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Viribay A, Alcantara JMA, López I, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Castañeda-Babarro A. Impact of a short-term nitrate and citrulline co-supplementation on sport performance in elite rowers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1911-1923. [PMID: 38340156 PMCID: PMC11129974 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Citrulline (CIT) and beetroot extract (BR) have separately shown benefits in rowing performance-related outcomes. However, effects of combined supplementation remain to be elucidated. The main purpose of this research was to study the effects of 1 week of daily co-supplementation of 3.5 g BR (500 mg NO3-) plus 6 g CIT on aerobic performance, maximal strength, and high-intensity power and peak stroke in elite male rowers compared to a placebo and to a BR supplementation. METHODS 20 elite rowers participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial completing 1 week of supplementation in each group of study: Placebo group (PLAG); BR group (BRG); and BR + CIT group (BR-CITG). 3 main physical tests were performed: aerobic performance, Wingate test and CMJ jump, and metabolic biomarkers and physiological outcomes were collected. RESULTS The Wingate all-out test showed no between-condition differences in peak power, mean power, relative power, or fatigue index (P > 0.05), but clearance of lactate was better in BR-CITG (P < 0.05). In the performance test, peak power differed only between PLAG and BR-CITG (P = 0.036), while VO2peak and maximum heart rate remained similar. CMJ jumping test results showed no between-condition differences, and blood samples were consistent (P > 0.200). CONCLUSION Supplementation with 3.5 g of BR extract plus 6 g of CIT for 7 days improved lactate clearance after Wingate test and peak power in a performance test. No further improvements were found, suggesting longer period of supplementation might be needed to show greater benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Viribay
- Glut4Science, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 01004, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, 24071, Leon, Spain
| | - Juan M A Alcantara
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Sustainability and Food Chain Innovation, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker López
- Kirolene, San Ignacio Auzunea Etxetaldea 5, 48200, Durango, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Arkaitz Castañeda-Babarro
- Health, Physical Activity, and Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, 48007, Bizkaia, Spain
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2
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Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Participation and performance characteristics in half-marathon run: a brief narrative review. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:115-122. [PMID: 36326961 PMCID: PMC10329575 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Half-marathon (HM) is a running sport of increasing popularity in both sexes and in all age groups worldwide during the last years. Many studies have examined several aspects of HM, such as performance and participation trends, sex and age differences, physiological correlates, and training; however, no comprehensive review has ever been contacted to summarize the recently accumulated knowledge. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to review all previous research in this sport, focusing on participation and performance aspects. It was shown that HM runners had similar anthropometric and physiological characteristics as full-marathon runners which should be attributed to the affinity of these two races in terms of metabolic demands. Performance in HM was related with superior scores in aerobic capacity (maximal oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold and running economy) and training characteristics (sport experience, weekly distance, training speed, frequency of sessions and long single endurance run distance), and lower scores in adiposity-related scores (e.g. body mass, body mass index, body fat percentage and skinfold thickness). Considering the popularity of HM race and the lack of many original studies (compared to FM race), this is an exciting field for scientific research with a large potential for practical applications, since the majority of HM runners are amateur runners in need of sex-, age- and performance-tailored exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Festa RR, Monsalves-Álvarez M, Cancino J, Jannas-Vela S. Prescription of High-intensity Aerobic Interval Training Based on Oxygen Uptake Kinetics. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:159-168. [PMID: 35995143 DOI: 10.1055/a-1929-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endurance training results in diverse adaptations that lead to increased performance and health benefits. A commonly measured training response is the analysis of oxygen uptake kinetics, representing the demand of a determined load (speed/work) on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic systems, providing useful information for the prescription of constant load or interval-type aerobic exercise. There is evidence that during high-intensity aerobic exercise some interventions prescribe brief interval times (<1-min), which may lead to a dissociation between the load prescribed and the oxygen uptake demanded, potentially affecting training outcomes. Therefore, this review explored the time to achieve a close association between the speed/work prescribed and the oxygen uptake demanded after the onset of high-intensity aerobic exercise. The evidence assessed revealed that at least 80% of the oxygen uptake amplitude is reached when phase II of oxygen uptake kinetics is completed (1 to 2 minutes after the onset of exercise, depending on the training status). We propose that the minimum work-time during high-intensity aerobic interval training sessions should be at least 1 minute for athletes and 2 minutes for non-athletes. This suggestion could be used by coaches, physical trainers, clinicians and sports or health scientists for the prescription of high-intensity aerobic interval training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ricardo Festa
- Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jorge Cancino
- Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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Billat V, Palacin F, Poinsard L, Edwards J, Maron M. Heart Rate Does Not Reflect the %VO 2max in Recreational Runners during the Marathon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12451. [PMID: 36231750 PMCID: PMC9566186 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exercise physiologists and coaches prescribe heart rate zones (between 65 and 80% of maximal heart rate, HRmax) during a marathon because it supposedly represents specific metabolic zones and the percentage of V˙O2max below the lactate threshold. The present study tested the hypothesis that the heart rate does not reflect the oxygen uptake of recreational runners during a marathon and that this dissociation would be more pronounced in the lower performers' group (>4 h). While wearing a portable gas exchange system, ten male endurance runners performed an incremental test on the road to determine V˙O2max, HRmax, and anaerobic threshold. Two weeks later, the same subjects ran a marathon with the same device for measuring the gas exchanges and HR continuously. The %HRmax remained stable after the 5th km (between 88% and 91%, p = 0.27), which was not significantly different from the %HRmax at the ventilatory threshold (89 ± 4% vs. 93 ± 6%, p = 0.12). However, the %V˙O2max and percentage of the speed associated with V˙O2max decreased during the marathon (81 ± 5 to 74 ± 5 %V˙O2max and 72 ± 9 to 58 ± 14 %vV˙O2max, p < 0.0001). Hence, the ratio between %HRmax and %V˙O2max increased significantly between the 5th and the 42nd km (from 1.01 to 1.19, p = < 0.001). In conclusion, pacing during a marathon according to heart rate zones is not recommended. Rather, learning about the relationship between running sensations during training and racing using RPE is optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Billat
- Department of STAPS, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, 91000 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Florent Palacin
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Luc Poinsard
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Michael Maron
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
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5
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Muñoz-Pérez I, Lago-Fuentes C, Mecías-Calvo M, Casado A. Pacing and packing behavior in elite and world record performances at Berlin marathon. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35942622 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare pacing and packing behaviors between sex and performance level at elite Berlin marathon races. Official electronic split and finishing times from 279 (149 male and 130 female) marathon performances, including 5 male world records, were obtained from eleven Berlin marathon races held from 2008 to 2018, and from two previous world records and the second world all-time fastest performance also achieved at that same Berlin course. Male performances displaying an even pacing behavior were significantly faster than those adopting a positive behavior (p < 0.001; d = 0.75). Male world records were characterized by even profiles with fast endspurts, being especially remarkable at world all-time two fastest performances which were assisted by the use of a new shoe technology. Female marathon runners decreased their speed less than men during the second half marathon and especially from the 35th km onwards (p < 0.001; 0.51 ≤ d≤0.55). The latest race stages were usually run individually in both sexes. Significant pace differences between performance groups at every race segment were found in women (p < 0.01; 1.0 ≤ d≤2.0), who also covered an important part of the race alone. Prior to participation in meet marathon races such as Berlin marathon, elite runners should select the group that they will join during the race according to their current performance level as a preassigned pace set by a pacemaker will be adopted. Therefore, they could follow an even rather than positive pacing behavior which will allow them to achieve a more optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Muñoz-Pérez
- Sport training, RUNNEA, Barakaldo, 48901, Spain. .,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, 09003, Spain
| | - Carlos Lago-Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, 39011, Spain.
| | - Marcos Mecías-Calvo
- Facultad de Formación del Profesorado, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27001, Spain.
| | - Arturo Casado
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, 28028, Spain.
