Management of depression in elderly stroke patients

Innovations in Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation: Poststroke Pain

Pain can be a significant barrier to a stroke survivors' functional recovery and can also lead to a decreased quality of life. Common pain conditions after stroke include headache, musculoskeletal pain, spasticity-related pain, complex regional pain syndrome, and central poststroke pain. This review investigates the evidence of diagnostic and management guidelines for various pain syndromes after stroke and identifies opportunities for future research to advance the field of poststroke pain.

Effect of nonpharmacological interventions on poststroke depression: a network meta-analysis

Purpose

To investigate the effects of nonpharmacological interventions (NPIs) on poststroke depression (PSD) in stroke patients.

Methods

Computer searches were conducted on the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wanfang databases from their establishment to December 2023. The selection was made using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 40 articles were included to compare the effects of the 17 NPIs on patients with PSD.

Results

Forty studies involving seventeen interventions were included. The network findings indicated that compared with conventional therapy (COT), superior PSD improvement was observed for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) + acupoint acupuncture (CBTA) (mean difference [MD], -4.25; 95% CI, -5.85 to -2.65), team positive psychotherapy (MD, -4.05; 95% CI, -5.53 to -2.58), music therapy (MT) + positive psychological intervention (MD, -2.25; 95% CI, -3.65 to -0.85), CBT (MD, -1.52; 95% CI, -2.05 to -0.99), mindfulness-based stress reduction (MD, -1.14; 95% CI, -2.14 to -0.14), MT (MD, -0.95; 95% CI, -1.39 to -0.52), acupoint acupuncture + MT (AAMT) (MD, -0.69; 95% CI, -1.25 to -0.14). Furthermore, CBT (MD, -3.87; 95% CI, -4.57 to -3.17), AAMT (MD, -1.02; 95% CI, -1.41 to -0.62), acupressure + MT (MD, -0.91; 95% CI, -1.27 to -0.54), and narrative care + acupressure (MD, -0.74; 95% CI, -1.19 to -0.29) demonstrated superior Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) improvement compared with COT.

Conclusion

Evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggests that CBTA improves depression in patients with PSD. Moreover, CBT improves sleep in these patients. Additional randomized controlled trials are required to further investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of these interventions.

Effectiveness of group acceptance and commitment therapy in treating depression for acute stroke patients

OBJECTIVES

To date, the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for acute stroke patients has not been well recognized. The study aimed to discover the effectiveness of group-based ACT in treating depression for acute stroke patients.

METHODS

We conducted a randomized controlled trial with 140 acute stroke patients with depression. The ACT intervention comprised seven sessions, of 45-60 min over 4 weeks. Data were collected pre- and post-intervention and at 3-month follow-up, assessing depression, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), psychological flexibility, cognitive fusion, sleep quality, and confidence.

RESULTS

Overall, 99.3% of the included patients were assessed as having mild depression. The ACT intervention significantly reduced depression in acute stroke patients in comparison with the control group post-intervention and at 3 months (partialη 2 = . 306 $\eta^{2}=.306$ ). Additionally ACT significantly improved HRQoL-mental component summary, sleep quality, psychological flexibility, cognitive fusion, and confidence compared with control group.

CONCLUSIONS

ACT is effective in treating acute stroke patients with depression, and the efficacy was maintained at 3-month follow-up.

Integrative-interpersonal dynamic therapy for poststroke depression (INID): study protocol of a randomised controlled pilot trial

INTRODUCTION

Depression is the most frequent psychiatric disorder following stroke, affecting about one-third of stroke survivors. Patients experience poorer recovery, lower quality of life and higher mortality compared with stroke survivors without depression. Despite these well-known malign consequences, poststroke depression (PSD) is regarded underdiagnosed and undertreated. Evidence of beneficial effects of psychotherapy to treat PSD remains scarce and inconclusive and is limited by heterogeneity in design, content and timing of the intervention. This pilot study aims to assess the feasibility of a newly developed integrative-interpersonal dynamic PSD intervention in an outpatient setting and provide a first estimation of the potential effect size as basis for the sample size estimation for a subsequent definite trial.

METHOD AND ANALYSIS

Patients will be recruited from two German stroke units. After discharge from inpatient rehabilitation, depressed stroke survivors will be randomised to short-term psychotherapy (12 weeks, ≤16 sessions) or enhanced treatment as usual. The manualised psychotherapy integrates key features of the Unified Psychodynamic and Cognitive-Behavioural Unified Protocol for emotional disorders and was adapted for PSD. Primary endpoints are recruitment feasibility and treatment acceptability, defined as a recruitment rate of ≥20% for eligible patients consenting to randomisation and ≥70% completion-rate of patients participating in the treatment condition. A preliminary estimation of the treatment effect based on the mean difference in Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores between intervention and control group six months poststroke is calculated. Secondary endpoints include changes in depression (PHQ-9/Hamilton Depression Scale) and anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7) of all participants across all follow-ups during the first year poststroke.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The INID pilot study received full ethical approval (S-321/2019; 2022-2286_1). Trial results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal in the first half of 2025. One-year follow-ups are planned to be carried out until summer 2025.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

DRKS00030378.

Rest-Activity Rhythm Characteristics Associated With Depression Symptoms in Stroke Survivors

OBJECTIVE

To examine which 24-hour rest-activity rhythm (RAR) characteristics are associated with depression symptoms in stroke survivors.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional observational study examining associations of RAR characteristics with the presence of depression symptoms adjusting for age, sex, race, and medical comorbidity.

SETTING

Community setting.

PARTICIPANTS

Stroke survivors: (1) recruited locally (N women=35, N men=28) and (2) a nationally representative probability sample (the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES]; N women=156, N men=124).

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MEASUREMENTS

Objective RAR characteristics derived from accelerometer recordings including activity onset/offset times and non-parametric measures of RAR strength (relative amplitude), stability (interdaily stability), and fragmentation (intradaily variability). The presence of depression symptoms was categorized using Patient Health Questionnaire scores.

RESULTS

In both samples, the only RAR characteristic associated with depression symptoms was intradaily variability (fragmentation): local sample, odds ratio=1.96 [95% confidence interval=1.05-3.63]; NHANES sample, odds ratio=1.34, [95% confidence interval=1.01-1.78]). In the NHANES sample, which included both mild and moderate/severe depression, the association between 24-hour sleep-wake fragmentation and depression symptoms was driven by moderate-to-severe cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Stroke survivors with higher levels of RAR fragmentation were more likely to have depression symptoms in both samples. These findings have implications, given prior studies in general samples linking RAR fragmentation with future depression and dementia risk. Research is needed to establish the potential consequences, mechanisms, and modifiability of RAR fragmentation in stroke survivors.

Depressive Symptomatology and Functional Status Among Stroke Survivors: A Network Analysis

OBJECTIVE

To (1) characterize poststroke depressive symptom network and identify the symptoms most central to depression, and (2) examine the symptoms that bridge depression and functional status.

DESIGN

Secondary data analysis of the Stroke Recovery in Underserved Population database. Networks were estimated using regularized partial correlation models. Topology, network stability and accuracy, node centrality and predictability, and bridge statistics were investigated.

