1
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Weidle UH, Nopora A. CircRNAs in Pancreatic Cancer: New Tools for Target Identification and Therapeutic Intervention. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2024; 21:327-349. [PMID: 38944427 PMCID: PMC11215428 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
We have reviewed the literature for circular RNAs (circRNAs) with efficacy in preclinical pancreatic-cancer related in vivo models. The identified circRNAs target chemoresistance mechanisms (n=5), secreted proteins and transmembrane receptors (n=15), transcription factors (n=9), components of the signaling- (n=11), ubiquitination- (n=2), autophagy-system (n=2), and others (n=9). In addition to identifying targets for therapeutic intervention, circRNAs are potential new entities for treatment of pancreatic cancer. Up-regulated circRNAs can be inhibited by antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) or clustered regularly interspaced short-palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated protein (CRISPR-CAS)-based intervention. The function of down-regulated circRNAs can be reconstituted by replacement therapy using plasmids or virus-based vector systems. Target validation experiments and the development of improved delivery systems for corresponding agents were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Adam Nopora
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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2
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Melrose J. CNS/PNS proteoglycans functionalize neuronal and astrocyte niche microenvironments optimizing cellular activity by preserving membrane polarization dynamics, ionic microenvironments, ion fluxes, neuronal activation, and network neurotransductive capacity. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25361. [PMID: 39034899 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Central and peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) proteoglycans (PGs) have diverse functional roles, this study examined how these control cellular behavior and tissue function. The CNS/PNS extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic, responsive, highly interactive, space-filling, cell supportive, stabilizing structure maintaining tissue compartments, ionic microenvironments, and microgradients that regulate neuronal activity and maintain the neuron in an optimal ionic microenvironment. The CNS/PNS contains a high glycosaminoglycan content (60% hyaluronan, HA) and a diverse range of stabilizing PGs. Immobilization of HA in brain tissues by HA interactive hyalectan PGs preserves tissue hydration and neuronal activity, a paucity of HA in brain tissues results in a pro-convulsant epileptic phenotype. Diverse CS, KS, and HSPGs stabilize the blood-brain barrier and neurovascular unit, provide smart gel neurotransmitter neuron vesicle storage and delivery, organize the neuromuscular junction basement membrane, and provide motor neuron synaptic plasticity, and photoreceptor and neuron synaptic functions. PG-HA networks maintain ionic fluxes and microgradients and tissue compartments that contribute to membrane polarization dynamics essential to neuronal activation and neurotransduction. Hyalectans form neuroprotective perineuronal nets contributing to synaptic plasticity, memory, and cognitive learning. Sialoglycoprotein associated with cones and rods (SPACRCAN), an HA binding CSPG, stabilizes the inter-photoreceptor ECM. HSPGs pikachurin and eyes shut stabilize the photoreceptor synapse aiding in phototransduction and neurotransduction with retinal bipolar neurons crucial to visual acuity. This is achieved through Laminin G motifs in pikachurin, eyes shut, and neurexins that interact with the dystroglycan-cytoskeleton-ECM-stabilizing synaptic interconnections, neuronal interactive specificity, and co-ordination of regulatory action potentials in neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Chen D, Shi Z, Gao X, Yang Y, Lei X, Hu Y. SPINK1 is a Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker for Sepsis. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:875-884. [PMID: 38476769 PMCID: PMC10929552 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s440117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose There are no satisfactory diagnostic biomarkers for sepsis. Accordingly, this study screened biomarkers valuable for sepsis diagnosis and prognosis using data-independent acquisition (DIA) combined with clinical data analysis. Patients and Methods Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1 (SPINK1) is a differentially expressed protein that was screened using DIA and bioinformatics in sepsis patients (n = 22) and healthy controls (n = 10). The plasma SPINK1 levels were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in an expanded population (sepsis patients, n = 52; healthy controls, n = 10). The diagnostic value of SPINK1 in sepsis was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis based on clinical data. The prognostic value of SPINK1 for sepsis was evaluated using correlation and survival analyses. Results DIA quality control identified 78 differential proteins (72 upregulated and six downregulated), among which SPINK1 was highly expressed in sepsis. The ELISA results suggested that SPINK1 expression was significantly elevated in the sepsis group (P < 0.05). ROC analysis of SPINK1 yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9096. Combining SPINK1 with procalcitonin (PCT) for ROC analysis yielded an AUC of 1. SPINK1 expression was positively correlated with the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (r = 3497, P = 0.0053) and APACHE II score (r = 3223, P = 0.0106). High plasma SPINK1 protein expression was negatively correlated with the 28-day survival rate of patients with sepsis (P = 0.0149). Conclusion The plasma of sepsis patients contained increased SPINK1 protein expression. Combining SPINK1 with PCT might have a high diagnostic value for sepsis. SPINK1 was associated with the SOFA score, APACHE II score, and the 28-day survival rate in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiu Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhangjing Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianying Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingchun Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Koistinen H, Kovanen RM, Hollenberg MD, Dufour A, Radisky ES, Stenman UH, Batra J, Clements J, Hooper JD, Diamandis E, Schilling O, Rannikko A, Mirtti T. The roles of proteases in prostate cancer. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:493-513. [PMID: 36598826 PMCID: PMC10159896 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the proposition of the pro-invasive activity of proteolytic enzymes over 70 years ago, several roles for proteases in cancer progression have been established. About half of the 473 active human proteases are expressed in the prostate and many of the most well-characterized members of this enzyme family are regulated by androgens, hormones essential for development of prostate cancer. Most notably, several kallikrein-related peptidases, including KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen, PSA), the most well-known prostate cancer marker, and type II transmembrane serine proteases, such as TMPRSS2 and matriptase, have been extensively studied and found to promote prostate cancer progression. Recent findings also suggest a critical role for proteases in the development of advanced and aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Perhaps the most intriguing evidence for this role comes from studies showing that the protease-activated transmembrane proteins, Notch and CDCP1, are associated with the development of CRPC. Here, we review the roles of proteases in prostate cancer, with a special focus on their regulation by androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Ruusu-Maaria Kovanen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John D. Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eleftherios Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Koistinen H, Koistinen R, Hotakainen K, Lempiäinen A, Jokelainen K, Färkkilä M, Stenman UH. Immunoassay for trypsinogen-4. Anal Biochem 2022; 648:114681. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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6
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Heinilä LMP, Jokela J, Ahmed MN, Wahlsten M, Kumar S, Hrouzek P, Permi P, Koistinen H, Fewer DP, Sivonen K. Discovery of varlaxins, new aeruginosin-type inhibitors of human trypsins. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2681-2692. [PMID: 35293909 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02454j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular weight natural products display vast structural diversity and have played a key role in the development of novel therapeutics. Here we report the discovery of novel members of the aeruginosin family of natural products, which we named varlaxins. The chemical structures of varlaxins 1046A and 1022A were determined using a combination of mass spectrometry, analysis of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra, and HPLC analysis of Marfey's derivatives. These analyses revealed that varlaxins 1046A and 1022A are composed of the following moieties: 2-O-methylglyceric acid 3-O-sulfate, isoleucine, 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole (Choi), and a terminal arginine derivative. Varlaxins 1046A and 1022A differ in the cyclization of this arginine moiety. Interestingly, an unusual α-D-glucopyranose moiety derivatized with two 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid residues was bound to Choi, a structure not previously reported for other members of the aeruginosin family. We sequenced the complete genome of Nostoc sp. UHCC 0870 and identified the putative 36 kb varlaxin biosynthetic gene cluster. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed that varlaxins belong to the aeruginosin family of natural products. Varlaxins 1046A and 1022A strongly inhibited the three human trypsin isoenzymes with IC50 of 0.62-3.6 nM and 97-230 nM, respectively, including a prometastatic trypsin-3, which is a therapeutically relevant target in several types of cancer. These results substantially broaden the genetic and chemical diversity of the aeruginosin family and provide evidence that the aeruginosin family is a source of strong inhibitors of human serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M P Heinilä
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - J Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - M N Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Wahlsten
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - S Kumar
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - P Hrouzek
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - P Permi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - H Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D P Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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7