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6
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Billat V, Poinsard L, Palacin F, Pycke JR, Maron M. Oxygen Uptake Measurements and Rate of Perceived Exertion during a Marathon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095760. [PMID: 35565153 PMCID: PMC9104840 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the marathon race has been democratized, it remains complex due to the famous “hitting the wall” phenomenon after the 25th km. To characterize this “wall” from a physiological and Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) perspective in recreational marathon runners, we report first continuous breath-by-breath gas exchange measurements during an actual marathon race. In order to test the hypothesis that RPE could be a candidate for controlling the marathon pace, this study examined the relationship between RPE and the physiological variables time course throughout a marathon. Only the respiratory frequency and heart rate increased progressively during the race in all the runners, while the oxygen uptake and ventilatory rate followed different kinetics according the individuals. However, the indexation of the physiological parameters and speed by RPE showed the same decreased tendency for all the runners. In conclusion, these results suggest that running a marathon must be self-paced with the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Billat
- Department of STAPS, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, 91000 Evry-Courcouronnes, France;
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium;
| | - Luc Poinsard
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium;
| | - Florent Palacin
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jean Renaud Pycke
- UMR8071-CNRS-Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, 91000 Evry-Courcouronnes, France;
| | - Michael Maron
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272 , USA;
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7
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Albertin G, Astolfi L, Falda M, Zuccon D, Ravara B, Kern H, Ferrante G, De Caro R, Guidolin D. "Venice marathon": participation of female Master Athletes shows a constant increase from 2003 to 2019. Eur J Transl Myol 2021; 31. [PMID: 34761670 PMCID: PMC8758960 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2021.10266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The marathon is the most classic Olympic running event. In several cities worldwide it has become very popular with participation increasing during the last 20 years, particularly by Master Athletes. There are evidences that long-distance running could provide considerable health benefits for older runners, specifically risk reduction of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, depression, and falls. Several studies have focused on the distribution of participants and their performance on famous marathons such as those of Berlin, Boston and New York. In this preliminary study we have analyzed data from several editions of the Venice marathon, a famous Italian race that attracts people from every corner of the world. The Venice marathon is listed in Abbott World Marathon Majors Wanda Age Group World Ranking and is Bronze Label certificated by IAAF, and Gold Label by FIDAL. The marathon starts outside Venice near Stra, then runs along the Brenta Riviera to Venice where the runners cross the canals over floating bridges set up for the race. For this study we analyzed data of the Venice marathon describing gender distribution in 17 editions (2003-2019), but groups of age-categories and their nationality only in 13 editions from 2007 to 2019. The analysis shows a steady increase in female participation, from 2003 to 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Albertin
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Italy; CIR-Myo - Interdepartmental Research Center of Myology, University of Padova.
| | - Laura Astolfi
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova.
| | - Marco Falda
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova.
| | - Davide Zuccon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DBS), Bachelor's degree in physical education, University of Padova.
| | - Barbara Ravara
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Italy; CIR-Myo - Interdepartmental Research Center of Myology, University of Padova.
| | - Helmut Kern
- Physiko- und Rheumatherapie, St. Pölten, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Rehabilitation Research, St Pölten, Austria; Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Prim. Dr. H Kern GmbH, Amstetten.
| | | | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Italy; CIR-Myo - Interdepartmental Research Center of Myology, University of Padova.
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), Section of Human Anatomy, University of Padova.
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8
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Alves DL, Cruz R, Bara CLBP, Ruy-Barbosa MA, Osiecki R, Lima JRP. Does sex, distance and performance level influence the pacing strategy of race walkers? SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport? Sports Med 2021; 51:895-915. [PMID: 33502701 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-endurance has been defined as any exercise bout that exceeds 6 h. A number of exceptional, record-breaking performances by female athletes in ultra-endurance sport have roused speculation that they might be predisposed to success in such events. Indeed, while the male-to-female performance gap in traditional endurance sport (e.g., marathon) remains at ~ 10%, the disparity in ultra-endurance competition has been reported as low as 4% despite the markedly lower number of female participants. Moreover, females generally outperform males in extreme-distance swimming. The issue is complex, however, with many sports-specific considerations and caveats. This review summarizes the sex-based differences in physiological functions and draws attention to those which likely determine success in extreme exercise endeavors. The aim is to provide a balanced discussion of the female versus male predisposition to ultra-endurance sport. Herein, we discuss sex-based differences in muscle morphology and fatigability, respiratory-neuromechanical function, substrate utilization, oxygen utilization, gastrointestinal structure and function, and hormonal control. The literature indicates that while females exhibit numerous phenotypes that would be expected to confer an advantage in ultra-endurance competition (e.g., greater fatigue resistance, greater substrate efficiency, and lower energetic demands), they also exhibit several characteristics that unequivocally impinge on performance (e.g., lower O2-carrying capacity, increased prevalence of GI distress, and sex-hormone effects on cellular function/injury risk). Crucially, the advantageous traits may only manifest as ergogenic in the extreme endurance events which, paradoxically, are those that females less often contest. The title question should be revisited in the coming years, when/if the number of female participants increases.
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10
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Li F, Nassis GP, Shi Y, Han G, Zhang X, Gao B, Ding H. Concurrent complex and endurance training for recreational marathon runners: Effects on neuromuscular and running performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1243-1253. [PMID: 32981468 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1829080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Marathon performance is influenced by factors such as aerobic capacity and those related to neuromuscular function. Complex training (CPX) is a multicomponent training method, wherein heavy strength and plyometric exercises alternate within a single session and is an effective method to improve neuromuscular adaptations. This study compared the effects of CPX, heavy strength training (HST) and endurance-strength (EST) combined with running endurance training on neuromuscular adaptations and running performance in 38 recreational marathoners (age:31.4 ± 3.8 years, VO2max:57.6 ± 6.8 ml·kg-1·min-1). Athletes were allocated in 3 groups: CPX, HST and EST and were tested for one maximum repetition strength (1RM), squat jump and countermovement jumps (SJ, CMJ), leg press (LP) concentric and eccentric strength, running economy (RE) and velocity at VO2max (vVO2max) before and after the 6-week intervention. CPX and HST were performed 2 times per week in conjunction with the running endurance training. RE and vVO2max improved in CPX and HST groups (p < 0.01, RE: -5% to -6.4%, vVO2max: 5.7% and 4.2%, respectively) with no change in EST. Similarly, all neuromuscular performance indicators improved in CPX and HST (p < 0.0167, 1RM strength:19.7% to 25.1%, SJ and CMJ: 5.3% to 11.6%, LP concentric and eccentric strength: 5.5% to 18.0%). In summary, 6-week of concurrent CPX or HST and endurance training resulted in similar improvement in maximum strength, RE, and vVO2max. Importantly, both CPX and HST training resulted in greater improvements in eccentric strength and RE compared to EST that performed concurrent endurance-strength and endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - George P Nassis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqiang Han
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Binghong Gao
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyong Ding
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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11
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Wundersitz DWT, Gordon BA, Lavie CJ, Nadurata V, Kingsley MIC. Impact of endurance exercise on the heart of cyclists: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 63:750-761. [PMID: 32663493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare heart structure and function in endurance athletes relative to participants of other sports and non-athletic controls in units relative to body size. A secondary objective was to assess the association between endurance cycling and cardiac abnormalities. PATIENTS AND METHODS Five electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Medline, Scopus, and SPORTdiscus) were searched from the earliest record to 14 December 2019 to identify studies investigating cardiovascular structure and function in cyclists. Of the 4865 unique articles identified, 70 met inclusion criteria and of these, 22 articles presented 10 cardiovascular parameters in units relative to body size for meta-analysis and five presented data relating to incidence of cardiac abnormalities. Qualitative analysis was performed on remaining data. The overall quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Odds ratios were calculated to compare the incidence of cardiac abnormality. RESULTS Heart structure was significantly larger in cyclists compared to non-athletic controls for left ventricular: mass; end-diastolic volume, interventricular septal diameter and internal diameter; posterior wall thickness, and end-systolic internal diameter. Compared to high static and high dynamic sports (e.g., kayaking and canoeing), low-to-moderate static and moderate-to-high dynamic sports (e.g., running and swimming) and moderate-to-high static and low-to-moderate dynamic sports (e.g., bodybuilding and wrestling), endurance cyclists end-diastolic left ventricular internal diameter was consistently larger (mean difference 1.2-3.2 mm/m2). Cardiac abnormalities were higher in cyclists compared to controls (odds ratio: 1.5, 95%CI 1.2-1.8), but the types of cardiac abnormalities in cyclists were not different to other athletes. CONCLUSION Endurance cycling is associated with a larger heart relative to body size and an increased incidence of cardiac abnormalities relative to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W T Wundersitz
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Flora Hill, Australia.
