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Ré VE, Ridruejo E, Fantilli AC, Moutinho BD, Pisano MB, Pessoa MG. Hepatitis A in Latin America: The current scenario. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2566. [PMID: 38970225 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
This review aims to gather and disseminate updated information regarding hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Latin America (LA) in the last 11 years, including seroprevalence, post-vaccination studies, virus detection in aqueous matrices and food samples, and outbreak reports. Only 24 seroprevalence studies were published between 2012 and 2023 with 55%-100% reported prevalences of anti-HAV IgG. Among the 25 LA countries, only eight of them have introduced HAV vaccines into their immunisation programs. Outbreaks of hepatitis A occurred between 2017-2019, mainly affecting men who have sex with men in Argentina, Brazil and Chile, probably as a consequence of the abrupt decline of young adults' immunity. This could be due to that young adult have never been infected in childhood (due to socio-health improvements) and are above the cut-off ages to be included when the vaccination programs were introduced. Although scarce, studies focused on environmental and food HAV surveillance have shown viral presence in these samples. Surface waters presented HAV detections between 1.2% and 86.7%, and untreated wastewaters between 2.8% and 70.9%. Genotypes found in all cases were IA and IC. The only wastewater-based epidemiology study showed to be a useful tool as a complement of traditional epidemiological surveillance. Only four LA countries have looked for HAV in food samples, with genome detection rates between 9% and 33%. Latin American HAV circulation scenario is changing. In countries where socioeconomic and sanitary conditions have not improved, the virus persists with high endemicity and the access to the vaccine should be re-evaluated by local governments. In countries where access to clean water, better sanitary conditions and HAV immunisation programs have been implemented, the number of cases among young adults seems to be increasing, alerting health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana E Ré
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología 'Dr. J. M. Vanella', Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Ridruejo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Medicine. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno 'CEMIC', Hepatology Section, Viral Hepatitits Special Interest Group, Latin American Association for the Study of the Liver (ALEH), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anabella C Fantilli
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología 'Dr. J. M. Vanella', Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruna Damásio Moutinho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - María Belén Pisano
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología 'Dr. J. M. Vanella', Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mário Guimarães Pessoa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Drummond JD, Gonçalves J, Aquino T, Bernal S, Gacia E, Gutierrez-Aguirre I, Turk V, Ravnikar M, Krause S, Martí E. Benthic sediment as stores and sources of bacteria and viruses in streams: A comparison of baseflow vs. stormflow longitudinal transport and residence times. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120637. [PMID: 37776590 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of bacteria and viruses in freshwater represents a global health risk. The substantial spatial and temporal variability of microbes leads to difficulties in quantifying the risks associated with their presence in freshwater. Fine particles, including bacteria and viruses are transported and accumulated into shallow streambed (i.e., benthic) sediment, delaying the downstream transmission during baseflow conditions but contributing to their resuspension and transport downstream during stormflow events. Direct measurements of pathogen accumulation in benthic sediments are rare. Until now, the dynamic role of benthic sediment as both a store and source of microbes, has not been quantified. In this study, we analyze microbial abundance in benthic sediment along a 1 km reach of an intermittent Mediterranean stream receiving inputs from the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, a known point source of microbes in streams. We sampled benthic sediment during a summer drought when the wastewater effluent constituted 100 % of the stream flow, and thus, large accumulation and persistence of pathogens along the streambed was expected. We measured the abundance of total bacteria, Escherichia coli (as a fecal indicator), and presence of enteric rotavirus (RoV) and norovirus (NoV). The abundance of E. coli, based on qPCR detection, was high (4.99∙102 gc /cm2) along the first 100 m downstream of the wastewater effluent input and in general decreased with distance from the source, with presence of RoV and NoV along the study reach. A particle tracking model was applied, that uses stream water velocity as an input, and accounts for microbial exchange into, immobilization, degradation, and resuspension out of benthic sediment during baseflow and stormflow. Rates of exchange into benthic sediment were 3 orders of magnitude higher during stormflow, but residence times were proportionately lower, resulting in increased longitudinal connectivity from up to downstream during stormflow. Model simulations demonstrated mechanistically how the rates of exchange into and out of the benthic sediment resulted in benthic sediment to act as a store during baseflow and a source during stormflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Drummond
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK; Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB- CSIC), Girona 17300, Spain.