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Liao C, Wang Q, An J, Zhang M, Chen J, Li X, Xiao L, Wang J, Long Q, Liu J, Guan X. SPINKs in Tumors: Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2022; 12:833741. [PMID: 35223512 PMCID: PMC8873584 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.833741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitor Kazal type (SPINK) family includes SPINK1-14 and is the largest branch in the serine protease inhibitor family. SPINKs play an important role in pancreatic physiology and disease, sperm maturation and capacitation, Nager syndrome, inflammation and the skin barrier. Evidence shows that the unregulated expression of SPINK1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 13 is closely related to human tumors. Different SPINKs exhibit various regulatory modes in different tumors and can be used as tumor prognostic markers. This article reviews the role of SPINK1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 13 in different human cancer processes and helps to identify new cancer treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liao
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Microbial Resources and Drug Development Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, Life Sciences Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiaxing An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Minglin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Microbial Resources and Drug Development Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, Life Sciences Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Linlin Xiao
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Long
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Long, ; Xiaoyan Guan, ; Jianguo Liu,
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Long, ; Xiaoyan Guan, ; Jianguo Liu,
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Long, ; Xiaoyan Guan, ; Jianguo Liu,
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8
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Lacham-Hartman S, Shmidov Y, Radisky ES, Bitton R, Lukatsky DB, Papo N. Avidity observed between a bivalent inhibitor and an enzyme monomer with a single active site. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249616. [PMID: 34847142 PMCID: PMC8631645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although myriad protein–protein interactions in nature use polyvalent binding, in which multiple ligands on one entity bind to multiple receptors on another, to date an affinity advantage of polyvalent binding has been demonstrated experimentally only in cases where the target receptor molecules are clustered prior to complex formation. Here, we demonstrate cooperativity in binding affinity (i.e., avidity) for a protein complex in which an engineered dimer of the amyloid precursor protein inhibitor (APPI), possessing two fully functional inhibitory loops, interacts with mesotrypsin, a soluble monomeric protein that does not self-associate or cluster spontaneously. We found that each inhibitory loop of the purified APPI homodimer was over three-fold more potent than the corresponding loop in the monovalent APPI inhibitor. This observation is consistent with a suggested mechanism whereby the two APPI loops in the homodimer simultaneously and reversibly bind two corresponding mesotrypsin monomers to mediate mesotrypsin dimerization. We propose a simple model for such dimerization that quantitatively explains the observed cooperativity in binding affinity. Binding cooperativity in this system reveals that the valency of ligands may affect avidity in protein–protein interactions including those of targets that are not surface-anchored and do not self-associate spontaneously. In this scenario, avidity may be explained by the enhanced concentration of ligand binding sites in proximity to the monomeric target, which may favor rebinding of the multiple ligand binding sites with the receptor molecules upon dissociation of the protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Lacham-Hartman
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Shmidov
- Deprtment of Chemical Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ronit Bitton
- Deprtment of Chemical Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - David B. Lukatsky
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail: (NP); (DBL)
| | - Niv Papo
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail: (NP); (DBL)
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9
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Ahmed MN, Wahlsten M, Jokela J, Nees M, Stenman UH, Alvarenga DO, Strandin T, Sivonen K, Poso A, Permi P, Metsä-Ketelä M, Koistinen H, Fewer DP. Potent Inhibitor of Human Trypsins from the Aeruginosin Family of Natural Products. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2537-2546. [PMID: 34661384 PMCID: PMC8609519 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Serine proteases
regulate many physiological processes and play
a key role in a variety of cancers. Aeruginosins are a family of natural
products produced by cyanobacteria that exhibit pronounced structural
diversity and potent serine protease inhibition. Here, we sequenced
the complete genome of Nodularia sphaerocarpa UHCC 0038 and identified the 43.7 kb suomilide biosynthetic gene
cluster. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that suomilide belongs
to the aeruginosin family of natural products. We identified 103 complete
aeruginosin biosynthetic gene clusters from 12 cyanobacterial genera
and showed that they encode an unexpected chemical diversity. Surprisingly,
purified suomilide inhibited human trypsin-2 and -3, with IC50 values of 4.7 and 11.5 nM, respectively, while trypsin-1 was inhibited
with an IC50 of 104 nM. Molecular dynamics simulations
suggested that suomilide has a long residence time when bound to trypsins.
This was confirmed experimentally for trypsin-1 and -3 (residence
times of 1.5 and 57 min, respectively). Suomilide also inhibited the
invasion of aggressive and metastatic PC-3M prostate cancer cells
without affecting cell proliferation. The potent inhibition of trypsin-3,
together with a long residence time and the ability to inhibit prostate
cancer cell invasion, makes suomilide an attractive drug lead for
targeting cancers that overexpress trypsin-3. These results substantially
broaden the genetic and chemical diversity of the aeruginosin family
and suggest that aeruginosins may be a source of selective inhibitors
of human serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad N. Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Biocenter 1, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Biocenter 1, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Biocenter 1, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Matthias Nees
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University in Lublin, ul. Chodzki 1, Lublin 20-093, Poland
- Institute of Biomedicine and Western Cancer Centre FICAN West, University of Turku, Turku 20101, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Danillo O. Alvarenga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Biocenter 1, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Tomas Strandin
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Biocenter 1, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FIN-70211, Finland
- Dept. of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 14, Tübingen DE-72076, Germany
| | - Perttu Permi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box
35, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Mikko Metsä-Ketelä
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku FIN-20014, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - David P. Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Biocenter 1, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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10
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Kim EY, Cha YJ, Lee SH, Jeong S, Choi YJ, Moon DH, Lee S, Chang YS. Early lung carcinogenesis and tumor microenvironment observed by single-cell transcriptome analysis. Transl Oncol 2021; 15:101277. [PMID: 34800916 PMCID: PMC8605359 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tregs lead immune-evasive TME of early lung cancer of never smoker. Depletion of γδT and NK cells and infiltration of B cells begins in early TME. Early lung cancer cells were characterized by dysregulated surfactant pathway. CAFs show enrichment of gene sets that inhibit vascular formation. In tumor tissue, tip-like endothelial cells begin to be replaced with immature ones.
With the increasing interest in health screening with chest CT Ground-glass nodule (GGN) has become one of the common lung lesions encountered in daily medical practice. Because lung adenocarcinoma in the form of GGN is an ideal model for studying early lung carcinogenesis, 11 GGN and normal lung specimens from 6 never smoker patients were studied by single-cell RNA sequencing. Lung cancer cells showed enrichment of gene sets related to small vesicle processing and surfactant homeostasis compared to non-malignant lung epithelial cells, suggesting the dysregulation of surfactant pathway may be involved in early lung carcinogenesis. Along with cancer-associated fibroblasts showing enrichment of gene sets involved in negative regulation of protein kinase activity and negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation, tumor microenvironment (TME) was dominated by infiltration of TNFRSF4+/TNFRSF18+/CTLA4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and depletion of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (TC) and γδTC. Majority of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue B cells (BCs) and follicular BCs were detected within tumor tissue, which was associated with CXCL13 overexpressed in intratumoral Tregs and CD4+ memory TCs. Coordination of components of the TME towards immune evasion is governed by Tregs from the onset of lung cancer, requiring unremitting efforts to target and overcome them. This provision of information on changes in cancer cell-specific biomarkers and TME using early lung cancer from never smokers will provide new insight into early lung carcinogenesis and useful targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Cha
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukin Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk Hwan Moon
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsoo Lee
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Wang F, Liu H, Bai Y, Li H, Wang Z, Xu X. Performance of SPINK1 and SPINK1-based diagnostic model in detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e24025. [PMID: 34569662 PMCID: PMC8605149 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the SPINK1 or SPINK1-based model as a more reliable biomarker for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Serum samples and related laboratory parameters were collected from 540 subjects (119 healthy donors, 113 patients with chronic hepatitis B, 122 patients with liver cirrhosis, and 186 patients with HCC). SPINK1 was determined by ELISA assay. Differences in each variable were compared by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis was conducted to compare the diagnostic efficiency of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), SPINK1, and a SPINK1-based combine model constructed by binary Logistic regression. RESULTS In detecting HCC using the other three groups as control, ROC curve analysis revealed that SPINK1 alone reached AUC of 0.899 (0.866-0.933), with the sensitivity of 0.812 of and specificity of 0.953. The combined model increased the AUC to 0.945 (0.926-0.964) with the sensitivity and specificity of 0.860 and 0.910, respectively. For AFP, significantly lower AUC (p < 0.0001) was shown, which was 0.695 (0.645-0.745) with the sensitivity and specificity of 0.634 and 0.718, respectively. In discriminating HCC from liver disease control, AUC of SPINK1 was 0.863(0.826-0.894), the sensitivity and specificity were 0.823 and 0.906, respectively. For combined model, the AUC, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.915 (0.884-0.940), 0.863, and 0.916, respectively. For detecting early-stage HCC, SPINK1 and combined model achieved the sensitivity of 0.788 and 0.818, respectively, much higher than AFP of 0.485 (p < 0.05); however, the difference between SPINK1 and combined model was not statistically significant (p = 1). CONCLUSION We provided solid evidence for SPINK1 as a robust serological tool for HCC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Youxi Bai