| | - Brett A Gordon
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Flora Hill, Australia
| | - Carl J Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School-The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Michael I C Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Flora Hill, Australia; Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Billat VL, Palacin F, Correa M, Pycke JR. Pacing Strategy Affects the Sub-Elite Marathoner's Cardiac Drift and Performance. Front Psychol 2020; 10:3026. [PMID: 32140116 PMCID: PMC7043260 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of cardiac strain arises when considering the emerging class of recreational runners whose running strategy could be a non-optimal running pace. Heart rate (HR) monitoring, which reflects exercise intensity and environmental factors, is often used for running strategies in marathons. However, it is difficult to obtain appropriate feedback for only the HR value since the cardiovascular drift (CV drift) occurs during prolonged exercise. The cardiac cost (CC: HR divided by running velocity) has been shown to be a potential index for evaluation of CV drift during the marathon race. We sought to establish the relationship between recreational marathoners' racing strategy, cardiac drift, and performance. We started with looking for a trend in the speed time series (by Kendall's non-parametric rank correlation coefficient) in 280 (2 h30-3 h40) marathoners. We distinguished two groups, with the one gathering the large majority of runners (n = 215, 77%), who had a significant decrease in their speed during the race that appeared at the 26th km. We therefore named this group of runners the "fallers." Furthermore, the fallers had significantly lower performance (p = 0.006) and higher cardiac drift (p < 0.0001) than the non-fallers. The asymmetry indicator of the faller group runners' speed is negative, meaning that the average speed of this category of riders is below the median, indicating that they ran more than the half marathon distance (56%) above their average speed before they "hit the wall" at the 26th km. Furthermore, we showed that marathon performance was correlated with the amplitude of the cardiac drift (r = 0.18, p = 0.0018) but not with those of the increase in HR (r = 0.01, p = 0.80). In conclusion, for addressing the question of the cardiac drift in marathon, which is very sensitive to the running strategy, we recommend to utilize the cardiac cost, which takes into account the running speed and that could be implemented in the future, on mobile phone applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florent Palacin
- IEA 3625/Institut des Sciences du Sport/I3SP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Correa
- IEA 3625/Institut des Sciences du Sport/I3SP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Renaud Pycke
- IEA 3625/Institut des Sciences du Sport/I3SP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d’Evry, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
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13
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Festa L, Tarperi C, Skroce K, La Torre A, Schena F. Effects of Different Training Intensity Distribution in Recreational Runners. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 1:70. [PMID: 33344993 PMCID: PMC7739641 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the impact of two different training intensity distributions in terms of conditional and performance parameters and spent time to training in recreational athletes. Methods: Two different training intensity distribution model were performed for 8 weeks by 38 recreational runners. Runners recruited were randomly assigned to 2 different training models based on HR intensity detected with maximal test. The percentage distribution splitted in zone 1, 2, and 3 were by 77/3/20 and 40/50/10 in polarized endurance training group (PET) and focused endurance training (FOC) group, respectively. Programs were balanced for total training impulse (TRIMP). To evaluate effects of training, before and after treatment were performed a maximal exercise test to determine Maximal Oxygen Uptake (V'O2max), Ventilatory Threshold (VT), respiratory-compensation point (RCT) Running Economy (RE), and 2 Km performance. To investigate the effects of training on muscular performance were performed one repetition maximum (1 RM), squat jump (SJ), and counter movement jump (CMJ). Results: Both groups significantly improved their velocity at V'O2max (3.2 and 4.0%), at VT (4.0 and 3.2%), RCT (5.7 and 3.4%), the average velocity in 2 Km performance (3.5 and 3.0%) and RE (−5.3 and −8.7%) for PET and FOC, respectively for each variable. No differences were found between the groups on any parameter investigated except about the total training time (PET = 29.9 ± 3.1 h and FOC = 24.8 ± 2.0 h). Conclusion: Focused Endurance Training obtains similar improvements than Polarized Endurance Training saving 17% of training time in recreational runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Festa
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Kristina Skroce
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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14
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Louis JB, Bontemps B, Lepers R. Analysis of the world record time for combined father and son marathon. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:440-444. [PMID: 31917623 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00819.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the physiological profiles and the pacing strategies of the father (59 yr old) and son (34 yr old) who broke the World Record time (4:59:22; father: 2:27:52, son: 2:31:30) for combined father and son marathon in 2019. Oxygen uptake (V̇o2), heart rate (HR), ventilation (V̇e), blood lactate concentration (La), and running economy (RE) were measured during treadmill-running tests. The total distance of the marathon was divided into eight sections of 5 km and one last section of 2.195 km, and the relative average running velocity on each section was calculated individually. V̇o2max, HRmax, V̇emax, and Lamax were 65.4 mL·kg-1·min-1, 165 beats/min, 115 L/min, 5.7 mmol/L for the father and 66.9 mL·kg-1·min-1, 181 beats/min, 153 L/min, 11.5 mmol/L for the son, respectively. At 17 km/h, RE was 210 mL·kg-1·km-1 for the father and 200 mL·kg-1·km-1 for the son, and % V̇o2max sustained was 90.9% for the father and 84.5% for the son, respectively. The father maintained an even running velocity during the marathon (running velocity CV <1%), while the son ran the second half-marathon 7% slower than the first one, and his running velocity markedly dropped from the 35th kilometer. Father and son who broke the World record time for combined father and son marathon had a similar level of performance, but their physiological profiles and pacing strategies during the marathon were different. A more even speed for the son could help them to improve their own record in the near future.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide novel data demonstrating that different physiological profiles can lead to the same level of performance in a marathon, even at different ages. The novelty of our study is that we report on the physiological characteristics, training routine, and in-race pacing strategy that allowed a father (59 yr old) and son (34 yr old) to break the World Record time for combined father and son marathon. The father also established a new World record marathon time for the age of 59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien B Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bastien Bontemps
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Unité de Recherche Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé, University of Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1093, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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15
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Cuk I, Nikolaidis PT, Markovic S, Knechtle B. Age Differences in Pacing in Endurance Running: Comparison between Marathon and Half-MarathonMen and Women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55080479. [PMID: 31416198 PMCID: PMC6723688 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective: The increased popularity of marathons and half-marathons has led to a significant increase in the number of master runners worldwide. Since the age-related decrease in performance is dependent on race duration, pacing in long distance running might also vary by race distance in both men and women. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess pacing differences between marathon and half-marathon runners with regard to the runners’ age group, and independently for men and women. Materials and Methods: In total, 17,465 participants in the Vienna City marathon in 2017 were considered for this study (marathon, N = 6081; half-marathon, N = 11,384). Pacing was expressed as two variables (i.e., pace range and end spurt). Results: All runners showed positive pacing strategies (i.e., a fast start with gradual decrease of speed). However, marathon runners showed greater variability in pacing than half-marathon runners. Furthermore, women showed no differences in pace variability in regard to the age group, whereas men younger than 30 years of age, as well as older men (over the age of 60), showed a greater variability in pace than other age groups. Finally, younger half-marathon men and women showed the fastest end spurt compared to older age groups and marathon runners. Conclusions: The presented findings could help sports and medicine practitioners to create age specific training plans and pacing strategies. This approach could help long distance runners to improve their physical fitness, achieve better race times, reduce the potential risk of musculoskeletal injuries and increase the overall pleasure of long distance running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Cuk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Management, Singidunum University, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, 18450 Nikaia, Greece
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 11244 Athens, Greece
| | - Srdjan Markovic
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Management, Singidunum University, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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16
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Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:117-129. [PMID: 30747558 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Distance events in Athletics include cross country, 10,000-m track race, half-marathon and marathon road races, and 20- and 50-km race walking events over different terrain and environmental conditions. Race times for elite performers span ∼26 min to >4 hr, with key factors for success being a high aerobic power, the ability to exercise at a large fraction of this power, and high running/walking economy. Nutrition-related contributors include body mass and anthropometry, capacity to use fuels, particularly carbohydrate (CHO) to produce adenosine triphosphate economically over the duration of the event, and maintenance of reasonable hydration status in the face of sweat losses induced by exercise intensity and the environment. Race nutrition strategies include CHO-rich eating in the hours per days prior to the event to store glycogen in amounts sufficient for event fuel needs, and in some cases, in-race consumption of CHO and fluid to offset event losses. Beneficial CHO intakes range from small amounts, including mouth rinsing, in the case of shorter events to high rates of intake (75-90 g/hr) in the longest races. A personalized and practiced race nutrition plan should balance the benefits of fluid and CHO consumed within practical opportunities, against the time, cost, and risk of gut discomfort. In hot environments, prerace hyperhydration or cooling strategies may provide a small but useful offset to the accrued thermal challenge and fluid deficit. Sports foods (drinks, gels, etc.) may assist in meeting training/race nutrition plans, with caffeine, and, perhaps nitrate being used as evidence-based performance supplements.
