1
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Kintz P. Drug transfer during intimate moments: A key issue in doping control that can be documented by hair tests of the athlete and the partner. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2024; 64:72-76. [PMID: 37161267 DOI: 10.1177/00258024231173346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites or its markers in an athlete's sample constitutes the more frequent anti-doping rules violation. In the world anti-doping code, it is indicated (point 10.5) that if someone establishes in an individual case that the athlete bears no fault or negligence, then the otherwise applicable period of ineligibility shall be eliminated. The conditions that have to be met to fix the no fault or negligence evidence are described in several other points of the code. The following two points are of paramount importance: 1. the athlete or his/her legal representative must present verified circumstances of contamination and the source of contamination must be identified; and
2. there must be verified claims by the athlete about the fact that he/she did not knowingly take the prohibited substance, i.e., that the violation was not intentional.In recent years, several cases of contamination involving drug transfer during intimate moments have been reported. This later situation was first reported in 2009 with the Richard Gasquet case. Since that time, several athletes have been allowed to return to competition with no charge based on strong evidence that the source of contamination was drug transfer during intimate moments. As some of these cases are public and because the author performed hair tests for the majority of the international athletes involved in such procedures, the strategy of the defence and the scientific bases of discussion are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- X-Pertise Consulting, Mittelhausbergen, France
- Institut de médecine légale, Strasbourg, France
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2
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Lynch D, Chitty L, Johnson B, Hoefnagel AL. Suspected Buprenorphine-Precipitated Opioid Withdrawal following Intercourse: A Case Report. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2023; 37:314-316. [PMID: 37640398 DOI: 10.1080/15360288.2023.2250344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Buprenorphine, a partial mu-opioid receptor agonist, is a commonly prescribed medication for opioid use disorder (OUD). There is evidence that drugs may enter the male genitourinary tract by an ion-trapping process, based on the lipid solubility and degree of ionization (1). While little is known about the pharmacokinetics of drugs in seminal fluid, pH is thought to play an integral role. Limited evidence exists surrounding cervical absorption of drugs via seminal fluid transmission. This also prompts survey of the frequency of this event and the influence on treatment within this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davene Lynch
- Department of Anesthesia UF Health Jacksonville, University of Florida-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Lyndsey Chitty
- Department of Anesthesia UF Health Jacksonville, University of Florida-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Brittany Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy UF Health Jacksonville, University of Florida-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Amie L Hoefnagel
- Department of Anesthesia UF Health Jacksonville, University of Florida-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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3
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Houle E, Li Y, Schroder M, McRitchie SL, Rahil T, Sites CK, Sumner SJ, Pilsner JR. Exploring the internal exposome of seminal plasma with semen quality and live birth: A Pilot Study. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2023; 69:296-309. [PMID: 37098216 PMCID: PMC11144350 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2023.2195964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Infertility is clinically defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy within 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse and affects 15% of couples worldwide. Therefore, the identification of novel biomarkers that can accurately predict male reproductive health and couples' reproductive success is of major public health significance. The objective of this pilot study is to test whether untargeted metabolomics is capable of discriminating reproductive outcomes and understand associations between the internal exposome of seminal plasma and the reproductive outcomes of semen quality and live birth among ten participants undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) in Springfield, MA. We hypothesize that seminal plasma offers a novel biological matrix by which untargeted metabolomics is able to discern male reproductive status and predict reproductive success. The internal exposome data was acquired using UHPLC-HR-MS on randomized seminal plasma samples at UNC at Chapel Hill. Unsupervised and supervised multivariate analyses were used to visualize the differentiation of phenotypic groups classified by men with normal or low semen quality based on World Health Organization guidelines as well as by successful ART: live birth or no live birth. Over 100 exogenous metabolites, including environmentally relevant metabolites, ingested food components, drugs and medications, and metabolites relevant to microbiome-xenobiotic interaction, were identified and annotated from the seminal plasma samples, through matching against the NC HHEAR hub in-house experimental standard library. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism, vitamin A metabolism, and histidine metabolism were associated sperm quality; while pathways involving vitamin A metabolism, C21-steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and Omega-3 fatty acid metabolism distinguished live birth groups. Taken together, these pilot results suggest that seminal plasma is a novel matrix to study the influence of the internal exposome on reproductive health outcomes. Future research aims to increase the sample size to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Houle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock Street, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - YuanYuan Li
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, 500 Laureate Way, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Kannapolis, NC 28010, USA
| | - Madison Schroder
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, 500 Laureate Way, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Kannapolis, NC 28010, USA
| | - Susan L McRitchie
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, 500 Laureate Way, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Kannapolis, NC 28010, USA
| | - Tayyab Rahil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Medical Center, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia K Sites
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Medical Center, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Susan Jenkins Sumner
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, 500 Laureate Way, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Kannapolis, NC 28010, USA
| | - J. Richard Pilsner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock Street, Detroit, MI, USA
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4
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Ejaculation: the Process and Characteristics From Start to Finish. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2023; 15:1-9. [PMID: 36908762 PMCID: PMC9997041 DOI: 10.1007/s11930-022-00340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Semen analysis serves as the initial step in the evaluation of male infertility. However, given the difficulty in interpreting abnormal findings, physicians and patients often struggle with understanding the results. In this review, we aim to review the normal physiology of ejaculation and create an accessible resource for interpreting abnormal semen volume, viscosity, liquefaction, pH, appearance, and color. Recent Findings Emerging evidence has revealed that men with genitourinary tract infections have a greater number of seminal leukocytes, which may result in clumping of motile sperm and altered morphology. Hence, these patients may have abnormal sperm parameters secondary to their health status. Recent findings have further characterized the semen liquefaction process, suggesting that increased levels of semenogelin and decreased levels of proteases and plasminogen activators (e.g., urokinase and chymotrypsin) may be associated with the failure of semen to convert to a watery consistency. Summary This article creates a resource which may be referenced when abnormalities in semen analysis are encountered. We offer a comprehensive overview of normal ejaculation physiology and abnormal variants in male ejaculate volume-including aspermia, anejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, and hypo- and hyperspermia-and their potential etiologies. Additionally, we discuss several processes (infection, inflammation, and dysfunction of male sex glands) which may affect semen viscosity, liquefaction, and pH. Finally, our discussion of the potential colors of male ejaculate is meant to reduce the anxiety of both patient and provider. Through a better understanding of the process and varying characteristics of ejaculation, physicians may adequately counsel their patients on abnormal findings and concerns regarding infertility.