- Health Management Institute, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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12
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González-Titos A, Hernández-Camarero P, Barungi S, Marchal JA, Kenyon J, Perán M. Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen: potent anti-tumor agents. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1609-1621. [PMID: 33896307 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1922666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen have been used clinically in tissue repair due to their ability to resolve inflammatory symptoms. Recently, novel evidence has supported the anti-tumourigenic potential of a mixture of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen.Areas covered: First, we analyze the structure of these proteases and the effects of pancreatic proteinases on tissue repair, inflammation and the immune system. Second, we summarize studies that provided evidence of the effects of pancreatic (pro)enzymes on tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo and some successful clinical applications of pancreatic (pro)enzymes. Finally, we study pancreatic (pro)enzymes potential molecular targets, such as the proteinase-activated receptors (PARs).Expert opinion: This novel therapy has been shown to have effective antitumor effects. Treatment with these (pro) enzymes sensitizes Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) which may allow chemotherapy and radiotherapy to be more effective, which could positively affect the recovery of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shivan Barungi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (Ibs. GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (Mnat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Julian Kenyon
- The Dove Clinic for Integrated Medicine, Twyford, UK
| | - Macarena Perán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (Mnat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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13
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Mouse model suggests limited role for human mesotrypsin in pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2021; 21:342-352. [PMID: 33526384 PMCID: PMC7969449 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesotrypsin is a low-abundance human trypsin isoform with a unique evolutionary mutation that conferred resistance to trypsin inhibitors and restricted substrate specificity. Mesotrypsin degrades the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) and thereby might increase risk for pancreatitis. Here, we report a mouse model designed to test the role of mesotrypsin in pancreatitis. We introduced the human mesotrypsin evolutionary signature mutation into mouse cationic trypsinogen (isoform T7), resulting in a Gly to Arg change at the corresponding position 199. In biochemical experiments using purified proteins, the p.G199R T7 mutant recapitulated all salient features of human mesotrypsin. T7G199R mice developed normally with no spontaneous pancreatitis or other obvious phenotypic changes. Cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in C57BL/6N and T7G199R mice showed similar severity with respect to inflammatory parameters and acinar cell necrosis while plasma amylase activity was higher in T7G199R mice. Neither SPINK1 degradation nor elevated intrapancreatic trypsin activation was apparent in T7G199R mice. The results indicate that in T7G199R mice the newly created mesotrypsin-like activity has no significant impact on cerulein-induced pancreatitis. The observations suggest that human mesotrypsin is unimportant for pancreatitis; a notion that is consistent with published human genetic studies.
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14
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Xing L, Tian S, Mi W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Xu F, Zhang C, Lou G. PRSS1 Upregulation Predicts Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer Patients. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:618341. [PMID: 33585454 PMCID: PMC7876278 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most frequent cause of death among gynecologic malignancies. A total of 80% of patients who have completed platinum-based chemotherapy suffer from relapse and develop resistance within 2 years. In the present study, we obtained patients' complete platinum (cisplatin and carboplatin) medication information from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and then divided them into two categories: resistance and sensitivity. Difference analysis was performed to screen differentially expressed genes (DEgenes) related to platinum response. Subsequently, we annotated DEgenes into the protein–protein interaction network as seed nodes and analyzed them by random walk. Finally, second-ranking protease serine 1 gene (PRSS1) was selected as a candidate gene for verification analysis. PRSS1's expression pattern was continuously studied in Oncomine and cBio Cancer Genomic Portal databases, revealing the key roles of PRSS1 in ovarian cancer formation. Hereafter, we conducted in-depth explorations on PRSS1's platinum response to ovarian cancer through tissue and cytological experiments. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay results indicated that PRSS1 expression levels in platinum-resistant samples (tissue/cell) were significantly higher than in samples sensitive to platinum. By cell transfection assay, we observed that knockdown of PRSS1 reduced the resistance of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin. Meanwhile, overexpression of PRSS1 increased the resistance to cisplatin. In conclusion, we identified a novel risk gene PRSS1 related to ovarian cancer platinum response and confirmed its key roles using multiple levels of low-throughput experiments, revealing a new treatment strategy based on a novel target factor for overcoming cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Xing
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Songyu Tian
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Wanqi Mi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongjian Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yunyan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengye Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ge Lou
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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15
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Schilling O, Biniossek ML, Mayer B, Elsässer B, Brandstetter H, Goettig P, Stenman UH, Koistinen H. Specificity profiling of human trypsin-isoenzymes. Biol Chem 2019; 399:997-1007. [PMID: 29883318 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In humans, three different trypsin-isoenzymes have been described. Of these, trypsin-3 appears to be functionally different from the others. In order to systematically study the specificity of the trypsin-isoenzymes, we utilized proteome-derived peptide libraries and quantitative proteomics. We found similar specificity profiles dominated by the well-characterized preference for cleavage after lysine and arginine. Especially, trypsin-1 slightly favored lysine over arginine in this position, while trypsin-3 did not discriminate between them. In the P1' position, which is the residue C-terminal to the cleavage site, we noticed a subtle enrichment of alanine and glycine for all three trypsins and for trypsin-3 there were additional minor P1' and P2' preferences for threonine and aspartic acid, respectively. These findings were confirmed by FRET peptide substrates showing different susceptibility to cleavage by different trypsins. The preference of trypsin-3 for aspartic acid in P2' is explained by salt bridge formation with the unique Arg193. This salt bridge enables and stabilizes a canonical oxyanion conformation by the amides of Ser195 and Arg193, thus manifesting a selective substrate-assisted catalysis. As trypsin-3 has been proposed to be a therapeutic target and marker for cancers, our results may aid the development of specific inhibitors for cancer therapy and diagnostic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Mayer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brigitta Elsässer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Goettig
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Wang F, Hu YL, Feng Y, Guo YB, Liu YF, Mao QS, Xue WJ. High-level expression of PRSS3 correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2019; 119:1108-1121. [PMID: 30908656 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Serine protease-3 (PRSS3) is a known contributor to the genesis and development of malignant tumors, although its role in gastric cancer (GC) is still unclear. METHODS PRSS3 expression in GC tissue samples and its relationship with clinicopathological features were analyzed. Effects of GC cellular responses to the introduction of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated and short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated interference with tumor PRSS3 expression were also assessed. RESULTS PRSS3 was significantly upregulated in GC tissues, and PRSS3 protein levels were higher in tumors that developed metastases soon after the surgery compared with those that remained metastasis-free. High expression of PRSS3 was associated with tumor N staging and independently predictive of postoperative prognosis in patients with GC. The V1 variant of PRSS3 was primarily detected in GC tissue and cell lines, the others (V2-V4) being scarcely detectable. Methylation and demethylation drugs had no impact on expression levels of any PRSS3 transcriptional variant. The downregulated PRSS3 expression suppressed GC cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS PRSS3 appears to act as an oncogene of GC. High PRSS3 expression portends postoperative metastasis, serving as an effective biomarker of poor therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Lin Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Bing Guo
