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Lock M, Yousef I, McFadden B, Mansoor H, Townsend N. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Performance Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training: Are There Differences Between Men and Women? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses. Sports Med 2024; 54:127-167. [PMID: 37676620 PMCID: PMC10799129 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to consider biological sex as a variable that might influence exercise adaptation in order to optimize exercise prescription for men and women. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of biological sex on maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2max) and performance outcomes after high-intensity interval training (HIIT). METHODS A systematic search and review was conducted by two independent reviewers up to 8 September 2022 using MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Sports Medicine & Education Index in ProQuest. Trials including healthy adults were included if they presented data for or compared male and female [Formula: see text]O2max or performance outcomes in response to HIIT. Performance outcomes included measures of exercise performance and concurrently measured physiological adaptations. Where appropriate, a random-effects, pre-post meta-analysis was undertaken. Data were sub-grouped for men and women, baseline training level, mean age, intervention type, and intervention length. Heterogeneity was assessed using Chi2, Cochran's Q, and Higgins I2 and sensitivity analyses, where required. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and publication bias was assessed through visual inspection of funnel plots. RESULTS Thirty-three references from 28 trials were included in the review (n = 965; 462 women and 503 men). Meta-analyses included 19 studies for [Formula: see text]O2max, eight for peak power output from [Formula: see text]O2max testing (PPO), and five for threshold power (powerAT). Meta-analyses revealed similar increases in [Formula: see text]O2max in women (g = 0.57; 95% CI 0.44-0.69) and men (g = 0.57; 95% CI 0.42-0.72), and powerAT in women (g = 0.38; 95% CI 0.13-0.64) and men (g = 0.38; 95% CI 0.11-0.64). Raw mean differences for change in [Formula: see text]O2max were Δ 0.32 L·min-1 and 3.50 mL·kg-1·min-1 in men, versus Δ 0.20 L·min-1 and 3.34 mL·kg-1·min-1 for women. No significant sex differences were present for the primary analysis of any outcome. After sub-grouping, significant differences were present for PPO where the effect size was higher for well-trained women (g = 0.37) compared with well-trained men (g = 0.17), and for [Formula: see text]O2max where interventions with a duration of 4 weeks or less had significantly smaller effect sizes compared with those longer than 4 weeks (p < 0.001). Unweighted mean percentage change in [Formula: see text]O2max, PPO, and powerAT across studies was 11.16 ± 7.39%, 11.16 ± 5.99%, and 8.07 ± 6.55% for women, and 10.90 ± 5.75%, 8.22 ± 5.09%, and 7.09 ± 7.17% for men, respectively. Significant heterogeneity was present for both [Formula: see text]O2max and PPO (I2, range: 62.06-78.80%). Sub-grouping by baseline training status and intervention length decreased heterogeneity in most groups. A qualitative synthesis of other outcomes indicated similar improvements in fitness and performance for men and women with some evidence suggesting differences in the mechanisms of adaptation. LIMITATIONS AND RISK OF BIAS Publication bias is unlikely to have significantly influenced results for [Formula: see text]O2max or powerAT, but the meta-analysis of PPO could have benefitted from additional study data to strengthen results. The overlap in age categories and sensitivity of the analysis limits the accuracy of the results of the sub-grouping by age. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicated no sex-specific differences for any fitness or performance outcomes. Baseline training status and intervention length accounted for most variability in outcomes. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021272615.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merilyn Lock
- Division of Exercise Science, Health and Epidemiology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ibtisam Yousef
- Division of Exercise Science, Health and Epidemiology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Patient and Family Education Unit, Nursing Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bridget McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Hend Mansoor
- Division of Exercise Science, Health and Epidemiology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nathan Townsend
- Division of Exercise Science, Health and Epidemiology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Park SY, Yang WH. Applied high-intensity interval cardio yoga improves cardiometabolic fitness, energetic contributions, and metabolic flexibility in healthy adults. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1279505. [PMID: 37916218 PMCID: PMC10616977 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1279505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Currently, there is no interventional approach to increase the intensity of Surya Namaskar a popular hatha yoga sequence used worldwide. Therefore, this study investigated how tempo-based high-intensity interval cardio yoga (HIICY) and traditional interval hatha yoga (TIHY) affects cardiometabolic fitness in active adults. Methods: Twenty physically active male and female individuals were randomly separated into HIICY (5 males, 5 females, 1.5 s tempo) and TIHY (5 males, 5 females, 3 s tempo) groups. The intervention included twelve exercise sessions for 4 weeks in both groups. Participants conducted a ramp test to determine their maximal oxygen uptake (V ˙ O2max), maximal velocity at V ˙ O2max (vV ˙ O2max), and maximal heart rate (HRmax). Afterward, they performed a 10-min high-intensity cardio yoga test (HICYT) to determine heart rate (HRpeak and HRmean), oxygen uptake (V ˙ O2peak and V ˙ O2mean), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood lactate concentrations (La- peak and ∆La-), fat and carbohydrate oxidations (FATox, CHOox), and energetic contributions (oxidative; W Oxi, glycolytic; W Gly, and phosphagen; W PCr, total energy demand; W Total). Results: V ˙ O2max and vV ˙ O2max showed time and group × time interactions (p < 0.01, p < 0.0001, p < 0.001, respectively). V ˙ O2max after HIICY was significantly higher than in pre-testing and following TIHY (p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, respectively). V ˙ O2peak, V ˙ O2mean, RER, HRpeak, and HRmean during the 10-min HICYT showed significant time effects (p < 0.05). ∆La- indicated a group × time interaction (p < 0.05). Group x time interaction effects for FATox at the fourth and sixth minute were observed (p < 0.05, respectively). Absolute (kJ) and relative (%) W Oxi, W Gly, and W Total showed time and group × time interaction effects (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, %W Gly was reduced following HIICY (p < 0.05). Additionally, V ˙ O2max and vV ˙ O2max were highly correlated with W Oxi in kJ (r = 0.91, 0.80, respectively). Moderate to high correlations were observed among CHOox, FATox, and absolute V ˙ O2max (r = 0.76, 0.62, respectively). Conclusion: A 4-week period of HIICY improved cardiometabolic fitness, oxidative capacity, and metabolic flexibility compared with TIHY, in physically active adults. Therefore, HIICY is suitable as HY-specific HIIT and time-efficient approach for relatively healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Park
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, General Graduate School, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Alzahrani E, Alyazedi FM. The Impact of a 10-Week Military Training Course on Saudi Medical Recruits' Fitness and Physical Activity Levels. Cureus 2023; 15:e46593. [PMID: 37933344 PMCID: PMC10625793 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In preparation for military service, new recruits undergo a physical transformation. We aimed to determine the fitness outcomes and self-reported activity levels of Saudi medical recruits after a 10-week initial military training course (IMTC). Methods The cohort comprised 104 recruits aged 25-29 years. Anthropometric variables, including height, body mass index (BMI), body weight (BW), percent body fat (%BF), lean body mass (LBM), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), were assessed pre-IMTC and post-IMTC. Physical fitness assessments, including a one-minute sit-up test, push-up test, Cooper's 12-minute run/walk test, and relative maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), were also evaluated. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess self-reported physical activity. Results We found a significant decrease in anthropometric variables following the course, including BW (P = 0.01), BMI (P = 0.01), %BF (P = 0.002), LBM (P = 0.01), WC (P = 0.005), and WtHR (P = 0.003). They also showed significant improvements in the push-up test (P = 0.001), one-minute sit-up test (P = 0.001), 12-minute test (P = 0.001), and relative VO2 max (P = 0.001). The comparison of pre-IPAQ with post-IPAQ demonstrated a percentage improvement in walking activity (15%-82%) and vigorous physical activity (17%-49%) after joining the IMTC. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that Saudi medical recruits who partake in the IMTC can attain significant improvements in their body composition, physical fitness, and physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eidan Alzahrani
- Physical Therapy Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, SAU
| | - Faisal M Alyazedi
- Physical Therapy Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, SAU
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Winwood PW, Keogh JWL, Travis SK, Pritchard HJ. The Tapering Practices of Competitive Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:829-839. [PMID: 35976755 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Winwood, PW, Keogh, JW, Travis, SK, and Pritchard, HJ. The tapering practices of competitive weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 829-839, 2023-This study explored the tapering strategies of weightlifting athletes. Weightlifting athletes ( n = 146) (mean ± SD ; age: 29.2 ± 8.7 years, height: 172.5 ± 10.1 cm, body mass: 84.0 ± 17.2 kg, 4.7 ± 3.4 years of weightlifting training experience, and 3.9 ± 3.3 years of competitive weightlifting experience) completed a self-reported 4-page, 39-item internet survey on tapering practices. Subgroup analysis by sex (male and female) and competitive standard (local or regional, national and international level) was conducted. Ninety-nine percent ( n = 144) of weightlifting athletes reported they used a taper. Athletes stated that their typical taper length was 8.0 ± 4.4 days, with the linear (36%) and step tapers (33%) being the most performed. Training volume decreased during the taper by 43.1 ± 14.6%, and athletes ceased all training 1.5 ± 0.6 days out from competition. Muscular strength, light technique work, and aerobic conditioning were the most common types of training performed in the taper. Athletes typically stated that tapering was performed to achieve rest and recovery, physical preparation for peak performance and mental preparation; training intensity and training duration decreased whereas training frequency remained the same or decreased; traditional exercises were performed further out from competition than weightlifting exercises; assistance exercises and some strength work were reduced; nutritional changes, foam rolling, static stretching, and massage were strategies used in the taper; and poor tapering occurred because of training too heavy, too hard, or too light and life-work circumstances. These results may aid athletes and coaches in strength sports to optimize tapering variables leading to improved performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Winwood
- Department of Sport and Recreation, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
- Department of Sport and Recreation, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Department of Sport and Recreation, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, Australia
- Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - S Kyle Travis
- Department of Physical Therapy, Muscle Biology Laboratory, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Hayden J Pritchard
- Department of Exercise and Wellness, Adjunct Academic Staff Member, Faculty of Health and Sciences, UCOL, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Ondracek AS, Aszlan A, Schmid M, Lenz M, Mangold A, Artner T, Emich M, Fritzer-Szekeres M, Strametz-Juranek J, Lang IM, Sponder M. Physical Exercise Promotes DNase Activity Enhancing the Capacity to Degrade Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2849. [PMID: 36359376 PMCID: PMC9717727 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: An unhealthy lifestyle is a significant contributor to the development of chronic diseases. Physical activity can benefit primary and secondary prevention. Higher DNase activity is associated with favourable outcomes after cardiovascular (CV) events. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of consequent endurance exercise on DNase activity. (2) Methods: 98 subjects with at least one CV risk factor but the physical ability to perform endurance training were included. Individuals performed a bicycle stress test at the beginning and after 8 months to assess physical performance. In between, all participants were instructed to engage in guideline-directed physical activity. Blood samples were drawn in two-month intervals to assess routine laboratory parameters, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and DNase activity. (3) Results: Prevailing CV risk factors were overweight (65.9%), a positive family history (44.9%), hypertension (32.7%) and smoking (20.4%). Performance changed by 7.8 ± 9.1% after 8 months. Comparison of baseline to 8 months revealed a decrease in cfDNA and an increase in DNase activity. This effect was driven by participants who achieved a performance gain. (4) Conclusions: Regular physical activity might improve CV health by increasing DNase activity and thereby, the capacity to lower pro-inflammatory signalling, complementing measures of primary and secondary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Ondracek
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.O.); (A.A.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (A.M.); (T.A.); (I.M.L.)