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Investigations into the concentration and metabolite profiles of stanozolol and LGD-4033 in blood plasma and seminal fluid using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:669-681. [PMID: 36441233 PMCID: PMC9839828 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potential scenarios as to the origin of minute amounts of banned substances detected in doping control samples have been a much-discussed problem in anti-doping analysis in recent years. One such debated scenario has been the contamination of female athletes' urine with ejaculate containing doping agents and/or their metabolites. The aim of this work was to obtain complementary information on whether relevant concentration ranges of doping substances are excreted into the ejaculate and which metabolites can be detected in the seminal fluid (sf) and corresponding blood plasma (bp) samples. A method was established to study the concentration and metabolite profiles of stanozolol and LGD-4033-substances listed under anabolic substances (S1) on the World Anti-Doping Agency's Prohibited List-in bp and sf using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). For sf and bp, methods for detecting minute amounts of these substances were developed and tested for specificity, recovery, linearity, precision, and reliability. Subsequently, sf and bp samples from an animal administration study, where a boar orally received stanozolol at 0.33 mg/kg and LGD-4033 at 0.11 mg/kg, were measured. The developed assays proved appropriate for the detection of the target substances in both matrices with detection limits between 10 and 40 pg/mL for the unmetabolized drugs in sf and bp, allowing to estimate the concentration of stanozolol in bp (0.02-0.40 ng/mL) and in sf (0.01-0.25 ng/mL) as well as of LGD-4033 in bp (0.21-2.00 ng/mL) and in sf (0.03-0.68 ng/mL) post-administration. In addition, metabolites resulting from different metabolic pathways were identified in sf and bp, with sf resembling a composite of the metabolic profile of bp and urine.
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6
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Maurer JJ, Wimmer ME, Turner CA, Herman RJ, Zhang Y, Ragnini K, Ferrante J, Kimmey BA, Crist RC, Pierce RC, Schmidt HD. Paternal nicotine taking elicits heritable sex-specific phenotypes that are mediated by hippocampal Satb2. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3864-3874. [PMID: 35595980 PMCID: PMC9675874 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine intake, whether through tobacco smoking or e-cigarettes, remains a global health concern. An emerging preclinical literature indicates that parental nicotine exposure produces behavioral, physiological, and molecular changes in subsequent generations. However, the heritable effects of voluntary parental nicotine taking are unknown. Here, we show increased acquisition of nicotine taking in male and female offspring of sires that self-administered nicotine. In contrast, self-administration of sucrose and cocaine were unaltered in male and female offspring suggesting that the intergenerational effects of paternal nicotine taking may be reinforcer specific. Further characterization revealed memory deficits and increased anxiety-like behaviors in drug-naive male, but not female, offspring of nicotine-experienced sires. Using an unbiased, genome-wide approach, we discovered that these phenotypes were associated with decreased expression of Satb2, a transcription factor known to play important roles in synaptic plasticity and memory formation, in the hippocampus of nicotine-sired male offspring. This effect was sex-specific as no changes in Satb2 expression were found in nicotine-sired female offspring. Finally, increasing Satb2 levels in the hippocampus prevented the escalation of nicotine intake and rescued the memory deficits associated with paternal nicotine taking in male offspring. Collectively, these findings indicate that paternal nicotine taking produces heritable sex-specific molecular changes that promote addiction-like phenotypes and memory impairments in male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Maurer
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mathieu E. Wimmer
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Christopher A. Turner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rae J. Herman
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yafang Zhang
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kael Ragnini
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julia Ferrante
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Blake A. Kimmey
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Richard C. Crist
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R. Christopher Pierce
- Brain Health Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Heath D. Schmidt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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7
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Tímermans A, Vázquez R, Otero F, Gosálvez J, Johnston S, Fernández JL. Antibiotic toxicity on human spermatozoa assessed using the sperm DNA fragmentation dynamic assay. Andrologia 2021; 54:e14328. [PMID: 34837416 DOI: 10.1111/and.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) dynamic assays were piloted on 4 fresh ejaculates to examine the possible sperm toxicity of three common antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and ampicillin, incubated at a concentration estimated to be reached in semen in vivo, and 100×, for 24 h. SDF was assessed in terms of single-strand DNA breaks (SSBs) and double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). Low and high concentrations of ciprofloxacin and high concentration of doxycycline significantly increased the SDF rate, due to sperm containing SSBs. Ampicillin did not affect SDF dynamics at any dose. Based on these results, the effect of antibiotics on the global-SDF dynamics was further examined in 21 ejaculates assessed at 0, 4 and 6 h. Ciprofloxacin increased the rate of SDF at the low concentration in 17 from 21 subjects; the high concentration resulted in a stronger effect in all individuals. A significant increase in the rate of SDF in 17 ejaculates was also noted when spermatozoa were incubated with the high concentration of doxycycline. The dynamic SDF assay is a rapid and sensitive tool to evidence sperm toxicity. Ciprofloxacin should be avoided when it is necessary to preserve sperm quality for reproductive purposes and as additive in semen diluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tímermans
- Genetics Unit, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Radiobiology, Centro Oncológico de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Fátima Otero
- Genetics Unit, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Radiobiology, Centro Oncológico de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jaime Gosálvez
- Genetics Unit, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen Johnston
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - José Luis Fernández
- Genetics Unit, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Radiobiology, Centro Oncológico de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain
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8
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Fedoruk M, Geyer H. Sports drug testing and the athletes' exposome. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1814-1821. [PMID: 34694748 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Similar to the general population, elite athletes are exposed to a complex set of environmental factors including chemicals and radiation and also biological and physical stressors, which constitute an exposome that is, unlike for the general population, subjected to specific scrutiny for athletes due to applicable antidoping regulations and associated (frequent) routine doping controls. Hence, investigations into the athlete's exposome and how to distinguish between deliberate drug use and different contamination scenarios has become a central topic of antidoping research, as a delicate balance is to be managed between the vital and continually evolving developments of sensitive analytical techniques on the one hand, and the risk of the athletes' exposome potentially causing adverse analytical findings on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Fedoruk
- United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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9
