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Hussain M, Khan I, Chaudhary MN, Ali K, Mushtaq A, Jiang B, Zheng L, Pan Y, Hu J, Zou X. Phosphatidylserine: A comprehensive overview of synthesis, metabolism, and nutrition. Chem Phys Lipids 2024:105422. [PMID: 39097133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2024.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PtdS) is classified as a glycerophospholipid and a primary anionic phospholipid and is particularly abundant in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in neural tissues. It is synthesized from phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine by exchanging the base head group with serine, and this reaction is catalyzed by PtdS synthase-1 and PtdS synthase-2 located in the endoplasmic reticulum. PtdS exposure on the outside surface of the cell is essential for eliminating apoptotic cells and initiating the blood clotting cascade. It is also a precursor of phosphatidylethanolamine, produced by PtdS decarboxylase in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells. Furthermore, PtdS acts as a cofactor for several necessary enzymes that participate in signaling pathways. Beyond these functions, several studies indicate that PtdS plays a role in various cerebral functions, including activating membrane signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, neurotransmission, and synaptic refinement associated with the central nervous system (CNS). This review discusses the occurrence of PtdS in nature and biosynthesis via enzymes and genes in plants, yeast, prokaryotes, mammalian cells, and the brain, and enzymatic synthesis through phospholipase D (PLD). Furthermore, we discuss metabolism, its role in the CNS, the fortification of foods, and supplementation for improving some memory functions, the results of which remain unclear. PtdS can be a potentially beneficial addition to foods for kids, seniors, athletes, and others, especially with the rising consumer trend favoring functional foods over conventional pills and capsules. Clinical studies have shown that PtdS is safe and well tolerated by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Imad Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Khubaib Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anam Mushtaq
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bangzhi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuechao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jijie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400711, China.
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Yao D, Ranadheera CS, Shen C, Wei W, Cheong LZ. Milk fat globule membrane: composition, production and its potential as encapsulant for bioactives and probiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37632418 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2249992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex trilayer structure present in mammalian milk and is mainly composed of phospholipids and proteins (>90%). Many studies revealed MFGM has positive effects on the immune system, brain development, and cognitive function of infants. Probiotics are live microorganisms that have been found to improve mental health and insulin sensitivity, regulate immunity, and prevent allergies. Probiotics are unstable and prone to degradation by environmental, processing, and storage conditions. In this review, the processes used for encapsulation of probiotics particularly the potential of MFGM and its constituents as encapsulating materials for probiotics are described. This study analyzes the importance of MFGM in encapsulating bioactive substances and emphasizes the interaction with probiotics and the gut as well as its resistance to adverse environmental factors in the digestive system when used as a probiotic embedding material. MFGM can enhance the gastric acid resistance and bile resistance of probiotics, mainly manifested in the survival rate of probiotics. Due to the role of digestion, MFGM-coated probiotics can be released in the intestine, and due to the biocompatibility of the membrane, it can promote the binding of probiotics to intestinal epithelial cells, and promote the colonization of some probiotics in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yao
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chaminda Senaka Ranadheera
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cai Shen
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- China Beacons Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Pistritu DV, Vasiliniuc AC, Vasiliu A, Visinescu EF, Visoiu IE, Vizdei S, Martínez Anghel P, Tanca A, Bucur O, Liehn EA. Phospholipids, the Masters in the Shadows during Healing after Acute Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098360. [PMID: 37176067 PMCID: PMC10178977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes with complex structures, high heterogeneity and critical biological functions and have been used since ancient times to treat cardiovascular disease. Their importance and role were shadowed by the difficulty or incomplete available research methodology to study their biological presence and functionality. This review focuses on the current knowledge about the roles of phospholipids in the pathophysiology and therapy of cardiovascular diseases, which have been increasingly recognized. Used