| | - José Gonçalves
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Tomás Aquino
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, Rennes UMR 6118, France
| | - Susana Bernal
- Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB- CSIC), Girona 17300, Spain
| | - Esperança Gacia
- Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB- CSIC), Girona 17300, Spain
| | - Ion Gutierrez-Aguirre
- Marine Biology Station and Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Vecna Pot 111, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Valentina Turk
- Marine Biology Station and Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Vecna Pot 111, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- Marine Biology Station and Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Vecna Pot 111, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Krause
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Eugènia Martí
- Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB- CSIC), Girona 17300, Spain
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Takuissu GR, Kenmoe S, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Ndzie Ondigui JL, Kenfack-Momo R, Tchatchouang S, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Lontuo Fogang R, Zeuko’o Menkem E, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Veneri C, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Orlandi L, Del Giudice C, Suffredini E, La Rosa G. Occurrence of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Matrices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1054. [PMID: 36673812 PMCID: PMC9859052 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A is a common form of viral hepatitis. It is usually transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. This systematic review was carried out to summarise the overall prevalence of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in different water matrices: untreated and treated wastewater, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and others (e.g., irrigation water and floodwater). The literature search was performed in four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, and Excerpta Medica Database. Heterogeneity (I2) was assessed using the χ2 test on the Cochran Q statistic and H parameters. A total of 200 prevalence data from 144 articles were included in this meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of HAV in water matrices was 16.7% (95% CI: 13.4−20.3). The prevalence for individual matrix was as follows: 31.4% (95% CI: 23.0−40.4) untreated wastewater, 18.0% (95% CI: 9.5−28.2) treated wastewater, 15.0% (95% CI: 10.1−20.5) surface water, 2.3% (95% CI: 0.1−6.0) in groundwater, 0.3% (95% CI: 0.0−1.7) in drinking water, and 8.5% (95% CI: 3.1−15.6) in other matrices. The prevalence was higher in low-income economies (29.0%). Africa and Eastern Mediterranean were the regions with higher HAV prevalence values. This study showed a high heterogeneity (I2 > 75%) with a significant publication bias (p value Egger test < 0.001). The results of this review suggest that water matrices could be an important route of HAV transmission even in industrialized countries, despite the lower prevalence compared to less industrialized countries, and the availability of advanced water management systems. More effective water/wastewater treatment strategies are needed in developing countries to limit the environmental circulation of HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Roussel Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne-Ndé
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Arnol Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Raoul Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | | | - Ginette Irma Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lidia Orlandi
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Giudice
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Elmahdy EM, Shaheen MNF, Mahmoud LHI, Hammad IA, Soliman ERS. Detection of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Strawberry and Green Leafy Vegetables by Using RT-qPCR in Egypt. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:178-189. [PMID: 35246828 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an upward trend of consumption of organic fresh vegetables due to consumer demand for healthy foods without chemical additives. On the other hand, the number of food borne outbreaks associated with contaminated fresh produce has raised, being human norovirus genogroup I (GI), GII and hepatitis A virus (HAV) the most commonly reported causative agents. This study aimed to detect the presence of these viruses in green leafy vegetables (watercress, leek, coriander, and parsley) and strawberry using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Samples were collected from the Egyptian regions of Kalubia, Giza, and Mansoura. Overall HAV average occurrence in fresh strawberry was 48% with a mean concentration of 6.1 × 103 GC/g; Also NoV GI overall average occurrence was 25% with a mean concentration of 9.7 × 102 genome copies (GC)/g, while