SETTING

Eleven inpatient rehabilitation facilities across 9 states of the United States.

PARTICIPANTS

Stroke patients (N=1215) who received inpatient rehabilitation.

INTERVENTIONS

Not applicable.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and Functional Independence Measure were administered at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation.

RESULTS

Depressive symptoms were positively intercorrelated within the network, with stronger connections between symptoms within the same domain. "Sadness" (expected influence=1.94), "blues" (expected influence=1.14), and "depressed" (expected influence=0.97) were the most central depressive symptoms, whereas "talked less than normal" (bridge expected influence=-1.66) emerged as the bridge symptom between depression and functional status. Appetite (R²=0.23) and sleep disturbance (R²=0.28) were among the least predictable symptoms, whose variance was less likely explained by other symptoms in the network.

CONCLUSION

Findings illustrate the potential of network analysis for discerning the complexity of poststroke depressive symptomology and its interplay with functional status, uncovering priority treatment targets and promoting more precise clinical practice. This study contributes to the need for expansion in the understanding of post-stroke psychopathology and challenges clinicians to use targeted intervention strategies to address depression in stroke rehabilitation.

Assessing healthcare expenditures of older United States adults with pain and poor versus good mental health status: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to determine if differences exist in healthcare expenditures of older United States (US) adults with pain based on self-reported mental health status, which is important to know given the prevalence of pain and poor mental health in the USA.

DESIGN

This was a cross-sectional study.

SETTING

US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) interviews.

PARTICIPANTS

US adults aged ≥50 years, with self-reported pain in the past 4 weeks and positive healthcare expenditure in the 2018 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The independent variable was poor versus good mental health status.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES

Descriptive statistics compared demographic characteristics (using chi-square tests) and mean healthcare expenditures (using t-tests) between groups. Adjusted linear regression models with logarithmically-transformed expenditures compared differences in: total; inpatient; outpatient; emergency room; office-based; prescription medications and other expenditures. Analyses accounted for the complex MEPS design and were weighted to produce nationally-representative results. The a priori alpha level was 0.05.

RESULTS

The weighted population included 57 134 711 older US adults with self-reported pain (14.4% poor mental health, 85.6% good mental health). Compared with individuals with good mental health, individuals with poor mental health had higher unadjusted total expenditures (US$20 231 vs US$13 379, p<0.0001), higher prescription medication expenditures (US$5924 vs US$3610, p<0.0001) and higher other expenditures (US$4833 vs US$2285, p<0.0001). In adjusted multivariable linear regression models, there were no differences in expenditures between those with poor mental health and those with good mental health status.

CONCLUSIONS

There were no statistically significant differences in adjusted annual (2018) positive healthcare expenditures among older US adults with pain and poor versus good mental health status.

Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment and Outpatient Rehabilitation Within the First Year After Stroke

This study aims to identify individual determinants of antidepressant treatment and outpatient rehabilitation after stroke. People with ischemic stroke (N = 303) recruited at 2 inpatient rehabilitation clinics were included into a prospective longitudinal study with follow-up telephone interviews 6 and 12 months later. Participants reported on their use of antidepressant medication and psychotherapy as well as physical, occupational, speech, and neuropsychological therapy. The use of antidepressants at discharge (n = 65, 23.8%) was predicted by the severity of depressive symptoms, severity of stroke, history of depression, and use of antidepressants at admission (all p < .05, R²= .55). The number of outpatient rehabilitation services used at follow-ups was predicted by higher functional and cognitive impairment, higher education, younger age, severity of depressive symptoms, and lower self-efficacy (all p < .05; R²_6M = .24, R²_12M = .49). The relevance of identified determinants for the improvement of treatment rates after stroke is discussed.

Role of social support in poststroke depression: A meta-analysis

Poststroke depression significantly affects health and quality of life of stroke patients. This study evaluates the role of social support in influencing poststroke depression. The literature search was conducted in electronic databases and study selection was based on precise eligibility criteria. The prevalence rates reported by individual studies were pooled. A meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) in social support between depressed and non-depressed stroke patients was performed. The odds ratios and correlation coefficients showing the relationship between social support and depression were pooled to achieve overall estimates. Twenty-five studies (9431 patients) were included. The prevalence of depression was 36% [95% confidence interval (CI): 28, 45]. Patients with poststroke depression had significantly lower social support in comparison with patients with no or lower levels of depression [SMD in social support scores -0.338 (95% CI: -0.589, -0.087); p = 0.008]. The odds of depression were lower in patients receiving higher levels of social support [OR 0.82 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.95)] but were higher in patients who were receiving weaker social support [OR 5.22 (95% CI: -0.87, 11.31)]. A meta-analysis of correlation coefficients found a significantly inverse correlation between social support and poststroke depression [r -0.336 (95% CI: -0.414, -0.254)]. Poststroke depression has a significant independent inverse association with social support.

Post-Stroke Depression: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Relationship to Disability in a Tertiary Care Center in Sri Lanka

Background and Objectives  The prevalence of stroke in urban Sri Lanka is estimated at 10.4 per 1000 and is expected to rise. Post-stroke depression (PSD) is an independent predictor of poor long-term outcomes. It leads to suboptimal rehabilitation, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality and is under-recognized. The main objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of depression in stroke, assess factors associated with PSD, and assess the relationship of PSD to disability. Materials and Methods  A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Neurology and Medical Ward, National Hospital of Sri Lanka. Non-probability, consecutive sampling was used to collect data from patients with ischemic stroke admitted from January 2019 to January 2020. Patients with significant pre-existing depression, cognitive impairment, and language deficits were excluded. A structured, pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to assess the prevalence and associated factors of PSD. Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered 3 months following the stroke to screen for depression. Modified Rankin Score (MRS) was used to assess disability on admission, discharge, and at 3 months. Results  Eighty-one stroke patients were screened. The mean age was 66.6 years (±standard deviation [SD]: 12.5). Male:female ratio was 1.2:1. Depression at 3 months of follow-up was observed in 35.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.4-47.2%) of participants. Following bivariate analysis, large vessel stroke ( p  < 0.001), cortical stroke ( p  < 0.001), frontal lobe lesions ( p  < 0.001), history of past stroke ( p  = 0.014), and sexual dysfunction ( p  = 0.026) were associated with increased risk of PSD. The odds of a person with severe disability developing PSD was 7.9 times more than a person with a less severe disability at discharge from hospital and at 3 months of follow-up (odds ratio [OR] =7.9; 95% CI: 2.7-23.3, p  = 0.000). Conclusions  PSD occurs in one-third of strokes, keeping with previous studies. The risk of having PSD is higher among patients with severe disabilities. The difference in risk factors identified compared with previous studies can be attributable to differences in methodology. Identifying risk factors for post-stroke depression is essential to mitigate the poor outcome.

