Role of Ox-LDL and LOX-1 in Atherogenesis

Identification and preliminary validation of differently expressed genes as candidate biomarkers associated with atherosclerosis

OBJECTIVE

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the primary cause of deadly cardio-cerebro vascular diseases globally. This study aims to explore the key differentially expressed genes (DEGs), potentially serving as predictive biomarkers for AS.

METHODS

Microarray datasets were retrieved from the GEO database for DEGs and DE-miRNAs identification. Then biological function of DEGs were elucidated based on gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and DEGs-DE-miRNAs network were constructed, with emphasis on hub DEGs selection and their interconnections. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic precision of hub DEGs for AS. More importantly, an AS Syrian Golden hamster model was established to validate the expression levels of hub DEGs in AS.

RESULTS

A total of 203 DEGs and 10 DE-miRNAs were screened, with six genes were chosen as hub DEGs. These DEGs were significantly enriched in AS-related biological processes and pathways, such as immune and inflammatory response, cellular response to IL-1 and TNF, positive regulation of angiogenesis, Type I diabetes mellitus, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, TLR signaling pathway. Also, these DEGs and DE-miRNAs formed a closely-interacted DE-miRNAs - DEGs - KEGG pathway network. Besides, hub DEGs presented promising diagnostic potential for AS (AUC: 0.781 ∼ 0.887). In addition, the protein expression levels of TNF-α, CXCL8, CCL4, IL-1β, CCL3 and CCR8 were significantly increased in AS group Syrian Golden hamsters.

CONCLUSION

The identified candidate genes TNF, CXCL8, CCL4, IL1B, CCL3 and CCR8 may have the potential to serve as prognostic biomarker in diagnosing AS.

Circ_0002331 Interacts with ELAVL1 to Improve ox-LDL-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction via Regulating CCND2 mRNA Stability

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been discovered to serve as vital regulators in atherosclerosis (AS). However, the role and mechanism of circ_0002331 in AS process are still unclear. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with ox-LDL to establish an in vitro model for AS. The expression levels of circ_0002331, Cyclin D2 (CCND2) and ELAVL1 were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and angiogenesis were assessed by EdU assay, flow cytometry, transwell assay and tube formation assay. The protein levels of CCND2, ELAVL1, and autophagy-related markers were detected using western blot analysis. IL-8 level was analyzed by ELISA. The relationship between ELAVL1 and circ_0002331 or CCND2 was analyzed by RIP assay and RNA pull-down assay. Moreover, FISH assay was used to analyze the co-localization of ELAVL1 and CCND2 in HUVECs. Our data showed that circ_0002331 was obviously downregulated in AS patients and ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. Overexpression of circ_0002331 could promote proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis, while inhibit apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. Furthermore, CCND2 was positively regulated by circ_0002331, and circ_0002331 could bind with ELAVL1 to promote CCND2 mRNA stability. Besides, CCND2 overexpression suppressed ox-LDL-induced HUVECs dysfunction, and its knockdown also reversed the regulation of circ_0002331 on ox-LDL-induced HUVECs dysfunction. In conclusion, circ_0002331 might be a potential target for AS treatment, which could improve ox-LDL-induced dysfunction of HUVECs via regulating CCND2 by binding with ELAVL1.

Advances and perspectives on pharmacological activities and mechanisms of the monoterpene borneol

BACKGROUND

Borneol, a highly lipid-soluble bicyclic terpene mainly extracted from plants, is representative of monoterpenoids. Modern medicine has established that borneol exhibits a range of pharmacological activities and used in the treatment of many diseases, particularly Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs). The crucial role in enhancing drug delivery and improving bioavailability has attracted much attention. In addition, borneol is also widely utilized in food, daily chemicals, fragrances, and flavors industries.

PURPOSE

This review systematically summarized the sources, pharmacological activities and mechanisms, clinical trial, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and application of borneol. In addition, this review describes the pharmacological effects of borneol ester and the combination of borneol with nanomaterial. This review will provide a valuable resource for those pursuing researches on borneol inspiring the pharmacological applications in the medicine, food and daily chemical products, and developing of new drugs containing borneol or its derivatives.

METHODS

This review searched the keywords ("borneol" or "bornyl esters") and ("pharmacology" or "Traditional Chinese medicine" or "Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases" or "blood-brain barrier" or "ischemic stroke" or "nanomaterials" or "neurodegenerative diseases" or "diabetes" or "toxicity") in Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from January 1990 to May 2024. The search was limited to articles published in English and Chinese.

RESULTS

Borneol exhibits extensive pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory effects, analgesia, antioxidation, and has the property of crossing biological barriers and treating CVDs. The intrinsic molecular mechanisms are involved in multiple components, such as regulation of various key factors (including Tumor necrosis factor-α, Nuclear factor kappa-B, Interleukin-1β, Malondialdehyde), inhibiting transporter protein function, regulating biochemical levels, and altering physical structural changes. In addition, this review describes the pharmacological effects of borneol ester and the combination of borneol with nanomaterial.