in singular formulation or in inclusive combinations with current drugs, phospholipids proved their positive and valuable effects not only in the protection of myocardial tissue, inflammation and fibrosis but also in angiogenesis, coagulation or cardiac regeneration more frequently in animal models as well as in human pathology. Thus, while mainly neglected by the scientific community, phospholipids present negligible side effects and could represent an ideal target for future therapeutic strategies in healing myocardial infarction. Acknowledging and understanding their mechanisms of action could offer a new perspective into novel therapeutic strategies for patients suffering an acute myocardial infarction, reducing the burden and improving the general social and economic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Valentin Pistritu
- Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Anda Vasiliu
- Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena-Florentina Visinescu
- Faculty of Human Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana-Elena Visoiu
- Faculty of Human Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Smaranda Vizdei
- Faculty of Human Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paula Martínez Anghel
- Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Business Academy Aarhus, 30 Sønderhøj, 8260 Viby J, Denmark
| | - Antoanela Tanca
- Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Human Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Bucur
- Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Viron Molecular Medicine Institute, 201 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02108, USA
| | - Elisa Anamaria Liehn
- Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 25 J.B Winsløws Vej, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- National Heart Center Singapore, 5 Hospital Dr., Singapore 169609, Singapore
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Lin K, Cheng W, Shen Q, Wang H, Wang R, Guo S, Wu X, Wu W, Chen P, Wang Y, Ye H, Zhang Q, Wang R. Lipid Profiling Reveals Lipidomic Signatures of Weight Loss Interventions. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071784. [PMID: 37049623 PMCID: PMC10097218 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic all around the world. Weight loss interventions that are effective differ from each other with regard to various lipidomic responses. Here, we aimed to find lipidomic biomarkers that are related to beneficial changes in weight loss. We adopted an untargeted liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to measure 953 lipid species for Exercise (exercise intervention cohort, N = 25), 1388 lipid species for LSG (laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy cohort, N = 36), and 886 lipid species for Cushing (surgical removal of the ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas cohort, N = 25). Overall, the total diacylglycerol (DG), triacylglycerol (TG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), and sphingomyelin (SM) levels were associated with changes in BMI, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride, and total cholesterol according to weight loss interventions. We found that 73 lipid species changed among the three weight loss interventions. We screened 13 lipid species with better predictive accuracy in diagnosing weight loss situations in either Exercise, LSG, or Cushing cohorts (AUROC > 0.7). More importantly, we identified three phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipid species, PC (14:0_18:3), PC (31:1), and PC (32:2) that were significantly associated with weight change in three studies. Our results highlight potential lipidomic biomarkers that, in the future, could be used in personalized approaches involving weight loss interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Lin
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Qiwei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism & Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruwen Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xianmin Wu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongying Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiongyue Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
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Phosphatidylserine in the Nervous System: Cytoplasmic Regulator of the AKT and PKC Signaling Pathways and Extracellular "Eat-Me" Signal in Microglial Phagocytosis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1050-1066. [PMID: 36401705 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is an important anionic phospholipid found in eukaryotic cells and has been proven to serve as a beneficial factor in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. PtdSer resides in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, where it is involved in regulating the AKT and PKC signaling pathways; however, it becomes exposed to the extracellular leaflet during neurodevelopmental processes and neurodegenerative diseases, participating in microglia-mediated synaptic and neuronal phagocytosis. In this paper, we review several characteristics of PtdSer, including the synthesis and translocation of PtdSer, the functions of cytoplasmic and exposed PtdSer, and different PtdSer-detection materials used to further understand the role of PtdSer in the nervous system.
