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Fonseca PAS, Suárez-Vega A, Arranz JJ, Gutiérrez-Gil B. Integration of selective sweeps across the sheep genome: understanding the relationship between production and adaptation traits. Genet Sel Evol 2024; 56:40. [PMID: 38773423 PMCID: PMC11106937 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-024-00910-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock populations are under constant selective pressure for higher productivity levels for different selective purposes. This pressure results in the selection of animals with unique adaptive and production traits. The study of genomic regions associated with these unique characteristics has the potential to improve biological knowledge regarding the adaptive process and how it is connected to production levels and resilience, which is the ability of an animal to adapt to stress or an imbalance in homeostasis. Sheep is a species that has been subjected to several natural and artificial selective pressures during its history, resulting in a highly specialized species for production and adaptation to challenging environments. Here, the data from multiple studies that aim at mapping selective sweeps across the sheep genome associated with production and adaptation traits were integrated to identify confirmed selective sweeps (CSS). RESULTS In total, 37 studies were used to identify 518 CSS across the sheep genome, which were classified as production (147 prodCSS) and adaptation (219 adapCSS) CSS based on the frequency of each type of associated study. The genes within the CSS were associated with relevant biological processes for adaptation and production. For example, for adapCSS, the associated genes were related to the control of seasonality, circadian rhythm, and thermoregulation. On the other hand, genes associated with prodCSS were related to the control of feeding behaviour, reproduction, and cellular differentiation. In addition, genes harbouring both prodCSS and adapCSS showed an interesting association with lipid metabolism, suggesting a potential role of this process in the regulation of pleiotropic effects between these classes of traits. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the genetic link between productivity and adaptability in sheep breeds. This information may provide insights into the genetic mechanisms that underlie undesirable genetic correlations between these two groups of traits and pave the way for a better understanding of resilience as a positive ability to respond to environmental stressors, where the negative effects on production level are minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A S Fonseca
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Aroa Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Juan J Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gutiérrez-Gil
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain.
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Cero C, Lea HJ, Zhu KY, Shamsi F, Tseng YH, Cypess AM. β3-Adrenergic receptors regulate human brown/beige adipocyte lipolysis and thermogenesis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e139160. [PMID: 34100382 PMCID: PMC8262278 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
β3-Adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs) are the predominant regulators of rodent brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. However, in humans, the physiological relevance of BAT and β3-AR remains controversial. Herein, using primary human adipocytes from supraclavicular neck fat and immortalized brown/beige adipocytes from deep neck fat from 2 subjects, we demonstrate that the β3-AR plays a critical role in regulating lipolysis, glycolysis, and thermogenesis. Silencing of the β3-AR compromised genes essential for thermogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, and mitochondrial mass. Functionally, reduction of β3-AR lowered agonist-mediated increases in intracellular cAMP, lipolysis, and lipolysis-activated, uncoupling protein 1-mediated thermogenic capacity. Furthermore, mirabegron, a selective human β3-AR agonist, stimulated BAT lipolysis and thermogenesis, and both processes were lost after silencing β3-AR expression. This study highlights that β3-ARs in human brown/beige adipocytes are required to maintain multiple components of the lipolytic and thermogenic cellular machinery and that β3-AR agonists could be used to achieve metabolic benefit in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Cero
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hannah J Lea
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Y Zhu
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Farnaz Shamsi
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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3
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Yu L, Li Y, Grisé A, Wang H. CGI-58: Versatile Regulator of Intracellular Lipid Droplet Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:197-222. [PMID: 32705602 PMCID: PMC8063591 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), also known as α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5), is a member of a large family of proteins containing an α/β-hydrolase-fold. CGI-58 is well-known as the co-activator of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which is a key enzyme initiating cytosolic lipid droplet lipolysis. Mutations in either the human CGI-58 or ATGL gene cause an autosomal recessive neutral lipid storage disease, characterized by the excessive accumulation of triglyceride (TAG)-rich lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of almost all cell types. CGI-58, however, has ATGL-independent functions. Distinct phenotypes associated with CGI-58 deficiency commonly include ichthyosis (scaly dry skin), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis. Through regulated interactions with multiple protein families, CGI-58 controls many metabolic and signaling pathways, such as lipid and glucose metabolism, energy balance, insulin signaling, inflammatory responses, and thermogenesis. Recent studies have shown that CGI-58 regulates the pathogenesis of common metabolic diseases in a tissue-specific manner. Future studies are needed to molecularly define ATGL-independent functions of CGI-58, including the newly identified serine protease activity of CGI-58. Elucidation of these versatile functions of CGI-58 may uncover fundamental cellular processes governing lipid and energy homeostasis, which may help develop novel approaches that counter against obesity and its associated metabolic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison Grisé