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17
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Díaz JJ, Fernández-Ozcorta EJ, Torres M, Santos-Concejero J. Men vs. women world marathon records' pacing strategies from 1998 to 2018. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1297-1302. [PMID: 30922191 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1596165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the pacing strategies adopted by elite male and female marathon runners when setting every world record since 1998. For data analysis, the total distance of the marathon was divided into eight sections of 5 km and a final section of 2.195 km, and the relative average speed of each section was calculated individually. Female athletes maintained similar speeds in the first and second half of the marathon (ES = 0.22, small effect, p = 0.705), whereas male athletes increased their speed as the marathon progressed (ES = 1.18, moderate effect, p = 0.011). However, no differences were observed between men and women in either the first (ES = 0.56, small effect, p = 0.290), or in the second half of the marathon (ES = 0.60, moderate effect, p = 0.266). When comparing the women's world records (1998-2003) vs. men's records (1998-2018) by sections, we observed differences at the beginning of the race (second section, ES = 0.89, moderate effect) and at the end (last section, ES = 0.87, moderate effect). The pace variations during the race were similar between male athletes and that of women with male pacemakers (1.53% ± 0.60 vs. 1.68% ± 0.84, respectively). However, a trend towards higher pace variations during the race in the female records with female pacemakers was observed (2.28% ± 0.95). This study shows how male and female marathon records in the last 20 years have been set using different pacing strategies. While men used a negative strategy (faster finishing), women used a less uniform pacing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Díaz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | | | - Miguel Torres
- Department of Energy Engineering, University of Seville , Seville , Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
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18
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Cuk I, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Sex differences in pacing during half-marathon and marathon race. Res Sports Med 2019; 28:111-120. [PMID: 30897961 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1593835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to examine differences in pacing between half-marathon and marathon in men and women. A total of 17,525 finishers in the marathon (n = 4807 men; n = 1278 women) and half-marathon race (n = 7624 men; n = 3816 women) in Vienna 2017 were considered. Their pacing was assessed through five race segments (0-23.7%, 23.7-47.4%, 47.4-71.1%, 71.1-94.8% and 94.8-100%) of the race. Compared to marathon (where absolute average change of speed [ACS] was 5.46% and 4.12% in men and women, respectively), a more even pacing was observed in half-marathon in both sexes (ACS = 3.60% and 3.36% in men and women, respectively). The more even pacing in women previously observed in marathon races was verified in half-marathon, too. However, the sex difference in pacing was smaller in half-marathon than in marathon. Since men and women endurance runners participate in both races, sport practitioners would have great benefit from these results since they could establish sex-based personalized race strategies and training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Cuk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Management, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care,University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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19
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Venhorst A, Micklewright DP, Noakes TD. Modelling perception-action coupling in the phenomenological experience of "hitting the wall" during long-distance running with exercise induced muscle damage in highly trained runners. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2018; 4:30. [PMID: 29987475 PMCID: PMC6037658 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background “Hitting the wall” (HTW) can be understood as a psychophysiological stress process characterised by (A) discrete and poignant onset, (B) dynamic interplay between physiological, affective, motivational, cognitive, and behavioural systems, and (C) unintended alteration of pace and performance. A preceding companion article investigated the psychophysiological responses to 20-km self-paced treadmill time trials after producing exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) via a standardised muscle-lengthening contraction protocol. Methods A 5-step procedure was applied determining the extent to which the observed data fit the hypothesised cause-effect relationships. Running with EIMD negatively impacts performance fatigability via (A) amplified physiological responses and a non-adaptive distress response and (B) deterioration in perceived fatigability: increase in perceived physical strain precedes decrease in valence, which in turn precedes increase in action crisis, eventually dissolving the initially aspired performance goal. Results First, haematological indicators of EIMD predicted increased blood cortisol concentration, which in turn predicted increased performance fatigability. Second, perceived physical strain explained 44% of the relationship between haematological indicators of EIMD and valence, which in turn predicted increased action crisis, which in turn predicted increased performance fatigability. The observed data fitted the hypothesised dual-pathway model well with good model-fit indices throughout. Conclusions The hypothesised interrelationships between physiological strain, perception, and heuristic and deliberative decision-making processes in self-regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour were applied, tested, and confirmed: amplified physiological strain and non-adaptive distress response as well as strain-perception-thinking-action coupling impact performance fatigability. The findings provide novel insights into the psychophysiological processes that underpin the phenomenological experience of HTW and alteration in pacing behaviour and performance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40798-018-0144-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Venhorst
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa.
| | - Dominic P Micklewright
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Timothy D Noakes
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725, South Africa
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20
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Díaz JJ, Fernández-Ozcorta EJ, Santos-Concejero J. The influence of pacing strategy on marathon world records. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:781-786. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1450899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Díaz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Eduardo José Fernández-Ozcorta
- EMOTION Research Group (HUM-643), Department of Physical Education, Music and Plastic Arts, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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21
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Gordon D, Wightman S, Basevitch I, Johnstone J, Espejo-Sanchez C, Beckford C, Boal M, Scruton A, Ferrandino M, Merzbach V. Physiological and training characteristics of recreational marathon runners. Open Access J Sports Med 2017; 8:231-241. [PMID: 29200895 PMCID: PMC5703178 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s141657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the physical and training characteristics of recreational marathon runners within finish time bandings (2.5-3 h, 3-3.5 h, 3.5-4 h, 4-4.5 h and >4.5 h). Materials and methods A total of 97 recreational marathon runners (age 42.4 ± 9.9 years; mass 69.2 ± 11.3 kg; stature 172.8 ± 9.1 cm), with a marathon finish time of 229.1 ± 48.7 min, of whom n = 34 were female and n = 63 were male, completed an incremental treadmill test for the determination of lactate threshold (LT1), lactate turn point (LT2) and running economy (RE). Following a 7-min recovery, they completed a test to volitional exhaustion starting at LT2 for the assessment of [Formula: see text]. In addition, all participants completed a questionnaire gathering information on their current training regimes exploring weekly distances, training frequencies, types of sessions, longest run in a week, with estimations of training speed, and load and volume derived from these data. Results Training frequency was shown to be significantly greater for the 2.5-3 h group compared to the 3.5-4 h runners (P < 0.001) and >4.5 h group (P = 0.004), while distance per session (km·session-1) was significantly greater for the 2.5-3 h group (16.1 ± 4.2) compared to the 3.5-4 h group (15.5 ± 5.2; P = 0.01) and >4.5 h group (10.3 ± 2.6; P = 0.001). Race speed correlated with LT1 (r = 0.791), LT2 (r = 0.721) and distance per session (r = 0.563). Conclusion The data highlight profound differences for key components of marathon running ([Formula: see text], LT1, LT2, RE and % [Formula: see text]) within a group of recreational runners with the discriminating training variables being training frequency and the absolute training speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | | | - Itay Basevitch
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | - James Johnstone
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | | | - Chelsea Beckford
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | - Mariette Boal
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | - Adrian Scruton
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | - Mike Ferrandino
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
| | - Viviane Merzbach
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University
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22