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Olabarrieta E, Totorikaguena L, Romero-Aguirregomezcorta J, Agirregoitia N, Agirregoitia E. Delta and kappa opioid receptors on mouse sperm cells: Expression, localization and involvement on in vitro fertilization. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 93:211-218. [PMID: 32145291 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid peptides have been reported to be involved in the regulation of reproductive physiology. Many of the studies conclude with sentences around the harmful effect of opioids in male fertility but, actually, there is only one study regarding the real fertility potential of spermatozoa that have been exposed to mu specific opioids. The aim of the present study was to see if the modulation of delta (OPRD1) and kappa (OPRK1) opioid receptors in mouse sperm during capacitation was able to vary the embryo production after in vitro fertilization (IVF). The presence of OPRD1 and OPRK1 in mouse mature spermatozoa was analyzed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Incubating the sperm with, on one hand, the delta specific agonist DPDPE and/or antagonist naltrindole, and, on the other hand, the kappa specific agonist U-50488 and antagonist nor-binaltorphimine, we analyzed the involvement of OPRD1 and OPRK1 on IVF and preimplantational embryo development. We verified the presence of OPRD1 and OPRK1 in mouse mature spermatozoa, not only at the mRNA level but also at protein level. Moreover, the sperm incubation with DPDPE, before the IVF, had an effect on the fertilization rate of sperm and reduced the number of reached blastocysts, which was reverted by naltrindole. Instead, the use of the kappa agonist U-50488 and the antagonist nor-binaltophimine did not have any effect on the amount and the quality of the achieved blastocysts. Although nowadays the pure delta or kappa opioid ligands are not used for the clinic, clinical trials are being conducted to be used in the near future, so it would be interesting to know if the modulation of these receptors in sperm would generate any consequence in relation to fertilization capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Olabarrieta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lide Totorikaguena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Naiara Agirregoitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ekaitz Agirregoitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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10
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Logistic Regression Analysis Factors Affecting Sperm Motility and Abnormal Sperm Morphology in Boars. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121004. [PMID: 31756982 PMCID: PMC6941152 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reduced sperm motility and morphological abnormalities have significant negative impacts on conception rates in sows and are important indexes of semen. The identification of factors that influence sperm motility and morphology will improve boar fertility in commercial herds. On the basis of analysis of 5042 ejaculates from 385 boars using a logistic regression model, we found that serum Cu excess, serum Fe deficiency, and Pb presence in seminal plasma were risk factors for poor semen quality in boars. More importantly, the presence of seminal plasma Pb had more serious effect on the probability of abnormal sperm morphology than serum Cu excess and serum Fe deficiency. In addition, Yorkshire and Landrace boars had higher sperm motility and lower abnormal sperm morphology than Duroc boars. The difference in serum and seminal plasma elements among boars with different semen qualities may become a guide for regulating these elements used in boar diet. The highly predictive values of serum Cu, Fe, and seminal plasma Pb could be used in the future as an additional tool in semen quality evaluation. Abstract Logistic regression models, including variables of boar breed, age, serum, and seminal plasma elements, were used to identify the influencing factors of sperm motility and morphology in this study. Sperm motility degree was classified as grade 0: ≤85% and grade 1: >85%. Abnormal sperm morphology was classified as grade 0: ≤10%, grade 1: 10–20%, and grade 2: >20%. Element concentration of 385 boars was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results showed that boars with serum Cu ≥ 2.5 mg/L had lower sperm motility (odds ratio (OR): 0.496; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.285–0.864) and higher abnormal sperm morphology (OR: 2.003; 95% CI: 1.189–3.376) than those with serum Cu ≤ 2.0 mg/L. Boars with serum Fe ≥ 1.5 mg/L had lower abnormal sperm morphology than those with serum Fe ≤ 1.0 mg/L (OR: 0.463; 95% CI: 0.255–0.842). The presence of Pb in seminal plasma increased abnormal sperm morphology. The probability of abnormal sperm morphology >20% from boars with seminal plasma Pb increased with a range of 5.78–15.30% than that from boars without seminal plasma Pb among three breeds. In conclusion, serum Cu excess, serum Fe deficiency, and seminal plasma Pb are risk factors for poor semen quality in boars.
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11
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Olabarrieta E, Totorikaguena L, Romero-Aguirregomezcorta J, Agirregoitia N, Agirregoitia E. Mu opioid receptor expression and localisation in murine spermatozoa and its role in IVF. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 32:349-354. [PMID: 31718767 DOI: 10.1071/rd19176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous opioid peptides are reported to be involved in the regulation of reproductive physiology. Many of the studies conclude with statements on the harmful effect of opioids on male fertility but, in fact, there are no studies regarding the real fertilisation potential of spermatozoa that have been exposed to opioids. The aim of the present study was to examine if modulation of mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) in murine spermatozoa during capacitation influenced embryo production after IVF. The presence of OPRM1 in murine mature spermatozoa was analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. We analysed the involvement of OPRM1 on IVF and pre-implantational embryo development by incubating the spermatozoa with the opioid agonist morphine and/or antagonist naloxone. We verified the presence of OPRM1 in murine mature spermatozoa, not only at the mRNA level but also the protein level. Moreover, incubation of the spermatozoa with morphine, before IVF, had an effect on the fertilisation rate of the spermatozoa and reduced the numbers of blastocysts, which was reversed by naloxone. Considering that opioids are widely used clinically, it is important to take into account their effect, via OPRM1, on the fertility of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Olabarrieta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lide Totorikaguena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jon Romero-Aguirregomezcorta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Naiara Agirregoitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ekaitz Agirregoitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; and Corresponding author.
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12
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Gómez Caballero N, Almenara S, Tévar Terol A, Horga de la Parte JF. Anaphylaxis probably induced by transfer of amoxicillin via oral sex. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/3/e227398. [PMID: 30852498 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-227398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of a possible amoxicillin-induced anaphylaxis in a sensitive woman triggered by an instance of oral sexual contact with a man who was taking amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment.To our knowledge, this is the first case reported of a suspicion of amoxicillin-induced anaphylaxis in a woman after a sexual contact with a man who was taking the drug, we hypothesised an oral drug transfer through semen.Studies about amoxicillin concentrations achieved in semen after a drug intake are scarce. There are few cases reported of hypersensitivity reactions induced by drugs transported in semen but we have found some concern in sensitive patients about the possibility of transference of allergens via sexual intercourse. As clinicians, we consider that it is important to be aware of the existence of this possibility both in the diagnosis and in the prevention of anaphylactic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Almenara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital General Universitari d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Antonia Tévar Terol
- Department of Primary Care, Hospital General Universitari d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
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Safety assessment of cefuroxime on male reproductive system: Subacute toxicity and potential reversibility after a complete cycle of spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation in Wistar rats. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 85:75-82. [PMID: 30797828 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cefuroxime on reproductive system were investigated in male rats. Doses of 0, 30, 60 or 120 mg/kg of cefuroxime were intraperitoneally injected daily, for 7 days. Half of the rats were euthanized 24 h after the last dose and other half were induced to death 70 days after the last treatment. After 8 days of the experiment, results showed that cefuroxime induced a significant reduction in the weights of testes, epididymis and accessory sex organs. In addition, it decreased sperm quality, plasma testosterone level, and antioxidant enzyme activities while increasing the level of malondialdehyde. After a complete cycle of spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation, the results indicated complete reversibility of the adverse effects previously mentioned. In conclusion, cefuroxime induced reversible dose-dependent adverse effects on testicular and epididymal functions of rats.