| | - Adrienne Aszlan
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.O.); (A.A.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (A.M.); (T.A.); (I.M.L.)
| | - Martin Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.O.); (A.A.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (A.M.); (T.A.); (I.M.L.)
| | - Max Lenz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.O.); (A.A.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (A.M.); (T.A.); (I.M.L.)
| | - Andreas Mangold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.O.); (A.A.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (A.M.); (T.A.); (I.M.L.)
| | - Tyler Artner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.O.); (A.A.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (A.M.); (T.A.); (I.M.L.)
| | - Michael Emich
- Austrian Federal Ministry of Defence, Austrian Armed Forces, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | | | | | - Irene M. Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.O.); (A.A.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (A.M.); (T.A.); (I.M.L.)
| | - Michael Sponder
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.O.); (A.A.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (A.M.); (T.A.); (I.M.L.)
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Ankle-Brachial Index and Arterial Stiffness, Modulate the Exertional Capacity of High-Frequency Training Athletes. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9090312. [PMID: 36135457 PMCID: PMC9506274 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9090312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankle-brachial index and arterial stiffness are associated with leg function in the elderly and in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Little is known about the meaning of these parameters in young and trained subjects and how they are related to physical performance. The main objective was to evaluate the mediating role of arterial stiffness and ankle-brachial index in physical performance. In a cross-sectional, case-control study, 240 male athletes were consecutively enrolled from the Laboratory of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, “G. d’Annunzio” University (Italy). All the subjects underwent the examination protocol for the annual medical evaluation for sport participation. Soccer (football) players compared to runners showed a lower level of ankle-brachial index, higher arterial stiffness, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In the treadmill stress test, soccer players compared to runners showed a greater maximal aerobic capacity. Differences in cardiovascular performance between soccer players and runners were mediated by better arterial stiffness and low level of ankle-brachial index; the estimated effect was 0.11 ± 0.05 and 0.24 ± 0.06, respectively. Vigorous strength training drops blood pressure and increases arterial stiffness. Taken together, our findings would seem to suggest that ABI and CAVI could be used as markers for athletes’ performance.
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Contreras-Briceño F, Espinosa-Ramirez M, Keim-Bagnara V, Carreño-Román M, Rodríguez-Villagra R, Villegas-Belmar F, Viscor G, Gabrielli L, Andía ME, Araneda OF, Hurtado DE. Determination of the Respiratory Compensation Point by Detecting Changes in Intercostal Muscles Oxygenation by Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030444. [PMID: 35330195 PMCID: PMC8954259 DOI: 10.3390/life12030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate if the changes in oxygen saturation levels at intercostal muscles (SmO2-m.intercostales) assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) using a wearable device could determine the respiratory compensation point (RCP) during exercise. Fifteen healthy competitive triathletes (eight males; 29 ± 6 years; height 167.6 ± 25.6 cm; weight 69.2 ± 9.4 kg; V˙O2-máx 58.4 ± 8.1 mL·kg−1·min−1) were evaluated in a cycle ergometer during the maximal oxygen-uptake test (V˙O2-máx), while lung ventilation (V˙E), power output (watts, W) and SmO2-m.intercostales were measured. RCP was determined by visual method (RCPvisual: changes at ventilatory equivalents (V˙E·V˙CO2−1, V˙E·V˙O2−1) and end-tidal respiratory pressure (PetO2, PetCO2) and NIRS method (RCPNIRS: breakpoint of fall in SmO2-m.intercostales). During exercise, SmO2-m.intercostales decreased continuously showing a higher decrease when V˙E increased abruptly. A good agreement between methods used to determine RCP was found (visual vs NIRS) at %V˙O2-máx, V˙O2, V˙E, and W (Bland-Altman test). Correlations were found to each parameters analyzed (r = 0.854; r = 0.865; r = 0.981; and r = 0,968; respectively. p < 0.001 in all variables, Pearson test), with no differences (p < 0.001 in all variables, Student’s t-test) between methods used (RCPvisual and RCPNIRS). We concluded that changes at SmO2-m.intercostales measured by NIRS could adequately determine RCP in triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Contreras-Briceño
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta #367, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-22-3541512
| | - Maximiliano Espinosa-Ramirez
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
- Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Vicente Keim-Bagnara
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
| | - Matías Carreño-Román
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Villagra
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
| | - Fernanda Villegas-Belmar
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta #367, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Marcelo E. Andía
- Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Oscar F. Araneda
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort (LIBFE), Kinesiology School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Daniel E. Hurtado
- Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
- Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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Lin YP, Chen RS, Chen VCF, Liu CH, Chan HL, Chang YJ. Effects of Lower Limb Cycling Training on Different Components of Force and Fatigue in Individuals With Parkinson’s Disease. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:829772. [PMID: 35309995 PMCID: PMC8924445 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.829772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength of lower extremity is important for individuals to maintain balance and ambulation functions. The previous studies showed that individuals with Parkinson’s disease suffered from fatigue and strength loss of central origin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lower extremities’ cycling training on different components of force and fatigue in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Twenty-four individuals (13 males, 11 females, mean age: 60.58 ± 8.21 years) diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease were randomized into training and control groups. The maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force, voluntary activation level (VA), and twitch force of knee extensors were measured using a custom-made system with surface electrical stimulation. The general, central, and peripheral fatigue indexes (GFI, CFI, and PFI) were calculated after a fatiguing cycling protocol. Subjects received 8 weeks of low resistance cycling training (training group) or self-stretching (control group) programs. Results showed that MVC, VA, and twitch force improved (p < 0.05) only in the training group. Compared to the baseline, central fatigue significantly improved in the training group, whereas peripheral fatigue showed no significant difference in two groups. The cycling training was beneficial for individuals with Parkinson’s disease not only in muscle strengthening but also in central fatigue alleviation. Further in-depth investigation is required to confirm the effect of training and its mechanism on central fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Po Lin
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Shayn Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Hsien Liu
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Lung Chan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ju Chang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ya-Ju Chang,
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Eid MA, Ibrahim MM, Radwan NL, Aly SM. Effects of vitamin D supplementation and aerobic exercises on balance and physical performance in children with Down syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2020.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims Children with Down syndrome are prone to vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D supplements are commonly used to treat and prevent vitamin D deficiencies. There is growing evidence that support the role of vitamin D improving muscles and central nervous system function. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effects of vitamin D supplementation combined with aerobic exercises and conventional physical therapy on balance and physical performance in children with Down syndrome. Methods A randomised controlled trial was conducted for 38 children with Down syndrome, with ages ranging from 8 to 12 years. They were divided randomly into two groups. The control group (n=19) received conventional physical therapy and aerobic exercises, while the study group (n=19) received conventional physical therapy, aerobic exercises and vitamin D in the form of an oral daily dose of vitamin D3 400 IU (cholecalciferol). The children in both groups participated in the same physical therapy for 45 minutes, 3 days a week for 12 weeks, and undertook 15 minutes of aerobic exercise after the physical therapy sessions. Balance was evaluated by using the Biodex Stability System and physical performance was evaluated by using the 6-Minute Walk Test. Results All groups showed a significant improvement in the medial-lateral stability index, the anterior-posterior stability index, the overall stability index and the 6-Minute Walk Test after treatment (P<0.05). The study group showed a significant improvement in the measured variables compared with that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions Vitamin D supplements, combined with aerobic exercises and conventional physical therapy, could improve balance and physical performance in children with Down syndrome. Therefore, vitamin D and aerobic exercises should be considered as an adjunctive to physical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Eid