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Saydakova S, Morozova K, Snytnikova O, Morozova M, Boldyreva L, Kiseleva E, Tsentalovich Y, Kozhevnikova E. The Effect of Dietary Phospholipids on the Ultrastructure and Function of Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021788. [PMID: 36675301 PMCID: PMC9866517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary composition substantially determines human health and affects complex diseases, including obesity, inflammation and cancer. Thus, food supplements have been widely used to accommodate dietary composition to the needs of individuals. Among the promising supplements are dietary phospholipids (PLs) that are commonly found as natural food ingredients and as emulsifier additives. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of major PLs found as food supplements on the morphology of intestinal epithelial cells upon short-term and long-term high-dose feeding in mice. In the present report, the effect of short-term and long-term high dietary PL content was studied in terms of intestinal health and leaky gut syndrome in male mice. We used transmission electron microscopy to evaluate endothelial morphology at the ultrastructural level. We found mitochondrial damage and lipid droplet accumulation in the intracristal space, which rendered mitochondria more sensitive to respiratory uncoupling as shown by a mitochondrial respiration assessment in the intestinal crypts. However, this mitochondrial damage was insufficient to induce intestinal permeability. We propose that high-dose PL treatment impairs mitochondrial morphology and acts through extensive membrane utilization via the mitochondria. The data suggest that PL supplementation should be used with precaution in individuals with mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezhanna Saydakova
- Scientific-Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ksenia Morozova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Snytnikova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maryana Morozova
- Scientific-Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lidiya Boldyreva
- Scientific-Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kiseleva
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Elena Kozhevnikova
- Scientific-Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Integrated proteomics and metabolomics reveal the variations in the physiological state of spotted seal (Phoca largha) pups following artificial rescue. Genomics 2022; 114:110282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ozawa H, Miyazawa T, Miyazawa T. Effects of Dietary Food Components on Cognitive Functions in Older Adults. Nutrients 2021; 13:2804. [PMID: 34444965 PMCID: PMC8398286 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Population aging has recently been an important issue as the number of elderly people is growing worldwide every year, and the extension of social security costs is financially costly. The increase in the number of elderly people with cognitive decline is a serious problem related to the aging of populations. Therefore, it is necessary to consider not only physical care but also cognitive patterns in the future care of older adults. Since food contains a variety of bioactive substances, dietary patterns may help improve age-related cognitive decline. However, the relationship between cognitive function and individual food components remains ambiguous as no clear efficacy or mechanism has been confirmed. Against this background, this review summarizes previous reports on the biological process of cognitive decline in the elderly and the relationship between individual compounds in foods and cognitive function, as well as the role of individual components of food in cognitive function, in the following order: lipids, carotenoids, vitamins, phenolic compounds, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Based on the research presented in this review, a proper diet that preserves cognitive function has the potential to improve age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Hopefully, this review will help to trigger the development of new foods and technologies that improve aging and cognitive functions and extend the healthy life span.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teruo Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (H.O.); (T.M.)
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Phosphatidylserine Supplementation as a Novel Strategy for Reducing Myocardial Infarct Size and Preventing Adverse Left Ventricular Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094401. [PMID: 33922385 PMCID: PMC8122843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserines are known to sustain skeletal muscle activity during intense activity or hypoxic conditions, as well as preserve neurocognitive function in older patients. Our previous studies pointed out a potential cardioprotective role of phosphatidylserine in heart ischemia. Therefore, we investigated the effects of phosphatidylserine oral supplementation in a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We found out that phosphatidylserine increases, significantly, the cardiomyocyte survival by 50% in an acute model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Similar, phosphatidylserine reduced significantly the infarcted size by 30% and improved heart function by 25% in a chronic model of AMI. The main responsible mechanism seems to be up-regulation of protein kinase C epsilon (PKC-ε), the main player of cardio-protection during pre-conditioning. Interestingly, if the phosphatidylserine supplementation is started before induction of AMI, but not after, it selectively inhibits neutrophil's activation, such as Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) expression, without affecting the healing and fibrosis. Thus, phosphatidylserine supplementation may represent a simple way to activate a pre-conditioning mechanism and may be a promising novel strategy to reduce infarct size following AMI and to prevent myocardial injury during myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery. Due to the minimal adverse effects, further investigation in large animals or in human are soon possible to establish the exact role of phosphatidylserine in cardiac diseases.