CONCLUSION

The pharmacological properties and applications of borneol are promising, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, as well as enhancing drug delivery and treating CVDs. However, its clinical application is hindered by the limited research on safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. Therefore, this review systemically summarized the advances on pharmacological activities and mechanisms of the borneol. Standardized clinical trials and exploration of synergistic effects with other drugs were also are outlined.

Protective effect of rubber seed oil on human endothelial cells

OBJECTIVE

This study was conducted to characterize the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Rubber Seed Oil (RSO) against atherosclerosis (AS) through the study of the protective effects and mechanisms on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) injury induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL).

METHODS

HUVECs were treated with RSO, ox-LDL, RSO + ox-LDL, respectively, followed by cell activity testing, levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, ROS, NO, the mRNA expression of eNOS and protein expression of MCP-1, VCAM-1, eNOS, TLR4, NF-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65.

RESULTS

Compared with the ox-LDL group, cell viability, NO level and the expression of eNOS mRNA significantly increased. and the levels of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, ROS were significantly decreased, which was accompanied by decreases in TLR4 mRNA, TLR4, MCP-1, VCAM-1 protein expression, as well as the ratio of NF-κB p-p65/p65 in the group treated with 250 μg/ml ox-LDL + 50 μg/ml RSO, 250 μg/ml ox-LDL + 100 μg/ml RSO, 250 μg/ml ox-LDL + 150 μg/ml RSO.

CONCLUSIONS

RSO can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, oxidative factors involved in injured vascular endothelial cells, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties HUVECs exposed to ox-LDL. In addition, it may alleviate endothelial cell damage by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Hawthorn leaf flavonoids alleviate the deterioration of atherosclerosis by inhibiting SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR pathway through sPLA2-ⅡA signaling in macrophages in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hawthorn leaves are a combination of the dried leaves of the Rosaceae plants, i.e., Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. or Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N. E. Br., is primarily cultivated in East Asia, North America, and Europe. hawthorn leaf flavonoids (HLF) are the main part of extraction. The HLF have demonstrated potential in preventing hypertension, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. However, the potential pharmacological mechanism behind its anti-atherosclerotic effect has yet to be explored.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The in vivo and in vitro effects of HLF on lipid-mediated foam cell formation were investigated, with a specific focus on the levels of secreted phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA2-II A) in macrophage cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The primary constituents of HLF were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In vivo, HLF, at concentrations of 5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg, were administered to apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE-/-) fed by high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Aorta and serum samples were collected to identify lesion areas and lipids through mass spectrometry analysis to dissect the pathological process. RAW264.7 cells were incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) alone, or ox-LDL combined with different doses of HLF (100, 50, and 25 μg/ml), or ox-LDL plus 24-h sPLA2-IIA inhibitors, for cell biology analysis. Lipids and inflammatory cytokines were detected using biochemical analyzers and ELISA, while plaque size and collagen content of plaque were assessed by HE and the Masson staining of the aorta. The lipid deposition in macrophages was observed by Oil Red O staining. The expression of sPLA2-IIA and SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

The chemical profile of HLF was studied using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, allowing the tentative identification of 20 compounds, comprising 1 phenolic acid, 9 flavonols and 10 flavones, including isovitexin, vitexin-4″-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-robibioside, rutin, vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside, quercetin, etc. HLF decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels in ApoE-/- mice (P < 0.05), reduced ox-LDL uptake, inhibited level of inflammatory factors, such as IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1ꞵ (P < 0.001), and alleviated aortic plaques with a thicker fibrous cap. HLF effectively attenuated foam cell formation in ox-LDL-treated RAW264.7 macrophages, and reduced levels of intracellular TC, free cholesterol (FC), cholesteryl ester (CE), IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β (P < 0.001). In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, HLF significantly downregulated the expression of sPLA2-IIA, SCAP, SREBP2, LDLR, HMGCR, and LOX-1 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, sPLA2-IIA inhibitor effectively mitigated inflammatory release in RAW264.7 macrophages and regulated SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR signaling pathway by inhibiting sPLA2-IIA secretion (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

HLF exerted a protective effect against atherosclerosis through inhibiting sPLA2-IIA to diminish SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR signaling pathway, to reduce LDL uptake caused foam cell formation, and to slow down the progression of atherosclerosis in mice.

Vitamin D and Atherosclerosis: Unraveling the Impact on Macrophage Function

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in preventing atherosclerosis and in the regulation of macrophage function. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the clinical evidence regarding the impact of vitamin D on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and associated risk factors. Additionally, it explores the mechanistic studies investigating the influence of vitamin D on macrophage function in atherosclerosis. Numerous findings indicate that vitamin D inhibits monocyte or macrophage recruitment, macrophage cholesterol uptake, and esterification. Moreover, it induces autophagy of lipid droplets in macrophages, promotes cholesterol efflux from macrophages, and regulates macrophage polarization. This review particularly focuses on analyzing the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways through which vitamin D modulates macrophage function in atherosclerosis. It claims that vitamin D has a direct inhibitory effect on the formation, adhesion, and migration of lipid-loaded monocytes, thus exerting anti-atherosclerotic effects. Therefore, this review emphasizes the crucial role of vitamin D in regulating macrophage function and preventing the development of atherosclerosis.