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Ibrahim
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia L Radwan
- Department of Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sobhy M Aly
- Department of Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Adamovich Y, Dandavate V, Ezagouri S, Manella G, Zwighaft Z, Sobel J, Kuperman Y, Golik M, Auerbach A, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Asher G. Clock proteins and training modify exercise capacity in a daytime-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101115118. [PMID: 34426495 PMCID: PMC8536342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101115118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and circadian biology are closely intertwined with physiology and metabolism, yet the functional interaction between circadian clocks and exercise capacity is only partially characterized. Here, we tested different clock mutant mouse models to examine the effect of the circadian clock and clock proteins, namely PERIODs and BMAL1, on exercise capacity. We found that daytime variance in endurance exercise capacity is circadian clock controlled. Unlike wild-type mice, which outperform in the late compared with the early part of their active phase, PERIODs- and BMAL1-null mice do not show daytime variance in exercise capacity. It appears that BMAL1 impairs and PERIODs enhance exercise capacity in a daytime-dependent manner. An analysis of liver and muscle glycogen stores as well as muscle lipid utilization suggested that these daytime effects mostly relate to liver glycogen levels and correspond to the animals' feeding behavior. Furthermore, given that exercise capacity responds to training, we tested the effect of training at different times of the day and found that training in the late compared with the early part of the active phase improves exercise performance. Overall, our findings suggest that clock proteins shape exercise capacity in a daytime-dependent manner through changes in liver glycogen levels, likely due to their effect on animals' feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaarit Adamovich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vaishnavi Dandavate
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Saar Ezagouri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gal Manella
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Zwighaft
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Sobel
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Kuperman
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marina Golik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asher Auerbach
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gad Asher
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel;
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11
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Sarkar S, Debnath M, Das M, Bandyopadhyay A, Dey SK, Datta G. Effect of high intensity interval training on antioxidant status, inflammatory response and muscle damage indices in endurance team male players. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Krespi M, Sporiš G, Trajković N. Effects of Two Different Tapering Protocols on Fitness and Physical Match Performance in Elite Junior Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1731-1740. [PMID: 30239456 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Krespi, M, Sporiš, G, and Trajković, N. Effects of two different tapering protocols on fitness and physical match performance in elite junior soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1731-1740, 2020-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 2 different tapering protocols on fitness and physical match performance in elite junior soccer players. One-hundred fifty-eight elite junior soccer players (mean age: 17.1 ± 0.79 years; mean height: 177.9 ± 6.64 cm; mean body mass: 71.3 ± 7.96 kg; and mean body mass index: 22.5 ± 1.66 kg·m) were randomly assigned to 2 groups: an exponential (n = 79) and a linear tapering (n = 79) group. Training sessions were conducted 3 times per week for 8 weeks. After 4 weeks of training and 4 weeks of tapering, participants were assessed in terms of body composition, physical fitness, and distance covered within a match. Both groups showed similar changes for body composition. The exponential group showed better improvement than the linear group in the 5- and 30-m sprints, countermovement jump, and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (p < 0.05). The exponential tapering group had larger changes (p < 0.05) than the linear group in medium running (8-13 km·h) (6%; effect size = 0.26 compared with 5.5%; effect size = 0.22) and sprinting (>18 km·h) (26%; effect size = 0.72 compared to 21.7%; effect size = 0.60). The results show that exponential tapering produced better effects on speed, power, and endurance abilities than the linear protocol. Our results confirmed the reports of others that suggest that volume is the optimal variable to manipulate while maintaining both the intensity and the frequency of sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino Krespi
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Goran Sporiš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; and
| | - Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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13
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Hsu MJ, Chan HL, Huang YZ, Lin JH, Hsu HH, Chang YJ. Mechanism of Fatigue Induced by Different Cycling Paradigms With Equivalent Dosage. Front Physiol 2020; 11:545. [PMID: 32547418 PMCID: PMC7273923 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leg cycling is one of the most common modes of exercise used in athletics and rehabilitation. This study used a novel cycling setting to elucidate the mechanisms, central vs. peripheral fatigue induced by different resistance with equivalent works (watt∗min). Twelve male adults received low and relatively high resistance cycling fatigue tests until exhausted (RPE > 18) in 2 weeks. The maximal voluntary contraction, voluntary activation level, and twitch forces were measured immediately before and after cycling to calculate General (GFI), central (CFI), and peripheral (PFI) fatigue indices of knee extensors, respectively. The results showed that the CFI (high: 92.26 ± 8.67%, low: 78.32 ± 11.77%, p = 0.004) and PFI (high: 73.76 ± 17.32%, low: 89.63 ± 11.01%, p < 0.017) were specific to the resistance of fatigue protocol. The GFI is influenced by the resistance of cycling to support the equivalent dosage. This study concluded that the mechanism of fatigue would be influenced by the resistance of fatigue protocol although the total works had been controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Ju Hsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Lung Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Hong Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Hsiang Hsu
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ju Chang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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14
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Liver-Metabolizing Genes and Their Relationship to the Performance of Elite Spanish Male Endurance Athletes; a Prospective Transversal Study. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:50. [PMID: 31820125 PMCID: PMC6901632 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The genetic profile that is needed to define an endurance athlete has been studied during recent years. The main objective of this work is to approach for the first time the study of genetic variants in liver-metabolizing genes and their role in endurance performance by comparing the allelic and genotypic frequencies in elite endurance athletes to the non-athlete population. Methods Genotypic and allelic frequencies were determined in 123 elite endurance athletes (75 professional road cyclists and 48 endurance elite runners) and 122 male non-athlete subjects (sedentary). Genotyping of cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6 (CYP2D6 rs3892097), glutathione-S transferase mu isoform 1 (GSTM1), glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP rs1695) and glutathione S-transferase theta (GSTT) genes was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The combination of the polymorphisms for the “optimal” polygenic profile has been quantified using the genotype score (GS). Results Statistical differences were found in the genetic distributions between elite endurance athletes and non-athletes in CYP2D6 (p < 0.001) and GSTT (p = 0.014) genes. The binary logistic regression model showed a favourable OR (odds ratio) of being an elite endurance runner against a professional road cyclist (OR: 2.403, 95% CI: 1.213–4.760 (p = 0.002)) in the polymorphisms studied. Conclusions Genotypic distribution of liver-metabolizing genes in elite endurance athletes is different to non-athlete subjects, with a favourable gene profile in elite endurance athletes in terms of detoxification capacity.