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Deaner RO, Lowen A. Males and Females Pace Differently in High School Cross-Country Races. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2991-2997. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Bekos C, Zimmermann M, Unger L, Janik S, Hacker P, Mitterbauer A, Koller M, Fritz R, Gäbler C, Kessler M, Nickl S, Didcock J, Altmann P, Haider T, Roth G, Klepetko W, Ankersmit HJ, Moser B. Non-professional marathon running: RAGE axis and ST2 family changes in relation to open-window effect, inflammation and renal function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32315. [PMID: 27653273 PMCID: PMC5032027 DOI: 10.1038/srep32315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conflicting data exist on the relevance of marathon (M) and half marathon (HM) running for health. The number of non-professional athletes finishing M and HM events is steadily growing. In order to investigate molecular changes occurring in amateur athletes, we enrolled 70 non-professional runners finishing a single M (34) or HM (36) event at baseline, the finish line and during recovery, and 30 controls. The measurement of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts, Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, ST2 and cytokeratin 18 was combined with molecules measured during clinical routine. Results were analyzed in the light of blood cell analysis, lactate measurements, correction for changes in plasma volume and body composition assessments. There were intrinsic differences in body mass index, abdominal body fat percentage and training time between M and HM runners. C-reactive protein changes in M and HM runners. While soluble RAGE, AGEs and ST2 increased immediately after the race in HM runners, HMGB1 increased in HM and M after the race and declined to baseline after a recovery period. We give insights into the regulation of various molecules involved in physical stress reactions and their possible implications for the cardiovascular system or renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bekos
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Gynaecology and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Unger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Janik
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Hacker
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Mitterbauer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Robert Fritz
- Sportordination, Alserstraße 27/1/6, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mario Kessler
- Austrian Red Cross, Nottendorfer Gasse 21, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Stefanie Nickl
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessica Didcock
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Altmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Haider
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Roth
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik Jan Ankersmit
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University Vienna, Austria
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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24
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Junge N, Jørgensen R, Flouris AD, Nybo L. Prolonged self-paced exercise in the heat - environmental factors affecting performance. Temperature (Austin) 2016; 3:539-548. [PMID: 28090557 PMCID: PMC5198812 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1216257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we examine how self-paced performance is affected by environmental heat stress factors during cycling time trial performance as well as considering the effects of exercise mode and heat acclimatization. Mean power output during prolonged cycling time trials in the heat (≥30°C) was on average reduced by 15% in the 14 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Ambient temperature per se was a poor predictor of the integrated environmental heat stress and 2 of the prevailing heat stress indices (WBGT and UTCI) failed to predict the environmental influence on performance. The weighing of wind speed appears to be too low for predicting the effect for cycling in trained acclimatized subjects, where performance may be maintained in outdoor time trials at ambient temperatures as high as 36°C (36°C UTCI; 28°C WBGT). Power output during indoor trials may also be maintained with temperatures up to at least 27°C when humidity is modest and wind speed matches the movement speed generated during outdoor cycling, whereas marked reductions are observed when air movement is minimal. For running, representing an exercise mode with lower movement speed and higher heat production for a given metabolic rate, it appears that endurance is affected even at much lower ambient temperatures. On this basis we conclude that environmental heat stress impacts self-paced endurance performance. However, the effect is markedly modified by acclimatization status and exercise mode, as the wind generated by the exercise (movement speed) or the environment (natural or fan air movement) exerts a strong influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Junge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Rasmus Jørgensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly , Trikala, Greece
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen , Denmark
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25
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Deaner RO, Addona V, Carter RE, Joyner MJ, Hunter SK. Fast men slow more than fast women in a 10 kilometer road race. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2235. [PMID: 27547544 PMCID: PMC4963220 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Previous studies have demonstrated that men are more likely than women to slow in the marathon (footrace). This study investigated whether the sex difference in pacing occurs for a shorter race distance. Materials & Methods. Data were acquired from the Bolder Boulder 10 km road race for the years 2008-2013, which encompassed 191,693 performances. There were two pacing measures, percentage change in pace of the first 3 miles relative to the final 3.2 miles and percentage change in pace of the first mile relative to the final 5.2 miles. Pacing was analyzed as a continuous variable and as two categorical variables, as follows: "maintain the pace," defined as slowing <5% and "marked slowing," defined as slowing ≥10%. Results. Among the fastest (men < 48:40; women < 55:27) and second fastest (men < 53:54; women < 60:28) sex-specific finishing time sextiles, men slowed significantly more than women with both pacing measures, but there were no consistently significant sex differences in pacing among the slower four sextiles. For the fastest sextile, the odds for women were 1.96 (first pacing measure) and 1.36 (second measure) times greater than men to maintain the pace. For the fastest sextile, the odds for women were 0.46 (first measure) and 0.65 (second measure) times that of men to exhibit marked slowing. Multiple regression indicated that being older was associated with lesser slowing, but the sex difference among faster runners persisted when age was controlled. Conclusions. There was a sex difference in pacing during a 10 km race where glycogen depletion is not typically relevant. These results support the hypothesis that the sex difference in pacing partly reflects a sex difference in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Deaner
- Psychology Department, Grand Valley State University , Allendale, MI , United States
| | - Vittorio Addona
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Macalester College , Saint Paul, MN , United States
| | - Rickey E Carter
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , United States
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , United States
| | - Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University , Milwaukee, WI , United States
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26
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Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT, Zingg MA, Rosemann T, Rüst CA. Half-marathoners are younger and slower than marathoners. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:76. [PMID: 26844023 PMCID: PMC4726642 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Age and performance trends of elite and recreational marathoners are well investigated, but not for half-marathoners. We analysed age and performance trends in 508,108 age group runners (125,894 female and 328,430 male half-marathoners and 10,205 female and 43,489 male marathoners) competing between 1999 and 2014 in all flat half-marathons and marathons held in Switzerland using single linear regression analyses, mixed-effects regression analyses and analyses of variance. The number of women and men increased across years in both half-marathons and marathons. There were 12.3 times more female half-marathoners than female marathoners and 7.5 times more male half-marathoners than male marathoners. For both half-marathons and marathons, most of the female and male finishers were recorded in age group 40-44 years. In half-marathons, women (10.29 ± 3.03 km/h) were running 0.07 ± 0.06 km/h faster (p < 0.001) than men (10.22 ± 3.06 km/h). Also in marathon, women (14.77 ± 4.13 km/h) were running 0.28 ± 0.16 km/h faster (p < 0.001) than men (14.48 ± 4.07 km/h). In marathon, women (42.18 ± 10.63 years) were at the same age than men (42.06 ± 10.45 years) (p > 0.05). Also in half-marathon, women (41.40 ± 10.63 years) were at the same age than men (41.31 ± 10.30 years) (p > 0.05). However, women and men marathon runners were older than their counterpart half-marathon runners (p < 0.001). In summary, (1) more athletes competed in half-marathons than in marathons, (2) women were running faster than men, (3) half-marathoners were running slower than marathoners, and (4) half-marathoners were younger than marathoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland ; Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical and Cultural Education, Hellenic Army Academy, Athens, Greece
| | - Matthias A Zingg
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph A Rüst
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sierra APR, da Silveira AD, Francisco RC, Barretto RBDM, Sierra CA, Meneghelo RS, Kiss MAPDM, Ghorayeb N, Stein R. Reduction in Post-Marathon Peak Oxygen Consumption: Sign of Cardiac Fatigue in Amateur Runners? Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 106:92-6. [PMID: 26760783 PMCID: PMC4765006 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20150148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged aerobic exercise, such as running a marathon, produces
supraphysiological stress that can affect the athlete's homeostasis.
Some degree of transient myocardial dysfunction ("cardiac fatigue")
can be observed for several days after the race. Objective To verify if there are changes in the cardiopulmonary capacity, and
cardiac inotropy and lusitropy in amateur marathoners after running a
marathon. Methods The sample comprised 6 male amateur runners. All of them underwent
cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) one week before the São
Paulo Marathon, and 3 to 4 days after that race. They underwent
echocardiography 24 hours prior to and immediately after the marathon.