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Abstract
The composition of human milk is the result of the evolution of mammals over millions of years. Among the most important components of milk are fatty acids. Approximately 85% are saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids - the rest are polyunsaturated one. Their role is to provide energy and immunity and to serve as buildings blocks, as well as assisting the hormonal system and the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. The structural differences between fatty acids determine their biodiversity and give them particular physiological importance. Correct development of the nervous system, retina and other structures depend on an adequate supply of both these fatty acids during intrauterine development and in the newborn and infant stages. The fats present in milk form milk fat globules - structures that do not appear in milk formula prepared using vegetable oils. Apart from the mother's diet, other sources of fatty acids are endogenous biosynthesis in the mammary gland and the fat deposits from which the fatty acids are released. Evolution of the mother's body has also created adaptive mechanisms that adjust the amount of fatty acids in milk to the state of health and needs of the child. These mechanisms go some way to creating a buffer with regard to dietary shortages experienced by pregnant/breastfeeding women, and optimalise the composition of milk fatty acids depending on the age of the pregnant woman, the birth weight of the infant and the efficiency of the placenta during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Bobiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
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Polar lipid composition of bioactive dairy co-products buttermilk and butterserum: Emphasis on sphingolipid and ceramide isoforms. Food Chem 2018; 240:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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DiSilvestro RA, Hart S, Marshall T, Joseph E, Reau A, Swain CB, Diehl J. Enhanced aerobic exercise performance in women by a combination of three mineral Chelates plus two conditionally essential nutrients. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:42. [PMID: 29158726 PMCID: PMC5683453 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake of such nutrient combinations has not actually been shown to improve such performance. METHODS For 1 mo, aerobically fit, young adult women took either a combination of 3 mineral glycinate complexes (daily dose: 36 mg iron, 15 mg zinc, and 2 mg copper) + 2 CENs (daily dose: 2 g carnitine and 400 mg phosphatidylserine), or the same combination with generic mineral complexes, or placebo (n = 14/group). In Trial 1, before and after 1 mo, subjects were tested for 3 mile run time (primary outcome), followed by distance covered in 25 min on a stationary bike (secondary outcome), followed by a 90 s step test (secondary outcome). To test reproducibility of the run results, and to examine a lower dose of carnitine, a second trial was done. New subjects took either mineral glycinates + CENs (1 g carnitine) or placebo (n = 17/group); subjects were tested for pre- and post-treatment 3 mile run time (primary outcome). RESULTS In Trial 1, the mineral glycinates + CENs decreased 3 mile run time (25.6 ± 2.4 vs 26.5 ± 2.3 min, p < 0.05, paired t-test) increased stationary bike distance after 25 min (6.5 ± 0.6 vs 6.0 ± 0.8 miles, p < 0.05, paired t-test), and increased steps in the step test (43.8 ± 4.8 vs 40.3 ± 6.4 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test). The placebo significantly affected only the biking distance, but it was less than for the glycinates-CENs treatment (0.2 ± 0.4. vs 0.5 ± 0.1 miles, p < 0.05, ANOVA + Tukey). The generic minerals + CENs only significantly affected the step test (44.1 ± 5.2 vs 41.0 ± 5.9 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test) In Trial 2, 3 mile run time was decreased for the mineral glycinates + CENs (23.9 ± 3.1 vs 24.7 ± 2.5, p < 0.005, paired t-test), but not by the placebo. All changes for Test Formula II or III were high compared to placebo (1.9 to 4.9, Cohen's D), and high for Test Formula II vs I for running and biking (3.2 & 3.5, Cohen's D). CONCLUSION In summary, a combination of certain mineral complexes plus two CENs improved aerobic exercise performance in fit young adult women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Staci Hart
- Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Trisha Marshall
- Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Elizabeth Joseph
- Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Alyssa Reau
- Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Carmen B. Swain
- Kinesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Jason Diehl
- OSU Sports Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Guerin J, Burgain J, Gomand F, Scher J, Gaiani C. Milk fat globule membrane glycoproteins: Valuable ingredients for lactic acid bacteria encapsulation? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:639-651. [PMID: 28976212 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1386158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The membrane (Milk Fat Globule Membrane - MFGM) surrounding the milk fat globule is becoming increasingly studied for its use in food applications due to proven nutritional and technological properties. This review focuses first on current researches which have been led on the MFGM structure and composition and also on laboratory and industrial purification and isolation methods developed in the last few years. The nutritional, health benefits and techno-functional properties of the MFGM are then discussed. Finally, new techno-functional opportunities of MFGM glycoproteins as a possible ingredient for Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) encapsulation are detailed. The ability of MFGM to form liposomes entrapping bioactive compounds has been already demonstrated. One drawback is that liposomes are too small to be used for bacteria encapsulation. For the first time, this review points out the numerous advantages to use MFGM glycoproteins as a protecting, encapsulating matrix for bacteria and especially for LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Guerin