- College of Computer, Math, and Natural Sciences, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Shin H, Shi H, Xue B, Yu L. What activates thermogenesis when lipid droplet lipolysis is absent in brown adipocytes? Adipocyte 2018; 7:1-5. [PMID: 29620433 PMCID: PMC6152517 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1453769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold exposure activates the sympathetic nervous system. It is generally thought that this sympathetic activation induces heat production by stimulating lipolysis of cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) in brown adipocytes. However, this concept was not examined in vivo due to lack of appropriate animal models. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that LD lipolysis in brown adipocytes is not required for cold-induced nonshivering thermogenesis. Our studies uncovered an essential role of white adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis in fueling thermogenesis during fasting. In addition, we showed that lipolysis deficiency in brown adipose tissue (BAT) induces WAT browning. This commentary further discusses the significance of our findings and how whole body may be heated up without BAT lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsu Shin
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Liqing Yu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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5
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Shin H, Ma Y, Chanturiya T, Cao Q, Wang Y, Kadegowda AKG, Jackson R, Rumore D, Xue B, Shi H, Gavrilova O, Yu L. Lipolysis in Brown Adipocytes Is Not Essential for Cold-Induced Thermogenesis in Mice. Cell Metab 2017; 26:764-777.e5. [PMID: 28988822 PMCID: PMC5905336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) lipolysis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is generally considered to be required for cold-induced nonshivering thermogenesis. Here, we show that mice lacking BAT Comparative Gene Identification-58 (CGI-58), a lipolytic activator essential for the stimulated LD lipolysis, have normal thermogenic capacity and are not cold sensitive. Relative to littermate controls, these animals had higher body temperatures when they were provided food during cold exposure. The increase in body temperature in the fed, cold-exposed knockout mice was associated with increased energy expenditure and with increased sympathetic innervation and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Mice lacking CGI-58 in both BAT and WAT were cold sensitive, but only in the fasted state. Thus, LD lipolysis in BAT is not essential for cold-induced nonshivering thermogenesis in vivo. Rather, CGI-58-dependent LD lipolysis in BAT regulates WAT thermogenesis, and our data uncover an essential role of WAT lipolysis in fueling thermogenesis during fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsu Shin
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yinyan Ma
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tatyana Chanturiya
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qiang Cao
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Youlin Wang
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Anil K G Kadegowda
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Rachel Jackson
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Dominic Rumore
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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6
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Blondin DP, Frisch F, Phoenix S, Guérin B, Turcotte ÉE, Haman F, Richard D, Carpentier AC. Inhibition of Intracellular Triglyceride Lipolysis Suppresses Cold-Induced Brown Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Increases Shivering in Humans. Cell Metab 2017; 25:438-447. [PMID: 28089568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Indirect evidence from human studies suggests that brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is fueled predominantly by fatty acids hydrolyzed from intracellular triglycerides (TGs). However, no direct experimental evidence to support this assumption currently exists in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the role of intracellular TG in BAT thermogenesis, in cold-exposed men. Using positron emission tomography with 11C-acetate and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, we showed that oral nicotinic acid (NiAc) administration, an inhibitor of intracellular TG lipolysis, suppressed the cold-induced increase in BAT oxidative metabolism and glucose uptake, despite no difference in BAT blood flow. There was a commensurate increase in shivering intensity and shift toward a greater reliance on glycolytic muscle fibers without modifying total heat production. Together, these findings show that intracellular TG lipolysis is critical for BAT thermogenesis and provides experimental evidence for a reciprocal role of BAT thermogenesis and shivering in cold-induced thermogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis P Blondin
- Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Frédérique Frisch
- Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Serge Phoenix
- Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Éric E Turcotte
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - François Haman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
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7
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Abstract
That adult humans possess brown fat is now accepted - but is the brown fat metabolically active? Does human brown fat actually combust fat to release heat? In this issue of the JCI, Ouellet et al. demonstrate that metabolism in brown fat really is increased when adult humans are exposed to cold. This boosts the possibility that calorie combustion in brown fat may be of significance for our metabolism and, correspondingly, that the absence of brown fat may increase our proneness to obesity - provided that brown fat becomes activated not only by cold but also through food-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cannon
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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8
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Cohen AW, Schubert W, Brasaemle DL, Scherer PE, Lisanti MP. Caveolin-1 expression is essential for proper nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Diabetes 2005; 54:679-86. [PMID: 15734843 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.3.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that loss of caveolin-1 leads to marked alterations in insulin signaling and lipolysis in white adipose tissue. However, little is known about the role of caveolin-1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT), a tissue responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis. Here, we show that caveolin-1 null mice have a mildly, yet significantly, decreased resting core body temperature. To investigate this in detail, we next subjected the mice to fasting (for 24 h) or cold treatment (4 degrees C for 24 h), individually or in combination. Interestingly, caveolin-1 null mice showed markedly decreased body temperatures in response to fasting or fasting/cold treatment; however, cold treatment alone had no effect. In addition, under these conditions caveolin-1 null mice failed to show the normal increase in serum nonesterified fatty acids induced by fasting or fasting/cold treatment, suggesting that these mice are unable to liberate triglyceride stores for heat production. In accordance with these results, the triglyceride content of BAT was reduced nearly 10-fold in wild-type mice after fasting/cold treatment, but it was reduced only 3-fold in caveolin-1 null mice. Finally, electron microscopy of adipose tissue revealed dramatic perturbations in the mitochondria of caveolin-1 null interscapular brown adipocytes. Taken together, our data provide the first molecular genetic evidence that caveolin-1 plays a critical functional and structural role in the modulation of thermogenesis via an effect on lipid mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W Cohen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, The Albert Einstein Cancer Center, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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9