NoV GII was 40% with a mean concentration of 2.4 × 103 GC/g. For strawberry collected directly from Kalubia farms, neither HAV nor HNoV GI & GII were detected. In green leafy vegetable samples, the occurrence of HAV was 31.2% with a mean concentration of 9.2 × 104 GC/g, while occurrence of NoV GI and NoV GII were 20% and 30% with a mean concentrations of 1.1 × 104 and 2.03 × 103 GC/g, respectively. In conclusion, the importance of a virus surveillance program for soft fruits and fresh vegetables is highlighted by the outcomes of this study. Our findings should help with the management and control of microbial concerns in fresh foods, reducing the danger of consuming contaminated foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmahdy M Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa H I Mahmoud
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science Helwan University, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Ibtisam A Hammad
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science Helwan University, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Elham R S Soliman
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science Helwan University, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
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5
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Tubatsi G, Kebaabetswe LP. Detection of Enteric Viruses from Wastewater and River Water in Botswana. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:157-169. [PMID: 35150381 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases remain a public health concern in developing countries where many lack access to safe water. Water testing mainly uses bacterial indicators to assess water quality, which may not fully indicate the threat from other non-bacterial pathogens like enteric viruses. This study was done to ascertain and establish the viral load, the temporal and spatial distribution of rotavirus A and norovirus (GI and GII) in sewage and river water samples. A total of 45 samples of raw and treated sewage, and surface water, were collected from a sludge activated wastewater treatment plant in Gaborone, and after treatment from the Notwane River, Botswana, over a period of 9 months (February 2016 to October 2016). Viruses were concentrated using polyethylene glycol/NaCl precipitation. Virus detection was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rotavirus A was the most prevalent (84.4% positive samples), followed by Norovirus GI (48.9% positive samples), and Norovirus GII 46.7% positive samples). Detected viral loads went up to 104 genome copies per liter (copies/L) for all the viruses. The enteric viruses were detected in all the study sites with highest detection from site S1 (inlet). There was no significant association between physicochemical parameters and viral loads, except for pH which showed significant relationship with rotavirus and norovirus GII (p ≤ 0.05). This is the first study in Botswana to highlight the occurrence and quantification of the enteric viruses in treated and untreated wastewater, as well as surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosaitse Tubatsi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Lemme P Kebaabetswe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana.
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un Identification of enteric viruses from raw water using fluoro-immuno-magnetic separation coupled to RT-PCR. BIOMÉDICA 2021; 41:745-755. [PMID: 34936258 PMCID: PMC8767791 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Enteric viruses have been associated with the production of a variety of diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route and carried through contaminated food and water. Given their structure and composition, they are highly resistant to environmental conditions and most of the chemical agents used in the purification processes. Therefore, the systematic monitoring of raw water is necessary to ensure its quality especially when it is used for producing drinking water for human consumption. Objective: We identifed the presence of rotavirus and hepatitis A virus by means of the fluoro-immuno-magnetic separation technique (FIMS) in raw water taken from four purification plants and their water supplies in the department of Norte de Santander. Materials and methods: The viruses were captured and separated from the water samples using magnetic microparticles functionalized with monoclonal anti-Hepatitis A and antiRotavirus antibodies. Confocal microscopy was used to monitor the viral concentration process and transmission electron microscopy for the morphological visualization of the separated viruses. The reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to confrm the presence of pathogens. Results: The two enteric viruses were identifed in the majority of the analyzed water samples including water supply sources. Conclusion: We determined that the FIMS technique together with RT-PCR is highly effective for the detection of viral pathogens in complex matrices such as raw water.