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15
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Effect of varied tapering on the immune cells of endurance athletes in some selected training centers of Ethiopia. TURKISH JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.31459/turkjkin.535474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Gagnon DD, Dorman S, Ritchie S, Mutt SJ, Stenbäck V, Walkowiak J, Herzig KH. Multi-Day Prolonged Low- to Moderate-Intensity Endurance Exercise Mimics Training Improvements in Metabolic and Oxidative Profiles Without Concurrent Chromosomal Changes in Healthy Adults. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1123. [PMID: 31551806 PMCID: PMC6733972 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress results in lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation, resulting in telomere erosion, chromosomal damage, and accelerated cellular aging. Training promotes healthy metabolic and oxidative profiles whereas the effects of multi-day, prolonged, and continuous exercise are unknown. This study investigated the effects of multi-day prolonged exercise on metabolic and oxidative stress as well as telomere integrity in healthy adults. Methods Fifteen participants performed a 14-day, 260-km, wilderness canoeing expedition (12 males) (EXP) (24 ± 7 years, 72 ± 6 kg, 178 ± 8.0 cm, 18.4 ± 8.4% BF, 47.5 ± 9.3 mlO2 kg–1 min–1), requiring 6–9 h of low- to moderate-intensity exercise daily. Ten controls participated locally (seven males) (CON) (31 ± 11 years, 72 ± 15 kg, 174 ± 10 cm, 22.8 ± 10.0% BF, 47.1 ± 9.0 mlO2 kg–1 min–1). Blood plasma, serum, and mononuclear cells were sampled before and after the expedition to assess hormonal, metabolic, and oxidative changes. Results Serum cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoprotein, testosterone, insulin, sodium, potassium, urea, and chloride concentrations were not different between groups, whereas triglycerides, glucose, and creatinine levels were lower following the expedition (p < 0.001). Malondialdehyde and relative telomere length (TL) were unaffected (EXP: 4.2 ± 1.3 vs. CON: 4.1 ± 0.7 μM; p > 0.05; EXP: 1.00 ± 0.48 vs. CON: 0.89 ± 0.28 TS ratio; p = 0.77, respectively); however, superoxidase dismutase activity was greater in the expedition group (3.1 ± 0.4 vs. 0.8 ± 0.5 U ml–1; p < 0.001). Conclusion These results indicate a modest improvement in metabolic and oxidative profiles with increased superoxidase dismutase levels, suggesting an antioxidative response to counteract the exercise-associated production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species during prolonged exercise, mimicking the effects from long-term training. Although improved antioxidant activity may lead to increased TL, the present exercise stimulus was insufficient to promote a positive cellular aging profile with concordant chromosomal changes in our healthy and young participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique D Gagnon
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Center of Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra Dorman
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Center of Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Ritchie
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Center of Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Shivaprakash Jagalur Mutt
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Stenbäck
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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17
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Coker RH, Coker MS, Bartlett L, Murphy CJ, Priebe K, Shriver TC, Schoeller DA, Ruby BC. The energy requirements and metabolic benefits of wilderness hunting in Alaska. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13925. [PMID: 30430767 PMCID: PMC6236107 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purported healthy aspects of subsistence foods have led to the popularity of the Paleo diet. There has been very little focus, surprisingly, on health benefits derived from the nomadic nature of humans during the Paleolithic era. The purpose of our study was to examine total energy expenditure (TEE), total energy intake (TEI), body composition, blood lipids, and intrahepatic lipid in humans during a 12-day Alaskan backcountry expeditionary hunting (ABEH) immersion. Four healthy men (age: 42 ± 3 year, BMI: 27 ± 1 kg/m2 ) were recruited for the study. TEE was measured using the doubly labeled water method and a food diary was utilized to assess TEI. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); cross-sectional area of the thigh (XT) and intrahepatic lipid (IHL) were measured using molecular imaging. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of blood lipids. DXA, XT, IHL, and blood data were collected pre- and immediately post-ABEH. Results were analyzed using paired t-tests and considered significant at P < 0.05. TEE and TEI averaged 18.1 ± 1.2 and 9.1 ± 2.5 MJ/day, respectively, indicating substantial negative energy balance (-9.0 ± 1.3 MJ/day). There was a reduction in percent body fat (∆-3.3 ± 0.2%), total fat mass (∆-3.3 ± 0.4 kg), and visceral fat volume (Δ-261 ± 188 cm3 ). Lean tissue mass and XT was unchanged. There was a decrease in IHL (Δ-0.5 ± 0.1% water peak), and a trend (P = 0.055) toward reduction in LDL-cholesterol. We conclude that constancy of physical activity during negative energy balance may provide metabolic benefits above and beyond variations in diet that exist with the hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Coker
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska
| | - Melynda S. Coker
- School of ManagementUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska
| | | | - Carl J. Murphy
- Isotope Ratio Core LaboratoryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Karolina Priebe
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska
| | - Timothy C. Shriver
- Isotope Ratio Core LaboratoryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Dale A. Schoeller
- Isotope Ratio Core LaboratoryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Brent C. Ruby
- Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise MetabolismUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontana
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18
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Winwood PW, Dudson MK, Wilson D, Mclaren-Harrison JKH, Redjkins V, Pritchard HJ, Keogh JWL. Tapering Practices of Strongman Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1181-1196. [PMID: 29373426 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Winwood, PW, Dudson, MK, Wilson, D, Mclaren-Harrison, JKH, Redjkins, V, Pritchard, HJ, and Keogh, JWL. Tapering practices of strongman athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1181-1196, 2018-This study provides the first empirical evidence of how strongman athletes taper for strongman competitions. Strongman athletes (n = 454) (mean ± SD: 33.2 ± 8.0 years, 178.1 ± 10.6 cm, 108.6 ± 27.9 kg, 12.6 ± 8.9 years general resistance training, 5.3 ± 5.0 years strongman implement training) completed a self-reported 4-page internet survey on tapering practices. Analysis by sex (male and female), age (≤30 and >30 years), body mass (≤105 and >105 kg), and competitive standard (local/regional amateur, national amateur and professional) was conducted. Eighty-seven percent (n = 396) of strongman athletes reported that they used a taper. Athletes stated that their typical taper length was 8.6 ± 5.0 days, with the step taper the most commonly performed taper (52%). Training volume decreased during the taper by 45.5 ± 12.9%, and all training ceased 3.9 ± 1.8 days out from competition. Typically, athletes reported that training frequency and training duration stayed the same or decreased and training intensity decreased to around 50% in the last week. Athletes generally stated that tapering was performed to achieve recovery, rest, and peak performance; the deadlift, yoke walk, and stone lifts/work took longer to recover from than other lifts; assistance exercises were reduced or removed in the taper; massage, foam rolling, nutritional changes, and static stretching were strategies used in the taper; and, poor tapering occurred when athletes trained too heavy/hard or had too short a taper. These data will assist strongman athletes and coaches in the optimization of tapering variables leading to more peak performances. Future research could investigate the priming and preactivation strategies strongman athletes use on competition day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Winwood
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Community Health and Wellness, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Mike K Dudson
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Community Health and Wellness, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Wilson
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Community Health and Wellness, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Justice K H Mclaren-Harrison
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Community Health and Wellness, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Vladislav Redjkins
- Department of Hospitality, Tourism and Sport Industry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.,World Strongman Federation, Belorussian Information Center, Riga, Latvia
| | - Hayden J Pritchard
- Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health & Science, University College of Learning, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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19
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Puce L, Marinelli L, Pierantozzi E, Mori L, Pallecchi I, Bonifazi M, Bove M, Franchini E, Trompetto C. Training methods and analysis of races of a top level Paralympic swimming athlete. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:612-620. [PMID: 30276182 PMCID: PMC6165978 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836254.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Training methods for Paralympic swimmers must take into account different pathologies, competitions classes, athlete’s individual circumstances and peculiar physical adaptation mechanisms, hence general guidelines cannot be found in literature. In this study we present a training program, implemented for the physical preparation of a top level Paralympic swimmer. The athlete under study, affected by infantile cerebral palsy within a clinical picture of a spastic tetraparesis, by the end of 2016 was holder of Italian, European, world and Paralympic titles in the 400-m freestyle competition, S6 class. The training macrocycle was structured in a 3-fold periodization (three mesocycles), in view of the preparation to three international competitions. The 4-month training mesocycles prior to each competition differed substantially in terms of mileage load, intensity and recovery times. The first mesocycle was characterized by a sizeable low-intensity mileage load, the second one was shifted to lower mileage load, carried out at middle-to-high intensity levels, the third one entailed increased effort intensity, counterbalanced by lower mileage load. In all cases, recovery times were balanced to obtain optimized performance through physical adaptation to training stimuli, keeping into account the physiopatological response. Tapering phases were adjusted to maximize performance at competition. As an assessment of the effectiveness of the training method, correspondence between chronometric and technical parameters in the three competitions and the respective mesocycle training programs was found. The results of the present study may support the development of training guidelines for athletes affected by upper motor neuron lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pierantozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Marco Bonifazi
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Sport Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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20
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Pugliese L, Porcelli S, Vezzoli A, La Torre A, Serpiello FR, Pavei G, Marzorati M. Different Training Modalities Improve Energy Cost and Performance in Master Runners. Front Physiol 2018; 9:21. [PMID: 29416513 PMCID: PMC5787703 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of continuous moderate-intensity and discontinuous high-intensity training on running performance in master runners. Methods: Thirty-four male master runners (47.2 ± 7.4 years) were assigned to three different groups: continuous moderate-intensity training (CMIT), discontinuous high-intensity training (DHIT), and control group (CON). CMIT and DHIT performed 8-week of supervised training (3 session·wk−1; ~35 km·wk−1) while CON maintained their normal training habits (3–4 session·wk−1; ~50 km·wk−1). Peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak) and peak running speed (vpeak) during incremental treadmill exercise, gas exchange threshold (GET), speed at GET, energy cost of running (Cr), and 5-km performance were evaluated before and after training. Results: Following the training period, both CMIT and DHIT significantly reduced Cr (−4.4 and −4.9%, respectively, P < 0.05), increased speed at GET (3.4 and 5.7%, P < 0.05) and improved 5-km time-trial performance (3.1 and 2.2%, P < 0.05) whereas no differences were found for V˙O2peak and GET (as %V˙O2peak). After training, vpeak improved only for DHIT (6%, P < 0.05). No differences were found in any variable for CON. Conclusions: This study indicates that both CMIT and DHIT may positively affect running performance in middle-aged master runners. This improvement was achieved despite a significant reduction of the amount of weekly training volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pugliese