Predictors of Post-stroke Cognition Among Geriatric Patients: The Role of Demographics, Pre-stroke Cognition, and Trajectories of Depression

Stroke is a prevalent disease among geriatric population, which tends to deteriorate cognitive ability and mental health. In such context, cognitive impairment and geriatric depression generate mutually deteriorating impacts on each other. Using the Health and Retirement Study, this study examined depression and cognition before, immediately after, and 2 years after the onset of stroke. Through latent growth mixture modeling, four different trajectories of depression were identified: resilience, recovery, emergent depression, and chronicity. We used demographics including gender, age, race, and ethnicity, activity of daily life, baseline cognition, and trajectories of depression to predict cognitive ability 2 years after the stroke. Both aforementioned demographic factors and pre-stroke cognition were predictive of post-stroke cognition, but the inclusion of depression trajectories further improved the predictive ability. Emergent depression and chronicity were two significant predictors of worse post-stroke cognition. This study showed the importance of considering a more specific trajectotrial interrelationship between depression and cognition in geriatric stroke patients.

Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for treating post-stroke depressive symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions on depressive symptoms in people after stroke.

DATA SOURCES

A literature search was performed through databases from January 2000 to August 2018: MEDLINE; CINAHL Plus; Scopus; Academic Search Complete; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Scopus; and Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts. Search terms included depression, stroke, non-pharmacologic, and intervention.

STUDY SELECTION

We included randomized controlled trials comparing non-pharmacological interventions to controls for depressive symptoms in people after stroke. Of 1703 identified articles, 22 trials were included in narrative synthesis, of which 13 were eligible for meta-analysis.

DATA EXTRACTION

Two reviewers extracted characteristics of participants, interventions, and results from all included trials.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Thirteen interventions were categorized into four types: complementary and alternative therapy (five trials, n=228), exercise (four trials, n=263), psychosocial therapy (two trials, n=216), and multifactorial therapy (two trials, n=358). Overall beneficial effects of non-pharmacological interventions on depressive symptoms were found both post-intervention (effect size [ES] = -0.24, 95% confidence Interval [CI]: -0.37 to -0.11, p < 0.05) and at follow-up (ES = -0.22, CI: -0.36 to -0.07, p< 0.05). We found individual beneficial effects for complementary and alternative therapy (ES = -0.29, CI: -0.55 to -0.02, p < 0.05) and psychosocial therapy (ES = - 0.33, CI: -0.60 to -0.06, p < 0.05) post-intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Complementary and alternative therapy and psychosocial therapy appear to be promising strategies for improving post-stroke depression. Future studies target  a personalized approach for people with specific conditions such as cognitive impairment.

Effectiveness and safety of music-supported therapy on mood in post-stroke rehabilitation patients: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Music-supported therapy has been widely used clinically to relieve post-stroke rehabilitation. However, the efficacy of Music-supported therapy in the treatment of Mood in post-stroke rehabilitation Patients is uncertain. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness and safety of Music-supported therapy in the treatment of Mood in post-stroke rehabilitation Patients.

METHODS

Search PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Wanfang Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database, China Biomedical Literature Database, and search related randomized controlled trials. Two reviewers will independently select studies, collect data, and evaluate methodological quality through the Cochrane Deviation Risk Tool. Revman V.5.3 will be used for meta-analysis.

RESULTS

This study will evaluate the current status of Music-supported therapy treatment for mood in post-stroke rehabilitation Patients, aiming to illustrate the effectiveness and safety of Music-supported therapy treatment.

CONCLUSION

This study will provide a basis for judging whether Music-supported therapy is effective in treating mood in post-stroke rehabilitation Patients.

INPLASY REGISTRATION NUMBER

INPLASY202120011.

Relationship Between Abnormalities in Resting-State Quantitative Electroencephalogram Patterns and Poststroke Depression

PURPOSE

Spectral power analysis of quantitative EEG has gained popularity in the assessment of depression, but findings across studies concerning poststroke depression (PSD) have been inconsistent. The goal of this study was to determine the extent to which abnormalities in quantitative EEG differentiate patients with PSD from poststroke nondepressed (PSND) subjects.

METHODS

Resting-state EEG signals of 34 participants (11 patients with PSD and 23 PSND subjects) were recorded, and then the spectral power analysis for six frequency bands (alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2, delta, and theta) was conducted at 16 electrodes. Pearson linear correlation analysis was used to investigate the association between depression severity measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) total score and absolute power values. In addition, receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of quantitative EEG in discriminating PSD.

RESULTS

In comparison with PSND patients, PSD patients showed significantly higher alpha1 power in left temporal region and alpha2 power at left frontal pole. Higher theta power in central, temporal, and occipital regions was observed in patients with PSD. The results of Pearson linear correlation analysis showed significant association between HDRS total score and the absolute alpha1 power in frontal, temporal, and parietal regions.

CONCLUSIONS

Absolute powers of alpha and theta bands significantly distinguish between PSD patients and PSND subjects. Besides, absolute alpha1 power is positively associated with the severity of depression.

Post-stroke depression: Chaos to exposition

Cerebral ischemia contributes to significant disabilities worldwide, impairing cognitive function and motor coordination in affected individuals. Stroke has severe neuropsychological outcomes, the major one being a stroke. Stroke survivors begin to show symptoms of depression within a few months of the incidence that overtime progresses to become a long-term ailment. As the pathophysiology for the progression of the disease is multifactorial and complex, it limits the understanding of the disease mechanism completely. Meta-analyses and randomized clinical trials have shown that intervening early with tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin receptor inhibitors can be effective. However, these pharmacotherapies possess several limitations that have given rise to newer approaches such as brain stimulation, psychotherapy and rehabilitation therapy, which in today's time are gaining attention for their beneficial results in post-stroke depression (PSD). The present review highlights numerous factors like lesion location, inflammatory mediators and genetic abnormalities that play a crucial role in the development of depression in stroke patients. Further, we have also discussed various mechanisms involved in post-stroke depression (PSD) and strategies for early detection and diagnosis using biomarkers that may revolutionize treatment for the affected population. Towards the end, along with the preclinical scenario, we have also discussed the various treatment approaches like pharmacotherapy, traditional medicines, psychotherapy, electrical stimulation and microRNAs being utilized for effectively managing PSD.

Complementary and alternative therapies for poststroke depression: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Poststroke depression (PSD) is an important complication of stroke, resulting in increased disability and mortality, which is a great threat to stroke survivors and public health. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies is widely used in the treatment of PSD, However, the selection strategies of different CAM approaches in clinical practice is still not clear, and the purpose of this protocol is to compare the efficacy and acceptability of different CAM therapies using systematic review and network meta-analysis.

METHODS

According to the strategy, the authors will retrieve a total of seven electronic databases by August 2020, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMbase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biological Medicine, Chinese Scientific Journals Database, and Wan-fang databases. The network meta-analysis will be performed using Aggregate Data Drug Information System 1.16.8 and Stata 13.0 software. In addition, the Cochrane Collaboration's tool is employed for the methodological quality, and the quality of evidence will be evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system.

RESULTS

This study will provide a reliable evidence for the selection strategy of CAM therapies for PSD.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study will provide references for evaluating the effects of different CAM therapies on PSD, and provide decision-making references for clinical practitioners, patients, and health policy makers.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This study does not require ethical approval. the results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication.

OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER

DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/TNGH6.

Factors related to post-stroke depression during the first 2 weeks after stroke

Introduction

This study aimed to clarify factors associated with post-stroke depression in patients with acute stroke within 2 weeks of onset.