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Atabakhsh P, Kargar M, Doosti A. Detection and evaluation of rotavirus surveillance methods as viral indicator in the aquatic environments. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:811-820. [PMID: 33599964 PMCID: PMC8105488 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) have been introduced as the most important causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in the young children. One of every 260 children born globally will die due to rotavirus (RV) before 5 years old. The RV is widely known as a viral indicator for health (fecal contamination) because this pathogen has a high treatment resistance nature, which has been listed as a relevant waterborne pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, monitoring of environmental is important, and RV is one of the best-known indicators for monitoring. It has been proved that common standards for microbiological water quality do not guarantee the absence of viruses. On the other hand, in order to recover and determine RV quantity within water, standard methods are scarce. Therefore, dependable prediction of RV quantities in water sample is crucial to be able to improve supervision efficiency of the treatment procedure, precise quantitative evaluation of the microbial risks as well as microbiological water safety. Hence, this study aimed to introduce approaches to detecting and controlling RV in environmental waters, and discussed the challenges faced to enable a clear perception on the ubiquity of the RV within different types of water across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paymaneh Atabakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Abbas Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Cadamuro RD, Viancelli A, Michelon W, Fonseca TG, Mass AP, Krohn DMA, Peter NRW, Fongaro G. Enteric viruses in lentic and lotic freshwater habitats from Brazil's Midwest and South regions in the Guarani Aquifer area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:31653-31658. [PMID: 33609241 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the monitoring of viruses indicating fecal contamination in two distinct regions affected by poor management of wastewater located above the Guarani Aquifer, which is one of the biggest freshwater reservoirs in the world. In the city of Três Lagoas (located in the Midwest region, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul), water samples were collected from Lagoa Maior, a lake used for recreation, and in Concórdia (located in the South region, in the state of Santa Catarina), from the Queimados River, which crosses the urban area. Four sampling sites were monitored from March to July 2018 in Lagoa Maior, and four sampling sites were monitored along the urban part of the Queimados River area over two periods (rainy and dry). Water samples were analyzed by concentration of Human adenovirus (HAdV), Norovirus (NoV), Rotavirus A (RAV), and Hepatitis A virus (HAV) for the Lagoa Maior samples and RVA, HAV, and Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) for the Queimados River samples. All sampling sites presented enteric viruses, demonstrating fecal input and potential contamination of groundwater. Results highlight the need for wastewater management to improve environmental health quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dorighello Cadamuro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, João Pio Duarte Silva, 241, Córrego Grande, Florianópolis, SC, 88037-000, Brazil
| | - Aline Viancelli
- Universidade do Contestado, PMPECSA-UnC, Victor Sopelsa, 3000, Salete, Concórdia, SC, 89711-330, Brazil
| | - William Michelon
- Universidade do Contestado, PMPECSA-UnC, Victor Sopelsa, 3000, Salete, Concórdia, SC, 89711-330, Brazil
| | - Tauani Gabriela Fonseca
- Universidade do Contestado, PMPECSA-UnC, Victor Sopelsa, 3000, Salete, Concórdia, SC, 89711-330, Brazil
| | - Apolline Parise Mass
- Universidade do Contestado, PMPECSA-UnC, Victor Sopelsa, 3000, Salete, Concórdia, SC, 89711-330, Brazil
| | | | - Nivia Rosana Weber Peter
- Universidade do Contestado, PMPECSA-UnC, Victor Sopelsa, 3000, Salete, Concórdia, SC, 89711-330, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, João Pio Duarte Silva, 241, Córrego Grande, Florianópolis, SC, 88037-000, Brazil.
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La Rosa G, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Veneri C, Paradiso R, De Medici D, Vicenza T, Proroga YTR, Di Maro O, Ciccaglione AR, Bruni R, Equestre M, Taffon S, Costantino A, Della Rotonda M, Suffredini E. Hepatitis A Virus Strains Circulating in the Campania Region (2015-2018) Assessed through Bivalve Biomonitoring and Environmental Surveillance. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010016. [PMID: 33374859 PMCID: PMC7824067 DOI: 10.3390/v13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) circulating in the Campania Region in years 2015–2018 was investigated through the monitoring of sentinel bivalve shellfish and water matrices. Overall, 463 water samples (71 sewage samples, 353 coastal discharge waters, and 39 seawaters samples), and 746 bivalve shellfish samples were analyzed. Positivity for HAV was detected in 20/71 sewage samples, 14/353 coastal discharge waters, 5/39 seawaters, and 102/746 bivalve shellfish. Sixty-one of the positive samples were successfully sequenced and were characterized as genotype IA (n = 50) and IB (n = 11). The prevalent strain circulating in 2015 in both bivalves and waters was the IA strain responsible for the outbreak occurring around the same time in the Naples area. This variant was no longer identified in subsequent years (2017–2018) when, instead, appeared two of the IA variants of the multistate outbreak affecting men who have sex with men (MSM), VRD_521_2016, and RIVM-HAV16–090, with the former prevailing in both shellfish and water environments. HAV IB isolates were detected over the years in shellfish and in water matrices, but not in clinical samples, suggesting that this genotype had been circulating silently. An integrated surveillance system (environment/food/clinical cases) can be a useful tool to monitor changes in viral variants in the population, as well as an early warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosa Paradiso
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Dario De Medici
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Teresa Vicenza
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Yolande Therese Rose Proroga
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (Y.T.R.P.); (O.D.M.)