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Simone Porcelli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio R Serpiello
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gaspare Pavei
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Marzorati
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
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Gordon D, Wightman S, Basevitch I, Johnstone J, Espejo-Sanchez C, Beckford C, Boal M, Scruton A, Ferrandino M, Merzbach V. Physiological and training characteristics of recreational marathon runners. Open Access J Sports Med 2017; 8:231-241. [PMID: 29200895 PMCID: PMC5703178 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s141657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the physical and training characteristics of recreational marathon runners within finish time bandings (2.5-3 h, 3-3.5 h, 3.5-4 h, 4-4.5 h and >4.5 h). Materials and methods A total of 97 recreational marathon runners (age 42.4 ± 9.9 years; mass 69.2 ± 11.3 kg; stature 172.8 ± 9.1 cm), with a marathon finish time of 229.1 ± 48.7 min, of whom n = 34 were female and n = 63 were male, completed an incremental treadmill test for the determination of lactate threshold (LT1), lactate turn point (LT2) and running economy (RE). Following a 7-min recovery, they completed a test to volitional exhaustion starting at LT2 for the assessment of [Formula: see text]. In addition, all participants completed a questionnaire gathering information on their current training regimes exploring weekly distances, training frequencies, types of sessions, longest run in a week, with estimations of training speed, and load and volume derived from these data. Results Training frequency was shown to be significantly greater for the 2.5-3 h group compared to the 3.5-4 h runners (P < 0.001) and >4.5 h group (P = 0.004), while distance per session (km·session-1) was significantly greater for the 2.5-3 h group (16.1 ± 4.2) compared to the 3.5-4 h group (15.5 ± 5.2; P = 0.01) and >4.5 h group (10.3 ± 2.6; P = 0.001). Race speed correlated with LT1 (r = 0.791), LT2 (r = 0.721) and distance per session (r = 0.563). Conclusion The data highlight profound differences for key components of marathon running ([Formula: see text], LT1, LT2, RE and % [Formula: see text]) within a group of recreational runners with the discriminating training variables being training frequency and the absolute training speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | | | - Itay Basevitch
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | - James Johnstone
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | | | - Chelsea Beckford
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | - Mariette Boal
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | - Adrian Scruton
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | - Mike Ferrandino
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | - Viviane Merzbach
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
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22
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High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in the Prevention/Management of Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiol Rev 2016; 24:273-281. [DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Sheykhlouvand M, Gharaat M, Khalili E, Agha-Alinejad H. The effect of high-intensity interval training on ventilatory threshold and aerobic power in well-trained canoe polo athletes. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Costa MJ, Balasekaran G, Vilas-Boas JP, Barbosa TM. Physiological Adaptations to Training in Competitive Swimming: A Systematic Review. J Hum Kinet 2015; 49:179-94. [PMID: 26839618 PMCID: PMC4723167 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize longitudinal studies on swimming physiology and get implications for daily practice. A computerized search of databases according to the PRISMA statement was employed. Studies were screened for eligibility on inclusion criteria: (i) present two testing points; (ii) on swimming physiology; (iii) using adult elite swimmers; (iv) no case-studies or with small sample sizes. Two independent reviewers used a checklist to assess the methodological quality of the studies. Thirty-four studies selected for analysis were gathered into five main categories: blood composition (n=7), endocrine secretion (n=11), muscle biochemistry (n=7), cardiovascular response (n=8) and the energetic profile (n=14). The mean quality index was 10.58 ± 2.19 points demonstrating an almost perfect agreement between reviewers (K = 0.93). It can be concluded that the mixed findings in the literature are due to the diversity of the experimental designs. Micro variables obtained at the cellular or molecular level are sensitive measures and demonstrate overtraining signs and health symptoms. The improvement of macro variables (i.e. main physiological systems) is limited and may depend on the athletes' training background and experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário J Costa
- Sports Science Department, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Portugal; Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | | | - J Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, LABIOMEP, University of Porto, Portugal; Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
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GOJANOVIC BORIS, SHULTZ REBECCA, FEIHL FRANCOIS, MATHESON GORDON. Overspeed HIIT in Lower-Body Positive Pressure Treadmill Improves Running Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:2571-8. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Akca F, Aras D. Comparison of Rowing Performance Improvements Following Various High-Intensity Interval Trainings. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:2249-54. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Physiological and health-related adaptations to low-volume interval training: influences of nutrition and sex. Sports Med 2015; 44 Suppl 2:S127-37. [PMID: 25355187 PMCID: PMC4213388 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interval training refers to the basic concept of alternating periods of relatively intense exercise with periods of lower-intensity effort or complete rest for recovery. Low-volume interval training refers to sessions that involve a relatively small total amount of exercise (i.e. ≤10 min of intense exercise), compared with traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) protocols that are generally reflected in public health guidelines. In an effort to standardize terminology, a classification scheme was recently proposed in which the term 'high-intensity interval training' (HIIT) be used to describe protocols in which the training stimulus is 'near maximal' or the target intensity is between 80 and 100 % of maximal heart rate, and 'sprint interval training' (SIT) be used for protocols that involve 'all out' or 'supramaximal' efforts, in which target intensities correspond to workloads greater than what is required to elicit 100 % of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Both low-volume SIT and HIIT constitute relatively time-efficient training strategies to rapidly enhance the capacity for aerobic energy metabolism and elicit physiological remodeling that resembles changes normally associated with high-volume MICT. Short-term SIT and HIIT protocols have also been shown to improve health-related indices, including cardiorespiratory fitness and markers of glycemic control in both healthy individuals and those at risk for, or afflicted by, cardiometabolic diseases. Recent evidence from a limited number of studies has highlighted potential sex-based differences in the adaptive response to SIT in particular. It has also been suggested that specific nutritional interventions, in particular those that can augment muscle buffering capacity, such as sodium bicarbonate, may enhance the adaptive response to low-volume interval training.
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Strohacker K, Fazzino D, Breslin WL, Xu X. The use of periodization in exercise prescriptions for inactive adults: A systematic review. Prev Med Rep 2015; 2:385-96. [PMID: 26844095 PMCID: PMC4721364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodization of exercise is a method typically used in sports training, but the impact of periodized exercise on health outcomes in untrained adults is unclear. PURPOSE This review aims to summarize existing research wherein aerobic or resistance exercise was prescribed to inactive adults using a recognized periodization method. METHODS A search of relevant databases, conducted between January and February of 2014, yielded 21 studies published between 2000 and 2013 that assessed the impact of periodized exercise on health outcomes in untrained participants. RESULTS Substantial heterogeneity existed between studies, even under the same periodization method. Compared to baseline values or non-training control groups, prescribing periodized resistance or aerobic exercise yielded significant improvements in health outcomes related to traditional and emerging risk factors for cardiovascular disease, low-back and neck/shoulder pain, disease severity, and quality of life, with mixed results for increasing bone mineral density. CONCLUSIONS Although it is premature to conclude that periodized exercise is superior to non-periodized exercise for improving health outcomes, periodization appears to be a feasible means of prescribing exercise to inactive adults within an intervention setting. Further research is necessary to understand the effectiveness of periodizing aerobic exercise, the psychological effects of periodization, and the feasibility of implementing flexible non-linear methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Strohacker
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sports Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Daniel Fazzino
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sports Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Whitney L. Breslin
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, United States
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DE ARAUJO GG, GOBATTO CA, MARCOS-PEREIRA M, DOS REIS IGM, VERLENGIA R. Interval Versus Continuous Training With Identical Workload: Physiological and Aerobic Capacity Adaptations. Physiol Res 2015; 64:209-19. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The interval model training has been more recommended to promote aerobic adaptations due to recovery period that enables the execution of elevated intensity and as consequence, higher workload in relation to continuous training. However, the physiological and aerobic capacity adaptations in interval training with identical workload to continuous are still uncertain. The purpose was to characterize the effects of chronic and acute biomarkers adaptations and aerobic capacity in interval and continuous protocols with equivalent load. Fifty Wistar rats were divided in three groups: Continuous training (GTC), interval training (GTI) and control (CG). The running training lasted 8 weeks (wk) and was based at Anaerobic Threshold (AT) velocity. GTI showed glycogen super-compensation (mg/100 mg) 48 h after training session in relation to CG and GTC (GTI red gastrocnemius (RG)=1.41±0.16; GTI white gastrocnemius (WG)=1.78±0.20; GTI soleus (S)=0.26±0.01; GTI liver (L)=2.72±0.36; GTC RG=0.42±0.17; GTC WG=0.54±0.22; GTC S=0.100±0.01; GTC L=1.12±0.24; CG RG=0.32±0.05; CG WG=0.65±0.17; CG S=0.14±0.01; CG L=2.28±0.33). The volume performed by GTI was higher than GTC. The aerobic capacity reduced 11 % after experimental period in GTC when compared to GTI, but this change was insignificant (19.6±5.4 m/min; 17.7±2.5 m/min, effect size = 0.59). Free fatty acids and glucose concentration did not show statistical differences among the groups. Corticosterone concentration increased in acute condition for GTI and GTC. Testosterone concentration reduced 71 % in GTC immediately after the exercise in comparison to CG. The GTI allowed positive adaptations when compared to GTC in relation to: glycogen super-compensation, training volume performed and anabolic condition. However, the GTI not improved the aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. G. DE ARAUJO
- Sports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, UFAL/PPGNUT/ Physical Education – Maceio AL, Brazil