Thrombotic events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and novel antithrombotic strategies to mitigate bleeding risk

Although immunotherapy is expanding treatment options for cancer patients, the prognosis of advanced cancer remains poor, and these patients must contend with both cancers and cancer-related thrombotic events. In particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic thrombotic events. Given the fundamental role of platelets in atherothrombosis, co-administration of antiplatelet agents is always indicated. Platelets are also involved in all steps of cancer progression. Classical antithrombotic drugs can cause inevitable hemorrhagic side effects due to blocking integrin β3 bidirectional signaling, which regulates simultaneously thrombosis and hemostasis. Meanwhile, many promising new targets are emerging with minimal bleeding risk and desirable anti-tumor effects. This review will focus on the issue of thrombosis during immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and the role of platelet activation in cancer progression as well as explore the mechanisms by which novel antiplatelet therapies may exert both antithrombotic and antitumor effects without excessive bleeding risk.

Metabolomics Profiling of Stages of Coronary Artery Disease Progression

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis pose significant global health challenges, with intricate molecular changes influencing disease progression. Hypercholesterolemia (HC), hypertension (HT), and diabetes are key contributors to CAD development. Metabolomics, with its comprehensive analysis of metabolites, offers a unique perspective on cardiovascular diseases. This study leveraged metabolomics profiling to investigate the progression of CAD, focusing on the interplay of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes. We performed a metabolomic analysis on 221 participants from four different groups: (I) healthy individuals, (II) individuals with hypercholesterolemia (HC), (III) individuals with both HC and hypertension (HT) or diabetes, and (IV) patients with self-reported coronary artery disease (CAD). Utilizing data from the Qatar Biobank, we combined clinical information, metabolomic profiling, and statistical analyses to identify key metabolites associated with CAD risk. Our data identified distinct metabolite profiles across the study groups, indicating changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism linked to CAD risk. Specifically, levels of mannitol/sorbitol, mannose, glucose, and ribitol increased, while pregnenediol sulfate, oleoylcarnitine, and quinolinate decreased with higher CAD risk. These findings suggest a significant role of sugar, steroid, and fatty acid metabolism in CAD progression and point to the need for further research on the correlation between quinolinate levels and CAD risk, potentially guiding targeted treatments for atherosclerosis. This study provides novel insights into the metabolomic changes associated with CAD progression, emphasizing the potential of metabolites as predictive biomarkers.

Roles of long noncoding RNAs in human inflammatory diseases

Chemokines, cytokines, and inflammatory cells mediate the onset and progression of many diseases through the induction of an inflammatory response. LncRNAs have emerged as important regulators of gene expression and signaling pathways. Increasing evidence suggests that lncRNAs are key players in the inflammatory response, making it a potential therapeutic target for various diseases. From the perspective of lncRNAs and inflammatory factors, we summarized the expression level and regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in human inflammatory diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, acute lung injury, diabetic retinopathy, and Parkinson's disease. We also summarized the functions of lncRNAs in the macrophages polarization and discussed the potential applications of lncRNAs in human inflammatory diseases. Although our understanding of lncRNAs is still in its infancy, these data will provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of lncRNAs.

The natural polyphenol fisetin in atherosclerosis prevention: a mechanistic review

The incidence and mortality rate of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is increasing yearly worldwide. Recently, a growing body of evidence has unveiled the anti-atherosclerotic properties of fisetin, a natural polyphenol compound. In this article, we reviewed the pharmacologic actions of fisetin on experimental atherosclerosis and its protective effects on disease-relevant cell types such as endothelial cells, macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, and platelets. Based on its profound cardiovascular actions, fisetin holds potential for clinical translation and could be developed as a potential therapeutic option for atherosclerosis and its related complications. Large-scale randomized clinical trials are warranted to ascertain the safety and efficacy of fisetin in patients with or high risk for ASCVD.

Radical Oxygen Species, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins, and Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1: A Vicious Circle in Atherosclerotic Process

Atherosclerosis is a complex condition that involves the accumulation of lipids and subsequent plaque formation in the arterial intima. There are various stimuli, cellular receptors, and pathways involved in this process, but oxidative modifications of low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) are particularly important in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Ox-LDLs promote foam-cell formation, activate proinflammatory pathways, and induce smooth-muscle-cell migration, apoptosis, and cell death. One of the major receptors for ox-LDL is LOX-1, which is upregulated in several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. LOX-1 activation in endothelial cells promotes endothelial dysfunction and induces pro-atherogenic signaling, leading to plaque formation. The binding of ox-LDLs to LOX-1 increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce LOX-1 expression and oxidize LDLs, contributing to ox-LDL generation and further upregulating LOX-1 expression. This creates a vicious circle that is amplified in pathological conditions characterized by high plasma levels of LDLs. Although LOX-1 has harmful effects, the clinical significance of inhibiting this protein remains unclear. Further studies both in vitro and in vivo are needed to determine whether LOX-1 inhibition could be a potential therapeutic target to counteract the atherosclerotic process.