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Li Y, Wang X, Liu L, Reyes J, Palmisano M, Zhou S. Distribution of pomalidomide into semen of healthy male subjects after multiple doses. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY : ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 10:53-62. [PMID: 29765255 PMCID: PMC5944449 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s167017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess whether pomalidomide can distribute into human semen and its duration in human semen. Method A phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (CC-4047-CP-006) was conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of pomalidomide (CC-4047) following multiple daily doses in healthy male subjects. Semen samples were collected on Day −1 and 4 hours after dosing on Day 4 to quantify the pomalidomide concentrations in ejaculate after multiple oral doses of pomalidomide. Result Our study showed that pomalidomide was present in male subjects’ semen samples, and the average amount of pomalidomide in a single ejaculate 4 hours after dosing was less than 0.0022% of the daily 2 mg dose. There was a good correlation between the semen concentrations and the plasma concentrations, suggesting that the plasma concentration may be the main driving force for the distribution of pomalidomide into the seminal reservoirs. Simulation results suggest that pomalidomide was undetectable in semen 48 hours after stopping dosing. Conclusion Based on the results from this study, the pomalidomide prescribing information approved by the US Food and Drug Administration includes a statement that “pomalidomide is present in the semen of patients receiving the drug. Therefore, males must always use a latex or synthetic condom during any sexual contact with females of reproductive potential while taking POMALYST and for up to 4 weeks after discontinuing POMALYST, even if they have undergone a successful vasectomy. Male patients taking POMALYST must not donate sperm.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Translational Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Non-Clinical Development, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Liangang Liu
- Biometrics and Data Operations, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Josephine Reyes
- Translational Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Palmisano
- Translational Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Simon Zhou
- Translational Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
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Słowińska M, Sallem H, Clench MR, Ciereszko A. Metabolomic analysis of white and yellow seminal plasma in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Poult Sci 2018; 97:1059-1065. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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David OJ, Berwick A, Pezous N, Lang M, Tiel-Wilck K, Ziemssen T, Li P, Hara H, Schmouder R. Determination of Seminal Concentration of Fingolimod and Fingolimod-Phosphate in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Receiving Chronic Treatment With Fingolimod. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2017; 7:217-221. [PMID: 29266794 PMCID: PMC5814852 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The safety profile of fingolimod 0.5 mg, approved therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis, is well established in clinical and real‐world studies. As fingolimod is teratogenic in rats, it was considered important to assess the concentrations of fingolimod and its active metabolite, fingolimod‐phosphate, in the semen of male patients on treatment and the risk of harming a fetus in a pregnant partner. In this multicenter open‐label study, 13 male patients receiving fingolimod for at least 6 months provided 1 semen and 1 blood sample for analyte concentration measurements. The steady‐state seminal concentrations of fingolimod and fingolimod‐phosphate were close to those simultaneously observed in blood. The amount of fingolimod‐related material in 10 mL of ejaculate was estimated to be 47.5 ng. The estimated fingolimod and fingolimod‐phosphate blood Cmax values in a woman having regular sexual intercourse with a male patient treated with fingolimod 0.5 mg were approximately 400 and 2400 times smaller than the estimated values in the embryo‐fetal development study in rats at the no‐observed‐adverse‐event level. Consequently, the risk of harming a fetus in a pregnant woman is considered extremely unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Berwick
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Lang
- NeuroPoint, Ulm and NTD Study Group, Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Tiel-Wilck
- Neurologisches Facharztzentrum, NTD Study Group, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Peng Li
- WuXi AppTec Co, Shanghai, China
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Tahri A, Ksouda K, Kallel R, Daoud S, Boudawara T, Zeghal KM, Sahnoun Z. A carbapenem antibiotic imipenem/cilastatin induces an oxidative stress-status and gonadotoxic effects in « wistar » rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:308-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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The Influence of Methotrexate Treatment on Male Fertility and Pregnancy Outcome After Paternal Exposure. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:561-569. [PMID: 28267049 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease incidence peaks during the reproductive years. Methotrexate (MTX) is frequently used for inflammatory bowel disease, but its use during pregnancy is contraindicated in women because of teratogenic effects. The aim of this review is to investigate the influence of MTX on male fertility and pregnancy outcomes after paternal MTX exposure. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed by applying 2 focus areas, "methotrexate" and "male fertility or pregnancy outcome." Terms and keywords were used both as MeSH terms and free-text searches. Pertinent articles were searched for additional relevant references. RESULTS In animal studies, MTX induces aberrations in sperm DNA that have not been identified in humans. The effects of MTX on human sperm quality have only been described in case reports. A transient adverse effect on sperm quality with low-dose MTX has been reported, but several other cases have not found harmful effects of MTX. MTX has not been measured in human sperm ejaculates; yet, the risk of a direct toxic effect on the fetus through MTX-contaminated seminal plasma seems negligible. Until now, 284 pregnancies with paternal MTX exposure have been reported. The outcomes were 248 live births and a total of 13 malformations, with no overt indication of MTX embryopathy. CONCLUSIONS This review reveals the lack of studies on the safety of MTX with regard to male reproduction. It is not clear whether MTX transiently influences male fertility and sperm DNA integrity, and more studies are needed. Comparative cohort studies found no increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Abstract
The 1CH (International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) Guideline for Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products, adopted at the Second ICH Conference in Orlando, FL, U.S.A., emphasized the need for research into the suitability of various methods for the detection of effects on fertility in males. The current project was undertaken to compare the efficiency of methods by evaluating reports in the open literature. The results of the examination of 117 substances or substance classes support the view that histopathology and organ weight analysis provide the best general-purpose means of detecting substances with the potential to affect male fertility. Examinations at up to 4 weeks of treatment appear to be as effective as examinations conducted at later times. Mating with females for detection of effects unrelated to interference with sperm production appears to provide an optimal combination because adding other methodologies does not materially improve the detection rate. As to the timing of the mating trial, a 2-week premating period is as efficient as mating at 4 weeks and apparently more efficient than mating after prolonged premating treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Ulbrich
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Berlin, Germany; Huntingdon Research Centre, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England
| | - Anthony K. Palmer
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Berlin, Germany; Huntingdon Research Centre, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England
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Cass Y, Connor TH, Tabachnik A. Safe handling of oral antineoplastic medications: Focus on targeted therapeutics in the home setting. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2016; 23:350-378. [PMID: 27009803 DOI: 10.1177/1078155216637217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction With the growing number of oral targeted therapies being approved for use in cancer therapy, the potential for long-term administration of these drugs to cancer patients is expanding. The use of these drugs in the home setting has the potential to expose family members and caregivers to them either through direct contact with the drugs or indirectly by exposure to the parent compounds and/or their active metabolites in contaminated patients' waste. Methods A systematic literature review was performed and the known adverse health effect of 32 oral targeted therapeutics is summarized. In particular, the carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and embryo-fetal toxicity, along with the route of excretion were evaluated. Results Carcinogenicity testing has not been performed on most of the oral targeted therapeutics and the genotoxicity data are mixed. However, the majority of these drugs exhibit adverse reproductive effects, some of which are severe. Currently, available data does not permit the possibility of a health hazard from inappropriate handling of drugs and contaminated patients waste to be ignored, especially in a long-term home setting. Further research is needed to understand these issues. Conclusions With the expanding use of targeted therapies in the home setting, family members and caregivers, especially those of reproductive risk age, are, potentially at risk. Overall basic education and related precautions should be taken to protect family members and caregivers from indirect or direct exposure from these drugs. Further investigations and discussion on this subject are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas H Connor
- 2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Reproductive health risks associated with occupational exposures to antineoplastic drugs in health care settings: a review of the evidence. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 56:901-10. [PMID: 25153300 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antineoplastic drugs are known reproductive and developmental toxicants. Our objective was to review the existing literature of reproductive health risks to workers who handle antineoplastic drugs. METHODS A structured literature review of 18 peer-reviewed, English language publications of occupational exposure and reproductive outcomes was performed. RESULTS Although effect sizes varied with study size and population, occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs seems to raise the risk of both congenital malformations and miscarriage. Studies of infertility and time to pregnancy also suggested an increased risk for subfertility. CONCLUSIONS Antineoplastic drugs are highly toxic in patients receiving treatment, and adverse reproductive effects have been well documented in these patients. Health care workers with long-term, low-level occupational exposure to these drugs also seem to have an increased risk of adverse reproductive outcomes. Additional precautions to prevent exposure should be considered.