Method

Eighty-eight patients with stroke were divided into post-stroke depression ( n = 49) and non-post-stroke depression ( n = 39) groups based on their Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores. We evaluated stroke severity, upper limb function, activities of daily living, frontal lobe/cognitive function, and level of apathy. Activity levels were measured using an ActiGraph GT9X Link system. Mann–Whitney U-tests were used to determine differences between the two groups. Spearman’s rank correlation and logistic regression analyses were also performed.

Results

The post-stroke depression and non-post-stroke depression groups exhibited significant differences in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores at admission and discharge; Functional Independence Measure exercise items, cognitive items, and total items at admission; Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores; and Apathy Rating Scale scores. Logistic regression indicated that Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores were associated with post-stroke depression.

Conclusion

Stroke severity, paralysis, and physical function/activities of daily living ability are associated with post-stroke depression in the acute phase. Our findings suggest that increases in physical impairment severity are associated with increased post-stroke depression risks. Rehabilitation professionals should focus on identifying post-stroke depression in early post-stroke stages.

Influence of an Aquatic Therapy Program on Perceived Pain, Stress, and Quality of Life in Chronic Stroke Patients: A Randomized Trial

Pain and depressive states may have a negative impact on the quality of life of individuals with stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a program of Ai Chi aquatic therapy on pain, depression, and quality of life in a sample of people with stroke. Forty-five participants received physiotherapy treatment on dry land (control group), an experimental group received aquatic Ai Chi therapy, and a combined therapy group received alternating sessions of physiotherapy on dry land and aquatic Ai Chi therapy. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scale for pain, the resilience scale, and the SF-36 quality of life scale were used as outcome measures. Statistically significant differences were found in the experimental group and the combined intervention group for post treatment pain and resilience (p < 0.001). Concerning the SF-36, statistically significant changes (p < 0.01) were found in the experimental group and the combined therapy group for all items except general health, vitality, and social function, where no between group differences were observed (p = 0.001). In conclusion, physical exercise performed in water has positive effects on several factors that contribute towards improving the mood and quality of life of people with acquired brain injury.

Dimensions of Poststroke Depression and Neuropsychological Deficits in Older Adults

OBJECTIVE

Poststroke depression (PSD) has a heterogeneous presentation and is often accompanied by cognitive impairment. This study aimed to identify distinct dimensions of depressive symptoms in older adults with PSD and to evaluate their relationship to cognitive functioning.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional factor and correlational analyses of patients with poststroke depression.

SETTING

Patients were recruited from the community and from acute inpatient stroke rehabilitation hospitals.

PARTICIPANTS

Participants had suffered a stroke and met DSM-IV criteria for major depression (≥18 Montgomery Åsberg Depression Scale; MADRS).

INTERVENTION

None.

MEASUREMENTS

MADRS was used to quantify depression severity at study entry. Neuropsychological assessment at the time of study entry consisted of measures of Global Cognition, Attention, Executive Function, Processing Speed, Immediate Memory, Delayed Memory, and Language.

RESULTS

There were 135 (age ≥50) older adult participants with PSD and varying degrees of cognitive impairment (MMSE Total ≥20). Factor analysis of the MADRS identified three factors, that is sadness, distress, and apathy. Items comprising each factor were totaled and correlated with neuropsychological domain z-score averages. Symptoms of the apathy factor (lassitude, inability to feel) were significantly associated with greater impairment in executive function, memory, and global cognition. Symptoms of the sadness and distress factors had no relationship to cognitive impairment.

CONCLUSION

PSD consists of three correlated dimensions of depressive symptoms. Apathy symptoms are associated with cognitive impairment across several neuropsychological domains. PSD patients with prominent apathy may benefit from careful attention to cognitive functions and by interventions that address both psychopathology and behavioral deficits resulting from cognitive impairment.

Comparative efficacy of nine antidepressants in treating Chinese patients with post-stroke depression: A network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The efficacy ranking of antidepressants for post-stroke depression (PSD) has not been assessed thoroughly yet due to the lack of network meta-analyses with sufficiently large sample size.

METHODS

Seven databases including PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, CBM, CNKI, WanFang and VIP were systematically searched for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding nine antidepressants (citalopram, escitalopram, venlafaxine, paroxetine, duloxetine, amitriptyline, doxepin, sertraline and mirtazapine) treating PSD patients. Stata 15 software and R software were utilized for statistical analyses.

RESULTS

51 RCTs were included in this NMA. For the key efficacy outcomes, escitalopram, mirtazapine, sertraline, citalopram, venlafaxine and paroxetine were associated with larger reduction of the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) total score compared with placebo at 2 weeks. Among the nine antidepressants, escitalopram ranked the best while amitriptyline was the least helpful. At 4 weeks, citalopram ranked higher than placebo and the other eight antidepressants. In contrast, amitriptyline and doxepin were associated with minimal reduction of HAMD score. At 8 weeks, changes in HAMD score were significantly greater in nine antidepressants groups compared to placebo group. Besides, mirtazapine ranked higher than citalopram and escitalopram. At endpoint, mirtazapine was related to the highest response rate, followed by venlafaxine and escitalopram, respectively.

LIMITATIONS

No restriction was imposed on doses of every antidepressant.

CONCLUSIONS

Escitalopram was associated with a quicker relief of depression, but mirtazapine was probably the best option when it comes to the efficacy of 8-week treatment duration. Amitriptyline and doxepin were nearly the worst choice regardless of the duration (2, 4 or 8 weeks).

[Stroke and depression]

Depression is a frequent complication of stroke and occurs in approximately one in three surviving patients. Depression worsens the course of post-stroke neurological disorders, enhances the physical helplessness of patients, further reduces their quality of life, significantly decreases the effectiveness of therapeutic and rehabilitation measures and increases the risk of death. Antidepressants eliminate or relieve depressive symptoms, mitigate neurological disorders, improve cognitive functions and the general condition of patients, increase the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation, diminish the risk of recurrent stroke and decrease mortality. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the first line antidepressants for post-stroke patients; there is evidence of the effectiveness of other modern antidepressants, as well as tricyclic drugs. Unresolved aspects of this problem that require further well-designed controlled studies include tolerability of antidepressants by patients of late age, the choice of optimal drugs and the duration of therapy.

Neuropsychological Deficits Chronically Developed after Focal Ischemic Stroke and Beneficial Effects of Pharmacological Hypothermia in the Mouse

Stroke is a leading cause of human death and disability, with around 30% of stroke patients develop neuropsychological/neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as post-stroke depression (PSD). Basic and translational research on post-stroke psychological disorders is limited. In a focal ischemic stroke mouse model with selective damage to the sensorimotor cortex, sensorimotor deficits develop soon after stroke and spontaneous recovery is observed in 2-4 weeks. We identified that mice subjected to a focal ischemic insult gradually developed depression/anxiety like behaviors 4 to 8 weeks after stroke. Psychological/psychiatric disorders were revealed in multiple behavioral examinations, including the forced swim, tail suspension, sucrose preference, and open field tests. Altered neuronal plasticity such as suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP), reduced BDNF and oxytocin signaling, and disturbed dopamine synthesis/uptake were detected in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during the chronic phase after stroke. Pharmacological hypothermia induced by the neurotensin receptor 1 (NTR1) agonist HPI-363 was applied as an acute treatment after stroke. A six-hr hypothermia treatment applied 45 min after stroke prevented depression and anxiety like behaviors examined at 6 weeks after stroke, as well as restored BDNF expression and oxytocin signaling. Additionally, hypothermia induced by physical cooling also showed an anti-depression and anti-anxiety effect. The data suggested a delayed beneficial effect of acute hypothermia treatment on chronically developed post-stroke neuropsychological disorders, associated with regulation of synaptic plasticity, neurotrophic factors, dopaminergic activity, and oxytocin signaling in the PFC.