Procyanidin B2 alleviates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced cell injury, inflammation, monocyte chemotaxis, and oxidative stress by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa-B pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

BACKGROUND

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) can initiate and affect almost all atherosclerotic events including endothelial dysfunction. In this text, the role and underlying molecular basis of procyanidin B2 (PCB2) with potential anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in ox-LDL-induced HUVEC injury were examined.

METHODS

HUVECs were treated with ox-LDL in the presence or absence of PCB2. Cell viability and apoptotic rate were examined by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of genes were tested by RT-qPCR and western blot assays, respectively. Potential downstream targets and pathways of apple procyanidin oligomers were examined by bioinformatics analysis for the GSE9647 dataset. The effect of PCB2 on THP-1 cell migration was examined by recruitment assay. The effect of PCB2 on oxidative stress was assessed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP).

RESULTS

ox-LDL reduced cell viability, induced cell apoptosis, and facilitated the expression of oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (MCP-1), vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) in HUVECs. PCB2 alleviated ox-LDL-induced cell injury in HUVECs. Apple procyanidin oligomers triggered the differential expression of 592 genes in HUVECs (|log2fold-change| > 0.58 and adjusted p-value < 0.05). These dysregulated genes might be implicated in apoptosis, endothelial cell proliferation, inflammation, and monocyte chemotaxis. PCB2 inhibited C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1/8 (CXCL1/8) expression and THP-1 cell recruitment in ox-LDL-stimulated HUVECs. PCB2 inhibited ox-LDL-induced oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation in HUVECs.

CONCLUSION

PCB2 weakened ox-LDL-induced cell injury, inflammation, monocyte recruitment, and oxidative stress by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in HUVECs.

Role of Trimetazidine in Ameliorating Endothelial Dysfunction: A Review

Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of cardiovascular diseases, contributing to impaired vasodilation, altered hemodynamics, and atherosclerosis progression. Trimetazidine, traditionally used for angina pectoris, exhibits diverse therapeutic effects on endothelial dysfunction. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying trimetazidine's actions and its potential as a therapeutic agent for endothelial dysfunction and associated cardiovascular disorders. Trimetazidine enhances vasodilation and hemodynamic function by modulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, nitric oxide production, and endothelin-1. It also ameliorates metabolic parameters, including reducing blood glucose, mitigating oxidative stress, and dampening inflammation. Additionally, trimetazidine exerts antiatherosclerotic effects by inhibiting plaque formation and promoting its stability. Moreover, it regulates apoptosis and angiogenesis, fostering endothelial cell survival and neovascularization. Understanding trimetazidine's multifaceted mechanisms underscores its potential as a therapeutic agent for endothelial dysfunction and associated cardiovascular disorders, warranting further investigation for clinical translation.

Vascular Aging and Atherosclerosis: A Perspective on Aging

Vascular aging (VA) is recognized as a pivotal factor in the development and progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Although various epidemiological and clinical research has demonstrated an intimate connection between aging and AS, the candidate mechanisms still require thorough examination. This review adopts an aging-centric perspective to deepen the comprehension of the intricate relationship between biological aging, vascular cell senescence, and AS. Various aging-related physiological factors influence the physical system's reactions, including oxygen radicals, inflammation, lipids, angiotensin II, mechanical forces, glucose levels, and insulin resistance. These factors cause endothelial dysfunction, barrier damage, sclerosis, and inflammation for VA and promote AS via distinct or shared pathways. Furthermore, the increase of senescent cells inside the vascular tissues, caused by genetic damage, dysregulation, secretome changes, and epigenetic modifications, might be the primary cause of VA.

Nitric oxide: A potential etiological agent for vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease

Nitric oxide (NO), a vasodilator contributes to the vaso-occlusive crisis associated with the sickle cell disease (SCD). Vascular nitric oxide helps in vasodilation, controlled platelet aggregation, and preventing adhesion of sickled red blood cells to the endothelium. It decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory genes responsible for atherogenesis associated with SCD. Haemolysis and activated endothelium in SCD patients reduce the bioavailability of NO which promotes the severity of sickle cell disease mainly causes vaso-occlusive crises. Additionally, NO depletion can also contribute to the formation of thrombus, which can cause serious complications such as stroke, pulmonary embolism etc. Understanding the multifaceted role of NO provides valuable insights into its therapeutic potential for managing SCD and preventing associated complications. Various clinical trials and studies suggested the importance of artificially induced nitric oxide and its supplements in the reduction of severity. Further research on the mechanisms of NO depletion in SCD is needed to develop more effective treatment strategies and improve the management of this debilitating disease.