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Evaluation of early fetal exposure to vaginally-administered metronidazole in pregnant cynomolgus monkeys. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 59:17-21. [PMID: 26524246 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Given concern about potential embryo-fetal harm following seminal exposure to drugs with teratogenic potential, pharmaceutical companies use theoretical calculations to estimate seminal concentrations, maternal exposure, and distribution across the placenta to the embryo-fetal compartment for risk assessment. However, it is plausible that there are additional mechanisms whereby the conceptus is exposed. In order to determine if theoretical calculations are sufficiently conservative to predict embryo-fetal exposure from drugs in semen, pregnant cynomolgus monkeys were given a vaginal dose of metronidazole during the early fetal period and cesarean-sectioned. Maternal, fetal, and amniotic fluid samples were analyzed for metronidazole and 2-hydroxymetronidazole. Exposure to metronidazole and its metabolite were comparable in all matrices. These data demonstrated no preferential transfer mechanism to conceptus following intravaginal administration of a small molecule drug; and therefore, suggest that traditional modeling for embryo-fetal exposure to drugs in semen in support of risk assessment for pharmaceutical agents is sufficiently conservative.
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Hui JY, Hoffmann M, Kumar G. Embryo–fetal exposure and developmental outcome of thalidomide following oral and intravaginal administration to pregnant rabbits. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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A first-in-human randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single- and multiple-ascending oral dose study of novel antimalarial Spiroindolone KAE609 (Cipargamin) to assess its safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics in healthy adult volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6209-14. [PMID: 25114127 PMCID: PMC4187895 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03393-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This first-in-human randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-single and -multiple oral dose study was designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers of KAE609 (cipargamin; formerly NITD609), a spiroindolone now in trials for malaria treatment. It was studied in single-dose cohorts (1 to 300 mg, including one 30-mg food effect cohort) with 4 to 10 subjects in each cohort and in multiple-dose cohorts (10 to 150 mg once daily for 3 days) with 8 subjects in each cohort. The follow-up period was 6 to 8 days post-last dose. Safety and pharmacokinetics were assessed at scheduled time points during the study. Systemic exposure in terms of the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-∞) increased in a dose-proportional manner over the dose range of 1 to 300 mg. The AUC from time zero to the time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUClast) and the maximum concentration of drug in plasma (Cmax) also increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner. When administered daily for 3 days, the accumulation ratio on day 3 (the AUC from time zero to 24 h postdosing [AUC0-24] on day 3/AUC0-24 on day 1) was in the range of 1.5 to 2 in the studied dose range (10 to 150 mg) and was consistent with an elimination half-life of around 24 h. Urine analysis for unchanged KAE609 revealed negligible amounts (≤0.01%) were excreted renally. The high fat food intake did not affect the extent of KAE609 absorption (AUC); however, the Cmax was reduced by around 27%. KAE609 was tolerated in this study, with transient gastrointestinal and genitourinary adverse events of mild to moderate intensity (semen discoloration, diarrhea, nausea and abdominal discomfort, dizziness and headache, catheter site hematoma). Gastrointestinal and genitourinary adverse events increased with rising doses.
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25
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Breslin WJ, Hilbish KG, Page TJ, Coutant DE. Assessment of fetal exposure risk following seminal excretion of a therapeutic IgG4 (T-IgG4) monoclonal antibody using a rabbit model. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:124-31. [PMID: 24863471 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted in New Zealand White rabbits to assess the seminal transfer, vaginal absorption, and placental transfer of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody (T-IgG4). T-IgG4 was administered by intravenous injection (IV) in males and by IV and intravaginal routes in females. Low levels of T-IgG4 were excreted into seminal plasma (100- to 370-fold lower than serum concentrations) and absorbed following vaginal dosing (three orders of magnitude lower than IV administration). On gestation day 29 (GD29), fetal serum T-IgG4 levels were 1.5-fold greater than maternal levels following IV dosing. The fetal T-IgG4 exposure ratio for seminal transfer vs. direct maternal IV dosing was estimated to be 1.3×10(-8). Applying human serum T-IgG4 exposure data to the model, the estimated human T-IgG4 serum concentration from seminal transfer was 3.07×10(-7)μg/mL, an exposure level at least 1000-fold lower than the T-IgG4-ligand dissociation constant (Kd) and at least seven orders of magnitude lower than the in vivo concentration producing 20% inhibition of the target (EC20). These data indicate that excretion of a T-IgG4 into semen would not result in a biologically meaningful exposure risk to the conceptus of an untreated partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Breslin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Kim G Hilbish
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Todd J Page
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David E Coutant
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Chen CL, Beyer BK, Breslin WJ, DeLise AM, Hui JY, Moffat GJ, Thompson KE. Introduction to the HESI DART Drugs in Semen Consortium. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:113-4. [PMID: 24803405 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connie L Chen
- ILSI - Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, United States.
| | | | | | - Anthony M DeLise
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, United States
| | - Julia Y Hui
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, United States
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27
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Sunarić SM, Denić MS, Bojanić ZŽ, Bojanić VV. HPLC method development for determination of doxycycline in human seminal fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 939:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Choy JT, Brannigan RE. The determination of reproductive safety in men during and after cancer treatment. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:1187-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Leitzmann MF, Rohrmann S. Risk factors for the onset of prostatic cancer: age, location, and behavioral correlates. Clin Epidemiol 2012; 4:1-11. [PMID: 22291478 PMCID: PMC3490374 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s16747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, only three risk factors for prostate cancer have been firmly established; these are all nonmodifiable: age, race, and a positive family history of prostate cancer. However, numerous modifiable factors have also been implicated in the development of prostate cancer. In the current review, we summarize the epidemiologic data for age, location, and selected behavioral factors in relation to the onset of prostate cancer. Although the available data are not entirely consistent, possible preventative behavioral factors include increased physical activity, intakes of tomatoes, cruciferous vegetables, and soy. Factors that may enhance prostate cancer risk include frequent consumption of dairy products and, possibly, meat. By comparison, alcohol probably exerts no important influence on prostate cancer development. Similarly, dietary supplements are unlikely to protect against the onset of prostate cancer in healthy men. Several factors, such as smoking and obesity, show a weak association with prostate cancer incidence but a positive relation with prostate cancer mortality. Other factors, such as fish intake, also appear to be unassociated with incident prostate cancer but show an inverse relation with fatal prostate cancer. Such heterogeneity in