Reliability and Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 as a Screening Tool for Poststroke Depression

BACKGROUND

Screening for poststroke depression (PSD) using a valid and reliable tool is recommended for all stroke survivors. This literature review identifies the specificity, sensitivity, and appropriateness of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to screen stroke patients for PSD.

METHODS

Relevant databases were searched using the following selection criteria: (1) peer-reviewed primary research, (2) published from 2012 to 2018 (to evaluate the most recent research using this tool), and (3) examined the specificity and sensitivity of the PHQ-9 for screening stroke survivors for PSD.

RESULTS

Six studies, with an overall level of evidence grade of "B," representing an overall total sample size of 930 participants (851 given a diagnosis of stroke and 49 given a diagnosis of transient ischemic attacks) met criteria for inclusion in the review. Only 2 studies reported data on all of the components necessary to determine the robustness of this tool to screen for depression in stroke survivors.

CONCLUSION

Evidence regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-9 to screen stroke patients for PSD is inconclusive. Additional research is needed to address the appropriateness of the PHQ-9 as a depression screening tool in this population. Clinicians should validate the results of PHQ-9 screening of ischemic stroke patients for PSD with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5, the standard for diagnosing depression, before initiating treatment of PSD.

Gender differences in post-stroke depression: A longitudinal analysis of prevalence, persistence and predictive value of known risk factors

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most frequent psychiatric condition after stroke with a prevalence of approximately 33%. In the general population, depression is consistently reported to be more frequent in women than in men. Evidence about gender differences in PSD remains inconclusive and it is unknown if established risk factors exert gender-specific influence. The authors examined gender differences in PSD prevalence, persistence and influence of established risk factors using χ ²- and Welch's t-tests and continuous-time structural equation modelling (CT-SEM). Patients (N = 301) from the longitudinal Berlin-PSD-study were assessed six weeks (baseline), and up to four times during the first 2.5 years post-stroke using DSM-5 depression criteria and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Established risk factors were assessed at baseline. Women showed higher PSD prevalence and severity at baseline (p < .01) but not thereafter (p ≥ .43). CT-SEM analysis revealed that known risk factors predicted depression, yet predictive value and persistence did not differ between genders. Our results showed that established PSD risk factors influence both genders to a similar extent and that in contrast to depression in the general population, gender differences in PSD prevalence and severity disappeared within six months post-stroke. Thus, for reasons yet to be deciphered, gender differences in PSD appear to be time-dependent after stroke.

Prevalence, patterns and predictors of depression treatment among community-dwelling older adults with stroke in the United States: a cross sectional study

BACKGROUND

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric conditions among stroke survivors and is associated with several negative health outcomes. However, little is known about the depression treatment patterns among stroke survivors. The objective of this study was to examine national-level prevalence, patterns and predictors of depression treatment among community-dwelling stroke survivors.

METHODS

This study adopted a retrospective, cross-sectional study design using multiple years of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) (2002-2012) data. The study population consisted of older adults (age ≥ 50 years) who (i) were stroke survivors (ICD-9-CM codes of 430-438), (ii) did not die during the calendar year, and (iii) had co-occurring depression (ICD-9-CM code of 296.xx, or 311.xx). Depression treatment, identified by antidepressant medication and/or psychotherapy use, was the dependent variable of this study. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of individual level factors with depression treatment among stroke survivors with co-occurring depression.

RESULTS

The final study sample consisted 370 (unweighted) community-dwelling older adults with self-reported stroke and depression. The prevalence of co-occurring depression among stroke survivors was 22.03% [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 19.7-24.4%]. An overwhelming majority (87.6%) of stroke survivors with co-occurring depression reported some form of depression treatment. Antidepressants only and combination therapy was reported by 74.8% (95% CI, 71.6-78.0%] and 12.8% (95% CI, 10.5-15.1%) by stroke survivors with co-occurring depression respectively. Approximately, 61% of stroke survivors with co-occurring depression reported using SSRIs, followed by SNRIs (15.2%), miscellaneous antidepressants (12.1%), TCAs (9.8%), phenylpiperazine antidepressants (5.2%), and tetracyclic antidepressants (4%). Sertraline (15.8, 95% CI, 12.7-19.0%) had the highest reported use among individual antidepressants.

CONCLUSIONS

Vast majority (nearly 90%) of the study sample received some form of depression treatment and several individual level factors (such as age, education) were associated with the report of depression treatment use. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to assess the comparative treatment benefits of antidepressants, psychotherapy and their combination. Healthcare providers should carefully assess the risks and benefits of antidepressant (such as SSRIs or TCAs) use in this vulnerable population prior to their use.

Evaluating Screening Tests for Depression in Post-Stroke Older Adults

BACKGROUND

Uncertainty surrounds which screening test to use in older patients with poststroke depression, in whom symptoms of depression are more complex and often occur in conjunction with other comorbidities. We evaluated screening tests for depression among a cohort of older ambulatory individuals with comorbid ischemic heart disease and prior stroke.

METHODS

We administered 4 depression screening instruments to 148 participants with ischemic heart disease and self-reported stroke from The Heart and Soul Study. Instruments included the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), 9-item and 2-item versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 and PHQ-2), and the Whooley questions, a 2-item yes/no questionnaire. We administered the computerized version of the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule as a gold standard.

RESULTS

Of the 148 participants, 35 (24%) had major depression. The Whooley questions demonstrated the highest sensitivity for detection (89%), followed by the CES-D (80%), PHQ-2 with cut point ≥2 (79%), PHQ-9 (51%), and PHQ-2 with cut point ≥3 (32%). The Whooley questions had a specificity of 0.66, a positive likelihood ratio of 2.61, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.82. We observed no significant difference in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve across the 4 instruments.

CONCLUSION

In a cohort of ambulatory older adults with coronary heart disease and prior stroke, depression occurred in a fourth of the participants. The simple Whooley questions screening instrument can efficiently detect depression with a high sensitivity in this population, one representative of older patients commonly encountered within a primary care setting.

General self-efficacy as a driving factor of post-stroke depression: A longitudinal study

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most common psychiatric condition after stroke, affecting one third of survivors. Despite identification of meaningful predictors, knowledge about the interplay between these factors remains fragmentary. General self-efficacy (GSE) is closely linked to PSD, yet direction and magnitude of this relationship remains unclear. The authors assessed the relationship between GSE and depression during the first two years post-stroke while controlling for stable inter-individual differences using continuous time (CT) structural equation modelling (SEM). Patients of two German rehabilitation centres (N = 294, mean age = 63.78 years, SD = 10.83) were assessed six weeks after ischemic stroke and at four follow-ups covering two years. GSE Scale and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) were used to assess GSE and depression. CT-analysis revealed significantly higher within-person cross-effects of GSE on GDS (a₂₁ = -.29) than vice versa (a₁₂= -.17). Maximal cross-lagged effects emerged six months post-stroke. Our results show that decreasing GSE led to increasing depressiveness, and only to a smaller extent vice versa. This suggests that fostering GSE by strengthening perceived control after stroke can counter PSD emersion and exacerbation. Six months post-stroke, when patients face social re-integration, programmes focusing on GSE could potentially help to prevent later PSD.

Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapy for post-stroke depression: a network meta-analysis

Background

Post-stroke depression (PSD) occurs in approximately one third of stroke survivors, leading to great disability and mortality. As there is no consensus on the optimal pharmacological treatment for PSD, we aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy and tolerability of the available pharmacological interventions.

Materials and Methods

We did a network meta-analysis to incorporate evidence from relevant trials providing direct and indirect comparisons. We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase and the reference lists of relevant articles up to March, 2017 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), for different pharmacotherapies of PSD. For efficacy analysis, the primary outcome was the mean change in Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) score between baseline and endpoint. For tolerability analysis, the outcome was presented by the discontinuation for any reason. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016049049.

Results

From a total of 869 citations, 15 RCTs with 876 participants were included. 13 drugs were considered. For efficacy, paroxetine ranked the best for HAMD reduction, followed by imipramine, reboxetine, nortriptyline, citalopram and fluoxetine at the end of treatment. However, duloxetine ranked the best at 4-week and 8-week duration for HAMD reduction. For tolerability, paroxetine ranked the best but there is no significant result between any comparisons.

Conclusions

Paroxetine is probably the best option to consider for patients with PSD. To get a quicker relief of depression, duloxetine might be useful for its rapid onset of antidepressant action. The tolerability was comparable among all the antidepressants. But more high-quality RCTs are needed.

Combining therapeutic approaches: rTMS and aerobic exercise in post-stroke depression: a case series

Objective and importance Residual effects of stroke include well-documented functional limitations and high prevalence of depression. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and aerobic exercise (AEx) are established techniques that improve depressive symptoms, but a combination of the two has yet to be reported. The purpose of this case series is to examine the safety, feasibility, and impact of combined rTMS and AEx on post-stroke depression and functional mobility. Clinical presentation Three participants with a history of stroke and at least mild depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionare-9 ≥5). Intervention Both rTMS and AEx were completed 3 times/week for 8-weeks. rTMS was applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 5000 pulses/session at 10 Hz, at an intensity of 120% of resting motor threshold. AEx consisted of 40 min of treadmill walking at 50-70% of heart rate reserve. Results Depressive symptoms improved in all three participants, with all demonstrating response (≥50% improvement in symptoms) and likely remission. All participants improved their Six Minute Walk Test distance and Participants 1 and 2 also improved Berg Balance Scale scores. Participants 1 and 3 improved overground walking speeds. No serious adverse events occurred with the application of rTMS or AEx and the participants' subjective reports indicated positive responses. Adherence rate for both rTMS and AEx was 98%. Conclusion Combined treatment of rTMS and AEx appears safe, feasible, and tolerable in individuals with a history of stroke and at least mild depressive symptoms. All participants had good compliance and demonstrated improvements in both depressive symptoms and walking capacity.

Interventions for management of post-stroke depression: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of 23 randomized controlled trials

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is an important complication of stroke, leading to increased disability and mortality. Given that there is no consensus on which treatment is optimal for PSD, we aimed to evaluate the relative efficacies of available pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. We conducted a network meta-analysis to incorporate evidence from relevant trials and provide direct and indirect comparisons. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase until November 1, 2016 for randomized controlled trials involving different pharmacological and non-pharmacological PSD treatment interventions. The primary outcome was reduction in the Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) score. This study is registered with PROSPERO (number, CRD42016049049). Of a total of 1,152 studies, 23 randomized trials comprising 1,542 participants were included. Nine PSD treatment interventions were considered. Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (NRI) was associated with the highest reduction in the HAMD score, followed by tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), psychotherapy plus antidepressant, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). This study indicated that NRIs, SSRIs, and TCAs are associated with a considerable higher HAMD score reduction compared with the control treatment. rTMS is a beneficial therapeutic approach for managing PSD to obtain good response to treatments compared with the control treatment.

The factors related to early-onset depression after first stroke

BACKGROUND

The biological and psychological aspects of post-stroke depression (PSD) may vary based on the time since stroke onset. The sociodemographic and clinical correlates of early-onset PSD are not yet well understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the clinical correlates of early-onset depression following first stroke. We hypothesized that the severity of a stroke or disability (other than lesion characteristics) would likely be related to PSD in a sample of first stroke patients with single and unilateral lesions.

METHODS

Post-stroke patients with (n = 40) and without (n = 51) early-onset depression were compared with respect to several demographic and clinical variables.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to lesion location, lateralization, or volume. Scores on the Brief Disability Questionnaire, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and Modified Rankin Scale were significantly higher in depressed post-stroke patients than in non-depressed patients. The anxiety, depression, and total scores of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were positively correlated with the Modified Rankin Scale, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and Brief Disability Questionnaire scores. A previous history of depression and Brief Disability Questionnaire score were strongly associated with the occurrence of early-onset PSD.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that early-onset PSD is likely to be correlated with the severity of stroke and functional disability.

A Combination of Three Repurposed Drugs Administered at Reperfusion as a Promising Therapy for Postischemic Brain Injury

Cerebral ischemia leads to multifaceted injury to the brain. A polytherapeutic drug that can be administered immediately after reperfusion may increase protection to the brain by simultaneously targeting multiple deleterious cascades. This study evaluated efficacy of the combination of three clinically approved drugs: lamotrigine, minocycline, and lovastatin, using two mouse models: global and focal cerebral ischemia induced by transient occlusion of the common carotid arteries or the middle cerebral artery, respectively. In vitro, the combination drug, but not single drug, protected neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell death. The combination drug simultaneously targeted cell apoptosis and DNA damage induced by ischemia. Besides acting on neurons, the combination drug suppressed inflammatory processes in microglia and brain endothelial cells induced by ischemia. In a transient global ischemia model, the combination drug, but not single drug, suppressed microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine production, and reduced neuronal damage. In a transient focal ischemia model, the combination drug, but not single drug, attenuated brain infarction, suppressed infiltration of peripheral neutrophils, and reduced neurological deficits following ischemic stroke. In summary, the combination drug confers a broad-spectrum protection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and could be a promising approach for early neuroprotection after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest or ischemic stroke.

Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions for management of poststroke depression: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

INTRODUCTION

Poststroke depression (PSD) constitutes an important complication of stroke, leading to great disability as well as increased mortality. Since which treatment for PSD should be preferred are still matters of controversy, we are aiming to compare and rank these pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

We will employ a network meta-analysis to incorporate both direct and indirect evidence from relevant trials. We will search PubMed, the Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and the reference lists of relevant articles for randomized controlled trials (RCT) of different PSD treatment strategies. The characteristics of each RCT will be summarized, including the study characteristics, the participant characteristics, the outcome measurements, and adverse events. The risk of bias will be assessed by means of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. The primary outcome was change in Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) score. Secondary outcomes involve patient response rate (defined as at least a 50% score reduction on HAMD), and remission rate (defined as no longer meeting baseline criteria for depression). Moreover, we will assess the acceptability of treatments according to treatment discontinuation. We will perform pairwise meta-analyses by random effects model and network meta-analysis by Bayesian random effects model.

