The anticancer effect of tAgNPs in vivo was verified by a SKOV3 tumor-bearing mouse model.

RESULTS

Five types of tAgNPs with different colours were successfully synthesized, with a particle size of 25-50 nm and a good dispersion. The results of in vitro experiments showed that tAgNPs treatment reduced the viability and proliferation of SKOV3 cells, arrested the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase, inhibited the expression levels of proliferation-related factors and cyclins, and promoted cell apoptosis by producing ROS and increasing caspase-3 activity. Consistent with the results of in vitro experiments, in vivo animal experiments also showed that tAgNPs significantly inhibited the proliferation of ovarian cancer. More importantly, no obvious toxic and side effects were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, a novel triangular AgNPs was successfully prepared. tAgNPs are very stable, significantly inhibit the proliferation of OC cells and tumour growth in tumour-bearing mice, providing a promising nanotargeted therapy for OC.

Optimization for the preparation process of silver nanoparticles and their biological activity

OBJECTIVES

Recently, the use of biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles has attracted widespread attention. Researchers are trying to find a biological method to synthesize silver nanoparticles with little environmental pollution and easy preparation, and to explore the impact of preparation conditions on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. This study aims to explore the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with controllable size and good effect and to compare their biological activity with that of AgNPs prepared by chemical method.

METHODS

In this study, AgNPs were prepared by biological method with water extract of Tricholomagambosum (WET) and cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus crispatus (CFS) as reducing agent and protective agent, and silver nitrate solution as precursor. Meanwhile, AgNPs was synthesized by sodium citrate chemical method. The effects of temperature, pH, dosage of extraction solution and light conditions on the biosynthesis of WET-AgNPs and CFS-AgNPs were investigated, and their characteristic of the synthesized WET-AgNPs and CFS-AgNPs were analyzed. Finally, the antibacterial effect, toxicity and selectivity of the 3 different AgNPs were compared.

RESULTS

AgNPs were synthesized successfully by the 3 methods with various characteristics. The AgNPs prepared by biological method (WET-AgNPs , CFS-AgNPs) were greatly affected by pH and temperature. The WET-AgNPs and CFS-AgNPs prepared by the biological methods had better antibacterial effect than the AgNPs by the chemical method (all P<0.01). Between them, the WET-AgNPs had a slightly higher antibacterial effect than the CFS-AgNPs. Compared with the AgNPs prepared by chemical method, the toxicity of the WET-AgNPs and CFS-AgNPs to normal cells was lower (both P<0.01), and the cell selectivity of the CFS-AgNPs was better when the concentration was 480 μg/mL.

CONCLUSIONS

AgNPs with biological activity can be synthesized from WET and CFS, which have different biological activity compared with the AgNPs prepared by biological method.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Silver Nanoparticles with Tunable Size Embedded in Various Cellulose-Based Matrices

The aim of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using cellulose derivatives and to evaluate their antimicrobial potential. As effective reducing and stabilizing agents for AgNPs, cellulose derivatives, such as hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), methylcellulose (MC), ethylcellulose (EC), and cellulose acetate (CA), were used. Their ability to reduce silver ions as well as the size of the resulting AgNPs were compared. The formation and stability of the reduced AgNPs in the solution were monitored using UV-Vis analysis. The size, morphology, and charge of the AgNPs were evaluated. We found that, when using cellulosic derivatives, AgNPs with sizes ranging from 17 to 89 nm and different stabilities were obtained. The parameters, such as size and ζ potential indicate the stability of AgNPs, with AgNPs-CA and AgNPs-HPC being considered more stable than AgNPs-EC and AgNPs-MC since they show higher ζ potential values. In addition, the AgNPs showed antimicrobial activity against all reference strains and clinical isolates. MIC values between 0.0312 and 0.125 mM had a bactericidal effect on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The fungicidal effect was obtained at a MIC value of 0.125 mM. These results may provide rational support in the design of medical gauze products, including gauze pads, rolls, and sponges.