- a LIBio, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Université de Lorraine , 2, av de la Forêt de Haye, BP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Jennifer Burgain
- a LIBio, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Université de Lorraine , 2, av de la Forêt de Haye, BP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Faustine Gomand
- a LIBio, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Université de Lorraine , 2, av de la Forêt de Haye, BP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Joël Scher
- a LIBio, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Université de Lorraine , 2, av de la Forêt de Haye, BP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Claire Gaiani
- a LIBio, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Université de Lorraine , 2, av de la Forêt de Haye, BP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
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Hellhammer J, Vogt D, Franz N, Freitas U, Rutenberg D. A soy-based phosphatidylserine/ phosphatidic acid complex (PAS) normalizes the stress reactivity of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis in chronically stressed male subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:121. [PMID: 25081826 PMCID: PMC4237891 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplementation with a phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylserine/ phosphatidic acid complex (PAS) has been observed to normalize stress induced dysregulations of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA). Prolonged stress first induces a hyper-activation of the HPAA, which then can be followed by a state of hypo-activation.The aim of this study was to examine effects of an oral supplementation with 400 mg PS & 400 mg PA (PAS 400) per day on the endocrine stress response (ACTH, saliva and serum cortisol) to a psychosocial stressor. A special focus was to analyze subgroups of low versus high chronically stressed subjects as well as to test efficacy of 200 mg PS & 200 mg PA (PAS 200). METHODS 75 healthy male volunteers were enrolled for this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, stratified by chronic stress level, and randomly allocated to one of three study arms (placebo, PAS 200 and PAS 400 per day, respectively). Study supplementation was administered for 42 days for each participant. Chronic stress was measured with the Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress (TICS), and subgroups of high and low chronic stress were differentiated by median values as provided by the TICS authors. A six week period of supplementation was followed by an acute stress test (Trier Social Stress Test - TSST). RESULTS Chronic stress levels and other baseline measures did not differ between treatment groups (all p>0.05). Acute stress was successfully induced by the TSST and resulted in a hyper-responsivity of the HPAA in chronically stressed subjects. Compared to placebo, a supplementation with a daily dose of PAS 400 was effective in normalizing the ACTH (p=0.010), salivary (p=0.043) and serum cortisol responses (p=0.035) to the TSST in chronically high but not in low stressed subjects (all p>0.05). Compared to placebo, supplementation with PAS 200 did not result in any significant differences in these variables (all p>0.05). There were no significant effects of supplementation with PAS on heart rate, pulse transit time, or psychological stress response (all p>0.05). CONCLUSION In chronically stressed subjects, a supplementation with PAS 400 (MemreePlus™) can normalize the hyper-responsivity of the HPAA to an acute stressor. TRIAL REGISTRATION TRIAL REGISTRATION DRKS-ID: DRKS00005125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hellhammer
- Diagnostic Assessment and Clinical Research Organization (Daacro) GmbH & Co. KG, Science Park Trier, Max-Planck-Str. 22, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Dominic Vogt
- Diagnostic Assessment and Clinical Research Organization (Daacro) GmbH & Co. KG, Science Park Trier, Max-Planck-Str. 22, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Nadin Franz
- Diagnostic Assessment and Clinical Research Organization (Daacro) GmbH & Co. KG, Science Park Trier, Max-Planck-Str. 22, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Ulla Freitas
- Lonza Ltd, Muenchensteinerstr. 38, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Le TT, Van Camp J, Dewettinck K. Milk Fat Globule Membrane Material. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63294-4.00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Sousa SB, Jenkins D, Chanudet E, Tasseva G, Ishida M, Anderson G, Docker J, Ryten M, Sa J, Saraiva JM, Barnicoat A, Scott R, Calder A, Wattanasirichaigoon D, Chrzanowska K, Simandlová M, Van Maldergem L, Stanier P, Beales PL, Vance JE, Moore GE. Gain-of-function mutations in the phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PTDSS1) gene cause Lenz-Majewski syndrome. Nat Genet 2014; 46:70-6. [PMID: 24241535 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lenz-Majewski syndrome (LMS) is a syndrome of intellectual disability and multiple congenital anomalies that features generalized craniotubular hyperostosis. By using whole-exome sequencing and selecting variants consistent with the predicted dominant de novo etiology of LMS, we identified causative heterozygous missense mutations in PTDSS1, which encodes phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PSS1). PSS1 is one of two enzymes involved in the production of phosphatidylserine. Phosphatidylserine synthesis was increased in intact fibroblasts from affected individuals, and end-product inhibition of PSS1 by phosphatidylserine was markedly reduced. Therefore, these mutations cause a gain-of-function effect associated with regulatory dysfunction of PSS1. We have identified LMS as the first human disease, to our knowledge, caused by disrupted phosphatidylserine metabolism. Our results point to an unexplored link between phosphatidylserine synthesis and bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio B Sousa