A microfluidic platform integrating functional vascularized organoids-on-chip

The development of vascular networks in microfluidic chips is crucial for the long-term culture of three-dimensional cell aggregates such as spheroids, organoids, tumoroids, or tissue explants. Despite rapid advancement in microvascular network systems and organoid technologies, vascularizing organoids-on-chips remains a challenge in tissue engineering. Most existing microfluidic devices poorly reflect the complexity of in vivo flows and require complex technical set-ups. Considering these constraints, we develop a platform to establish and monitor the formation of endothelial networks around mesenchymal and pancreatic islet spheroids, as well as blood vessel organoids generated from pluripotent stem cells, cultured for up to 30 days on-chip. We show that these networks establish functional connections with the endothelium-rich spheroids and vascular organoids, as they successfully provide intravascular perfusion to these structures. We find that organoid growth, maturation, and function are enhanced when cultured on-chip using our vascularization method. This microphysiological system represents a viable organ-on-chip model to vascularize diverse biological 3D tissues and sets the stage to establish organoid perfusions using advanced microfluidics.

Eugenol Inhibits Ox-LDL-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Inhibiting the Ang II/MFG-E8/MCP-1 Signaling Cascade

Objective

In this study, we investigated the effect and mechanism of action of eugenol on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced abnormal proliferation and migration of human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMCs).

Methods

HVSMCs were treated with 100 ug/mL ox-LDL for 24 hours to establish a cell model. After 1-hour pretreatment, eugenol at concentrations of 5, 25, and 50 uM was added. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay, PCNA expression was detected using Western blot, cell cycle distribution was analyzed using flow cytometry, and cell migration ability was evaluated using wound healing and Transwell migration assays. To investigate the mechanisms, Ang II receptors were inhibited by 1000 nM valsartan, MFG-E8 was knocked down by shRNA, MCP-1 was inhibited by siRNA, and MFG-E8 was overexpressed using plasmids.

Results

The findings from this study elucidated the stimulatory impact of ox-LDL on the proliferation and functionality of HVSMCs. Different concentrations of eugenol effectively mitigated the enhanced activity of HVSMCs induced by ox-LDL, with 50 uM eugenol exhibiting the most pronounced inhibitory effect. Flow cytometry and Western blot results showed ox-LDL reduced G1 phase cells and increased PCNA expression, while 50 uM eugenol inhibited ox-LDL-induced HVSMC proliferation. In wound healing and Transwell migration experiments, the ox-LDL group showed larger cell scratch filling and migration than the control group, both of which were inhibited by 50 uM eugenol. Inhibiting the Ang II/MFG-E8/MCP-1 signaling cascade mimicked eugenol's effects, while MFG-E8 overexpression reversed eugenol's inhibitory effect.

Conclusion

Eugenol can inhibit the proliferation and migration of ox-LDL-induced HVSMCs by inhibiting Ang II/MFG-E8/MCP-1 signaling cascade, making it a potential therapeutic drug for atherosclerosis.

Hippocampal-derived extracellular vesicle synergistically deliver active adenosine hippocampus targeting to promote cognitive recovery after stroke

Ischemic stroke is a neurological disease that leads to brain damage and severe cognitive impairment. In this study, extracellular vesicles(Ev) derived from mouse hippocampal cells (HT22) were used as carriers, and adenosine (Ad) was encapsulated to construct Ev-Ad to target the damaged hippocampus. The results showed that, Ev-Ad had significant antioxidant effect and inhibited apoptosis. In vivo, Ev-Ad reduced cell death and reversed inflammation in hippocampus of ischemic mice, and improved long-term memory and learning impairment by regulating the expression of the A1 receptor and the A2A receptor in the CA1 region. Thus, the developmental approach based on natural carriers that encapsulating Ad not only successfully restored nerves after ischemic stroke, but also improved cognitive impairment in the later stage of ischemic stroke convalescence. The development and design of therapeutic drugs provides a new concept and method for the treatment of cognitive impairment in the convalescent phase after ischemic stroke.

Transient receptor potential channel TRPM4 favors oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced coronary endothelial cell dysfunction via a mechanism involving ferroptosis

Accelerating the repair of damaged endothelium can effectively inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Transient receptor potential channel TRPM4 is a non-selective cation channel activated by internal Ca2+, which is expressed in endothelial cells. This study aimed to reveal the potential role of TRPM4 in AS along with the mechanism. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) induced by ox-LDL was regarded as an in vitro model. The impacts of TRPM4 knockdown on cellular inflammation response, oxidative stress, normal endothelial function and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Given that ferroptosis promotes AS progression, the effects of TRPM4 on intracellular iron ions and ferroptosis-related proteins was determined. Afterwards, HCAECs were treated with ferroptosis inducer erastin, and the influence of ferroptosis in the cellular model was revealed. TRPM4 was elevated in response to ox-LDL treatment in HCAECs. TRPM4 knockdown reduced the inflammation response, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation caused by ox-LDL, and maintained the normal function of HCAECs. Erastin treatment destroyed the impacts of TRPM4 knockdown that are beneficial for cells to resist ox-LDL, showing the enhancement of the above adverse factors. Together, this study found that TRPM4 knockdown reduced ox-LDL-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysfunction in HCAECs, possibly via a mechanism involving Fe2+ and ferroptosis-related proteins.