Green Synthesis of Endolichenic Fungi Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles: The Role in Antimicrobial, Anti-Cancer, and Mosquitocidal Activities

Green nanotechnology is currently a very crucial and indispensable technology for handling diverse problems regarding the living planet. The concoction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has opened new insights in cancer therapy. The current investigation caters to the concept of the involvement of a novel eco-friendly avenue to produce AgNPs employing the wild endolichenic fungus Talaromyces funiculosus. The synthesized Talaromyces funiculosus–AgNPs were evaluated with the aid of UV visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesized Talaromyces funiculosus–AgNPs (TF-AgNPs) exhibited hemo-compatibility as evidenced by a hemolytic assay. Further, they were evaluated for their efficacy against foodborne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Listeria innocua, and Micrococcus luteus and nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, and Bacillus subtilis bacterial strains. The synthesized TF-AgNPs displayed cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner against MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells and eventually condensed the chromatin material observed through the Hoechst 33342 stain. Subsequent analysis using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy provided the inference of a possible role of intracellular ROS (OH⁻, O⁻, H₂O₂, and O₂⁻) radicals in the destruction of mitochondria, DNA machinery, the nucleus, and overall damage of the cellular machinery of breast cancerous cells. The combined effect of predation by the cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis and TF-AgNPS for the larval management of dengue vectors were provided. A promising larval control was evident after the conjunction of both predatory organisms and bio-fabricated nanoparticles. Thus, this study provides a novel, cost-effective, extracellular approach of TF-AgNPs production with hemo-compatible, antioxidant, and antimicrobial efficacy against both human and foodborne pathogens with cytotoxicity (dose dependent) towards MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma.

Silver nanoparticles instigate physiological, genotoxicity, and ultrastructural anomalies in midgut tissues of beetles

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have long been materials of great interest in numerous fields; however, there is escalating alarm over their toxicity to public health since exposure to these particles is inevitable. This study sheds light on the deleterious impacts of AgNPs on the midgut tissues of beetles (Blaps polychresta) collected from Egypt as a biological model. The investigations were conducted on the beetles administered with a sublethal dose of AgNPs (0.03 mg/g body weight) after 30 days. Oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed, which exposed critical disruption in the antioxidant defense system of treated beetles. Remarkably, metallothionein (MT) gene expression was significantly increased, while reduced glutathione (GSH) level was notably decreased in midgut tissues subjected to AgNPs. These findings manifestly imply the presence of overproduction in terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the cells. Additionally, DNA impairment and apoptosis of midgut cells were appraised employing comet and flow cytometry analyses, respectively. The comet results revealed a significant increase in comet cells for the AgNPs treated beetles compared with the control group. Furthermore, the apoptosis results demonstrated a substantial diminution in viable cells with significant growth in apoptotic cells in midgut cells exposed to AgNPs, manifesting their striking correlation with comet and biochemical findings. Noticeably, the histopathological and ultrastructural inspections revealed substantial aberrations in the midgut tissues in the AgNPs treated group, substantiating the previous results. As far as we know, no research has been found that surveyed how the AgNPs at low doses affect the midgut tissues of beetles. Overall, these findings evince the aberrant influences of AgNPs on living organisms.

Assessment of Antimicrobial Potential of Plagiochasma rupestre Coupled with Healing Clay Bentonite and AGNPS

The impact of individual component, i.e., plant extract (Plagiochasma rupestre), biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and healing clay (bentonite) as antimicrobial agent is reported but their combined effect as a ternary system is a new approach. This study is aimed at investigating the impact of the proposed ternary system against selected human pathogens. AgNPs were synthesized by using Plagiochasma rupestre extract (aqueous) as reducing agent and neutral polymer (PVP) as stabilizer. The morphology, size, and structural properties of synthesized AgNPs were determined with XRD and SEM analysis which showed spherical monomodal particles with an average particle size of 25.5 nm. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the individual and nanoternary system were investigated. The phytochemical screening of plant extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, and glycosides in methanol extract as compare to aqueous and acetone extract. The antimicrobial activities of crude extracts of Plagiochasma rupestre with AgNPs and bentonite clay were studied as an appropriate candidate for treatment of microbial infections, especially bacterial and fungal diseases. The antioxidant activity of Plagiochasma rupestre aqueous extract and nanoparticles was assessed by (DPPH) free radical, and absorbance was checked at 517 nm. Crude extract has inhibitory effect towards bacteria and fungi, and bentonite clay also showed some degree of antimicrobial resistance. Strategy can be efficiently applied for future engineering and medical. The nanoternary systems showed 3 and 3.5 times higher antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively, in comparison to Plagiochasma rupestre and bentonite clay, individually.