- 1] Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK. [2] Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dagan Jenkins
- 1] Molecular Medicine Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK. [2]
| | - Estelle Chanudet
- 1] Centre for Translational Genomics-GOSgene, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK. [2]
| | - Guergana Tasseva
- 1] Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. [2]
| | - Miho Ishida
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Glenn Anderson
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - James Docker
- Neural Development Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- 1] Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK. [2] Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Joaquim Sa
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge M Saraiva
- 1] Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. [2] University Clinic of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Angela Barnicoat
- Clinical Genetics Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Richard Scott
- Clinical Genetics Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alistair Calder
- Radiology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Krystyna Chrzanowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martina Simandlová
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Motol and Second Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- 1] Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France. [2] Cutis Laxa Study Group, University of Franche-Comté, Besancon, France
| | - Philip Stanier
- Neural Development Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Philip L Beales
- 1] Molecular Medicine Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK. [2] Centre for Translational Genomics-GOSgene, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jean E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gudrun E Moore
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Bochner R, Ziv Y, Zeevi D, Donyo M, Abraham L, Ashery-Padan R, Ast G. Phosphatidylserine increases IKBKAP levels in a humanized knock-in IKBKAP mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2785-94. [PMID: 23515154 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a severe neurodegenerative genetic disorder restricted to the Ashkenazi Jewish population. The most common mutation in FD patients is a T-to-C transition at position 6 of intron 20 of the IKBKAP gene. This mutation causes aberrant skipping of exon 20 in a tissue-specific manner, leading to reduction of the IκB kinase complex-associated protein (IKAP) protein in the nervous system. We established a homozygous humanized mouse strain carrying human exon 20 and its two flanking introns; the 3' intron has the transition observed in the IKBKAP gene of FD patients. Although our FD humanized mouse does not display FD symptoms, the unique, tissue-specific splicing pattern of the IKBKAP in these mice allowed us to evaluate the effect of therapies on gene expression and exon 20 splicing. The FD mice were supplemented with phosphatidylserine (PS), a safe food supplement that increases mRNA and protein levels of IKBKAP in cell lines generated from FD patients. Here we demonstrated that PS treatment increases IKBAKP mRNA and IKAP protein levels in various tissues of FD mice without affecting exon 20 inclusion levels. We also observed that genes associated with transcription regulation and developmental processes were up-regulated in the cerebrum of PS-treated mice. Thus, PS holds promise for the treatment of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Bochner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry
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Parker AG, Gordon J, Thornton A, Byars A, Lubker J, Bartlett M, Byrd M, Oliver J, Simbo S, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Kreider RB. The effects of IQPLUS Focus on cognitive function, mood and endocrine response before and following acute exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2011; 8:16. [PMID: 22017963 PMCID: PMC3210081 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-8-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a phospholipid found in cell membranes of most animals and plants. PS has been shown to reduce stress and increase performance in runners, cyclists and golfers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a PS containing formulation on cognitive function, mood and endocrine response before and after intense resistance exercise. Methods 18 lower body, resistance trained, college aged males ingested 14 days of supplement (IQPLUS Focus, providing 400 mg of soy-derived PS) and a Placebo (PL), in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over manner. Following 14 days of supplementation, participants performed an acute bout of lower body resistance training. Mood (Profile of Mood States, POMS) and cognitive function (Serial Subtraction Test, SST) were measured prior to, 5 minutes after, and 60 minutes after exercise. Venous blood samples were collected prior to, and 5, 15, 25, 40 and 60 minutes after exercise. Blood samples were analyzed for plasma cortisol and testosterone. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results PS supplementation significantly reduced the time needed for a correct calculation on the SST by 20% (reduced by 1.27 s per calculation; PL: 6.4 s, PS: 5.13 s; p = 0.001), and reduced the total amount of errors by 39% (PL: 1.28 + .69, PS: .78 + .27, p = 0.53), and increased the amount of correct calculations by 13% (PL: 22.1 + 2.24, PS: 24.9 + 1.52, p = 0.07) prior to or in response to exercise compared to PL. Following exercise, there was no difference in SST scores between PS and PL. There were no significant changes in regards to mood or endocrine response to exercise as a result of PS supplementation. Conclusion PS supplementation significantly increased cognitive function prior to exercise. Improved cognitive function could benefit athletes and non-athletes alike. PS did not appear to affect mood or endocrine response prior to or following resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Parker
- Department of Kinesiology, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX, 76909, USA.