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Fei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin-Sheng Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wan-Jiang Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Lin B, Zhou X, Lin S, Wang X, Zhang M, Cao B, Dong Y, Yang S, Wang JM, Guo M, Huang J. Epigenetic silencing of PRSS3 provides growth and metastasis advantage for human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1237-1249. [PMID: 28844099 PMCID: PMC8171496 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protease, serine, 3 (PRSS3), a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases, has been shown to be aberrantly expressed in several cancer types and to play important roles in tumor progression and metastasis. However, the expression and function of PRSS3 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Here we found that PRSS3 expression was decreased in human HCC cell lines and HCC surgical specimens. This was associated with intragenic methylation of PRSS3 gene. Treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and/or histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A restored PRSS3 expression in HCC cell lines. Ectopic overexpression of PRSS3 gene in HCC cell lines significantly suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation and arrested cell cycle at G1/S phase, accompanied with downregulation of cyclin D1 (CCND1)/CDK4 and cyclin E1 (CCNE1)/CDK2 complexes. Moreover, PRSS3 overexpression in HCC cells inhibited HCC cell migration and invasion with downregulation of matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2). Further study showed that PRSS3 overexpression diminished the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase signaling protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MEK2) and extracellular-signal related kinase 1 (ERK1)/extracellular-signal related kinase 2 (ERK2), in HCC cells. In contrast, knockdown of PRSS3 by small interfering RNA resulted in opposite effects on an HCC cell line SNU-387 which constitutively expresses PRSS3. These results demonstrate that downregulation of PRSS3 by intragenic hypermethylation provides growth and metastasis advantage to HCC cells. The clinical relevance of PRSS3 to human HCC was shown by the intragenic methylation of PRSS3 in HCC specimens and its association with poor tumor differentiation in patients with HCC. Thus, PRSS3 is a potential prognostic biomarker and an epigenetic target for intervention of human HCC. KEY MESSAGES • PRSS3 is downregulated by intragenic hypermethylation in HCC. • Epigenetic silencing of PRSS3 facilitates growth, migration, and invasion of HCC. • PRSS3 intragenic methylation has implication in diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonan Lin
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhou
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Shuye Lin
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Meiying Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Baoping Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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18
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Ghilardi C, Silini A, Figini S, Anastasia A, Lupi M, Fruscio R, Giavazzi R, Bani MR. Trypsinogen 4 boosts tumor endothelial cells migration through proteolysis of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28389-400. [PMID: 26318044 PMCID: PMC4695067 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases contribute to cancer in many ways, including tumor vascularization and metastasis, and their pharmacological inhibition is a potential anticancer strategy. We report that human endothelial cells (EC) express the trypsinogen 4 isoform of the serine protease 3 (PRSS3), and lack both PRSS2 and PRSS1. Trypsinogen 4 expression was upregulated by the combined action of VEGF-A, FGF-2 and EGF, angiogenic factors representative of the tumor microenvironment. Suppression of trypsinogen 4 expression by siRNA inhibited the angiogenic milieu-induced migration of EC from cancer specimens (tumor-EC), but did not affect EC from normal tissues. We identified tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2), a matrix associated inhibitor of cell motility, as the functional target of trypsinogen 4, which cleaved TFPI-2 and removed it from the matrix put down by tumor-EC. Silencing tumor-EC for trypsinogen 4 accumulated TFPI2 in the matrix. Showing that angiogenic factors stimulate trypsinogen 4 expression, which hydrolyses TFPI-2 favoring a pro-migratory situation, our study suggests a new pathway linking tumor microenvironment signals to endothelial cell migration, which is essential for angiogenesis and blood vessel remodeling. Abolishing trypsinogen 4 functions might be an exploitable strategy as anticancer, particularly anti-vascular, therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ghilardi
- Laboratory of Biology and Treatment of Metastases, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonietta Silini
- Laboratory of Biology and Treatment of Metastases, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Figini
- Laboratory of Biology and Treatment of Metastases, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Anastasia
- Laboratory of Biology and Treatment of Metastases, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Lupi
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert Fruscio
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milan-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Raffaella Giavazzi
- Laboratory of Biology and Treatment of Metastases, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Bani
- Laboratory of Biology and Treatment of Metastases, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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19
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Räsänen K, Itkonen O, Koistinen H, Stenman UH. Emerging Roles of SPINK1 in Cancer. Clin Chem 2015; 62:449-57. [PMID: 26656134 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.241513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) was originally isolated from the urine of a patient with ovarian cancer. It was later shown to be produced by many other tumors and several normal tissues. It had earlier been isolated from the pancreas and was hence called pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI). It belongs to a family of protease inhibitors presently called serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type (SPINK). In the SPINK family TATI/PSTI is SPINK1, which is the name used in this review. CONTENT In addition to being a protease inhibitor, SPINK1 also acts as an acute-phase reactant and a growth factor. Furthermore, it has been shown to modulate apoptosis. Overexpression of SPINK1 predicts an unfavorable outcome in several cancers and determination of SPINK1 in serum can be used to identify patients at increased risk of aggressive disease. Thus serum SPINK1 can be used as a prognostic tumor marker. Because SPINK1 acts as a growth factor and an inhibitor of apoptosis in some cancers, it has also been suggested that it can be a therapeutic target in cancer. However, because SPINK1 is the major physiological inhibitor of trypsin, inhibition of SPINK1 may increase the risk of pancreatitis. SUMMARY Taking into account the many functions of SPINK1, assessing the role of SPINK1 in cancer has several potentially important clinical applications ranging from a biomarker to a potential new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Räsänen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Itkonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland, Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland, Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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20
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Abstract
This review describes studies performed by our group and other laboratories in the field aimed at development of biomarkers not only for cancer but also for other diseases. The markers covered include tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI), tumor-associated trypsin (TAT), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and their various molecular forms, their biology and diagnostic use. The discovery of TATI was the result of a hypothesis-driven project aimed at finding new biomarkers for ovarian cancer among urinary peptides. TATI has since proved to be a useful prognostic marker for several cancers. Recently, it has been named Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) after being rediscovered by several groups as a tumor-associated peptide by gene expression profiling and proteomic techniques and shown to promote tumor development by stimulating the EGF receptor. To explain why a trypsin inhibitor is strongly expressed in some cancers, research focused on the protease that it inhibited led to the finding of tumor-associated trypsin (TAT). Elevated serum concentrations of TAT-2 were found in some cancer types, but fairly high background levels of pancreatic trypsinogen-2 limited the use of TAT-2 for cancer diagnostics. However, trypsinogen-2 and its complex with α1-protease inhibitor proved to be very sensitive and specific markers for pancreatitis. Studies on hCG were initiated by the need to develop more rapid and sensitive pregnancy tests. These studies showed that serum from men and non-pregnant women contains measurable concentrations of hCG derived from the pituitary. Subsequent development of assays for the subunits of hCG showed that the β subunit of hCG (hCGβ) is expressed at low concentrations by most cancers and that it is a strong prognostic marker. These studies led to the formation of a working group for standardization of hCG determinations and the development of new reference reagents for several molecular forms of hCG. The preparation of intact hCG has been adopted as the fifth international standard by WHO. Availability of several well-defined forms of hCG made it possible to characterize the epitopes of nearly 100 monoclonal antibodies. This will facilitate design of immunoassays with pre-defined specificity. Finally, the discovery of different forms of immunoreactive PSA in serum from a prostate cancer patient led to identification of the complex between PSA and α1-antichymotrypsin, and the use of assays for free and total PSA in serum for improved diagnosis of prostate cancer. Epitope mapping of PSA antibodies and establishment of PSA standards has facilitated establishment well-standardized assays for the various forms of PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- a Department of Clinical Chemistry , Biomedicum, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH) , Helsinki , Finland
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21
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Cattaruzza F, Amadesi S, Carlsson JF, Murphy JE, Lyo V, Kirkwood K, Cottrell GS, Bogyo M, Knecht W, Bunnett NW. Serine proteases and protease-activated receptor 2 mediate the proinflammatory and algesic actions of diverse stimulants. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3814-26. [PMID: 24749982 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although serine proteases and agonists of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) cause inflammation and pain, the spectrum of proteases that are activated by proinflammatory and algesic stimuli and their contribution to inflammatory pain are uncertain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Enzymic assays and selective inhibitors were used to characterize protease activity in mice after intraplantar injections of formalin, bradykinin, PAR2 activating peptide (AP) or vehicle. The capacity of these proteases and of recombinant mouse trypsin 4 to cleave fragments of PAR2 and to activate PAR2 in cell lines was determined. Protease inhibitors and par2 (-/-) mice were used to assess the contributions of proteases and PAR2 to pain and inflammation. KEY RESULTS Intraplantar injection of formalin, bradykinin or PAR2-AP led to the activation of proteases that were susceptible to the serine protease inhibitor melagatran but resistant to soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). Melagatran inhibited mouse trypsin 4, which degraded SBTI. Proteases generated in inflamed tissues cleaved PAR2-derived peptides. These proteases and trypsin 4 increased [Ca(2+) ]i in PAR2-transfected but not in untransfected cells, and melagatran suppressed this activity. Melagatran or PAR2 deletion suppressed oedema and mechanical hypersensitivity induced by intraplantar formalin, bradykinin and PAR2-AP, but had no effect on capsaicin-induced pain. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Diverse proinflammatory and algesic agents activate melagatran-sensitive serine proteases that cause inflammation and pain by a PAR2-mediated mechanism. By inducing self-activating proteases, PAR2 amplifies and sustains inflammation and pain. Serine protease inhibitors can attenuate the inflammatory and algesic effects of diverse stimuli, representing a useful therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cattaruzza