| | - Orlandina Di Maro
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (Y.T.R.P.); (O.D.M.)
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Stefania Taffon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Costantino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Maurizio Della Rotonda
- Executive Task Force Prevention and Veterinary Public Health, Region Campania, 80132 Naples, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4990-2477
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10
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Célia da Silva Lanna M, Viancelli A, Michelon W, Castro Carvalho SV, de Almeida Dos Reis D, Fernandez de Salles LA, Sant'Anna IH, Resende LT, de Souza Ferreira C, Aparecido das Chagas I, Hernández M, Treichel H, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Fongaro G. Household-based biodigesters promote reduction of enteric virus and bacteria in vulnerable and poverty rural area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:8-13. [PMID: 31146241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the river water quality improvement by implementation of household-based biodigesters in vulnerability and poverty rural area, in Minas Gerais State-Brazil. For that, 78 household-based biodigesters were installed for domestic wastewater treatment. Wastewater was collected before and after treatment and the physicochemical parameters and pathogens removal (human adenovirus (HAdV), hepatitis A (HAV) virus, Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli) were evaluated; Additionally, river water was sampled before and after the household-based biodigesters implementation, to verify the contamination reduction and the positive impact of domestic wastewater treatment on waterborne pathogen reduction, considering HAdV, HAV, Salmonella sp. and E. coli quantification. The applicability in real-scale of decentralized treatment systems using household-based biodigesters promoted reduction of 90, 99, 99.99 and 99.999% from HAV, Salmonella sp., E. coli and HAdV from domestic wastewater, respectively; The river water quality improvement before the wastewater treatment application was highlight in the present study, considering that the reduction of waterborne pathogens in this water in 90, 99.99 and 99.999% of E. coli, HAV and HAdV, respectively (Salmonella sp. was not detected in river water). In general, this is an important study for encouraging the decentralized sanitation in vulnerable and poverty area, as well in rural sites, considering the positive impact of this implementation on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Célia da Silva Lanna
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technological Bioprospection, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Viancelli
- Universidade do Contestado - UNC, PMPECSA, Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - Wiliam Michelon
- Universidade do Contestado - UNC, PMPECSA, Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Deyse de Almeida Dos Reis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technological Bioprospection, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Iago Hashimoto Sant'Anna
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technological Bioprospection, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Letícia Teresinha Resende
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technological Bioprospection, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Clovis de Souza Ferreira
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technological Bioprospection, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Igor Aparecido das Chagas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Technological Bioprospection, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Marta Hernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Helen Treichel
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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11
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Elmahdy EM, Ahmed NI, Shaheen MNF, Mohamed ECB, Loutfy SA. Molecular detection of human adenovirus in urban wastewater in Egypt and among children suffering from acute gastroenteritis. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:287-294. [PMID: 30942778 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Incidence of enteric viruses in sewage, the efficacy of wastewater treatment plants to remove these viruses, and health effects from their release into the surface water are very important environmental issues in the microbiology field. One of the most pathogenic enteric viruses is adenovirus which can cause a serious disease such as gastroenteritis with low grade fever and mild dehydration in humans. In this study we performed qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of HAdV on 60 stool samples from children with acute gastroenteritis admitted to Abu-Rish hospital and 96 environmental samples (32 raw sewage, 32 treated sewage, 32 sewage sludge) collected from Zenin wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). HAdV were detected in 17 (28.3%) of stool, 27 (84.4%) of raw sewage, 16 (50%) of treated sewage and 25 (78%) of sludge samples. The viral concentrations were in the range of 2.02 × 106-7.23 × 106, 8.7 × 105-4.3 × 106, 1.22 × 104-3.7 × 106 and 1.48 × 106-1.77 × 107 GC/mL in stool, raw sewage, treated sewage, and sludge, respectively. HAdV was detected throughout the whole year of sample collection. Moreover, our results suggested that males were more susceptible to adenovirus infections than females. The results indicate that the high incidence of HAdV in the treated sewage may cause adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmahdy M Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt E-mail:
| | - Nehal I Ahmed
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt E-mail:
| | - Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt E-mail:
| | - El-Chaimaa B Mohamed
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah A Loutfy
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Ibrahim EME, El-Liethy MA, Abia ALK, Hemdan BA, Shaheen MN. Survival of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, HAdV2 and MNV-1 in river water under dark conditions and varying storage temperatures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1297-1304. [PMID: 30340275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Human adenovirus serotype 2 (HAdV2) and Murine Norovirus 1 (MNV-1) to survive in river water at -20, 4, room temperature (~24 °C) and 37 °C, were evaluated under dark conditions. The tested surface water was obtained from the main Nile River in the Dokki area, Giza and sterilized by autoclaving. The pathogens were inoculated separately in the autoclaved river water. Each microcosm was sampled and the test microorganisms counted after zero (immediately following inoculation), 1, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Physicochemical parameters including pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrates and nitrites, and sulphate, were also measured. For HAdV2, the highest decay rates were observed at 37 °C and room temperature compared to 4 and -20 °C. A similar trend was found for the MNV-1, although unlike the HAdV2, the decay rate was higher at -20 than at 4 °C. Also, 4 °C was the best temperature for the survival of MNV-1 (T90 = 76.9 days), E. coli O157:H7 (T90 = 103 days) and Salmonella Typhimurium (T90 = 105 days). The least survival of the pathogens, except MNV-1, was recorded at 37 °C. These results indicate that under dark conditions and low temperatures, enteric pathogens could be stable for extended periods. No significant statistical correlation was observed between the experimental temperatures and the infectivity of the viral particles. This study provided useful information about the stability of these pathogens in the Nile River water and could serve as an early warning when considering the water of the river for agricultural irrigation or household use in areas with limited or no access to potable water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Azab El-Liethy
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, X54001, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Bahaa Ahmed Hemdan
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nasr Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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13
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Mackowiak M, Leifels M, Hamza IA, Jurzik L, Wingender J. Distribution of Escherichia coli, coliphages and enteric viruses in water, epilithic biofilms and sediments of an urban river in Germany. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:650-659. [PMID: 29358142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fecal contamination of surface water is commonly evaluated by quantification of bacterial or viral indicators such as Escherichia coli and coliphages, or by direct testing for pathogens such as enteric viruses. Retention of fecally derived organisms in biofilms and sediments is less frequently considered. In this study, we assessed the distribution of E. coli, somatic coliphages, and enteric viruses including human adenovirus (HAdV), enterovirus (EV), norovirus genogroup GII (NoV GII) and group A rotavirus (RoV) in an urban river environment in Germany. 24 samples each of water, epilithic biofilms and sediments were examined. E. coli and somatic coliphages were prevalent not only in the flowing water, but also in epilithic biofilms and sediments, where they were accumulated compared to the overlying water. During enhanced rainfall, E. coli and coliphage concentrations increased by approximately 2.5 and 1 log unit, respectively, in the flowing water, whereas concentrations did not change significantly in epilithic biofilms and sediments. The occurrence of human enteric viruses detected by qPCR was higher in water than in biofilms and sediments. 87.5% of all water samples were positive for HAdV. Enteric viruses found less frequently were EV, RoV and NoV GII in 20.8%, 16.7% and 8.3% of the water samples, respectively. In epilithic biofilms and sediments, HAdV was found in 54.2% and 50.0% of the samples, respectively, and EV was found in 4.2% of both biofilm and sediment samples. RoV and NoV GII were not detected in any of the biofilms and sediments. Overall, the prevalence of enteric viruses was in the order of HAdV > EV > RoV ≥ NoV GII. In conclusion, epilithic biofilms and sediments can be reservoirs for fecal indicators and enteric viruses and thus should be taken into consideration when assessing microbial pollution of surface water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mackowiak