the relationship between behavioral factors and nonadvanced, advanced, or fatal prostate cancers helps shed light on the carcinogenetic process because it discerns the impact of exposure on early and late stages of prostate cancer development. Inconsistent associations between behavioral factors and prostate cancer risk seen in previous studies may in part be due to uncontrolled detection bias because of current widespread use of prostate-specific antigen testing for prostate cancer, and the possibility that certain behavioral factors are systematically related to the likelihood of undergoing screening examinations. In addition, several genes may modify the study results, but data concerning specific gene-environment interactions are currently sparse. Despite large improvements in our understanding of prostate cancer risk factors in the past two decades, present knowledge does not allow definitive recommendations for specific preventative behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Leitzmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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El-Harouny MA, Zalata AA, Naser ME, Abo El-Atta HM, El-Shawaf IM, Mostafa T. Long-term ofloxacin testicular toxicity: an experimental study. Andrologia 2010; 42:92-6. [PMID: 20384798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the long-term toxic effect of ofloxacin on the testes and epididymides of 72 adult male albino rats. The rats were divided into group A and group B. Group A, which received ofloxacin for 14 days, was subdivided into two subgroups; LD-14 received low dose 72 mg KBW(-1) daily and HD-14 received high dose 216 mg KBW(-1) daily. Group B, which received ofloxacin for 28 days, was subdivided into two subgroups; LD-28 received 72 mg KBW(-1) and HD-28 received 216 mg KBW(-1) daily. Two matched control groups were followed up for 14 and 28 days respectively. The animals were evaluated for body weight, testicular weight, relative testicular weight, serum testosterone (T), epididymal sperm analysis (sperm count, motility, morphology, curvilinear velocity, linear velocity and linearity index) and testicular histopathology. The adverse effects of ofloxacin were correlated with increased treatment duration and/or dose. It is concluded that long-term ofloxacin has a direct detrimental effect on the testicles of albino rats at the studied doses and durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A El-Harouny
- Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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31
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Dimitropoulou P, Lophatananon A, Easton D, Pocock R, Dearnaley DP, Guy M, Edwards S, O’Brien L, Hall A, Wilkinson R, Eeles R, Muir KR. Sexual activity and prostate cancer risk in men diagnosed at a younger age. BJU Int 2009; 103:178-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.08030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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De Santis M, Cesari E, Cavaliere A, Ligato MS, Nobili E, Visconti D, Caruso A. Paternal exposure and counselling: Experience of a Teratology Information Service. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 26:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Richthoff J, Elzanaty S, Rylander L, Hagmar L, Giwercman A. Association between tobacco exposure and reproductive parameters in adolescent males. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2008; 31:31-9. [PMID: 17376217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is quite prevalent in the general population but our knowledge of its effect on male reproductive function is still very limited. Therefore, we investigated the impact of tobacco exposure on reproductive characteristics in young males. Military conscripts, 217 non-smokers and 85 smokers, with a median age of 18 years were enrolled. Physical examination and semen analysis, including measurement of accessory sex gland markers and reproductive hormone levels, were performed. Lifestyle-associated factors, including maternal smoking during pregnancy and snuffing, were recorded. Non-smokers had 49% higher total sperm number than smokers (95% CI 4.5-112%, p = 0.01). In addition, sperm concentration was 37% higher among non-smokers (95% CI -4% to 95%, p = 0.08). Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were 17% higher among non-smokers (95% CI 3-33%, p = 0.02), whereas no significant differences between smokers and non-smokers were found for inhibin B, testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, luteinizing hormone and oestradiol. Those who smoked >10 cigarettes per day exhibited 37% lower (95% CI 10-69%, p = 0.005) FSH levels than those who smoked less. Maternal smoking during pregnancy had a negative impact on epididymal and seminal vesicle marker secretion. Smoking seems to impair sperm production and epididymal as well as accessory sex gland function and could be one of the factors contributing to regional differences in sperm parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Richthoff
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Scanian Andrology Centre, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Jarvi K, Dula E, Drehobl M, Pryor J, Shapiro J, Seger M. Daily vardenafil for 6 months has no detrimental effects on semen characteristics or reproductive hormones in men with normal baseline levels. J Urol 2008; 179:1060-5. [PMID: 18206950 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are the first choice therapy in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Many men in their reproductive years are now using phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6 months of treatment with 20 mg vardenafil, compared with 100 mg sildenafil and placebo, on semen characteristics and reproductive hormones in men with and without erectile dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel group, multicenter study. A total of 200 men with or without erectile dysfunction, able to produce semen samples without erectile dysfunction therapy, 25 to 64 years old, were randomized to daily treatment with vardenafil, sildenafil or placebo for 6 months. The primary variable was the percentage of vardenafil treated individuals with a 50% or greater decrease in mean sperm concentration from baseline to 6-month last observation carried forward, compared with placebo treated individuals. RESULTS The between group difference (vardenafil minus placebo) in the percentage of patients with 50% or greater decrease in sperm concentration (baseline to 6 months last observation carried forward) was 0.07% (95% CI, -8.53% to 8.39%). Vardenafil also had no clinically significant effects on any other semen parameters, or on levels of reproductive hormones, when compared with placebo. Similar data were observed with sildenafil. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that vardenafil had no adverse effects on sperm concentration, compared with sildenafil and placebo, when administered daily at the maximum recommended dose for 6 months. Specifically, use of vardenafil for 6 months does not impair sperm concentration, total sperm count per ejaculate, or sperm morphology and motility. Levels of reproductive hormones were also unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Jarvi
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Chan DJ, Ray JE. Quantification of antiretroviral drugs for HIV-1 in the male genital tract: current data, limitations and implications for laboratory analysis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 59:1451-62. [PMID: 17976255 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.11.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-1/AIDS in developed countries. Viral replication in blood plasma is suppressed by antiretroviral drugs, whereas virus in the male genital tract is genetically and phenotypically unique and may not be suppressed. This viral compartmentalization affects antiretroviral drug penetration of the male genital tract and capacity for antiretroviral therapy to reduce sexual transmission. The problem of having two distinct viral populations within any given individual is compounded by the fact that antiretroviral drugs penetrate semen to varying degrees. Incomplete suppression of genital tract virus may yield drug-resistant virus and increase the risk of sexual transmission. This review critically appraises current studies of antiretroviral drug quantification in semen and suggests recommendations to address observed limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Chan
- Division of Sexual Health, Albion Street Centre, Sydney, Australia.