Dendrobine regulates STAT3 to attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction and senescence in vascular endothelial cells triggered by oxidized low-density lipoprotein

Our previous studies have highlighted the potential therapeutic efficacy of dendrobine, an alkaloid, in atherosclerosis (AS), nevertheless, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study employs a combination of network pharmacology and in vitro experiments to explore the regulatory pathways involved. Through network pharmacology, the biological function for intersection targets between dendrobine and AS were identified. Molecular docking was conducted to investigate the interaction between the dominant target and dendrobine. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to mimic AS, and the effects of dendrobine on cell viability, lipid deposition, mitochondrial function, and cellular senescence were evaluated. Subsequently, cells were treated with the mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1 and the STAT3 agonist colivelin to assess the role of mitophagy and STAT3 signaling in dendrobine regulation. Intersection targets were associated with biological processes, including reactive oxygen species production. Dendrobine attenuated the effects of ox-LDL treatment on HUVECs, mitigating changes in cell activity, lipid deposition, mitochondrial function, and cellular senescence. Both Mdivi-1 and colivelin treatments resulted in decreased cell viability and increased cellular senescence, with colivelin suppressing mitophagy. Cotreatment with Mdivi-1 and colivelin further aggravated cellular senescence and inhibited FoxO signaling. Together, this study indicated that dendrobine regulated the STAT3/FoxO signaling pathway, alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence. This study contributes valuable insights to the potential clinical application of dendrobine.

Revisiting the chaperonin T-complex protein-1 ring complex in human health and disease: A proteostasis modulator and beyond

BACKGROUND

Disrupted protein homeostasis (proteostasis) has been demonstrated to facilitate the progression of various diseases. The cytosolic T-complex protein-1 ring complex (TRiC/CCT) was discovered to be a critical player in orchestrating proteostasis by folding eukaryotic proteins, guiding intracellular localisation and suppressing protein aggregation. Intensive investigations of TRiC/CCT in different fields have improved the understanding of its role and molecular mechanism in multiple physiological and pathological processes.

MAIN BODY

In this review, we embark on a journey through the dynamic protein folding cycle of TRiC/CCT, unraveling the intricate mechanisms of its substrate selection, recognition, and intriguing folding and assembly processes. In addition to discussing the critical role of TRiC/CCT in maintaining proteostasis, we detail its involvement in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolic control, adaptive immunity and signal transduction processes. Furthermore, we meticulously catalogue a compendium of TRiC-associated diseases, such as neuropathies, cardiovascular diseases and various malignancies. Specifically, we report the roles and molecular mechanisms of TRiC/CCT in regulating cancer formation and progression. Finally, we discuss unresolved issues in TRiC/CCT research, highlighting the efforts required for translation to clinical applications, such as diagnosis and treatment.

CONCLUSION

This review aims to provide a comprehensive view of TRiC/CCT for researchers to inspire further investigations and explorations of potential translational possibilities.

Higher prevalence of coronary microvascular dysfunction in asymptomatic individuals with high levels of lipoprotein(a) with and without heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Microvascular dysfunction underlies many cardiovascular disease conditions; little is known regarding its presence in individuals with high levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of microvascular dysfunction among such subjects with and without concomitant familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).

METHODS

Four groups of asymptomatic individuals aged 30-59 years, without manifest cardiovascular disease, were recruited (n = 30 per group): controls with Lp(a) < 30 nmol/L, mutation-confirmed FH with Lp(a) < 30 nmol/L, or >125 nmol/L, and individuals with isolated Lp(a) > 125 nmol/L. Participants underwent evaluation of myocardial microvascular function by measuring coronary flow reserve (CFR) using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, and of peripheral microvascular endothelial function by peripheral arterial tonometry.

RESULTS

The groups were balanced in age, sex, and body mass index. Each of the three dyslipoproteinaemic groups had a greater proportion of individuals with impaired coronary flow reserve, 30%, compared to 6.7% of controls (p = 0.014). The median CFR levels did not differ significantly between the four groups, however. Cholesterol-lowering treatment time was longer in the individuals with normal than in those with impaired CFR in the FH + Lp(a) > 125 group (p = 0.023), but not in the group with FH + Lp(a) < 30 (p = 0.468). There was no difference in peripheral endothelial function between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Coronary microvascular dysfunction is more prevalent in asymptomatic individuals with isolated Lp(a) elevation and in heterozygous FH both with and without high Lp(a) compared to healthy controls. Cholesterol-lowering treatment could potentially prevent the development of microvascular dysfunction.