Amentoflavone-loaded nanoparticles enhanced chemotherapy efficacy by inhibition of AKR1B10

Therapeutic nanoparticles can be combined with different anticancer drugs to achieve a synergistic therapy and avoid the limitations of traditional medicine and thus have clinical prospects for cancer. Herein, an effective nanoplatform was developed for self-assembling AMF@DOX-Fe³⁺-PEG nanoparticles (ADPF NPs) via the coordination of ferric ions (Fe³⁺), amentoflavone (AMF), doxorubicin (DOX), and PEG-polyphenol. The ADPF NPs possessed high drug loading efficiency, good stability and dispersion in water, prolonged blood circulation, and pH-dependent release, which leading to targeted drug transport and enhanced drug accumulation in the tumor. The AMF from the ADPF NPs could inhibit the expression of the Aldo-keto reductase family 1B10 (AKR1B10) and nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), which reduced the cardiotoxicity induced by DOX and enhanced the chemotherapy efficacy. This study established a new strategy of combining drug therapy with a nanoplatform. This new strategy has a wide application prospect in clinical tumor therapy.

Fabrication and Characterization of Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)-Chitosan-Capped Silver Nanoparticle Hybrid Membranes for Pervaporation Dehydration of Ethanol

Chitosan-capped silver nanoparticle (CS-capped AgNPs)-incorporated Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hybrid membranes were prepared by a solution-casting technique for ethanol dehydration via pervaporation. The incorporation of CS-capped AgNPs into the PVA membrane and its influence on membrane properties and pervaporation-separation process of azeotropic water/ethanol mixture was studied. The addition of CS-capped AgNPs into the PVA membrane reduced the crystallinity, thereby increasing the hydrophilicity and swelling degree of the hybrid membrane, supported by contact angle (CA) analyzer and swelling degree experiments, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated the formation of polymeric matrix between PVA and CS and also the binding of AgNPs onto the functional group of CS and PVA, which was also reflected in the microstructure images demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by 2θ angle of wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The effect of CS-capped AgNPs on the thermal stability of the hybrid membrane was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). These characteristics of the hybrid membrane positively impact the efficiency of the dehydration of ethanol, as indicated by pervaporation experiments. The best performances in total flux (12.40 ± 0.20 × 10⁻² kg/m² h) and selectivity (3612.33 ± 6.03) at 30 °C were shown for CS-capped AgNPs PVA hybrid membrane containing 2 wt.% CS-capped AgNPs (M-4). This confirms that the developed hybrid membranes can be efficiently used to separate water from azeotropic aqueous ethanol.

Gold Nanoparticle-Decorated Drug Nanocrystals for Enhancing Anticancer Efficacy and Reversing Drug Resistance Through Chemo-/Photothermal Therapy

Limited chemotherapeutic efficiency, drug resistance, and side effects are primary obstacles for cancer treatment. The development of co-delivery systems with synergistic treatment modes should be a promising strategy. Here, we fabricated a multifunctionalized nanocarrier with a combination of chemotherapeutic agents and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which could integrate chemo-photothermal therapy, thus enhancing overall anticancer efficacy, sensitizing drug-resistant cancer cells, and diminishing cancer stem cells (CSCs). To be specific, camptothecin nanocrystals (CPT NCs) were prepared as a platform, on the surface of which AuNPs were decorated and a hyaluronic acid layer acted as capping, stabilizing, targeting, and hydrophilic agents for CPT NCs, and reducing agents for AuNPs, providing a bridge connecting AuNPs to CPT. These AuNP-decorated CPT NCs exhibited good physico-chemical properties such as optimal sizes, payload, stability, and photothermal efficiency. Compared to other CPT formulations, they displayed considerably improved biocompatibility, selectivity, intracellular uptake, cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction activity, Pgp inhibitory capability, and anti-CSC activity, owing to a synergistic/cooperative effect from AuNPs, CPT, near-infrared treatment, pH/photothermal-triggered drug release, and nanoscaled structure. A mitochondrial-mediated signaling pathway is the underlying mechanism for cytotoxic and apoptotic effects from AuNP-decorated CPT NCs, in terms of mitochondrial dysfunction, intensified oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation, caspase 3 activation, upregulation of proapoptotic genes such as p53, Bax, and caspase 3, and lower levels of antiapoptotic Bcl-2.