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Cao YJ, Hendrix CW. Male genital tract pharmacology: developments in quantitative methods to better understand a complex peripheral compartment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 83:401-12. [PMID: 17786163 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A substantial health burden results from medical problems affecting the male genital tract, including chronic morbidity conditions affecting a large proportion of men, such as benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostatitis, and potentially lethal conditions, such as prostate cancer and human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Rational approaches to therapeutics in these conditions should benefit from understanding local pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of active drugs within the male genital tract. However, the description of drug distribution into the male genital tract has been largely limited to total, rather than protein-free drug concentrations in the whole ejaculate at one or two time points within a dosing interval, which may be misleading in understanding local drug action. Recent innovations enable a quantitative understanding of protein-free drug kinetics into semen and drug distribution into individual male genital tract glands. These methods may benefit therapeutics through optimization of targeted drug delivery and facilitate drug development for diseases related to these glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-J Cao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Cao YJ, Ndovi TT, Parsons TL, Guidos AM, Caffo B, Hendrix CW. Effect of semen sampling frequency on seminal antiretroviral drug concentration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 83:848-56. [PMID: 17914441 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Study of male genital tract (MGT) pharmacology is relevant to the treatment of prostatitis, prostate cancer, infertility, and seminal human immunodeficiency virus transmission. However, the time course of drug concentrations in the MGT is largely unknown. To determine the feasibility of frequent semen sampling in assessing the pharmacokinetics of the MGT, we administered efavirenz, indinavir, and zidovudine to subjects to achieve steady-state levels and then collected semen samples at sequentially decreasing ejaculation intervals. The volume of seminal plasma decreased from 4.0 (1.2-5.1) ml (median with range) at 48 h after the baseline ejaculation to 0.72 (0.45-1.6) ml 1 h after a previous ejaculation, which was still adequate for drug concentration assessment. The seminal fructose concentration also decreased. However, the concentration of prostate-specific antigen and all three drugs did not decrease, even if the ejaculation intervals decreased to 1 h. Thus, semi-intensive semen sampling can be used to assess MGT pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Cao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Glenn DRJ, McVicar CM, McClure N, Lewis SEM. Sildenafil citrate improves sperm motility but causes a premature acrosome reaction in vitro. Fertil Steril 2007; 87:1064-70. [PMID: 17335822 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether sildenafil citrate, a cyclic monophosphate-specific type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, influences sperm motility or the acrosome reaction. DESIGN Laboratory analysis of sperm motility after exposure to sildenafil citrate using computer-assisted semen analysis and acrosome reaction by fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled peanut agglutinin staining. SETTING An assisted reproductive technology (ART) unit. PATIENT(S) Fifty-seven male patients. INTERVENTION(S) Sperm were divided into 90% (those with the best fertilizing potential used in assisted conception) and 45% (the poorer population) fractions by density centrifugation and incubated with sildenafil citrate (0.67 muM) at 37 degrees C for up to 180 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Both the number and velocity of progressively motile sperm were significantly increased by sildenafil citrate between 15 and 135 minutes. Furthermore, samples revealed that these effects were consistent in the 90% and 45% populations of sperm. In both populations, sildenafil also caused a significant increase in the proportion of acrosome-reacted sperm-22.1% compared with 11.8% in the control group of the good quality fraction and 16.6% compared with 9.4% in the control group of the poorer quality fraction. CONCLUSION(S) The use of sildenafil citrate may adversely affect male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R J Glenn
- School of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Kato K, Silva MJ, Needham LL, Calafat AM. Quantifying phthalate metabolites in human meconium and semen using automated off-line solid-phase extraction coupled with on-line SPE and isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 78:6651-5. [PMID: 16970347 DOI: 10.1021/ac0608220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed an analytical method using off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with on-line SPE and isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to determine the concentrations of phthalate metabolites in human meconium and in semen. First, we used off-line SPE to remove interfering proteins and other biomolecules from the samples. Then, we preconcentrated the phthalate metabolites in the extract using on-line SPE before measuring them by HPLC-MS/MS. For most of the analytes, the limits of detection ranged between 0.2 and 0.7 ng/g for meconium and between 0.3 and 0.7 ng/mL for semen. The recovery after off-line SPE varied for most analytes between 65 and 99% at concentrations ranging from 3.0 to 30.0 ng/mL in semen and between 67 and 103% at concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 10.0 ng/mL in meconium. Precision measured by the relative standard deviation ranged from 3.2 to 19.1% for intraday and from 3.9 to 18.6% for interday. We validated this novel approach--which is applicable to other biological matrixes, including serum and breast milk--on spiked samples and on five meconium samples and one pooled semen sample from people with no known occupational exposure to phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Kato
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
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Abstract
Diagnosis, treatment, and, ultimately, prevention of reproductive disease are vital components of equine veterinary medicine. A thorough understanding of anatomy and physiology is necessary to reconcile the pathologic findings of disease. Only then can a rational treatment plan be formulated. Many recent advances in knowledge about the reproductive system of multiple species have application to the mare and stallion.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use
- Communicable Diseases/diagnosis
- Communicable Diseases/therapy
- Communicable Diseases/veterinary
- Female
- Genital Diseases, Female/diagnosis
- Genital Diseases, Female/therapy
- Genital Diseases, Female/veterinary
- Genital Diseases, Male/diagnosis
- Genital Diseases, Male/therapy
- Genital Diseases, Male/veterinary
- Genitalia, Female/immunology
- Genitalia, Female/microbiology
- Genitalia, Male/immunology
- Genitalia, Male/microbiology
- Horse Diseases/diagnosis
- Horse Diseases/microbiology
- Horse Diseases/therapy
- Horses
- Humans
- Male
- Pregnancy
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina G Lu
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.
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Abstract
Three mechanisms have been proposed for exposure of the conceptus to chemicals in semen: access of chemicals to the maternal circulation after absorption from the vagina, direct chemical exposure of the conceptus following transport from the vagina to the uterine cavity, and delivery to the egg and subsequent conceptus of chemical bound to the sperm cell. We review published data for each of these three mechanisms. Human seminal fluid chemical concentrations are typically similar to or lower than blood concentrations, although some antimicrobial agents achieve higher concentrations in semen than in blood. Vaginal absorption of medications has been shown to occur, although the vehicles in which these medications are delivered to the vagina may maintain contact with the vaginal epithelium to a greater extent than does semen. Assuming total absorption of a seminal dose of a chemical with a high semen:blood concentration ratio, distribution within the recipient woman would result in a blood concentration at least three orders of magnitude lower than that in the man. Direct delivery of seminal chemicals into the uterine cavity of humans has not been shown to occur, although it may occur in species such as the rat in which seminal fluid has access to the uterine cavity. Chemicals in or on human sperm cells have been demonstrated with respect to tetracycline and cocaine in vitro and aluminum, lead, and cadmium in vivo. The in vitro cocaine study offers sufficiently quantitative data with which to predict that oocyte concentrations would be five orders of magnitude lower than blood concentrations associated with cocaine abuse, assuming a maximally cocaine-bound sperm were capable of fertilizing. Thus, even using liberal assumptions about transmission of chemicals in semen or sperm, predicted exposure levels of a pregnant woman or of the conceptus are three or more orders of magnitude lower than blood concentrations in the man whose semen is the putative vehicle for chemical transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Klemmt
- College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
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Stutz G, Zamudio J, Santillán ME, Vincenti L, de Cuneo MF, Ruiz RD. The Effect of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Aspirin Consumption on Seminal Quality among Healthy Young Men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:548-52. [PMID: 16599001 DOI: 10.1080/00039890409603432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the authors examined the effects of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use on plasma testosterone and seminal parameters (in accordance with the World Health Organization's standards) in healthy Argentine medical students (n = 34). Some alterations in seminal parameters were detected in 19 (56%) subjects. Alcohol and tobacco use were correlated significantly, p = 0.005; subjects who used these substances exhibited a nonsignificant reduction in sperm concentration, motility, viability, and normal morphology. There was a significant decrease in sperm motility among students who used moderate amounts of aspirin (i.e., > or = 500 mg/wk). The authors concluded that alcohol, tobacco, and aspirin use could have had detrimental effects on seminal parameters and that men who wish to procreate should be warned of such effects. Doses, exposure time, and interactions with other variables deserve additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Stutz
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, National University of Córdoba, Argentina.