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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22
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Yamamoto-Tanaka M, Motoyama A, Miyai M, Matsunaga Y, Matsuda J, Tsuboi R, Hibino T. Mesotrypsin and caspase-14 participate in prosaposin processing: potential relevance to epidermal permeability barrier formation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20026-38. [PMID: 24872419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A proteomics-based search for molecules interacting with caspase-14 identified prosaposin and epidermal mesotrypsin as candidates. Prosaposin is a precursor of four sphingolipid activator proteins (saposins A-D) that are essential for lysosomal hydrolysis of sphingolipids. Thus, we hypothesized that caspase-14 and mesotrypsin participate in processing of prosaposin. Because we identified a saposin A sequence as an interactor with these proteases, we prepared a specific antibody to saposin A and focused on saposin A-related physiological reactions. We found that mesotrypsin generated saposins A-D from prosaposin, and mature caspase-14 contributed to this process by activating mesotrypsinogen to mesotrypsin. Knockdown of these proteases markedly down-regulated saposin A synthesis in skin equivalent models. Saposin A was localized in granular cells, whereas prosaposin was present in the upper layer of human epidermis. The proximity ligation assay confirmed interaction between prosaposin, caspase-14, and mesotrypsin in the granular layer. Oil Red staining showed that the lipid envelope was significantly reduced in the cornified layer of skin from saposin A-deficient mice. Ultrastructural studies revealed severely disorganized cornified layer structure in both prosaposin- and saposin A-deficient mice. Overall, our results indicate that epidermal mesotrypsin and caspase-14 work cooperatively in prosaposin processing. We propose that they thereby contribute to permeability barrier formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Yamamoto-Tanaka
- From the Shiseido Innovative Science Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558, the Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, and
| | - Akira Motoyama
- From the Shiseido Innovative Science Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558
| | - Masashi Miyai
- From the Shiseido Innovative Science Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558
| | - Yukiko Matsunaga
- From the Shiseido Innovative Science Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558
| | - Junko Matsuda
- the Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, Kitakinnmoku 4-1-1, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tsuboi
- the Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, and
| | - Toshihiko Hibino
- From the Shiseido Innovative Science Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558,
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23
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Haerteis S, Krappitz A, Krappitz M, Murphy JE, Bertog M, Krueger B, Nacken R, Chung H, Hollenberg MD, Knecht W, Bunnett NW, Korbmacher C. Proteolytic activation of the human epithelial sodium channel by trypsin IV and trypsin I involves distinct cleavage sites. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19067-78. [PMID: 24841206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic activation is a unique feature of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the physiologically relevant proteases remain to be identified. The serine protease trypsin I can activate ENaC in vitro but is unlikely to be the physiologically relevant activating protease in ENaC-expressing tissues in vivo. Herein, we investigated whether human trypsin IV, a form of trypsin that is co-expressed in several extrapancreatic epithelial cells with ENaC, can activate human ENaC. In Xenopus laevis oocytes, we monitored proteolytic activation of ENaC currents and the appearance of γENaC cleavage products at the cell surface. We demonstrated that trypsin IV and trypsin I can stimulate ENaC heterologously expressed in oocytes. ENaC cleavage and activation by trypsin IV but not by trypsin I required a critical cleavage site (Lys-189) in the extracellular domain of the γ-subunit. In contrast, channel activation by trypsin I was prevented by mutating three putative cleavage sites (Lys-168, Lys-170, and Arg-172) in addition to mutating previously described prostasin (RKRK(178)), plasmin (Lys-189), and neutrophil elastase (Val-182 and Val-193) sites. Moreover, we found that trypsin IV is expressed in human renal epithelial cells and can increase ENaC-mediated sodium transport in cultured human airway epithelial cells. Thus, trypsin IV may regulate ENaC function in epithelial tissues. Our results show, for the first time, that trypsin IV can stimulate ENaC and that trypsin IV and trypsin I activate ENaC by cleavage at distinct sites. The presence of distinct cleavage sites may be important for ENaC regulation by tissue-specific proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Haerteis
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annabel Krappitz
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matteus Krappitz
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jane E Murphy
- the UCSF Center for the Neurobiology of Digestive Diseases, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Marko Bertog
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bettina Krueger
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Nacken
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hyunjae Chung
- the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Knecht
- Bioscience, CVGI iMed, AstraZeneca Research and Development, 43181 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- From the Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany,
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24
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Multiple pathways are involved in DNA degradation during keratinocyte terminal differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1181. [PMID: 24743736 PMCID: PMC4001300 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Loss of the nucleus is a critical step in keratinocyte terminal differentiation. To elucidate the mechanisms involved, we focused on two characteristic events: nuclear translocation of N-terminal fragment of profilaggrin and caspase-14-dependent degradation of the inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD). First, we demonstrated that epidermal mesotrypsin liberated a 55-kDa N-terminal fragment of profilaggrin (FLG-N) and FLG-N was translocated into the nucleus. Interestingly, these cells became TUNEL positive. Mutation in the mesotrypsin-susceptible Arg-rich region between FLG-N and the first filaggrin domain abolished these changes. Furthermore, caspase-14 caused limited proteolysis of ICAD, followed by accumulation of caspase-activated DNase (CAD) in TUNEL-positive nuclei. Knockdown of both proteases resulted in a significant increase of remnant nuclei in a skin equivalent model. Immunohistochemical study revealed that both caspase-14 and mesotrypsin were markedly downregulated in parakeratotic areas of lesional skin from patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Collectively, our results indicate that at least two pathways are involved in the DNA degradation process during keratinocyte terminal differentiation.
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25
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Miyai M, Matsumoto Y, Yamanishi H, Yamamoto-Tanaka M, Tsuboi R, Hibino T. Keratinocyte-specific mesotrypsin contributes to the desquamation process via kallikrein activation and LEKTI degradation. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1665-1674. [PMID: 24390132 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) have critical roles in corneocyte desquamation and are regulated by lymphoepithelial Kazal-type inhibitor (LEKTI). However, it is unclear how these proteases are activated and how activated KLKs are released from LEKTI in the upper cornified layer. Recently, we reported cloning of a PRSS3 gene product, keratinocyte-specific mesotrypsin, from a cDNA library. We hypothesized that mesotrypsin is involved in the desquamation process, and the aim of the present study was to test this idea by examining the effects of mesotrypsin on representative desquamation-related enzymes pro-KLK5 and pro-KLK7. Incubation of mesotrypsin and these zymogens resulted in generation of the active forms. KLK activities were effectively inhibited by recombinant LEKTI domains D2, D2-5, D2-6, D2-7, D5, D6, D6-9, D7, D7-9, and D10-15, whereas mesotrypsin activity was not susceptible to these domains, and in fact degraded them. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that mesotrypsin was localized in the cytoplasm of granular cells and intercellular spaces of the cornified layer. Proximity ligation assay showed close association between mesotrypsin and KLKs in the granular to cornified layers. Age-dependency analysis revealed that mesotrypsin was markedly downregulated in corneocyte extract from donors in their sixties, compared with younger donors. Collectively, our findings suggest that mesotrypsin contributes to the desquamation process by activating KLKs and degrading the intrinsic KLKs' inhibitor LEKTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Miyai
- Shiseido Research Center, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Mami Yamamoto-Tanaka
- Shiseido Research Center, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tsuboi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Salameh MA, Radisky ES. Biochemical and structural insights into mesotrypsin: an unusual human trypsin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 4:129-139. [PMID: 24049668 PMCID: PMC3776145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirty five years ago mesotrypsin was first isolated from the human pancreas. It was described as a minor trypsin isoform with the remarkable property of near total resistance to biological trypsin inhibitors. Another unusual feature of mesotrypsin was discovered later, when it was found that mesotrypsin has defective affinity toward many protein substrates of other trypsins. As the younger sibling of the two major trypsins secreted by the pancreas, cationic and the anionic trypsin, it has been speculated to represent an evolutionary waste with no apparent function. We know now that mesotrypsin is functionally very different from the other trypsins, with novel substrate specificity that hints at distinct physiological functions. Recently, evidence has begun to emerge implicating mesotrypsin in direct involvement in cancer progression. This review will explore the biochemical characteristics of mesotrypsin and structural insights into its specificity, function, and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moh’d A Salameh