All subjects were instructed not to exercise, to maintain their
regular diet, ingest the same usual amount of liquids, and rest at
least 8 hours a day in the period preceding the CPET. Results The athletes completed the marathon in 221.5 (207; 250) minutes. In the
post-marathon CPET, there was a significant reduction in peak oxygen
consumption and peak oxygen pulse compared to the results obtained
before the race (50.75 and 46.35 mL.kg-1 .min-1;
19.4 and 18.1 mL.btm, respectively). The echocardiography showed a
significant reduction in the s' wave (inotropic marker), but no
significant change in the E/e' ratio (lusitropic marker). Conclusions In amateur runners, the marathon seems to promote changes in the
cardiopulmonary capacity identified within 4 days after the race, with
a reduction in the cardiac contractility. Such changes suggest that
some degree of "cardiac fatigue" can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Anibal Sierra
- Setor de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Romeu Sergio Meneghelo
- Setor de Ergometria e Reabilitação, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nabil Ghorayeb
- Seção de Cardioesporte, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Stein
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exercício, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Deaner RO, Carter RE, Joyner MJ, Hunter SK. Men are more likely than women to slow in the marathon. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:607-16. [PMID: 24983344 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Studies on nonelite distance runners suggest that men are more likely than women to slow their pace in a marathon. PURPOSE This study determined the reliability of the sex difference in pacing across many marathons and after adjusting women's performances by 12% to address men's greater maximal oxygen uptake and also incorporating information on racing experience. METHODS Data were acquired from 14 US marathons in 2011 and encompassed 91,929 performances. For 2929 runners, we obtained experience data from a race-aggregating Web site. We operationalized pace maintenance as the percentage change in pace observed in the second half of the marathon relative to the first half. Pace maintenance was analyzed as a continuous variable and as two categorical variables, as follows: "maintain the pace," defined as slowing <10%, and "marked slowing," defined as slowing ≥30%. RESULTS The mean change in pace was 15.6% and 11.7% for men and women, respectively (P < 0.0001). This sex difference was significant for all 14 marathons. The odds for women were 1.46 (95% confidence interval, 1.41-1.50; P < 0.0001) times higher than men to maintain the pace and 0.36 (95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.38; P < 0.0001) times that of men to exhibit marked slowing. Slower finishing times were associated with greater slowing, especially in men (interaction, P < 0.0001). However, the sex difference in pacing occurred across age and finishing time groups. Making the 12% adjustment to women's performances lessened the magnitude of the sex difference in pacing but not its occurrence. Although greater experience was associated with less slowing, controlling for the experience variables did not eliminate the sex difference in pacing. CONCLUSIONS The sex difference in pacing is robust. It may reflect sex differences in physiology, decision making, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Deaner
- 1Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI; 2Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; 3Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and 4Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
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29
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Trubee NW, Vanderburgh PM, Diestelkamp WS, Jackson KJ. Effects of heat stress and sex on pacing in marathon runners. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:1673-8. [PMID: 24149746 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that women tend to exhibit less of a precipitous decline in run velocity during the latter stages of a marathon than men when the covariates of age and run time are controlled for. The purpose of this study was to examine this sex effect with the added covariate of heat stress on pacing, defined as the mean velocity of the last 12.2 km divided by the mean velocity of the first 30 km. A secondary purpose of this investigation was to compare the pacing profiles of the elite men and women runners and the pacing profiles of the elite and nonelite runners. Subjects included 22,990 men and 13,233 women runners from the 2007 and 2009 Chicago marathons for which the mean ambient temperatures were 26.67° C and 2.77° C, respectively. Each 5-km split time was measured via an electronic chip worn on the participants' shoe. Multiple regression analysis indicated that age, sex, heat stress, and overall finish time (p < 0.01 for each) were simultaneous independent elements of pacing. Nonelite women were consistently better pacers than nonelite men in both marathons, and this sex difference was magnified from cold to warm race temperatures. No difference (p < 0.05) in pacing was found between elite men and women runners. Elite men and women had enhanced pacing over their nonelite counterparts. In hotter temperatures, coaches of novice runners should advise their athletes to implement a slower initial velocity to maintain or increase running velocity later in the race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Trubee
- Departments of 1Health and Sport Science and 2Mathematics, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio
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30
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Cushman DM, Markert M, Rho M. Performance trends in large 10-km road running races in the United States. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:892-901. [PMID: 24077377 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our study examines the current trends of runners participating in 10-km road races in the United States. Finish times and ages of all runners participating in 10 of the largest 10-km running races in the United States between 2002-2005 and 2011 were recorded. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine the trends for age, sex, and finishing time for all participants completing the course in <1 hour. A total of 408,296 runners were analyzed. There was a significant annual decrease in the ratio of men to women finishers (p < 0.001, r = 0.976). The average finishing time of the top 10 (men, p ≤ 0.05), 100 (men and women, p ≤ 0.05), and 1,000 (men and women, p < 0.01) significantly decreased annually. The total number of subhour finishers increased annually across all races (194 men per year, r = 0.584, p = 0.045; 161 women per year, r = 0.779, p = 0.008), whereas the percentage of overall finishers completing the course in less than an hour significantly declined for men and women (p ≤ 0.003). There was a significant trend toward younger men in all top groups except for the single fastest runner (p ≤ 0.017). Our study demonstrates that for large 10-km U.S. races: the top men and women seem to be getting faster; there are more subhour finishers, with increasingly more women accomplishing this feat compared with men; an increasingly lower percentage of overall finishers is finishing in <1 hour; and the fastest men are also increasingly younger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M Cushman
- 1Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and 2Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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Abstract
We apply statistical analysis of high frequency (1 km) split data for the most recent two world-record marathon runs: Run 1 (2:03:59, 28 September 2008) and Run 2 (2:03:38, 25 September 2011). Based on studies in the endurance cycling literature, we develop two principles to approximate 'optimal' pacing in the field marathon. By utilising GPS and weather data, we test, and then de-trend, for each athlete's field response to gradient and headwind on course, recovering standardised proxies for power-based pacing traces. The resultant traces were analysed to ascertain if either runner followed optimal pacing principles; and characterise any deviations from optimality. Whereas gradient was insignificant, headwind was a significant factor in running speed variability for both runners, with Runner 2 targeting the (optimal) parallel variation principle, whilst Runner 1 did not. After adjusting for these responses, neither runner followed the (optimal) 'even' power pacing principle, with Runner 2's macro-pacing strategy fitting a sinusoidal oscillator with exponentially expanding envelope whilst Runner 1 followed a U-shaped, quadratic form. The study suggests that: (a) better pacing strategy could provide elite marathon runners with an economical pathway to significant performance improvements at world-record level; and (b) the data and analysis herein is consistent with a complex-adaptive model of power regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Angus
- a Department of Economics , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
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32
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Mermier CM, Zuhl MN, Wilmerding MV, Beam JR, White AC, Salgado RM, Beverly JM. The effects of a harness safety system during maximal treadmill run testing in collegiate middle- and long-distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:2934-8. [PMID: 23442275 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318289e463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the results of graded maximal treadmill testing with and without a safety harness (SH) spotting system among collegiate middle- and long-distance runners. Thirteen (n = 8 men, n = 5 women) collegiate runners completed 2 randomly selected maximal treadmill tests. One trial used an SH, and one trial used no harness. All tests were separated by at least 48 hours. The subjects began the test at a velocity of 14.5 or 12 km · h with 1% grade for men and women, respectively, and increased 0.80 kilometers/hr per stage. During each trial, metabolic data and running speed values were recorded along with the completion of a safety questionnaire. No significant difference was found for maximal oxygen consumption (60.84 ± 8.89 vs. 60.733 ± 9.38 ml · kg · min) and velocity at maximal oxygen consumption (5.33 ± 0.62 vs. 5.24 ± 0.57 m · s) between the no harness and harness trials, respectively. Test time was found to be significantly longer in the no harness trial (611.06 ± 119.34 vs. 537.38 ± 91.83 seconds, p < 0.05). The results of the safety questionnaire demonstrated that the runners felt significantly more comfortable during the SH trial (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Mermier
- 1Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and 2Health Sciences, School of Health Professions, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
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33
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Running pace decrease during a marathon is positively related to blood markers of muscle damage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57602. [PMID: 23460881 PMCID: PMC3583862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Completing a marathon is one of the most challenging sports activities, yet the source of running fatigue during this event is not completely understood. The aim of this investigation was to determine the cause(s) of running fatigue during a marathon in warm weather. Methodology/Principal Findings We recruited 40 amateur runners (34 men and 6 women) for the study. Before the race, body core temperature, body mass, leg muscle power output during a countermovement jump, and blood samples were obtained. During the marathon (27 °C; 27% relative humidity) running fatigue was measured as the pace reduction from the first 5-km to the end of the race. Within 3 min after the marathon, the same pre-exercise variables were obtained. Results Marathoners reduced their running pace from 3.5 ± 0.4 m/s after 5-km to 2.9 ± 0.6 m/s at the end of the race (P<0.05), although the running fatigue experienced by the marathoners was uneven. Marathoners with greater running fatigue (> 15% pace reduction) had elevated post-race myoglobin (1318 ± 1411 v 623 ± 391 µg L−1; P<0.05), lactate dehydrogenase (687 ± 151 v 583 ± 117 U L−1; P<0.05), and creatine kinase (564 ± 469 v 363 ± 158 U L−1; P = 0.07) in comparison with marathoners that preserved their running pace reasonably well throughout the race. However, they did not differ in their body mass change (−3.1 ± 1.0 v −3.0 ± 1.0%; P = 0.60) or post-race body temperature (38.7 ± 0.7 v 38.9 ± 0.9 °C; P = 0.35). Conclusions/Significance Running pace decline during a marathon was positively related with muscle breakdown blood markers. To elucidate if muscle damage during a marathon is related to mechanistic or metabolic factors requires further investigation.