Medicinal plants mediated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications

The alarming effect of antibiotic resistance prompted the search for alternative medicine to resolve the microbial resistance conflict. Over the last two decades, scientists have become increasingly interested in metallic nanoparticles to discover their new dimensions. Green nano synthesis is a rapidly expanding field of interest in nanotechnology due to its feasibility, low toxicity, eco‐friendly nature, and long‐term viability. Some plants have long been used in medicine because they contain a variety of bioactive compounds. Silver has long been known for its antibacterial properties. Silver nanoparticles have taken a special place among other metal nanoparticles. Silver nanotechnology has a big impact on medical applications like bio‐coating, novel antimicrobial agents, and drug delivery systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmaceutical qualities of medicinal plants, as well as a convenient guideline for plant‐based silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity.

Nanocluster-Based Drug Delivery and Theranostic Systems: Towards Cancer Therapy

Over the last decades, the global life expectancy of the population has increased, and so, consequently, has the risk of cancer development. Despite the improvement in cancer therapies (e.g., drug delivery systems (DDS) and theranostics), in many cases recurrence continues to be a challenging issue. In this matter, the development of nanotechnology has led to an array of possibilities for cancer treatment. One of the most promising therapies focuses on the assembly of hierarchical structures in the form of nanoclusters, as this approach involves preparing individual building blocks while avoiding handling toxic chemicals in the presence of biomolecules. This review aims at presenting an overview of the major advances made in developing nanoclusters based on polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) and/or inorganic NPs. The preparation methods and the features of the NPs used in the construction of the nanoclusters were described. Afterwards, the design, fabrication and properties of the two main classes of nanoclusters, namely noble-metal nanoclusters and hybrid (i.e., hetero) nanoclusters and their mode of action in cancer therapy, were summarized.

Metallic Nanoparticles: A New Frontier in the Fight Against Leishmaniasis

Abstract:

Leishmaniasis is a cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus. According to the World Health Organization, Leishmaniasis causes approximately 20–40 thousand deaths annually, and Brazil, India, and some countries in Africa are the most affected by this neglected disease. In addition to parasite’s ability to evade the host’s immune system, the incidence of vectors, the genetics of different hosts, and the large number of deaths are mainly due to failures in conventional treatments that have high toxicity, low effectiveness, and prolonged therapeutic regimens. Thus, the development of new alternative therapeutics with more effective and safer actions has become one of the main challenges for researchers studying leishmaniasis. Among the many research and tested options, metallic nanoparticles, such as gold, silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide, have been shown to be one of the most promising therapeutic tool because they are easily prepared and chemically modified, have a broad spectrum of action, low toxicity, and can generate reactive oxygen species and other immune responses that favor their use against different species of Leishmania. This review explores the progress of the use of metallic nanoparticles as a new tool in the treatment of leishmaniasis, as well as discusses the gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed to consolidate a safe, effective, and definitive therapeutic intervention against these infections.

Electrochemistry as a Complementary Technique for Revealing the Influence of Reducing Agent Concentration on AgNPs

The synthesis process of AgNPs has been attracting a lot of attention in the fields of biosensors/sensors, diagnostics, and therapeutic applications. An attempt to understand the effect of different concentrations of reducing agents on the synthetic design process has been made. In this paper, we gather information on voltammetry studies and relate it with UV-vis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. Given the kinetics, localized surface plasmon absorption (LSPR) band, and narrow size distribution of these methods, it was possible to compare the obtained measurements and clearly distinguish sizes and aggregation. AgNPs measured by SEM showed a statistically significant reduction of the nanoparticle sizes from 65 to 37.5 nm as the reducing agent increased. Well-matched d-spacing data calculated from selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were obtained for all of the samples. The UV-vis studies showed that the SPR bands shift toward the blue region as the reducing agent concentration is increased, indicating a decrease in particle sizes. It is worth emphasizing that cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) coincide well with SEM on the aggregation of AgNPs at higher concentrations. A 10 mM reducing agent concentration resulted in uniform outcomes for producing AgNPs with the smallest size in terms of full width at half-maximum (FWHM) in all of the methods used in this study, while UV-vis band gaps increase with increasing reducing agent concentration. In agreement with all of the methods investigated, the results suggested that the best concentration of the reducing agents is 10 mM for a target application. These findings suggest the usefulness of voltammetry as a complementary method that can be used as a qualitative guide to identify the size and aggregation of NPs.