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Teresiński G, Buszewicz G, Madro R. Biochemical background of ethanol-induced cold susceptibility. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2005; 7:15-23. [PMID: 15556011 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Revised: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The process of cooling is always associated with the depletion of energetic reserves and burning the ketone bodies covers the tissues' needs. Ethanol shows antiketonaemic effects changing the cellular redox potential, inhibiting beta-oxidation of fatty acids, stimulating the release of insulin and inhibiting the release of its antagonist. The aim of the study was to determine whether the cooling process of the organism in the presence of ethanol intoxication may be related to inhibition of the physiological mechanism of ketogenesis induced by hypothermia. The study involved the 67 autopsy cases from 1996 to 2002, in which the circumstances of death indicated the effects of overcooling. This was confirmed on the basis of the data from the Prosecutor's Offices. Then, the chromatograms of autopsy blood alcohol determinations were analyzed and the acetone levels recorded. The analysis supported the hypothesis that the severity of ketosis is inversely proportional to the blood ethanol concentration. Furthermore, it demonstrated that signs of prolonged cold exposure were less frequently observed in unsober persons (frostbites, gastric hemorrhages). Increased sensitivity of intoxicated individuals to cold may be related not only to the dilation of the peripheral vessels, inhibition of shivering thermogenesis caused by muscle relaxation, central nervous system depression and behavioral factors but also to the antiketonaemic effects of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Teresiński
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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10
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Increased skin blood flow and enhanced sensible heat loss in humans after nicotinic acid ingestion. J Therm Biol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4565(94)00078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Buemann B, Astrup A, Quaade F, Madsen J. 24-hour energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates are unaffected by body fat distribution in obese women. Metabolism 1994; 43:109-13. [PMID: 8289666 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(94)90165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure (EE) and nonprotein respiratory quotient (RQnp) were measured by indirect calorimetry in 19 upper-body-obese (UBO) and 15 lower-body-obese (LBO) women with similar body mass index (BMI) and body fat percent. The measurements were performed in a respiration chamber on a predetermined physical activity program and a controlled diet. No differences between the UBO and LBO groups were found in 24-hour, daytime, and sleeping EE after adjustment for differences in fat-free mass (FFM). Furthermore, no group effect was observed in RQnp, but a positive correlation was found between RQnp and age. Despite the fact that an increased free fatty acid (FFA) turnover has been found in UBO subjects, the present study does not support the contention that upper-body obesity is accompanied by an increased lipid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Buemann
- Research Department of Human Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Huttunen P, Hirvonen J, Kinnula V. The occurrence of brown adipose tissue in outdoor workers. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1981; 46:339-45. [PMID: 6266825 DOI: 10.1007/bf00422121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Histochemical reactions and activities of mitochondrial enzymes in adipose tissue around the neck arteries and in pericardium were studied in men who had been outdoor workers in northern Finland. The purpose was to study the occurrence of brown fat in workers having been exposed to cool or cold ambient temperature. Indoor workers of the same age were used as controls. Histochemically, no mitochondrial enzyme reactions were seen in the adipose tissues taken from the indoor workers, whereas some outdoor workers had some multilocular adipose tissue, mostly around the neck arteries. Biochemical parameters also showed increased enzyme activities of aerobic energy metabolism in the adipose tissue of these people. The present results suggest that working in the cold can retain brown adipose tissue in "strategic" places in human adults.
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Clark WG, Clark YL. Changes in body temperature after administration of antipyretics, LSD, delta 9-THC, CNS depressants and stimulants, hormones, inorganic ions, gases, 2,4-DNP and miscellaneous agents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1981; 5:1-136. [PMID: 6112723 DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(81)90039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This survey concludes a series of complications of data from the literature, primarily published since 1965, on thermoregulatory effects of antipyretics in afebrile as well as in febrile subjects, LSD and other hallucinogens, cannabinoids, general CNS depressants, CNS stimulants including xanthines, hormones, inorganic ions, gases and fumes, 2,4-dinitrophenol and miscellaneous agents including capsaicin, cardiac glycosides, chemotherapeutic agents, cinchona alkaloids, cyclic nucleotides, cycloheximide, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, dimethylsulfoxide, insecticides, local anesthetics, poly I:poly C, spermidine and spermine, sugars, toxins and transport inhibitors. The information listed includes the species used, route of administration and dose of drug, the environmental temperature at which the experiments were performed, the number of tests, the direction and magnitude of body temperature change and remarks on the presence of special conditions such as age or lesions, or on the influence of other drugs, such as antagonists, on the response to the primary agents.
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