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Burke JR, Papuga MO. Effects of foot orthotics on running economy: methodological considerations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2012; 35:327-36. [PMID: 22632593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to collect preliminary data to address methodological considerations that may impact subject-specific reactions to foot orthotics during running. METHODS Six endurance-trained recreational runners recruited from a chiropractic college campus wore their preferred running shoes and then inserted either their custom-made orthotics during 1 testing session or their shoe-fitted insoles during the other testing session. Comfort perception was measured for each footwear condition. Measurements of oxygen consumption (VO2) at several moderate exercise intensities, to mimic recreational running, generated an individual's economy-of-running line. Predicted running velocity at VO(2max) (vVO2max) was calculated as an index of endurance performance. Lower extremity muscle activity was recorded. Descriptive statistics, a repeated-measures analysis of variance model, and a paired t test were used to document any systematic changes in running economy, lower extremity muscle activities, and vVO2max within and across subjects as a function of footwear conditions. RESULTS Decreases in VO2 at several moderate exercise intensities (F((1,5)footwear) = 10.37, P = .023) and increases in vVO2max (t(5) = 4.20, P = .008) occurred in all 6 subjects while wearing their orthotic intervention vs their shoe-fitted insoles. There were no consistent changes in lower extremity muscle activity. CONCLUSIONS Methodological decisions to use a sustained incremental exercise protocol at several moderate exercise intensities and to measure comfort perception of a custom-molded foot orthosis were effective at documenting systematic improvements in running economy among the 6 recreational runners tested. The development of a less physically demanding sustained exercise protocol is necessary to determine underlying neuromuscular mechanisms and/or clinical effectiveness of orthotic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie R Burke
- Research Department, New York Chiropractic College, Seneca Falls, NY 13148, USA.
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35
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Lavin KM, Straub AM, Uhranowsky KA, Smoliga JM, Zavorsky GS. Alveolar-membrane diffusing capacity limits performance in Boston marathon qualifiers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44513. [PMID: 22984520 PMCID: PMC3439386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose (1) to examine the relation between pulmonary diffusing capacity and marathon finishing time, and (2), to evaluate the accuracy of pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide (DLNO) in predicting marathon finishing time relative to that of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Methods 28 runners [18 males, age = 37 (SD 9) years, body mass = 70 (13) kg, height = 173 (9) cm, percent body fat = 17 (7) %] completed a test battery consisting of measurement of DLNO and DLCO at rest, and a graded exercise test to determine running economy and aerobic capacity prior to the 2011 Steamtown Marathon (Scranton, PA). One to three weeks later, all runners completed the marathon (range: 2∶22:38 to 4∶48:55). Linear regressions determined the relation between finishing time and a variety of anthropometric characteristics, resting lung function variables, and exercise parameters. Results In runners meeting Boston Marathon qualification standards, 74% of the variance in marathon finishing time was accounted for by differences in DLNO relative to body surface area (BSA) (SEE = 11.8 min, p<0.01); however, the relation between DLNO or DLCO to finishing time was non-significant in the non-qualifiers (p = 0.14 to 0.46). Whereas both DLCO and DLNO were predictive of finishing time for all finishers, DLNO showed a stronger relation (r2 = 0.30, SEE = 33.4 min, p<0.01) compared to DLCO when considering BSA. Conclusion DLNO is a performance-limiting factor in only Boston qualifiers. This suggests that alveolar-capillary membrane conductance is a limitation to performance in faster marathoners. Additionally, DLNO/BSA predicts marathon finishing time and aerobic capacity more accurately than DLCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M. Lavin
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allison M. Straub
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathleen A. Uhranowsky
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James M. Smoliga
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gerald S. Zavorsky
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Perrey S, Joyner M, Ruiz JR, Lucia A, Nosaka K, Louis J, Pitsiladis YP, Smoliga JM, Zavorsky GS, Hunter GR, Fisher G, Kim CK, Kim HJ. Commentaries on viewpoint: sacrificing economy to improve running performance--a reality in the ultramarathon? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:510-2. [PMID: 22854299 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00666.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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37
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El Helou N, Tafflet M, Berthelot G, Tolaini J, Marc A, Guillaume M, Hausswirth C, Toussaint JF. Impact of environmental parameters on marathon running performance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37407. [PMID: 22649525 PMCID: PMC3359364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objectives of this study were to describe the distribution of all runners' performances in the largest marathons worldwide and to determine which environmental parameters have the maximal impact. Methods We analysed the results of six European (Paris, London, Berlin) and American (Boston, Chicago, New York) marathon races from 2001 to 2010 through 1,791,972 participants' performances (all finishers per year and race). Four environmental factors were gathered for each of the 60 races: temperature (°C), humidity (%), dew point (°C), and the atmospheric pressure at sea level (hPA); as well as the concentrations of four atmospheric pollutants: NO2 – SO2 – O3 and PM10 (μg.m−3). Results All performances per year and race are normally distributed with distribution parameters (mean and standard deviation) that differ according to environmental factors. Air temperature and performance are significantly correlated through a quadratic model. The optimal temperatures for maximal mean speed of all runners vary depending on the performance level. When temperature increases above these optima, running speed decreases and withdrawal rates increase. Ozone also impacts performance but its effect might be linked to temperature. The other environmental parameters do not have any significant impact. Conclusions The large amount of data analyzed and the model developed in this study highlight the major influence of air temperature above all other climatic parameter on human running capacity and adaptation to race conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour El Helou
- IRMES (bioMedical Research Institute of Sports Epidemiology), INSEP, Paris, France.
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Torre AL, Vernillo G, Agnello L, Berardelli C, Rampinini E. Is It Time to Consider a New Performance Classification for High-Level Male Marathon Runners? J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:3242-7. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31821bf2bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Silveira LR, Pinheiro CHDJ, Zoppi CC, Hirabara SM, Vitzel KF, Bassit RA, Barbosa MR, Sampaio IH, Melo IHP, Fiamoncini J, Carneiro EM, Curi R. [Regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle during contraction]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 55:303-13. [PMID: 21881812 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302011000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The glucose-fatty acid cycle explains the preference for fatty acid during moderate and long duration physical exercise. In contrast, there is a high glucose availability and oxidation rate in response to intense physical exercise. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during physical exercise suggests that the redox balance is important to regulate of lipids/carbohydrate metabolism. ROS reduces the activity of the Krebs cycle, and increases the activity of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. The opposite effects happen during moderate physical activity. Thus, some issues is highlighted in the present review: Why does skeletal muscle prefer lipids in the basal and during moderate physical activity? Why does glucose-fatty acid fail to carry out their effects during intense physical exercise? How skeletal muscles regulate the lipids and carbohydrate metabolism during the contraction-relaxation cycle?