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du Plessis SS, de Jongh PS, Franken DR. Effect of acute in vivo sildenafil citrate and in vitro 8-bromo-cGMP treatments on semen parameters and sperm function. Fertil Steril 2004; 81:1026-33. [PMID: 15066459 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2003] [Revised: 09/09/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of acute in vivo sildenafil citrate (VIAGRA) and in vitro 8-Bromo-cGMP treatments on semen parameters and sperm function. DESIGN Prospective double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, two-period clinical investigation. SETTING Healthy volunteers in an academic research environment. PATIENT(S) Twenty male volunteers with normal erectile function and normal electrocardiogram were recruited. INTERVENTION(S) In vivo: 50 mg of sildenafil citrate (VIAGRA) or placebo was administered p.o., and semen samples were collected 1 hour after administration of the test drug. In vitro: 8-Bromo-cGMP (20 microM; 60 minutes) was added to semen samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Macroscopic and microscopic seminal parameters were measured and motility studies performed. Various acrosome reaction studies and sperm-zona pellucida binding studies were also done. RESULT(S) Either sildenafil citrate (VIAGRA) or 8-Bromo-cGMP treatments had no effect on both macroscopic and microscopic seminal parameters as well as the acrosome reaction. Sperm-zona pellucida binding results were however increased to 148.75% and 134%, respectively, by these treatments. Various kinematical parameters increased after treatment with the most significant increase detected in the population of rapid cells. CONCLUSION(S) VIAGRA can be used successfully to enhance sperm motility and binding to the oocyte especially during fertility treatments.
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Purvis K, Muirhead GJ, Harness JA. The effects of sildenafil on human sperm function in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 53 Suppl 1:53S-60S. [PMID: 11879260 PMCID: PMC1874253 DOI: 10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.00033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This double-blind, randomized, four-period, two-way crossover study was conducted to evaluate the acute effects of oral sildenafil (100-mg single dose) on sperm motility, count, density, morphology and vitality as well as ejaculate volume and viscosity in healthy male subjects. The concentrations of sildenafil and its primary circulating metabolite UK-103,320 were measured in ejaculate and compared with those in plasma. The study also included assessments of safety and tolerability. METHODS A total of 17 healthy male volunteers aged 19--34 years were randomized to receive a single 100-mg dose of sildenafil for two periods and a single dose of placebo for two periods, with each period separated by a minimum of 5--7 days. Sperm and ejaculate properties were evaluated from semen samples taken at screening and 1.5 h after dose. An additional semen sample was collected 4 h after dose, and drug and metabolite concentrations were measured in this sample and the sample taken 1.5 h after dose for comparison with plasma concentrations. Blood samples were collected before each dose and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h after dose for measurement of sildenafil and metabolite concentrations. RESULTS Sildenafil had no statistically significant effect on sperm motility, count or density; the percentage of abnormal sperm forms; or the percentage of living sperm. It also did not affect ejaculate volume or viscosity. All measures were within normal ranges. Sildenafil distributed into the semen rapidly, resulting in significant correlations between concentrations of sildenafil in the semen and total (R2=0.588) or free (R2=0.454) plasma concentrations (P<0.0001). Total semen concentrations of sildenafil were 18% of total plasma concentrations. UK-103,320 appeared to distribute more slowly from the plasma into the semen, resulting in a lack of correlation between semen and plasma concentrations. The amount of sildenafil and UK-103,320 in the ejaculate was small (< 2x10(-4)% of the administered dose at 1.5 h). Sildenafil was well tolerated; no patient withdrew from the study due to adverse events attributed to sildenafil. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a single 100-mg oral dose of sildenafil does not have an adverse effect on sperm function or ejaculate quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Purvis
- Andrologisk Senter, Skoyen Atrium, Oslo, Norway
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45
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Hales BF, Robaire B. Paternal exposure to drugs and environmental chemicals: effects on progeny outcome. JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2001; 22:927-36. [PMID: 11700855 DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2001.tb03431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Taylor S, Pereira AS. Antiretroviral drug concentrations in semen of HIV-1 infected men. Sex Transm Infect 2001; 77:4-11. [PMID: 11158684 PMCID: PMC1758331 DOI: 10.1136/sti.77.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Because semen is a major vehicle for the sexual transmission of HIV-1, control of viral replication within the sanctuary of the male genital tract should be a goal of antiretroviral therapy. Local immune responses, virus specific factors, and the degree of viral and cellular trafficking all appear to be important in controlling viral replication and evolution. However, the most important factor influencing viral replication and evolution within the male genital tract may be the disposition of antiretroviral agents into genital tissues and fluids. This review proposes possible mechanisms of antiretroviral distribution into the male genital tract by using other sanctuary barriers; such as the placenta, renal tubules, and blood-brain barrier; as models. In addition, this review summarises recent clinical studies regarding the disposition of currently available antiretroviral drugs into the seminal plasma and discusses some of the difficulties in interpreting drug concentration in the genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Taylor
- Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, UK.
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Andrade JR, Traboulsi A, Hussain A, Dubin NH. In vitro effects of sildenafil and phentolamine, drugs used for erectile dysfunction, on human sperm motility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182:1093-5. [PMID: 10819837 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2000.105406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sildenafil and phentolamine on sperm motility in vitro. STUDY DESIGN Semen or washed sperm was mixed with various doses of sildenafil or phentolamine and analyzed for motility during a 30-minute period. The pH was measured for each of the samples tested. Statistical analyses were performed with analysis of variance. RESULTS A 200-microg/mL dose of sildenafil had no effect on sperm motility. However, the highest dose (2000 microg/mL) significantly reduced motility by about 50%. The pH was reduced in this high-dose sample. The lowest dose of phentolamine (20 microg/mL) had no effect, whereas a dose of 200 microg/mL resulted in a significant reduction in sperm motility. The highest dose (2000 microg/mL) stopped virtually all sperm from moving. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a direct dose-related effect of phentolamine on reducing sperm motility. Only the highest dose of sildenafil had an effect, which may have been caused by a decline in pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Andrade
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Union Memorial Hospital, and the College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, USA
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Arbuckle TE, Schrader SM, Cole D, Hall JC, Bancej CM, Turner LA, Claman P. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid residues in semen of Ontario farmers. Reprod Toxicol 1999; 13:421-9. [PMID: 10613390 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(99)00057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although paternal exposures to environmental toxicants probably play a role in adverse pregnancy outcomes, few data are available on the extent of this exposure. One semen and two 24-h urine samples were collected from 97 Ontario farmers who had recently used the phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D (2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and/or MCPA ([4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyl acetic acid). Both samples were analyzed for 2,4-D using an immunoassay-based technique. Approximately 50% of the semen samples had detectable levels of 2, 4-D (> or =5.0 pph (ng/mL)). Semen levels of 2.4-D were correlated more closely with the second of the two urine samples. Although several studies have measured 2.4-D in the urine of applicators, this study is the first to attempt to measure 2,4-D levels in semen. As these pesticides can be excreted in the semen, they could be toxic to sperm cells and be transported to the woman and developing embryo/fetus. Further research is needed to understand how pesticide handling practices can affect semen pesticide residues and the relationship between the levels observed and reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Arbuckle
- Bureau of Reproductive and Child Health, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Trasler
- McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada.
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50
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Kashuba AD, Dyer JR, Kramer LM, Raasch RH, Eron JJ, Cohen MS. Antiretroviral-drug concentrations in semen: implications for sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1817-26. [PMID: 10428898 PMCID: PMC89376 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.8.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A D Kashuba
- School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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