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Gwinnett Technical CollegeLawrenceville, GA, 30043 USA
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer CenterJacksonville, FL 32224 USA
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27
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Budatha M, Silva S, Montoya TI, Suzuki A, Shah-Simpson S, Wieslander CK, Yanagisawa M, Word RA, Yanagisawa H. Dysregulation of protease and protease inhibitors in a mouse model of human pelvic organ prolapse. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56376. [PMID: 23437119 PMCID: PMC3577807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient for the fibulin-5 gene (Fbln5(-/-)) develop pelvic organ prolapse (POP) due to compromised elastic fibers and upregulation of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9. Here, we used casein zymography, inhibitor profiling, affinity pull-down, and mass spectrometry to discover additional protease upregulated in the vaginal wall of Fbln5(-/-) mice, herein named V1 (25 kDa). V1 was a serine protease with trypsin-like activity similar to protease, serine (PRSS) 3, a major extrapancreatic trypsinogen, was optimum at pH 8.0, and predominantly detected in estrogenized vaginal epithelium of Fbln5(-/-) mice. PRSS3 was (a) localized in epithelial secretions, (b) detected in media of vaginal organ culture from both Fbln5(-/-) and wild type mice, and (c) cleaved fibulin-5 in vitro. Expression of two serine protease inhibitors [Serpina1a (α1-antitrypsin) and Elafin] was dysregulated in Fbln5(-/-) epithelium. Finally, we confirmed that PRSS3 was expressed in human vaginal epithelium and that SERPINA1 and Elafin were downregulated in vaginal tissues from women with POP. These data collectively suggest that the balance between proteases and their inhibitors contributes to support of the pelvic organs in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudhan Budatha
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Simone Silva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Teodoro Ignacio Montoya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institutes, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sheena Shah-Simpson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Karin Wieslander
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institutes, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ruth Ann Word
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HY); (RAW)
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HY); (RAW)
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28
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Lippi G, Valentino M, Cervellin G. Laboratory diagnosis of acute pancreatitis: in search of the Holy Grail. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 49:18-31. [PMID: 22339380 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2012.658354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the pancreas, which might extend to local and distant extrapancreatic tissues. The global incidence varies between 17.5 and 73.4 cases per 100,000 and the pathogenesis recognizes alcohol exposure and biliary tract disease as the leading causes, ahead of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, drugs and abdominal trauma. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is substantially based on a combination of clinical signs and symptoms, imaging techniques and laboratory investigations. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography is the reference standard for the diagnosis, as well as for establishing disease severity. The assessment of pancreatic enzymes, early released from necrotic tissue, is the cornerstone of laboratory diagnosis in this clinical setting. Although there is no single test that shows optimal diagnostic accuracy, most current guidelines and recommendations indicate that lipase should be preferred over total and pancreatic amylase. Although a definitive diagnostic threshold cannot be identified, cut-offs comprised between ≥ 2 and ≥ 4 times the upper limit of the reference interval are preferable. The combination of amylase and lipase has been discouraged as although it marginally improves the diagnostic efficiency of either marker alone, it increases the cost of investigation. Some interesting biomarkers have been also suggested (e.g., serum and urinary trypsinogen-1, -2 and -3, phospholipase A2, pancreatic elastase, procalcitonin, trypsinogen activated protein, activation peptide of carboxypeptidase B, trypsin-2-alpha1 antitrypsin complex and circulating DNA), but none of them has found widespread application for a variety of reasons, including the inferior diagnostic accuracy when compared with the traditional enzymes, the use of cumbersome techniques, or their recent discovery. The promising results of recent proteomics studies showed that this innovative technique might allow the identification of changes characterizing pancreatic tissue injury, thus highlighting new potential biomarkers of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Diagnostica Ematochimica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Italy. ,
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29
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Dhakal BK, Mulvey MA. The UPEC pore-forming toxin α-hemolysin triggers proteolysis of host proteins to disrupt cell adhesion, inflammatory, and survival pathways. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:58-69. [PMID: 22264513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which are the leading cause of both acute and chronic urinary tract infections, often secrete a labile pore-forming toxin known as α-hemolysin (HlyA). We show that stable insertion of HlyA into epithelial cell and macrophage membranes triggers degradation of the cytoskeletal scaffolding protein paxillin and other host regulatory proteins, as well as components of the proinflammatory NFκB signaling cascade. Proteolysis of these factors requires host serine proteases, and paxillin degradation specifically involves the serine protease mesotrypsin. The induced activation of mesotrypsin by HlyA is preceded by redistribution of mesotrypsin precursors from the cytosol into foci along microtubules and within nuclei. HlyA intoxication also stimulated caspase activation, which occurred independently of effects on host serine proteases. HlyA-induced proteolysis of host proteins likely allows UPEC to not only modulate epithelial cell functions, but also disable macrophages and suppress inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijaya K Dhakal
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0565, USA
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30
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Ostapchenko VG, Gasparian ME, Kosinsky YA, Efremov RG, Dolgikh DA, Kirpichnikov MP. Dissecting structural basis of the unique substrate selectivity of human enteropeptidase catalytic subunit. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2012; 30:62-73. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.674249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Oiva J, Itkonen O, Koistinen R, Hotakainen K, Zhang WM, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Kylänpää L, Stenman UH, Koistinen H. Specific Immunoassay Reveals Increased Serum Trypsinogen 3 in Acute Pancreatitis. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1506-13. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.167965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Trypsinogen 3 is a minor trypsinogen isoform in the pancreas. In contrast with trypsin 1 and 2, trypsin 3 degrades pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, which may lead to an excess of active trypsin and acute pancreatitis (AP). We developed an immunoassay for trypsinogen 3 and studied whether an assay of serum trypsinogen 3 is of clinical utility in the diagnosis of AP.
METHODS
Monoclonal antibodies were generated using recombinant human trypsinogen 3 as the antigen and used to establish a sandwich-type immunoassay. We analyzed serum trypsinogen 3 concentrations in 82 patients with AP and 63 patients with upper abdominal pain (controls). The reference interval was determined using serum samples from 172 apparently healthy individuals.
RESULTS
The measuring range of the trypsinogen 3 assay was 1.0–250 μg/L. Intra- and interassay CVs were <11%, and cross-reactivity with other trypsinogen isoenzymes was <0.1%. The median trypsinogen 3 concentration in serum from healthy individuals was <1.0 μg/L, and the upper reference limit was 4.4 μg/L. We observed increased trypsinogen 3 concentrations in patients with mild (median 9.5 μg/L) and severe (15.0 μg/L) AP; in both groups, the concentrations were significantly higher than in controls (median <1.0 μg/L) (P < 0.0001). In ROC analysis, the area under the curve of trypsinogen 3 for separation between AP and controls was 0.90 (P < 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS
We established for the first time a specific immunoassay for trypsinogen 3 using monoclonal antibodies. Patients with AP were found to have increased serum concentrations of trypsinogen 3. The availability of this assay will be useful for studies of the clinical utility of trypsinogen 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Outi Itkonen
- Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristina Hotakainen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wang-Ming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | | | | | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Viljoen A, Patrick JT. In search for a better marker of acute pancreatitis: third time lucky? Clin Chem 2011; 57:1471-3. [PMID: 21920916 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.173385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ceppa EP, Lyo V, Grady EF, Knecht W, Grahn S, Peterson A, Bunnett NW, Kirkwood KS, Cattaruzza F. Serine proteases mediate inflammatory pain in acute pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G1033-42. [PMID: 21436316 PMCID: PMC3774216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00305.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a life-threatening inflammatory disease characterized by abdominal pain of unknown etiology. Trypsin, a key mediator of pancreatitis, causes inflammation and pain by activating protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)), but the isoforms of trypsin that cause pancreatitis and pancreatic pain are unknown. We hypothesized that human trypsin IV and rat P23, which activate PAR(2) and are resistant to pancreatic trypsin inhibitors, contribute to pancreatic inflammation and pain. Injections of a subinflammatory dose of exogenous trypsin increased c-Fos immunoreactivity, indicative of spinal nociceptive activation, but did not cause inflammation, as assessed by measuring serum amylase and myeloperoxidase activity and by histology. The same dose of trypsin IV and P23 increased some inflammatory end points and caused a more robust effect on nociception, which was blocked by melagatran, a trypsin inhibitor that also inhibits polypeptide-resistant trypsin isoforms. To determine the contribution of endogenous activation of trypsin and its minor isoforms, recombinant enterokinase (ENK), which activates trypsins in the duodenum, was administered into the pancreas. Intraductal ENK caused nociception and inflammation that were diminished by polypeptide inhibitors, including soybean trypsin inhibitor and a specific trypsin inhibitor (type I-P), and by melagatran. Finally, the secretagogue cerulein induced pancreatic nociceptive activation and nocifensive behavior that were reversed by melagatran. Thus trypsin and its minor isoforms mediate pancreatic pain and inflammation. In particular, the inhibitor-resistant isoforms trypsin IV and P23 may be important in mediating prolonged pancreatic inflammatory pain in pancreatitis. Our results suggest that inhibitors of these isoforms could be novel therapies for pancreatitis pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene P. Ceppa