Navigating the landscape: Prospects and hurdles in targeting vascular smooth muscle cells for atherosclerosis diagnosis and therapy

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) have emerged as pivotal contributors throughout all phases of atherosclerotic plaque development, effectively dispelling prior underestimations of their prevalence and significance. Recent lineage tracing studies have unveiled the clonal nature and remarkable adaptability inherent to VSMCs, thereby illuminating their intricate and multifaceted roles in the context of atherosclerosis. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth exploration of the intricate mechanisms and distinctive characteristics that define VSMCs across various physiological processes, firmly underscoring their paramount importance in shaping the course of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, this review offers a thorough examination of the significant strides made over the past two decades in advancing imaging techniques and therapeutic strategies with a precise focus on targeting VSMCs within atherosclerotic plaques, notably spotlighting meticulously engineered nanoparticles as a promising avenue. We envision the potential of VSMC-targeted nanoparticles, thoughtfully loaded with medications or combination therapies, to effectively mitigate pro-atherogenic VSMC processes. These advancements are poised to contribute significantly to the pivotal objective of modulating VSMC phenotypes and enhancing plaque stability. Moreover, our paper also delves into recent breakthroughs in VSMC-targeted imaging technologies, showcasing their remarkable precision in locating microcalcifications, dynamically monitoring plaque fibrous cap integrity, and assessing the therapeutic efficacy of medical interventions. Lastly, we conscientiously explore the opportunities and challenges inherent in this innovative approach, providing a holistic perspective on the potential of VSMC-targeted strategies in the evolving landscape of atherosclerosis research and treatment.

Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in atherosclerosis: metabolism, mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies

Copper is an essential micronutrient that plays a pivotal role in numerous physiological processes in virtually all cell types. Nevertheless, the dysregulation of copper homeostasis, whether towards excess or deficiency, can lead to pathological alterations, such as atherosclerosis. With the advent of the concept of copper-induced cell death, termed cuproptosis, researchers have increasingly focused on the potential role of copper dyshomeostasis in atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide a broad overview of cellular and systemic copper metabolism. We then summarize the evidence linking copper dyshomeostasis to atherosclerosis and elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis development in terms of both copper excess and copper deficiency. Furthermore, we discuss the evidence for and mechanisms of cuproptosis, discuss its interactions with other modes of cell death, and highlight the role of cuproptosis-related mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Finally, we explore the therapeutic strategy of targeting this novel form of cell death, aiming to provide some insights for the management of atherosclerosis.

Unraveling the role of Xist RNA in cardiovascular pathogenesis

Understanding the molecular pathways behind cardiovascular illnesses is crucial due to the enormous worldwide health burden they impose. New insights into the role played by Xist (X-inactive specific transcript) RNA in the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases have emerged from recent studies. Since its discovery, Xist RNA has been known for its role in X chromosome inactivation during embryogenesis; however, new data suggest that its function extends well beyond the control of sex chromosomes. The regulatory roles of Xist RNA are extensive, encompassing epigenetic changes, gene expression, cellular identity, and sex chromosomal inactivation. There is potential for the involvement of this complex regulatory web in a wide range of illnesses, including cardiovascular problems. Atherosclerosis, hypertrophy, and cardiac fibrosis are all conditions linked to dysregulation of Xist RNA expression. Alterations in DNA methylation and histones are two examples of epigenetic changes that Xist RNA orchestrates, leading to modifications in gene expression patterns in different cardiovascular cells. Additionally, Xist RNA has been shown to contribute to the development of cardiovascular illnesses by modulating endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress responses. New treatment approaches may become feasible with a thorough understanding of the complex function of Xist RNA in cardiovascular diseases. By focusing on Xist RNA and the regulatory network with which it interacts, we may be able to slow the progression of atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis, thereby opening novel therapeutic options for cardiovascular diseases amenable to precision medicine. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the impact of Xist RNA in cardiovascular disorders.

KLF15 Transcriptionally Activates ATG14 to Promote Autophagy and Attenuate Damage of ox-LDL-Induced HAECs

Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) is involved in many cardiovascular diseases and is abnormally expressed in atherosclerosis (AS), but the regulatory mechanism of KLF15 in AS has not been reported so far. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of KLF15 and ATG14 in AS patients. Subsequently, human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were induced by oxidized low densitylipoprotein (ox-LDL), and the expression of KLF15 in model cells was detected. KLF15 was overexpressed in cells by lipofection transfection, and then CCK8, flow cytometry, Western blot, ELISA, and related assay kits were used to detect cell viability, apoptosis, inflammatory response as well as oxidative stress, respectively. The targeted regulatory relationship between KLF15 and autophagy-related 14 (ATG14) was detected by ChIP and luciferase reporter assays. Following ATG14 silencing in KLF15-overexpressing cells, immunofluorescence and Western blot were used to detect the autophagy. Finally, after the addition of 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, the aforementioned experiments were conducted again to further explore the mechanism. The expression of KLF15 and ATG14 were decreased in AS patients and ox-LDL-induced HAECs. Overexpression of KLF15 protected ox-LDL-induced HAECs from damage, which might be achieved through transcriptional regulation of ATG14. In addition, KLF15 could promote autophagy through transcriptional activation of ATG14. KLF15 transcriptionally activated ATG14 to promote autophagy and attenuate damage of ox-LDL-induced HAECs.