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Aquatic Microbiology, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Mats Leifels
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Bochum, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Jurzik
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Hygiene, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Bochum, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jost Wingender
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Aquatic Microbiology, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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14
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Peteffi GP, Fleck JD, Kael IM, Girardi V, Bündchen R, Krajeski DM, Demoliner M, Silva FP, da Rosa DC, Antunes MV, Linden R. Caffeine levels as a predictor of Human mastadenovirus presence in surface waters-a case study in the Sinos River basin-Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:15774-15784. [PMID: 29582324 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of caffeine in environmental water samples is almost entirely human-related, given that there are virtually no industrial or agricultural releases. Caffeine has already been proposed as an anthropogenic marker for wastewater contamination of surface waters. The aim of this study was to evaluate if caffeine concentrations in water can be a predictor of virological and bacteriological contamination. Water samples were taken at three sampling sites from urban water streams from the hydrographic basin of the Sinos River (Brazil) monthly in the period of May 9th, 2016 to April 11th, 2017 (n = 36). Concentrations of Human mastadenovirus (HAdV-F and HAdV-C), fecal coliforms, and caffeine were measured in all collected samples. Concentrations of caffeine in water were strongly correlated with HAdV-F (rs = 0.704, p = 0.000). This study, for the first time, characterized caffeine concentrations in water as predictors of virus presence, with cut-off values presenting 92.9% specificity and 95.5% sensitivity for HAdV-F and 66.7% specificity and 80% sensitivity for HAdV-C. Considering its marked chemical stability and ease of quantification, caffeine concentrations can be used as a comprehensive marker of human contamination of water resources, also being predictive of bacteriological and virological concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Piva Peteffi
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil.
- , Novo Hamburgo, Brazil.
| | - Juliane Deise Fleck
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Igor Mendes Kael
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Viviane Girardi
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Raquel Bündchen
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Daiane Metz Krajeski
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Francini Pereira Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Débora Couto da Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Venzon Antunes
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
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15
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Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis on the KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa, December 2016/January 2017. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1318-1325. [PMID: 29781418 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881800122x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An unexpected increase in gastroenteritis cases was reported by healthcare workers on the KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa, January 2017 with >600 cases seen over a 3-week period. A case-control study was conducted to identify the source and risk factors associated with the outbreak so as to recommend control and prevention measures. Record review identified cases and controls and structured-telephonic interviews were conducted to obtain exposure history. Stool specimens were collected from 20 cases along with environmental samples and both screened for enteric pathogens. A total of 126 cases and 62 controls were included in the analysis. The odds of developing gastroenteritis were 6.0 times greater among holiday makers than residents (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-17.7). Swimming in the lagoon increased the odds of developing gastroenteritis by 3.3 times (95% CI 1.06-10.38). Lagoon water samples tested positive for norovirus (NoV) GI.6, GII.3 and GII.6, astrovirus and rotavirus. Eleven (55%) stool specimens were positive for NoV with eight genotyped as GI.1 (n = 2), GI.5 (n = 3), GI.6 (n = 2), and GI.7 (n = 1). A reported sewage contamination event impacting the lagoon was the likely source with person-to-person spread perpetuating the outbreak. Restriction to swimming in the lagoon was apparently ineffective at preventing the outbreak, possibly due to inadequate enforcement, communication and signage strategies.