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Dolinsky VW, Dyck JRB. Experimental studies of the molecular pathways regulated by exercise and resveratrol in heart, skeletal muscle and the vasculature. Molecules 2014; 19:14919-47. [PMID: 25237749 PMCID: PMC6271699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise contributes to healthy aging and the prevention of chronic disease. Recent research has focused on the development of molecules, such as resveratrol, that activate similar metabolic and stress response pathways as exercise training. In this review, we describe the effects of exercise training and resveratrol on some of the organs and tissues that act in concert to transport oxygen throughout the body. In particular, we focus on animal studies that investigate the molecular signaling pathways induced by these interventions. We also compare and contrast the effects of exercise and resveratrol in diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and the Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of the Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, 601 John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Department of Pediatrics and the Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 458 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Rietberg MB, van Wegen EEH, Eyssen ICJM, Kwakkel G. Effects of multidisciplinary rehabilitation on chronic fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107710. [PMID: 25232955 PMCID: PMC4169408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several rehabilitation programmes aim at reducing the impact of fatigue in MS patients. Acute and chronic fatigue should require different management. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of individually tailored, multidisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation (MDR) on chronic fatigue. METHODS Forty-eight ambulatory MS patients with chronic fatigue were randomized to MDR or to MS-nurse consultation. Fatigue was assessed by the Checklist Individual Strength (CIS-20R). Secondary outcomes included the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Functional Independence Measure, Disability and Impact Profile (DIP), Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale and the Impact on Participation and Autonomy (IPA). RESULTS The primary outcome measure CIS-20R overall score showed no significant differences between groups at 12 weeks (P = 0.39) and 24 weeks follow-up (P = 0.14), nor for subscales (t = 12 and t = 24, 0.19≤P≤0.88). No significant within-group effects were found for both groups with respect to the primary (0.57≤p≤0.97) and secondary (0.11≤p≤0.92) outcome measures from baseline to 12 or 24 weeks. CONCLUSION Multidisciplinary rehabilitation was not more effective in terms of reducing self-reported fatigue in MS patients compared to MS-nurse consultation. Our results suggest that chronic fatigue in patients with MS may be highly invariant over time, irrespective of interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION controlled-trials.com ISRCTN05017507.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B. Rietberg
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin E. H. van Wegen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isaline C. J. M. Eyssen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Kwakkel
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zghal F, Martin V, Thorkani A, Arnal PJ, Tabka Z, Cottin F. Effects of endurance training on the maximal voluntary activation level of the knee extensor muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:683-93. [PMID: 24368553 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the neural adaptations to endurance training, and more specifically the adaptation of the cortical voluntary activation of the knee extensor (KE) muscles. METHODS Sixteen sedentary men were randomly allocated into an endurance training (n = 8) or a control group (n = 8). All subjects performed a maximal aerobic speed test (MAS) before and immediately after the training period. Training lasted 8 weeks and was based on endurance running. During Pre- and Post-training testing sessions, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured and voluntary activation (VA) was calculated via peripheral nerve (PNS) and transcranial magnetic stimulations (TMS) superimposed to MVC. Electromyographic activity (EMG) of the KE muscles was also measured during MVC, PNS (M-wave) and TMS (motor evoked potentials-MEP). The cortical silent period following TMS was also assessed. RESULTS Despite a significant improvement in endurance running performance, as suggested by the increase of MAS in the training group (Pre 15.4 ± 1.6 vs. Post 16.4 ± 1.6 km·h(-1)), endurance training did not affect MVC or VA as measured with PNS and TMS. Similarly, the EMG of KE muscles during MVC did not show any significant changes. Furthermore, the MEP amplitude and the duration of the silent period also remained unchanged after endurance training. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests an 8-week endurance-training program does not generate adaptations of neural factors in sedentary subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zghal
- UBIAE (INSERM U902), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Val d'Essonne University, Evry, France
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Noninvasive monitoring of training induced muscle adaptation with 31P-MRS: fibre type shifts correlate with metabolic changes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:417901. [PMID: 23998123 PMCID: PMC3749530 DOI: 10.1155/2013/417901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate training induced metabolic changes noninvasively with 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) for measuring muscle fibre type adaptation.
Methods. Eleven volunteers underwent a 24-week training, consisting of speed-strength, endurance, and detraining (each 8 weeks). Prior to and following each training period, needle biopsies and 31P-MRS of the resting gastrocnemius muscle were performed. Fibre type distribution was analyzed histologically and tested for correlation with the ratios of high energy phosphates ([PCr]/[Pi], [PCr]/[βATP] and [PCr + Pi]/[βATP]). The correlation between the changes of the 31P-MRS parameters during training and the resulting changes in fibre composition were also analysed. Results. We observed an increased type-II-fibre proportion after speed-strength and detraining. After endurance training the percentage of fast-twitch fibres was reduced. The progression of the [PCr]/[Pi]-ratio was similar to that of the fast-twitch fibres during the training. We found a correlation between the type-II-fibre proportion and [PCr]/[Pi] (r = 0.70, P < 0.01) or [PCr]/[βATP] (r = 0.69, P < 0.01); the correlations between its changes (delta) and the fibre-shift were significant as well (delta[PCr]/[Pi] r = 0.66, delta[PCr]/[βATP] r = 0.55, P < 0.01). Conclusion. Shifts in fibre type composition and high energy phosphate metabolite content covary in human gastrocnemius muscle. Therefore 31P-MRS might be a feasible method for noninvasive monitoring of exercise-induced fibre type transformation.
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Walter K, von Haaren B, Löffler S, Härtel S, Jansen CP, Werner C, Stumpp J, Bös K, Hey S. Acute and medium term effects of a 10-week running intervention on mood state in apprentices. Front Psychol 2013; 4:411. [PMID: 23847579 PMCID: PMC3705169 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity have proven benefits for physical and psychological well-being. However, it is not clear if healthy young adults can enhance mood in everyday life through regular exercise. Earlier studies mainly showed positive effects of acute exercise and exercise programs on psychological well-being in children, older people and in clinical populations. Few studies controlled participants' physical activity in daily life, performed besides the exercise program, which can impact results. In addition the transition from mood enhancement induced by acute exercise to medium or long-term effects due to regular exercise is not yet determined. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the acute effects of an aerobic running training on mood and trends in medium term changes of mood in everyday life of young adults. We conducted a 10-week aerobic endurance training with frequent mood assessments and continuous activity monitoring. 23 apprentices, separated into experimental and control group, were monitored over 12 weeks. To control the effectiveness of the aerobic exercise program, participants completed a progressive treadmill test pre and post the intervention period. The three basic mood dimensions energetic arousal, valence and calmness were assessed via electronic diaries. Participants had to rate their mood state frequently on 3 days a week at five times of measurement within 12 weeks. Participants' physical activity was assessed with accelerometers. All mood dimensions increased immediately after acute endurance exercise but results were not significant. The highest acute mood change could be observed in valence (p = 0.07; η(2) = 0.27). However, no medium term effects in mood states could be observed after a few weeks of endurance training. Future studies should focus on the interaction between acute and medium term effects of exercise training on mood. The decreasing compliance over the course of the study requires the development of strategies to maintain compliance over longer periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Walter
- House of Competence - hiper.campus, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Birte von Haaren
- House of Competence - hiper.campus, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simone Löffler
- House of Competence - hiper.campus, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sascha Härtel
- House of Competence - hiper.campus, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Sport and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carl-Philipp Jansen
- Department of Sport and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Werner
- Department of Sport and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Stumpp
- House of Competence - hiper.campus, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Klaus Bös
- Department of Sport and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Hey
- House of Competence - hiper.campus, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
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Clarke DC, Skiba PF. Rationale and resources for teaching the mathematical modeling of athletic training and performance. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2013; 37:134-152. [PMID: 23728131 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00078.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A number of professions rely on exercise prescription to improve health or athletic performance, including coaching, fitness/personal training, rehabilitation, and exercise physiology. It is therefore advisable that the professionals involved learn the various tools available for designing effective training programs. Mathematical modeling of athletic training and performance, which we henceforth call "performance modeling," is one such tool. Two models, the critical power (CP) model and the Banister impulse-response (IR) model, offer complementary information. The CP model describes the relationship between work rates and the durations for which an individual can sustain them during constant-work-rate or intermittent exercise. The IR model describes the dynamics by which an individual's performance capacity changes over time as a function of training. Both models elegantly abstract the underlying physiology, and both can accurately fit performance data, such that educating exercise practitioners in the science of performance modeling offers both pedagogical and practical benefits. In addition, performance modeling offers an avenue for introducing mathematical modeling skills to exercise physiology researchers. A principal limitation to the adoption of performance modeling is a lack of education. The goal of this report is therefore to encourage educators of exercise physiology practitioners and researchers to incorporate the science of performance modeling in their curricula and to serve as a resource to support this effort. The resources include a comprehensive review of the concepts associated with the development and use of the models, software to enable hands-on computer exercises, and strategies for teaching the models to different audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Clarke
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Repeated sprints, high-intensity interval training, small-sided games: theory and application to field sports. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 9:352-7. [PMID: 23751941 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the broad spectrum of physical characteristics necessary for success in field sports, numerous training modalities have been used develop physical preparedness. Sports like rugby, basketball, lacrosse, and others require athletes to be not only strong and powerful but also aerobically fit and able to recover from high-intensity intermittent exercise. This provides coaches and sport scientists with a complex range of variables to consider when developing training programs. This can often lead to confusion and the misuse of training modalities, particularly in the development of aerobic and anaerobic conditioning. This review outlines the benefits and general adaptations to 3 commonly used and effective conditioning methods: high-intensity interval training, repeated-sprint training, and small-sided games. The goals and outcomes of these training methods are discussed, and practical implementations strategies for coaches and sport scientists are provided.