- 1Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina;
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Knecht
- 4Molecular Pharmacology and Lead Generation, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Peterson
- 4Molecular Pharmacology and Lead Generation, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nigel W. Bunnett
- Departments of 2Surgery and ,3Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
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Wu P, Weisell J, Pakkala M, Peräkylä M, Zhu L, Koistinen R, Koivunen E, Stenman UH, Närvänen A, Koistinen H. Identification of novel peptide inhibitors for human trypsins. Biol Chem 2010; 391:283-293. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human trypsin isoenzymes share extensive sequence similarity, but certain differences in their activity and susceptibility to inhibitors have been observed. Using phage display technology, we identified seven different peptides that bind to and inhibit the activity of trypsin-3, a minor trypsin isoform expressed in pancreas and brain. All of the peptides contain at least two of the amino acids tryptophan, alanine and arginine, whereas proline was found closer to the N-terminus in all but one peptide. All peptides contain two or more cysteines, suggesting a cyclic structure. However, we were able to make synthetic linear variants of these peptides without losing bioactivity. Alanine replacement experiments for one of the peptides suggest that the IPXXWFR motif is important for activity. By molecular modeling the same amino acids were found to interact with trypsin-3. The peptides also inhibit trypsin-1, but only weakly, if at all, trypsin-2 and -C. As trypsin is a highly active enzyme which can activate protease-activated receptors and enzymes that participate in proteolytic cascades involved in tumor invasion and metastasis, these peptides might be useful lead molecules for the development of drugs for diseases associated with increased trypsin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, P.O. Box 63, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Weisell
- Department of Biosciences and Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miikka Pakkala
- Department of Biosciences and Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Peräkylä
- Department of Biosciences and Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, P.O. Box 63, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, P.O. Box 63, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Koivunen
- The David H. Koch Center, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, P.O. Box 63, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ale Närvänen
- Department of Biosciences and Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, P.O. Box 63, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Nakanishi J, Yamamoto M, Koyama J, Sato J, Hibino T. Keratinocytes synthesize enteropeptidase and multiple forms of trypsinogen during terminal differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:944-52. [PMID: 19924134 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Members of the trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like kallikrein family are important in the desquamation process. In this study, we isolated cDNA clones encoding trypsinogen 4 (brain trypsinogen) and a previously unreported isoform of trypsinogen from a human keratinocyte cDNA library. The nucleotide sequence of the new isoform only differs from those of trypsinogen 3 (mesotrypsinogen) and trypsinogen 4 in an exon encoding the N-terminal region, indicating that this isoform is an alternative splicing variant of the mesotrypsinogen gene PRSS3. Both isoforms contained the sequence DDDDK-I, a putative cleavage site for activation by enteropeptidase. Thus, after activation, mesotrypsin would be produced. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies revealed that trypsinogens were expressed and localized in the upper epidermis, especially in the granular layer. In cultured keratinocytes, enteropeptidase mRNA was expressed at the confluent stage, and its expression was strongly upregulated after air exposure. Interestingly, it was synthesized and localized only at the granular layer, suggesting that the generation of active mesotrypsin is restricted to this layer. The enteropeptidase-cleavage product was also found at the same layer. When a skin equivalent model was cultured in the medium without air exposure, the cornified layer was not formed, and many cells expressed trypsinogens and enteropeptidase. Those cells were found to be TUNEL positive. Because mesotrypsin is resistant to naturally occurring trypsin inhibitors, confined expression of the isoforms of mesotrypsinogens and enteropeptidase may indicate that mesotrypsin is involved in keratinocyte terminal differentiation.
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Koistinen H, Koistinen R, Zhang WM, Valmu L, Stenman UH. Nexin-1 inhibits the activity of human brain trypsin. Neuroscience 2009; 160:97-102. [PMID: 19249338 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin and other trypsin-like serine proteases have been shown to play important roles in neural development, plasticity and neurodegeneration. Their activity is modulated by serine protease inhibitors, serpins. However, for human brain trypsin, trypsin-4, no brain-derived inhibitors have been described. Here, we report that nexin-1 inhibits trypsin-4, and forms stable complexes only with this trypsin-isoenzyme. This result suggests that nexin-1 could modulate trypsin activity in brain where both nexin-1 and trypsin-4 are expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 63, FIN 00014, Finland.
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Knecht W, Cottrell GS, Amadesi S, Mohlin J, Skåregärde A, Gedda K, Peterson A, Chapman K, Hollenberg MD, Vergnolle N, Bunnett NW. Trypsin IV or Mesotrypsin and p23 Cleave Protease-activated Receptors 1 and 2 to Induce Inflammation and Hyperalgesia. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26089-100. [PMID: 17623652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703840200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although principally produced by the pancreas to degrade dietary proteins in the intestine, trypsins are also expressed in the nervous system and in epithelial tissues, where they have diverse actions that could be mediated by protease-activated receptors (PARs). We examined the biological actions of human trypsin IV (or mesotrypsin) and rat p23, inhibitor-resistant forms of trypsin. The zymogens trypsinogen IV and pro-p23 were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to apparent homogeneity. Enteropeptidase cleaved both zymogens, liberating active trypsin IV and p23, which were resistant to soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin. Trypsin IV cleaved N-terminal fragments of PAR(1), PAR(2), and PAR(4) at sites that would expose the tethered ligand (PAR(1) = PAR(4) > PAR(2)). Trypsin IV increased [Ca(2+)](i) in transfected cells expressing human PAR(1) and PAR(2) with similar potencies (PAR(1), 0.5 microm; PAR(2), 0.6 microm). p23 also cleaved fragments of PAR(1) and PAR(2) and signaled to cells expressing these receptors. Trypsin IV and p23 increased [Ca(2+)](i) in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons that responded to capsaicin and which thus mediate neurogenic inflammation and nociception. Intraplantar injection of trypsin IV and p23 in mice induced edema and granulocyte infiltration, which were not observed in PAR (-/-)(1)(trypsin IV) and PAR (-/-)(2) (trypsin IV and p23) mice. Trypsin IV and p23 caused thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia in mice, and these effects were absent in PAR (-/-)(2) mice but maintained in PAR (-/-)(1) mice. Thus, trypsin IV and p23 are inhibitor-resistant trypsins that can cleave and activate PARs, causing PAR(1)- and PAR(2)-dependent inflammation and PAR(2)-dependent hyperalgesia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aprotinin/chemistry
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Capsaicin/pharmacology
- Edema/chemically induced
- Edema/genetics
- Edema/metabolism
- Edema/pathology
- Enteropeptidase/chemistry
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Granulocytes/metabolism
- Granulocytes/pathology
- Humans
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/genetics
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/pathology
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nociceptors/metabolism
- Nociceptors/pathology
- Pain Measurement
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, PAR-1/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-2/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-2/physiology
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/metabolism
- Receptors, Thrombin/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Trypsin/chemistry
- Trypsin/genetics
- Trypsin/metabolism
- Trypsin/pharmacology
- Trypsin Inhibitors/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Knecht
- Molecular Pharmacology and Lead Generation, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
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Tóth J, Simon Z, Medveczky P, Gombos L, Jelinek B, Szilágyi L, Gráf L, Málnási-Csizmadia A. Site directed mutagenesis at position 193 of human trypsin 4 alters the rate of conformational change during activation: Role of local internal viscosity in protein dynamics. Proteins 2007; 67:1119-27. [PMID: 17436323 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation of trypsinogen four peptide segments flanked by hinge glycine residues undergo conformational changes. To test whether the degree of conformational freedom of hinge regions affects the rate of activation, we introduced amino acid side chains of different characters at one of the hinges (position 193) and studied their effects on the rate constant of the conformational change. This structural rearrangement leading to activation was triggered by a pH-jump and monitored by intrinsic fluorescence change in the stopped-flow apparatus. We found that an increase in the size of the side chain at position 193 is associated with the decrease of the reaction rate constant. To analyze the thermodynamics of the reaction, temperature dependence of the reaction rate constants was examined in a wide temperature range (5-60 degrees C) using a novel temperature-jump/stopped-flow apparatus developed in our laboratory. Our data show that the mutations do not affect the activation energy (the exponential term) of the reaction, but they significantly alter the preexponential term of the Arrhenius equation. The effect of solvent viscosity on the rate constants of the conformational change during activation of the wild type enzyme and its R193G and R193A mutants was determined and evaluated on the basis of Kramers' theory. Based on this we propose that the reaction rate of this conformational transition is regulated by the internal molecular friction, which can be specifically modulated by mutagenesis in the hinge region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Tóth