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16
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Fumian TM, Victoria M, Vieira CB, Fioretti JM, Rocha MS, Prado T, Guimarães FR, da Gama NP, de Oliveira JM, Mendes ACO, Gaspar AMC, Santos JDO, Chame M, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP. Enteric viruses' dissemination in a private reserve of natural heritage. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:313-320. [PMID: 29330866 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess anthropogenic impact of surrounding population in the Private Reserve of Natural Heritage at Pantanal, the world's largest freshwater wetland ecosystem located in the centre of South America. Viral aetiological agents of acute gastroenteritis as rotavirus A (RVA), noroviruses, human adenoviruses, klassevirus and of hepatitis, as hepatitis A virus, were investigated in different aquatic matrices. Annual collection campaigns were carried out from 2009 to 2012, alternating dry and rainy seasons. Viral particles present in the samples were concentrated by the adsorption-elution method, with negatively charged membranes, and detected by qualitative and quantitative PCR. From a total of 43 samples at least one virus was detected in 65% (28) of them. Viruses were detected in all matrices with concentrations ranging from 2 × 102 to 8·3 × 104 genome copies per litre. A significant higher RVA frequency was observed in the dry season. Our data revealing dissemination of human enteric viruses in water matrices both inside and outside the reserve could be useful to trace faecal contamination in the environment and to minimize the risk of infection by exposure of susceptible individuals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is part of a collaborative project designed to investigate the environmental and health conditions of the Private Reserve of Natural Heritage at Pantanal, the largest seasonally flooded wetland in the world. The project aimed to promote health and quality of human and wildlife extending technical-scientific knowledge about pathogens present in the region. By assessing the occurrence of human enteric viruses in different water matrices we demonstrated the anthropogenic impact of surrounding population and pointed out the potential risk of infection by exposure of susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Fumian
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Sede Salto del CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - C B Vieira
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - J M Fioretti
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M S Rocha
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - T Prado
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - F R Guimarães
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - N P da Gama
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - J M de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A C O Mendes
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A M C Gaspar
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - J D O Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M Chame
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - J P G Leite
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M P Miagostovich
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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17
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Staggemeier R, Heck TMS, Demoliner M, Ritzel RGF, Röhnelt NMS, Girardi V, Venker CA, Spilki FR. Enteric viruses and adenovirus diversity in waters from 2016 Olympic venues. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:304-312. [PMID: 28185736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rio de Janeiro's inner and coastal waters are heavily impacted by human sewage pollution for decades. Enteric viruses, including human adenoviruses (HAdV), human enterovirus (EV), group A rotavirus (RV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are more likely to be found in contaminated surface waters. The present work aimed to assess the frequency and loads of EV, HAdV-C and -F species, RV and HAV in sand and water samples from venues used during the 2016 Summer Olympics and by tourists attending the event. Sixteen monthly collections were carried out from March 2015 to July 2016 in 12 different sites from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Total and thermotolerant coliform counting was performed along molecular detection of virus was performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Analyses of all samples were further investigated by integrated cell culture PCR to check about the presence of HAdV infectious virus particles. The results show that 95.9% of water samples showed contamination with at least one type of virus. Regarding the viruses individually (% for water and sand respectively): HAdV-C (93.1%-57.8%), HAdV-F (25.3%-0%), RV (12.3%-4.4%), EV (26.7%-8.8%) and HAV (0%). The viral loads ranged from 103gc/L up to 109gc/L (water), and 103gc/g to 106gc/g (sand). In the phylogenetic tree, were classified into four main clusters, referring to species C, D, F and BAdV. And up to 90% of sites studied presented at least once presence of infectious HAdV-C. The most contaminated points were the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, where Olympic rowing took place, and the Marina da Glória, the starting point for the sailing races, demonstrating serious problem of fecal contamination of water resources and threatens the health of Olympic athletes, tourists and residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Staggemeier
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiana M S Heck
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Rute G F Ritzel
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Nicole M S Röhnelt
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Viviane Girardi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina A Venker
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil.
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