CONCLUSION

Formal ethical approval is not required as primary data will not be collected. Our results will help to reduce the uncertainty about the effectiveness and safety of PSD management, which will encourage further research for other therapeutic options. The review will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42016049049.

Nano-particle delivery of brain derived neurotrophic factor after focal cerebral ischemia reduces tissue injury and enhances behavioral recovery

BACKGROUND

Low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are linked to delayed neurological recovery, depression, and cognitive impairment following stroke. Supplementation with BDNF reverses these effects. Unfortunately, systemically administered BDNF in its native form has minimal therapeutic value due to its poor blood brain barrier permeability and short serum half-life. In this study, a novel nano-particle polyion complex formulation of BDNF (nano-BDNF) was administered to mice after experimental ischemic stroke.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6J (8-10weeks) mice were randomly assigned to receive nano-BDNF, native-BDNF, or saline treatment after being subjected to 60min of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Mice received the first dose at 3 (early treatment), 6 (intermediate treatment), or 12h (delayed treatment) following stroke onset; a second dose was given in all cohorts at 24h after stroke onset. Post-stroke outcome was evaluated by behavioral, histological, and molecular analysis for 15days after stroke.

RESULTS

Early and intermediate nano-BDNF treatment led to a significant reduction in cerebral tissue loss. Delayed treatment led to improved memory/cognition, reduced post-stroke depressive phenotypes, and maintained myelin basic protein and brain BDNF levels, but had no effect on tissue atrophy.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that administration of a novel nano-particle formulation of BDNF leads to both neuroprotective and neuro-restorative effects after stroke.

Outstanding Symptoms of Poststroke Depression during the Acute Phase of Stroke

Poststroke depression (PSD) is a critical complication which might lead to unfavorable outcomes. However, most cases of PSD in the acute phase, during the 2 or 3 weeks following a stroke, are neglected because of the variable comorbid conditions. In this study, aimed at revealing the outstanding symptoms of PSD during the acute phase, consecutive patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) or brain infarction (BI) were asked to fill out a depression questionnaire (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report: QIDS-SR) at 1 week and 1 month following stroke onset. Patients with disturbed consciousness or aphasia were excluded from this study. Forty-nine ICH patients and 222 BI patients completed the QIDS-SR at 1 week and 27 of ICH and 62 of BI at 1 month. The PSD rate was 67% and 46% at 1 week in ICH and BI, respectively. Although sleep disturbance was the most frequent symptom of PSD, psychomotor agitation and appetite disturbance were the most distinguishing symptoms in ICH at 1 week and fatigue at 1 month. On the other hand, most of the depressive symptoms addressed in QIDS-SR were observed in PSD of BI patients both at 1 week and 1 month. In conclusion, while sleep disturbance was a frequent but non-specific symptom, appetite disturbance and fatigue might be critical symptoms to suggest PSD during the acute phase of stroke.

Incidence and risk factors of poststroke depression in patients with acute ischemic stroke: A 1-year prospective study in Taiwan

BACKGROUND

Poststroke depression (PSD) is one of the most frequent and devastating neuropsychiatric consequences of stroke. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors for PSD in a general hospital in Taiwan.

METHODS

One hundred and one patients with ischemic stroke were enrolled initially, and 91 (90.1%) completed the 1-year study. Assessments were performed at baseline, and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th month after enrolment. The definition of PSD was in accordance with the diagnostic criteria of major depressive episode in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth edition (DSM-IV).

RESULTS

The accumulated incidence rates of PSD at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 9th, month were 4%, 8%, 9%, and 10%, respectively, and the overall incidence at 1 year was 11%. In multivariate regression analysis, female gender, higher depression score, and severity of stroke were significant risk factors. In subgroup analysis, a higher depression score was significantly associated with PSD, regardless of gender; however, stroke severity was a risk factor only in the female group.

CONCLUSION

The 1-year incidence of PSD was 11%, based on the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. More attention should be paid to patients with more risk factors to enable earlier detection and intervention.

Suicide in males and females with cardiovascular disease and comorbid depression

BACKGROUND

Myocardial infarction (MI) has been associated with an increased risk of suicide, further increased among individuals with a comorbid psychiatric illness. A paucity of studies have examined details of suicide among individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and comorbid depression. We aimed to compare demographic, clinical and suicide-specific characteristics between suicide victims with CVD with depression (CVD+D) and without comorbid depression (CVD-D).

METHODS

Coroner data on suicide decedents with CVD (n=413) occurring in Toronto, Canada from 1998 to 2012 were collected. Characteristics were compared between the CVD+D and CVD-D groups. Regression analysis examined for gender differences in these groups.

RESULTS

CVD+D subjects compared to CVD-D were more likely to have had a past suicide attempt (p=0.008), and to have experienced a bereavement (p=0.008) or financial stressor (p=0.005) in the past year. Each of these variables remained significantly associated with the presence of depression after the regression analysis. Within the CVD+D group, females were more likely to die from suicide by self-poisoning (p<0.0001) and males by shooting (p=0.001).

LIMITATIONS

Psychological autopsies were not available. The definition of CVD was broad and the accuracy of its diagnosis could not be confirmed.

CONCLUSION

Individuals with CVD+D who died from suicide had significant differences in clinical characteristics and specific stressors compared to those without depression. These data may help to better characterize suicide risk and prevention in this vulnerable population.

Home-based telesurveillance and rehabilitation after stroke: a real-life study

BACKGROUND

After discharge from in-hospital rehabilitation, post-stroke patients should have the opportunity to continue the rehabilitation through structured programs to maintain the benefits acquired during intensive rehabilitation treatment.

OBJECTIVE

The primary objective was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing an home-based telesurveillance and rehabilitation (HBTR) program to optimize the patient's recovery by reducing dependency degree.

METHOD

Post-stroke patients were consecutively screened. Data were expressed as mean ±  standard deviation (SD). 26 patients enrolled: 15 were sub-acute (time since stroke: 112 ± 39 days) and 11 were chronic (time since stroke: 470 ± 145 days). For 3 months patients were followed at home by a nurse-tutor, who provided structured phone support and vital signs telemonitoring, and by a physiotherapist (PT) who monitored rehabilitation sessions by videoconferencing.

RESULTS

23 patients completed the program; 16.7 ± 5.2 phone contacts/patient were initiated by the nurse and 0.9 ± 1.8 by the patients. Eight episodes of atrial fibrillation that required a change in therapy were recorded in two patients. Physiotherapists performed 1.2 ± 0.4 home visits, 1.6 ± 0.9 phone calls and 4.5 ± 2.8 videoconference-sessions per patient. At least three sessions/week of home exercises were performed by 31% of patients, two sessions by 54%. At the end of the program, global functional capacity improved significantly (P < 0.001), in particular, static (P < 0.001) and dynamic (P = 0.0004) postural balance, upper limb dexterity of the paretic side (P = 0.01), and physical performance (P = 0.002). Symptoms of depression and caregiver strain also improved.