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo R Silveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
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March DS, Vanderburgh PM, Titlebaum PJ, Hoops ML. Age, sex, and finish time as determinants of pacing in the marathon. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:386-91. [PMID: 20224445 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bffd0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous researchers have suggested that faster marathoners tend to run at a more consistent pace compared with slower runners. None has examined the influence of sex and age on pacing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the simultaneous influences of age, sex, and run time on marathon pacing. Pacing was defined as the mean velocity of the last 9.7 km divided by that of the first 32.5 km (closer to 1.0 indicates better pacing). Subjects were 186 men and 133 women marathoners from the 2005, 2006, and 2007 races of a midwestern U.S. marathon. The course was a 1.6 km (1 mile) loop with pace markers throughout, thus facilitating pacing strategy. Each 1.6-km split time was measured electronically by way of shoe chip. The ambient temperature (never above 5°C) ensured that hyperthermia, a condition known to substantially slow marathon times and affect pacing, was not likely a factor. Multiple regression analysis indicated that age, sex, and run time (p < 0.01 for each) were simultaneously independent determinants of pacing. The lack of any 2- or 3-way interactions (p > 0.05 for each) suggests that the effects of 1 independent variable is not dependent upon the levels of others. We conclude that older, women, and faster are better pacers than younger, men, and slower marathoners, respectively. Coaches can use these findings to overcome such tendencies and increase the odds of more optimal pacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S March
- Department of Health and Sport Science, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Ferrauti A, Bergermann M, Fernandez-Fernandez J. Effects of a concurrent strength and endurance training on running performance and running economy in recreational marathon runners. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 24:2770-8. [PMID: 20885197 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d64e9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a concurrent strength and endurance training program on running performance and running economy of middle-aged runners during their marathon preparation. Twenty-two (8 women and 14 men) recreational runners (mean ± SD: age 40.0 ± 11.7 years; body mass index 22.6 ± 2.1 kg·m⁻²) were separated into 2 groups (n = 11; combined endurance running and strength training program [ES]: 9 men, 2 women and endurance running [E]: 7 men, and 4 women). Both completed an 8-week intervention period that consisted of either endurance training (E: 276 ± 108 minute running per week) or a combined endurance and strength training program (ES: 240 ± 121-minute running plus 2 strength training sessions per week [120 minutes]). Strength training was focused on trunk (strength endurance program) and leg muscles (high-intensity program). Before and after the intervention, subjects completed an incremental treadmill run and maximal isometric strength tests. The initial values for VO2peak (ES: 52.0 ± 6.1 vs. E: 51.1 ± 7.5 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) and anaerobic threshold (ES: 3.5 ± 0.4 vs. E: 3.4 ± 0.5 m·s⁻¹) were identical in both groups. A significant time × intervention effect was found for maximal isometric force of knee extension (ES: from 4.6 ± 1.4 to 6.2 ± 1.0 N·kg⁻¹, p < 0.01), whereas no changes in body mass occurred. No significant differences between the groups and no significant interaction (time × intervention) were found for VO2 (absolute and relative to VO2peak) at defined marathon running velocities (2.4 and 2.8 m·s⁻¹) and submaximal blood lactate thresholds (2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mmol·L⁻¹). Stride length and stride frequency also remained unchanged. The results suggest no benefits of an 8-week concurrent strength training for running economy and coordination of recreational marathon runners despite a clear improvement in leg strength, maybe because of an insufficient sample size or a short intervention period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ferrauti
- Department of Coaching Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
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McLaughlin JE, Howley ET, Bassett DR. RESPONSE. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181f1e6f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McGregor SJ, Weese RK, Ratz IK. Performance modeling in an Olympic 1500-m finalist: a practical approach. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 23:2515-23. [PMID: 19910822 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bf88be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test if a simplified impulse-response (IR) model would correlate with competition performances in an elite middle-distance runner over a period of 7 years that encompassed two Olympiads. Daily recorded pace and time obtained from training logs of this individual for the years 2000 to 2006 were used to calculate the impulse (training stress score, or TSS). The daily TSS was used to generate acute and chronic training loads (ATL and CTL, respectively), and a model response output, or p(t), was calculated based on the relationship p(t) = CTL - ATL. Competition performances (800 m-1 mile) were converted to Mercier scores (MS) and compared to p(t) and model parameters TSS, ATL, and CTL. MS was positively correlated with model output response p(t) (p < 0.01) and negatively with ATL (p < 0.01). Quadratic relationships were also observed between MS and both p(t) and CTL (p < 0.001), potentially indicating an optimal balance between fitness, fatigue, and performance. The results of this study demonstrate that the output of this simplified IR modeling approach correlates with performance in at least 1 elite athlete. Further studies are necessary to determine the generalizability of this method, but coaches may wish to use this approach to analyze previous training and performance relationships and iteratively modify training to optimize performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J McGregor
- School of Health Promotion and Human Performance, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA.
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Hoffman MD, Wegelin JA. The Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run: participation and performance trends. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 41:2191-8. [PMID: 19915499 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a8d553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine changes in demographics of participants and performance trends at the Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run (WSER) since its inception in 1974. METHODS Name, age, sex, and finish information was obtained on runners in the WSER from 1974 to 2007. Linear regression analyses, ANOVA, and t-tests were used to examine participation and performance trends. RESULTS The mean age of participants increased (P < 0.001) to around 45 yr, with men being an average of 3 yr older (P < 0.001) than women. The increase in average age of starters was accounted for by the growth in participation among women >or=40 yr and men >or=50 yr, and by the decreasing participation among men <50 yr. Between 1986 and 2007, there was an increasing participation among women to around 20% of all starters. With this came improved (P < 0.01) finish times for the top 5 overall women and the top 5 women in the 30-39 and 40-49 yr age groups, whereas performances among the men did not improve over this time span. Average ages of the top performers increased (P <or= 0.002) since 1990 to the upper 30s for both sexes, but the fastest times among men were comparable across the 30-39 and 40-49 yr age groups. CONCLUSIONS Participation in the WSER has increased among women and older athletes, and the ages of the fastest runners at the WSER have gradually risen to the extent that these runners are older than the ages at which the fastest marathons are run. In contrast to what has been observed for men, finish times have improved for the top women across the last two decades at the WSER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Hoffman
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, and University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether the prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes declines with marathon participation independent of annual running mileage. METHODS Cross-sectional associations of self-reported medication use in 62,284 male and 45,040 female participants of the National Runners' Health Study adjusted for age, diet, alcohol, and annual distance run. RESULTS By self-report, 31.7% of men and 29.1% of women ran 0.2 and 0.8 marathons per year, 8.6% of men and 4.4% of women ran between 1.0 and 1.8 marathons per year, and 3.8% of men and 1.5% of women ran an average of >or=2 marathons per year. The men's odds ratio per marathons per year run was 0.85 for antihypertensive (P < 0.0001), 0.87 for LDL-cholesterol-lowering (P = 0.002), and 0.52 for antidiabetic medication use (P < 0.0001). Compared with nonmarathoners, men who averaged 0.2-0.8 marathons per year had 13% lower odds for antihypertensive medication use, 22% lower odds for LDL-cholesterol-lowering medication use, and 67% lower odds for antidiabetic medication use. Marathon participation was also associated with lower LDL-cholesterol-lowering and antidiabetic medication use in women, but not when adjusted for annual distance run. Each additional hour required to complete their marathon had odds ratio of 1.31 and 1.22 for men's antihypertensive and LDL-cholesterol-lowering medication use and 2.01 for women's antidiabetic medication use (all P < 0.0001). Among all runners (marathoners and nonmarathoners combined), prevalence in the use of all three medications decreased in association with the length of the longest usual run, independent of total annual mileage. CONCLUSION Prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes decreases with the frequency of marathon participation independent of annual running distance. This may be due to the inclusion of longer training runs in preparation for marathons or to genetic or other innate differences between marathon and nonmarathon runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Williams
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Donner Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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