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Oxidative Stress and β-Amyloid Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2011; 13:223-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-011-8155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF MILK FAT GLOBULE MEMBRANE – A REVIEW. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10222-011-0001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Phosphatidylserine increases IKBKAP levels in familial dysautonomia cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15884. [PMID: 21209961 PMCID: PMC3012102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial Dysautonomia (FD) is an autosomal recessive congenital neuropathy that results from abnormal development and progressive degeneration of the sensory and autonomic nervous system. The mutation observed in almost all FD patients is a point mutation at position 6 of intron 20 of the IKBKAP gene; this gene encodes the IκB kinase complex-associated protein (IKAP). The mutation results in a tissue-specific splicing defect: Exon 20 is skipped, leading to reduced IKAP protein expression. Here we show that phosphatidylserine (PS), an FDA-approved food supplement, increased IKAP mRNA levels in cells derived from FD patients. Long-term treatment with PS led to a significant increase in IKAP protein levels in these cells. A conjugate of PS and an omega-3 fatty acid also increased IKAP mRNA levels. Furthermore, PS treatment released FD cells from cell cycle arrest and up-regulated a significant number of genes involved in cell cycle regulation. Our results suggest that PS has potential for use as a therapeutic agent for FD. Understanding its mechanism of action may reveal the mechanism underlying the FD disease.
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Changes in phospholipid composition of synaptic membranes in frontal lobes of cerebral hemispheres in cats at various stages of hemorrhagic shock. Bull Exp Biol Med 2009; 146:401-4. [PMID: 19489306 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-009-0313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid composition of synaptic membranes in the frontal lobes of cerebral hemispheres was studied in cats with hemorrhagic shock. The compensatory and adaptive mechanisms of regulation of neurotransmission in this region of the brain at the initial stage of hemorrhagic shock are associated with increased degradation of phosphatidylinositol. Accumulation of this phospholipid in synaptic membranes during severe hemorrhagic shock reflects instability of the key neuroregulatory pathway, which is mediated by phosphatidylinositol metabolites. Dysregulation of transmembrane signaling in hemorrhagic shock is related to depletion of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine in synaptic membranes and accumulation of phosphatidylethanolamine.
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Dewettinck K, Rombaut R, Thienpont N, Le TT, Messens K, Van Camp J. Nutritional and technological aspects of milk fat globule membrane material. Int Dairy J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Chen S, Li KW. Comparison of molecular species of various transphosphatidylated phosphatidylserine (PS) with bovine cortex PS by mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 152:46-56. [PMID: 18230349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The exogenous introduction of a molecular species mixture of bovine cortex phosphatidylserine (BC-PS) has been claimed to improve memory function in subjects suffering from age-associated memory impairment and dementia. However, it has been also reported that oral administration of another molecular species mixture of transphosphatidylated-soybean phosphatidylserine (T-Soy-PS) showed a little effect in older individuals with memory complaints. In this study, a new type of mixture of transphosphatidylated-fish liver phosphatidylserine (T-FL-PS) species, as well as intact molecular species of the two commercial products of T-Soy-PS made in the United States and Europe, were characterized by mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, and molecular species of various transphosphatidylated PSs, including T-FL-PS, T-Soy-PS and transphosphatidylated-squid skin phosphatidylserine (T-SS-PS) were then compared with those of BC-PS for the first time. The results show that (i) the presence of a relatively high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing species (more than 45%) is remarkable in T-FL-PS, (ii) DHA-ether PS species are found only in T-FL-PS, especially the species (about 17%) made from marine fish liver, rather than BC-PS and T-SS-PS, and (iii) DHA species present in both T-FL-PS and T-SS-PS are significantly enriched, compared with those in BC-PS (about 10%) and T-Soy-PS (no DHA species). We conclude that mixtures of T-FL-PS and T-SS-PS species are considered to be qualified alternatives of BC-PS supplement used as brain nutrients. It is expected that intact structural information on molecular species in current and potential transphosphatidylated PS products provided here will be useful in the further study and development of therapeutic roles of the phospholipid at molecular species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Chen
- Chain on Neurotrophin Biotechnology Inc., Research and Development, 41 Bayberry Drive, Malta, NY 12020, USA.
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