CONCLUSION

The home-based program was feasible and effective in both sub-acute and chronic post-stroke patients, improving their recovery, and maintaining the benefits reached during inpatient rehabilitation.

What is next after transfer of care from hospital to home for stroke patients? Evaluation of a community stroke care service based in a primary care clinic

Context:

Poststroke care in developing countries is inundated with poor concordance and scarce specialist stroke care providers. A primary care-driven health service is an option to ensure optimal care to poststroke patients residing at home in the community.

Aims:

We assessed outcomes of a pilot long-term stroke care clinic which combined secondary prevention and rehabilitation at community level.

Settings and Design:

A prospective observational study of stroke patients treated between 2008 and 2010 at a primary care teaching facility.

Subjects and Methods:

Analysis of patients was done at initial contact and at 1-year post treatment. Clinical outcomes included stroke risk factor(s) control, depression according to Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9), and level of independence using Barthel Index (BI).

Statistical Analysis Used:

Differences in means between baseline and post treatment were compared using paired t-tests or Wilcoxon-signed rank test. Significance level was set at 0.05.

Results:

Ninety-one patients were analyzed. Their mean age was 62.9 [standard deviation (SD) 10.9] years, mean stroke episodes were 1.30 (SD 0.5). The median interval between acute stroke and first contact with the clinic 4.0 (interquartile range 9.0) months. Mean systolic blood pressure decreased by 9.7 mmHg (t = 2.79, P = 0.007), while mean diastolic blood pressure remained unchanged at 80mmHg (z = 1.87, P = 0.06). Neurorehabilitation treatment was given to 84.6% of the patients. Median BI increased from 81 (range: 2−100) to 90.5 (range: 27−100) (Z = 2.34, P = 0.01). Median PHQ9 scores decreased from 4.0 (range: 0−22) to 3.0 (range: 0−19) though the change was not significant (Z= −0.744, P = 0.457).

Conclusions:

Primary care-driven long-term stroke care services yield favorable outcomes for blood pressure control and functional level.

The role of electroconvulsive and neuromodulation therapies in the treatment of geriatric depression

Geriatric depression is associated with increased mortality because of suicide and decreases in functional and physical health. Many elders' depression is resistant to psychotherapy and medication and can become chronic. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is increasingly used in the treatment of medication-resistant or life-threatening geriatric depression. Neuromodulation therapies (subconvulsive, focal, or subconvulsive and focal) are alternatives for the management of treatment-resistant depression in the elderly. Therapies that combine both strategies could be safer but may not be as effective as ECT. This review covers the evidence on the safety and efficacy of ECT and the neuromodulation therapies in geriatric depression.

Depression and chronic diseases: it is time for a synergistic mental health and primary care approach

OBJECTIVE

To identify the growing significance of depression as a global leading cause of years lost to disability and its role as a major independent risk factor in many chronic illnesses. The distinct effects of depression on morbidity and mortality in cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and stroke are investigated, including behavioral factors and plausible biological mechanisms (psychoneuroimmunology of depression).

DATA SOURCES

PubMed articles in English were searched from 1992 to 2012 (20-year span) using the following search criteria: psychoneuroimmunology of depression, immune-mediated inflammation, depression treatment recommendations, depression screening, years lost to disability, underserved populations and depression, chronic illnesses and depression, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and immune system.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Evidence of the robust bidirectional relationship between depression and individual chronic diseases is presented and discussed. A brief overview of currently recommended psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic treatment approaches in regard to depression in chronic diseases is provided.

RESULTS

Discordance between mental health and primary care within the US public health system is a systematic problem that must be addressed. This situation leads to a potentially high hidden prevalence of underdiagnosed and undertreated depression, especially in the underserved populations.

CONCLUSION

Measures must be implemented across the communities of mental health and primary care practitioners in order to achieve a synergistic approach to depression.

Post-stroke depression: an update

INTRODUCTION

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most common mood disorder following a stroke, and also the main factor limiting recovery and rehabilitation in stroke patients. In addition, it may increase mortality by up to ten times.

DEVELOPMENT

PSD occurs in 1 in 3 stroke patients and more than half of all cases are neither diagnosed nor treated. Several mechanisms, including biological, behavioral, and social factors, are involved in its pathogenesis. Symptoms usually occur within the first three months after stroke (early onset PSD), and less frequently at a later time (late onset PSD). Symptoms resemble those of other types of depression, although there are some differences: PSD patients experience more sleep disturbances, vegetative symptoms, and social withdrawal. For PSD diagnosis, we recommended vigilance and use of specific diagnostic tools such as the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). The treatments of choice are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). However, there are still many unanswered questions in the treatment of PSD, such as the best time to start treatment or the effects of antidepressants on cognition and motor function, among others.

CONCLUSIONS

Neurologists play a pivotal role in the care and management of patients recovering from stroke. They must be familiar with methods for early detection and treatment of PSD, as this can facilitate a patient's functional recovery and social reintegration, and improve quality of life for patients and their families.

Effects of music therapy on mood in stroke patients

PURPOSE

To investigate the effects of music therapy on depressive mood and anxiety in post-stroke patients and evaluate satisfaction levels of patients and caregivers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eighteen post-stroke patients, within six months of onset and mini mental status examination score of over 20, participated in this study. Patients were divided into music and control groups. The experimental group participated in the music therapy program for four weeks. Psychological status was evaluated with the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) before and after music therapy. Satisfaction with music therapy was evaluated by a questionnaire.

RESULTS

BAI and BDI scores showed a greater decrease in the music group than the control group after music therapy, but only the decrease of BDI scores were statistically significant (p=0.048). Music therapy satisfaction in patients and caregivers was affirmative.

CONCLUSION

Music therapy has a positive effect on mood in post-stroke patients and may be beneficial for mood improvement with stroke. These results are encouraging, but further studies are needed in this field.

Can the New Cooperative Medical Scheme promote rural elders' access to health-care services?

The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) on rural elders' access to health-care services. Articles were identified from PubMed, Elsevier, Wiley, EBSCO, EMBASE, SCI Expanded, ProQuest, Google, and CNKI which is the most informative database in Chinese, with the search terms "rural", "China", "old", "older", or "elder", "elderly", or "aged", "aging", "medical insurance", or "community-based medical insurance", or "cooperative medical scheme". Related websites and yearbooks were searched as well. The NCMS has improved the health-care utilization of rural elders, and they have the highest satisfaction with it among all age groups. However, affordability difficulty remained the common barrier for the rural elderly to access quality health care, in spite of the special considerations given to the rural elderly, such as premium remission and free check-ups. Faced with ever-growing health challenges, some impoverished rural elders with poor physical health and functional limitations may lack sufficient access to basic health-care services. Followed by the provider payment reform initiated by the NCMS, a stricter regulation for doctors' prescriptions, clinical practice and disease management is needed to promote rural elders' access to health-care services. Health management for rural elders can be expected for the NCMS to promote rural elders' health-care access once a better coordination between the NCMS and health-care system can be achieved.