Composite Membrane Dressings System with Metallic Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Factor in Wound Healing

Wound management is the burning problem of modern medicine, significantly burdening developed countries’ healthcare systems. In recent years, it has become clear that the achievements of nanotechnology have introduced a new quality in wound healing. The application of nanomaterials in wound dressing significantly improves their properties and promotes the healing of injuries. Therefore, this review paper presents the subjectively selected nanomaterials used in wound dressings, including the metallic nanoparticles (NPs), and refers to the aspects of their application as antimicrobial factors. The literature review was supplemented with the results of our team’s research on the elements of multifunctional new-generation dressings containing nanoparticles. The wound healing multiple molecular pathways, mediating cell types, and affecting agents are discussed herein. Moreover, the categorization of wound dressings is presented. Additionally, some materials and membrane constructs applied in wound dressings are described. Finally, bacterial participation in wound healing and the mechanism of the antibacterial function of nanoparticles are considered. Membranes involving NPs as the bacteriostatic factors for improving wound healing of skin and bones, including our experimental findings, are discussed in the paper. In addition, some studies of our team concerning the selected bacterial strains’ interaction with material involving different metallic NPs, such as AuNPs, AgNPs, Fe₃O₄NPs, and CuNPs, are presented. Furthermore, nanoparticles’ influence on selected eukaryotic cells is mentioned. The ideal, universal wound dressing still has not been obtained; thus, a new generation of products have been developed, represented by the nanocomposite materials with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory properties that can influence the wound-healing process.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity using fungus Talaromyces purpureogenus isolated from Taxus baccata Linn

The present study is focused on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing endophytic fungus Talaromyces purpureogenus, isolated from Taxus baccata Linn. Extracellular extract of Talaromyces purpureogenus has shown occurrence of secondary metabolites viz. terpenoids and phenols. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of 16 compounds. Techniques like Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were employed to characterize the synthesized AgNPs. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed sharp peaks at 380–470 nm which indicates the presence of metallic silver. FTIR analysis showed the presence of various functional groups like phenols, hydroxyl groups, and primary amines. In DLS, Z-average size and PdI of synthesized AgNPs were 240.2 r.nm and 0.720 respectively, with zeta potential − 19.6 mV. In FEG-SEM and HRTEM the spherical AgNPs showed diameter in the range of 30–60 nm. In EDS analysis the weight percent of Ag is 67.26% and atomic percent is 43.13%. From XRD analysis the size of AgNPs was found to be 49.3 nm with face-centered cubic crystalline nature of fungal synthesized AgNPs. These nanoparticles have shown significant antibacterial activity against tested strains viz. Listeria monocytogenes (13 ± 0.29 mm), Escherichia coli (17 ± 0.14 mm), Shigella dysenteriae (18 ± 0.21 mm) and Salmonella typhi (14 ± 0.13 mm). These synthesized AgNPs have shown effective free radical scavenging activity against 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. The present study showed that the endophytic fungus Talaromyces purpureogenus can be used as a prominent source to synthesize AgNPs by using biological, ecofriendly, and in a non-toxic way accompanied by antibacterial and antioxidant properties which further can reduce the harvesting pressure faced by Taxus baccata.

Graphical Abstract

Nanodelivery Strategies for Skin Diseases with Barrier Impairment: Focusing on Ceramides and Glucocorticoids

The human epidermis has a characteristic lipidic composition in the stratum corneum, where ceramides play a crucial role in the skin barrier homeostasis and in water-holding capacity. Several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, exhibit a dysfunction in the lipid barrier with altered ceramide levels and increased loss of transepidermal water. Glucocorticoids are normally employed in the therapeutical management of these pathologies. However, they have shown a poor safety profile and reduced treatment efficiency. The main objective of this review is to, within the framework of the limitations of the currently available therapeutical approaches, establish the relevance of nanocarriers as a safe and efficient delivery strategy for glucocorticoids and ceramides in the topical treatment of skin disorders with barrier impairment.