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Williams AM, Paterson DH, Kowalchuk JM. High-intensity interval training speeds the adjustment of pulmonary O2 uptake, but not muscle deoxygenation, during moderate-intensity exercise transitions initiated from low and elevated baseline metabolic rates. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1550-62. [PMID: 23519229 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00575.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During step transitions in work rate (WR) within the moderate-intensity (MOD) exercise domain, pulmonary O2 uptake (Vo2p) kinetics are slowed, and Vo2p gain (ΔVo2p/ΔWR) is greater when exercise is initiated from an elevated metabolic rate. High-intensity interval training (HIT) has been shown to speed Vo2p kinetics when step transitions to MOD exercise are initiated from light-intensity baseline metabolic rates. The effects of HIT on step transitions initiated from elevated metabolic rates have not been established. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of HIT on Vo2p kinetics during transitions from low and elevated metabolic rates, within the MOD domain. Eight young, untrained men completed 12 sessions of HIT (spanning 4 wk). HIT consisted of 8-12 1-min intervals, cycling at a WR corresponding to 110% of pretraining maximal WR (WRmax). Pre-, mid- and posttraining, subjects completed a ramp-incremental test to determine maximum O2 uptake, WRmax, and estimated lactate threshold (θL). Participants additionally completed double-step constant-load tests, consisting of step transitions from 20 W → Δ45% θL [lower step (LS)] and Δ45 → 90% θL [upper step (US)]. HIT led to increases in maximum O2 uptake (P < 0.05) and WRmax (P < 0.01), and τVo2p of both lower and upper MOD step transitions were reduced by ∼40% (LS: 24 s → 15 s; US: 45 s → 25 s) (P < 0.01). However, the time course of adjustment of local muscle deoxygenation was unchanged in the LS and US. These results suggest that speeding of Vo2p kinetics in both the LS and US may be due, in part, to an improved matching of muscle O2 utilization to microvascular O2 delivery within the working muscle following 12 sessions of HIT, although muscle metabolic adaptations cannot be discounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Williams
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging and School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Camiletti-Moirón D, Aparicio VA, Aranda P, Radak Z. Does exercise reduce brain oxidative stress? A systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 23:e202-12. [PMID: 23495801 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present systematic review was to investigate the influence of different exercise programs on brain oxidative stress. A search of the literature was conducted up to 1 December 2012 across five databases: PUBMED, SCOPUS, SPORTS DISCUS, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library. The search strategy used in the electronic databases mentioned was established as: (swim* OR exercise OR training) AND ("oxidative stress" AND brain) for each database. A methodological quality assessment valuation/estimation was additionally carried out in the final sample of studies. Of 1553 potentially eligible papers, 19 were included after inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methodological quality assessment showed a total score in the Quality Index between 40% and 80%, with a mean quality of 56.8%. Overall, regular moderate aerobic exercise appears to promote antioxidant capacity on brain. In contrast, anaerobic or high-intensity exercise, aerobic-exhausted exercise, or the combination of both types of training could deteriorate the antioxidant response. Future investigations should be focused on establishing a standardized exercise protocol, depending on the exercise metabolism wanted to test, which could enhance the objective knowledge in this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Camiletti-Moirón
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Krivoschekov SG, Divert VE, Melnikov VN, Vodjanitskij SN, Girenko LA. Comparative analysis of gas exchange and cardiorespiratory system responses of swimmers and skiers to increasing normobaric hypoxia and physical load. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119712060072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Arroyo García P, Vaz Pardal C, Ordoñez Muñoz FJ, Rosety Rodríguez M. Evaluación de la adaptación a un entrenamiento de alta intensidad con diferentes estrategias de intervención en ciclistas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunts.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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GOJANOVIC BORIS, CUTTI PHIL, SHULTZ REBECCA, MATHESON GORDONO. Maximal Physiological Parameters during Partial Body-Weight Support Treadmill Testing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:1935-41. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31825a5d1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Comparison of the 45-Second/15-Second Intermittent Running Field Test and the Continuous Treadmill Test. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2012; 7:277-84. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.7.3.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purposes:To compare the physiological responses and maximal aerobic running velocity (MAV) during an incremental intermittent (45-s run/15-s rest) field test (45-15FIT) vs an incremental continuous treadmill test (TR) and to demonstrate that the MAV obtained during 45-15FIT (MAV45-15) was relevant to elicit a high percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during a 30-s/30-s intermittent training session.Methods:Oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), and lactate concentration ([La]) were measured in 20 subjects during 2 maximal incremental tests and four 15-min intermittent tests. The time spent above 90% and 95% VO2max (t90% and t95% VO2max, respectively) was determined.Results:Maximal physiological parameters were similar during the 45-15FIT and TR tests (VO2max 58.6 ± 5.9 mL · kg−1 · min−1 for TR vs 58.5 ± 7.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1 for 45-15FIT; HRmax 200 ± 8 beats/min for TR vs 201 ± 7 beats/min for 45-15FIT). MAV45-15 was significantly (P < .001) greater than MAVTR (17.7 ± 1.1 vs 15.6 ± 1.4 km/h). t90% and t95% VO2max during the 30-s/30-s performed at MAVTR were significantly (P < .01) lower than during the 30-s/30-s performed at MAV45-15. Similar VO2 during intermittent tests performed at MAV45-15 and at MAVTR can be obtained by reducing the recovery time or using active recovery.Conclusions:The results suggested that the 45-15FIT is an accurate field test to determine VO2max and that MAV45-15 can be used during high-intensity intermittent training such as 30-s runs interspersed with 30-s rests (30-s/30-s) to elicit a high percentage of VO2max.