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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Wang Y, Luo W, Wartmann T, Halangk W, Sahin-Tóth M, Reiser G. Mesotrypsin, a brain trypsin, activates selectively proteinase-activated receptor-1, but not proteinase-activated receptor-2, in rat astrocytes. J Neurochem 2006; 99:759-69. [PMID: 16903872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, which are activated by serine proteases, such as trypsin, play pivotal roles in the CNS. Mesotrypsin (trypsin IV) has been identified as a brain-specific trypsin isoform. However, its potential physiological role concerning PAR activation in the brain is largely unknown. Here, we show for the first time that mesotrypsin, encoded by the PRSS3 (proteinase, serine) gene, evokes a transient and pronounced Ca(2+) mobilization in both primary rat astrocytes and retinal ganglion RGC-5 cells, suggesting a physiological role of mesotrypsin in brain cells. Mesotrypsin mediates Ca(2+) responses in rat astrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, with a 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) value of 25 nm. The maximal effect of mesotrypsin on Ca(2+) mobilization in rat astrocytes is much higher than that observed in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells, indicating that the activity of mesotrypsin is species-specific. The pre-treatment of cells with thrombin or the PAR-1-specific peptide TRag (Ala-pFluoro-Phe-Arg-Cha-HomoArg-Tyr-NH(2), synthetic thrombin receptor agonist peptide), but not the PAR-2-specific peptide, reduces significantly the mesotrypsin-induced Ca(2+) response. Treatment with the PAR-1 antagonist SCH79797 confirms that mesotrypsin selectively activates PAR-1 in rat astrocytes. Unlike mesotrypsin, the two other trypsin isoforms, cationic and anionic trypsin, activate multiple PARs in rat astrocytes. Therefore, our data suggest that brain-specific mesotrypsin, via the regulation of PAR-1, is likely to be involved in multiple physiological/pathological processes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Wang
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Kubisch CH, Gukovsky I, Lugea A, Pandol SJ, Kuick R, Misek DE, Hanash SM, Logsdon CD. Long-term ethanol consumption alters pancreatic gene expression in rats: a possible connection to pancreatic injury. Pancreas 2006; 33:68-76. [PMID: 16804415 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000226878.81377.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Long-term ethanol consumption does not cause acute pancreatitis but rather sensitizes the pancreas to subsequent insults. The mechanisms responsible for this sensitization are unknown. To determine whether alterations in pancreatic gene expression might participate in ethanol-mediated sensitization, we performed gene-profiling analysis. METHODS Animals were fed ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli or control diet (pair-fed). After 8 weeks, pancreatic RNA expression was analyzed using Affimetrix GeneChips. Changes in specific genes were verified using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Long-term ethanol feeding caused a significant alteration of pancreatic gene expression. Selection criteria of changes more than 3-fold and P < 0.05 yielded 114 probe sets. Activating transcription factor 3, heat shock protein 70, heat shock protein 27, and mesotrypsinogen were increased, whereas pancreatitis associate protein, folate carrier, and metallothionein were decreased. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol had a profound effect on pancreatic gene expression. The genes identified as elevated and reduced in this study may contribute to pancreatic sensitivity to stress. This study indicates for the first time the identities of multiple genes whose expression levels are dramatically influenced by long-term ethanol feeding. The identified genes may help explain the relationship between long-term ethanol abuse and pancreatic disease and lead to possible preventative or therapeutic approaches to ethanol-induced pancreatic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/genetics
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Ethanol/toxicity
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Male
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Pancreas/drug effects
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreatitis, Alcoholic/chemically induced
- Pancreatitis, Alcoholic/genetics
- Pancreatitis, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze H Kubisch
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77230-1429, USA
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Vitone LJ, Greenhalf W, Howes NR, Raraty MGT, Neoptolemos JP. Trypsinogen mutations in pancreatic disorders. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2006; 35:271-87, viii. [PMID: 16632092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are multiple PRSS1 mutations described in hereditary pancreatitis but only a minority of these are clinically relevant. The two most frequent point mutations are in exon 2 (N29I) and exon3 (R122H), found in diverse racial populations. Both mutations result in early onset pancreatitis but the mechanism underlying this phenotype is unclear. The frequency of these mutations in such diverse populations suggests they have spontaneously occurred many times. The origin of the major mutations may be explained by gene conversions, accounting for multiple founders. The implications are discussed in terms of mechanism of action of the mutations and clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Vitone
- Division of Surgery and Oncology, The University of Liverpool, 5th Floor UCD Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, United Kingdom
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Abstract
More than 100 years ago it was proposed that pancreatitis essentially is a disease in which the pancreas undergoes autodigestion by its own prematurely activated digestive enzymes. Why and how digestive zymogens autoactivate within the pancreas early in the disease process has been a matter of controversy and debate. Some of the mechanisms that are considered to be involved indigestive protease activation are inherited and as of recently can be tested for clinically. Here we review the most recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms involved in the onset of pancreatitis. We specifically focus on serine and cysteine proteases in the autodigestive cascade that precedes acinar cell injury and the biochemical processes involved in their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ruthenbürger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str 23A, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Tóth J, Gombos L, Simon Z, Medveczky P, Szilágyi L, Gráf L, Málnási-Csizmadia A. Thermodynamic Analysis Reveals Structural Rearrangement during the Acylation Step in Human Trypsin 4 on 4-Methylumbelliferyl 4-Guanidinobenzoate Substrate Analogue. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:12596-602. [PMID: 16492676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512301200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human trypsin 4 is an unconventional serine protease that possesses an arginine at position 193 in place of the highly conserved glycine. Although this single amino acid substitution does not affect steady-state activity on small synthetic substrates, it has dramatic effects on zymogen activation, interaction with canonical inhibitors, and substrate specificity toward macromolecular substrates. To study the effect of a non-glycine residue at position 193 on the mechanism of the individual enzymatic reaction steps, we expressed wild type human trypsin 4 and its R193G mutant. 4-Methylumbelliferyl 4-guanidinobenzoate has been chosen as a substrate analogue, where deacylation is rate-limiting, and transient kinetic methods were used to monitor the reactions. This experimental system allows for the separation of the individual reaction steps during substrate hydrolysis and the determination of their rate constants dependably. We suggest a refined model for the reaction mechanism, in which acylation is preceded by the reversible formation of the first tetrahedral intermediate. Furthermore, the thermodynamics of these steps were also investigated. The formation of the first tetrahedral intermediate is highly exothermic and accompanied by a large entropy decrease for the wild type enzyme, whereas the signs of the enthalpy and entropy changes are opposite and smaller for the R193G mutant. This difference in the energetic profiles indicates much more extended structural and/or dynamic rearrangements in the equilibrium step of the first tetrahedral intermediate formation in wild type human trypsin 4 than in the R193G mutant enzyme, which may contribute to the biological function of this protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Tóth
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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Nemoda Z, Sahin-Tóth M. Chymotrypsin C (caldecrin) stimulates autoactivation of human cationic trypsinogen. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:11879-86. [PMID: 16505482 PMCID: PMC1586167 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypsin-mediated trypsinogen activation (autoactivation) facilitates digestive zymogen activation in the duodenum but may precipitate pancreatitis if it occurs prematurely in the pancreas. Autoactivation of human cationic trypsinogen is inhibited by a repulsive electrostatic interaction between the unique Asp218 on the surface of cationic trypsin and the conserved tetra-aspartate (Asp19-22) motif in the trypsinogen activation peptide (Nemoda, Z., and Sahin-Tóth, M. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 29645-29652). Here we describe that this interaction is regulated by chymotrypsin C (caldecrin), which can specifically cleave the Phe18-Asp19 peptide bond in the trypsinogen activation peptide and remove the N-terminal tripeptide. In contrast, chymotrypsin B, elastase 2A, or elastase 3A (proteinase E) are ineffective. Autoactivation of N-terminally truncated cationic trypsinogen is stimulated approximately 3-fold, and this effect is dependent on the presence of Asp218. Because chymotrypsinogen C is activated by trypsin, and chymotrypsin C stimulates trypsinogen activation, these reactions establish a positive feedback mechanism in the digestive enzyme cascade of humans. Furthermore, inappropriate activation of chymotrypsinogen C in the pancreas may contribute to the development of pancreatitis. Consistent with this notion, the pancreatitis-associated mutation A16V in cationic trypsinogen increases the rate of chymotrypsin C-mediated processing of the activation peptide 4-fold and causes accelerated trypsinogen activation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Address correspondence to Miklós Sahin-Tóth, 715 Albany Street, Evans-433; Boston, MA 02118; Tel: (617) 414-1070; Fax: (617) 414-1041; E-mail:
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