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Carnevali L, Eder R, Lira F, Lima W, Gonçalves D, Zanchi N, Nicastro H, Lavoie J, Seelaender M. Effects of high-intensity intermittent training on carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:777-83. [PMID: 22735180 PMCID: PMC3854250 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the capacity of high-intensity intermittent training (HI-IT) to facilitate the delivery of lipids to enzymes responsible for oxidation, a task performed by the carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) system in the rat gastrocnemius muscle. Male adult Wistar rats (160-250 g) were randomly distributed into 3 groups: sedentary (Sed, N = 5), HI-IT (N = 10), and moderate-intensity continuous training (MI-CT, N = 10). The trained groups were exercised for 8 weeks with a 10% (HI-IT) and a 5% (MI-CT) overload. The HI-IT group presented 11.8% decreased weight gain compared to the Sed group. The maximal activities of CPT-I, CPT-II, and citrate synthase were all increased in the HI-IT group compared to the Sed group (P < 0.01), as also was gene expression, measured by RT-PCR, of fatty acid binding protein (FABP; P < 0.01) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL; P < 0.05). Lactate dehydrogenase also presented a higher maximal activity (nmol·min(-1)·mg protein(-1)) in HI-IT (around 83%). We suggest that 8 weeks of HI-IT enhance mitochondrial lipid transport capacity thus facilitating the oxidation process in the gastrocnemius muscle. This adaptation may also be associated with the decrease in weight gain observed in the animals and was concomitant to a higher gene expression of both FABP and LPL in HI-IT, suggesting that intermittent exercise is a "time-efficient" strategy inducing metabolic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.C. Carnevali
- Grupo de Biologia Molecular da Célula, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brasil
- Centro Universitário Ítalo-Brasileiro (Unítalo), São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - R. Eder
- Grupo de Biologia Molecular da Célula, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - F.S. Lira
- Grupo de Biologia Molecular da Célula, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - W.P. Lima
- Grupo de Biologia Molecular da Célula, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brasil
- Instituto Federal de Educação,Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - D.C. Gonçalves
- Grupo de Biologia Molecular da Célula, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - N.E. Zanchi
- Laboratorio de Nutrição e Metabolismo Aplicado à Atividade Motora, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisa do Genoma Humano, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - H. Nicastro
- Laboratorio de Nutrição e Metabolismo Aplicado à Atividade Motora, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - J.M. Lavoie
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - M.C.L. Seelaender
- Grupo de Biologia Molecular da Célula, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brasil
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Abstract
Muscle strength and fatigue resistance increases with resistance training. Resistance training adaptations can be enhanced with single-ingredient or dual-ingredient supplementation but less is known about resistance training adaptations by multi-ingredient supplementation. We examined the effects of a commercial multi-ingredient supplement on resistance training adaptations for training-specific and non-training-specific tasks in young males. Male participants (n = 16, age 21±2 years, body mass 74.5±5.9 kg, body height 177±5 cm) had at least 1 year experience with resistance training exercises. Training (7 muscle groups, 4 sessions/week, weekly adjustments) consisted of two 6 weeks blocks with 4 weeks between blocks. During training, participants consumed placebo (i.e. maltodextrin, n = 7) or the sports nutritional supplement Cyclone (Maximuscle Ltd, UK, n = 9) (main ingredients creatine monohydrate, whey protein, glutamine and HMB) twice daily with one intake <15 min following a training session. Unpaired Student’s t-test was used for placebo and Cyclone group comparison of percentage changes with p < 0.05. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated for the Cyclone group. Cyclone did not enhance maximal voluntary isometric force (MVIF) (p = 0.56), time to fatigue at 70% MVIF (p = 0.41) and peak concentric strength (60°·s−1) (p = 0.66) of m.quadriceps femoris (i.e. the non-specific training tasks). For the specific-training tasks, Cyclone did not enhance one-repetition maximum (1-RM) of lateral pull (p = 0.48) but there was a trend and large effect size for 1-RM of bench press (p = 0.07, d = 0.98) and 45° leg press (p = 0.07, d = 1.41). Cyclone resulted in an increase in number of repetitions for 80% pre-training 1-RM for lateral pull (p = 0.02, d = 1.30), bench press (p = 0.03, d = 1.20) with a trend for 45° leg press (p = 0.08, d = 0.96). Cyclone during resistance training enhanced the performance of 1-RM and number of repetitions at 80% of pre-training 1RM of some training-specific tasks, all with large effect sizes. Our observations suggest that Cyclone during resistance training substantially improves the ability to perform training-related tasks.
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Costa MJ, Bragada JA, Marinho DA, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM. Longitudinal Interventions in Elite Swimming. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2006-16. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318257807f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Biomechanical, cardiorespiratory, metabolic and perceived responses to electrically assisted cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:4015-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Soultanakis HN, Mandaloufas MF, Platanou TI. Lactate threshold and performance adaptations to 4 weeks of training in untrained swimmers: volume vs. intensity. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 26:131-7. [PMID: 22201690 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31821eb7bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of 4 weeks of high-intensity vs. high-volume swim training on lactate threshold (LT) characteristics and performance. Thirteen untrained swimmers with a mean age of 19.0 ± 0.5 undertook an incremental swimming test before and after 4 weeks of training for the determination of LT. Performance was evaluated by a 50-m maximum freestyle test. The swimmers were assigned to 1 of each of 2 training groups. The high-intensity group (n = 6) focused on sprint training (SP) and swam a total of 1,808 ± 210 m. The high-volume group (n = 7) followed the same program as the SP group but swam an additional 1,100 m (38% more) of endurance swimming (SP + End). A training effect was evident in both groups as seen by the similar improvements in sprint performance of the 50-m maximum time (p < 0.01), peak velocity increases and the lower value of lactate at the individual LTs (p < 0.01). Lactate threshold velocity improved only in the SP + End group from 1.20 ± 0.12 m·s(-1) pretraining to 1.32 ± 0.12 m·s(-1) posttraining (p = 0.77, effect size = 1, p < 0.01), expressed by the rightward shifts of the individual lactate-velocity curves, indicating an improvement in the aerobic capacity. Peak lactate and lactate concentrations at LT did not significantly change. In conclusion, this study was able to demonstrate that 4 weeks of either high-intensity or high-volume training was able to demonstrate similar improvements in swimming performance. In the case of lack of significant changes in lactate profiling in response to high-intensity training, we could suggest a dissociation between the 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen N Soultanakis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aquatics Division, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Meckel Y, Nemet D, Bar-Sela S, Radom-Aizik S, Cooper DM, Sagiv M, Eliakim A. Hormonal and inflammatory responses to different types of sprint interval training. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2161-9. [PMID: 21785293 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181dc4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of different types of sprint interval sessions on the balance between anabolic and catabolic hormones and circulating inflammatory cytokines. Twelve healthy elite junior handball players (17-25 years) participated in the study. Exercise consisted of increasing distance (100 m, 200 m, 300 m, 400 m) and decreasing distance (400 m, 300 m, 200 m, 100 m) sprint interval runs on a treadmill (at random order), at a constant work rate of 80% of the personal maximal speed (calculated from the maximal speed of a 100 m run). The total rest period between the runs in the different interval sessions were similar. Blood samples were collected before, after each run, and after 1-hour recovery. Both types of sprint interval trainings led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in lactate and the anabolic factors growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and testosterone levels. Both types of sprint interval sessions led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators IL-1, IL-6, and IL1ra. IL-6 remained elevated in both sessions after 1-hour recovery. Area under the curve was significantly greater (p < 0.05) for lactate and growth hormone (GH) in the decreasing distance session. In contrast, rate of perceived exertion was higher in the increasing distance session, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). Changes in anabolic-catabolic hormones and inflammatory mediators can be used to gauge the training intensity of anaerobic-type exercise. Changes in the GH-IGF-I axis and testosterone level suggest exercise-related anabolic adaptations. Increases in inflammatory mediators may indicate their important role in muscle tissue repair after anaerobic exercise. The decreasing distance interval was associated with a greater metabolic (lactate) and anabolic (GH) response but not with a higher rate of perceived exertion. Coaches and athletes should be aware of these differences, and as a result, of a need for specific recovery adaptations after different interval training protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Meckel
- Zinman College of Physical Education, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
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Pesta D, Hoppel F, Macek C, Messner H, Faulhaber M, Kobel C, Parson W, Burtscher M, Schocke M, Gnaiger E. Similar qualitative and quantitative changes of mitochondrial respiration following strength and endurance training in normoxia and hypoxia in sedentary humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1078-87. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00285.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endurance and strength training are established as distinct exercise modalities, increasing either mitochondrial density or myofibrillar units. Recent research, however, suggests that mitochondrial biogenesis is stimulated by both training modalities. To test the training “specificity” hypothesis, mitochondrial respiration was studied in permeabilized muscle fibers from 25 sedentary adults after endurance (ET) or strength training (ST) in normoxia or hypoxia [fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) = 21% or 13.5%]. Biopsies were taken from the musculus vastus lateralis, and cycle-ergometric incremental maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) exercise tests were performed under normoxia, before and after the 10-wk training program. The main finding was a significant increase ( P < 0.05) of fatty acid oxidation capacity per muscle mass, after endurance and strength training under normoxia [2.6- and 2.4-fold for endurance training normoxia group (ETN) and strength training normoxia group (STN); n = 8 and 3] and hypoxia [2.0-fold for the endurance training hypoxia group (ETH) and strength training hypoxia group (STH); n = 7 and 7], and higher coupling control of oxidative phosphorylation. The enhanced lipid oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity was mainly (87%) due to qualitative mitochondrial changes increasing the relative capacity for fatty acid oxidation ( P < 0.01). Mitochondrial tissue-density contributed to a smaller extent (13%), reflected by the gain in muscle mass-specific respiratory capacity with a physiological substrate cocktail (glutamate, malate, succinate, and octanoylcarnitine). No significant increase was observed in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content. Physiological OXPHOS capacity increased significantly in ETN ( P < 0.01), with the same trend in ETH and STH ( P < 0.1). The limitation of flux by the phosphorylation system was diminished after training. Importantly, key mitochondrial adaptations were similar after endurance and strength training, regardless of normoxic or hypoxic exercise. The transition from a sedentary to an active lifestyle induced muscular changes of mitochondrial quality representative of mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Pesta
- Division of Diagnostic Radiology I, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- D. Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Hoppel
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Macek
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Messner
- Division of Diagnostic Radiology I, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Faulhaber
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Conrad Kobel
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Walther Parson
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Schocke
- Division of Diagnostic Radiology I, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erich Gnaiger
- D. Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Tuimil JL, Boullosa DA, Fernández-del-Olmo MÁ, RodrÍguez FA. Effect of Equated Continuous and Interval Running Programs on Endurance Performance and Jump Capacity. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2205-11. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e8a4d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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