Research Progress on the Pathogenesis of Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection in Metabolism

Aortic aneurysm and dissection are complicated diseases having both high prevalence and mortality. It is usually diagnosed at advanced stages and posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to the limitations of current detecting methods for aortic dissection used in clinics. Metabonomics demonstrated its great potential capability in the early diagnosis and personalized treatment of several diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic disorders including amino acid metabolism, glycometabolism, and lipid metabolism disturbance are involved in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm and dissection by affecting multiple functional aortic cells. The purpose of this review is to provide new insights into the metabolism alterations and their related regulatory mechanisms with a focus on recent advances and findings and provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis, prevention, and drug development for aortic aneurysm and dissection.

LOX-1 Receptor: A Diagnostic Tool and Therapeutic Target in Atherogenesis

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) are major contributors to atherogenesis, as endogenous antigens, via several receptors such as LOX 1. A PubMed search was conducted in order to identify relevant articles regarding LOX-1's role in the atherosclerosis, diagnosis, prognostic use and molecules that could be used for therapy. The references of the manuscripts obtained were also reviewed, in order to find additional relevant bibliography. LOX-1 is a lectin-like pattern recognition receptor, mostly expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) which can bind a variety of molecules, including oxLDL and C-reactive protein (CRP). LOX-1 plays a key role in oxLDL's role as a causative agent of atherosclerosis through several pathologic mechanisms, such as oxLDL deposition in the subintima, foam cell formation and endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, LOX-1 acts a scavenger receptor for oxLDL in macrophages and can be responsible for oxLDL uptake, when stimulated. Serum LOX-1 (sLOX-1) has emerged as a new, potential biomarker for diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes, and it seems promising for use along with other common biomarkers in everyday clinical practice. In a therapeutic perspective, natural as well as synthetic molecules exert anti-LOX-1 properties and attain the receptor's pathophysiological effects, thus extensive research is ongoing to further evaluate molecules with therapeutic potential. However, most of these molecules need further trials in order to properly assess their safety and efficacy for clinical use. The aim of this review is to investigate LOX-1 role in atherogenesis and explore its potential as diagnostic tool and therapeutic target.

Corilagin relieves atherosclerosis via the toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells

INTRODUCTION

Corilagin possesses a diverse range of pharmacologic bioactivities. However, the specific protective effects and mechanisms of action of corilagin in the context of atherosclerosis remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the impact of corilagin on the toll-like receptor (TLR)4 signaling pathway in a mouse vascular smooth muscle cell line (MOVAS) stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Additionally, we examined the effects of corilagin in Sprague-Dawley rats experiencing atherosclerosis.

METHODS

The cytotoxicity of corilagin was assessed using the CCK8 assay. MOVAS cells, pre-incubated with ox-LDL, underwent treatment with varying concentrations of corilagin. TLR4 expression was modulated by either downregulation through small interfering (si)RNA or upregulation via lentivirus transfection. Molecular expression within the TLR4 signaling pathway was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. The proliferation capacity of MOVAS cells was determined through cell counting. In a rat model, atherosclerosis was induced in femoral arteries using an improved guidewire injury method, and TLR4 expression in plaque areas was assessed using immunofluorescence. Pathological changes were examined through hematoxylin and eosin staining, as well as Oil-Red-O staining.

RESULTS

Corilagin demonstrated inhibitory effects on the TLR4 signaling pathway in MOVAS cells pre-stimulated with ox-LDL, consequently impeding the proliferative impact of ox-LDL. The modulation of TLR4 expression, either through downregulation or upregulation, similarly influenced the expression of downstream molecules. In an in vivo context, corilagin exhibited the ability to suppress TLR4 and MyD88 expression in the plaque lesion areas of rat femoral arteries, thereby alleviating the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.

CONCLUSION

Corilagin can inhibit the TLR4 signaling pathway in VSMCs, possibly by downregulating TLR4 expression and, consequently, relieving atherosclerosis.

High-fat diet causes endothelial dysfunction in the mouse ophthalmic artery

Obesity is a significant health concern that leads to impaired vascular function and subsequent abnormalities in various organs. The impact of obesity on ocular blood vessels, however, remains largely unclear. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that obesity induced by high-fat diet produces vascular endothelial dysfunction in the ophthalmic artery. Mice were subjected to a high-fat diet for 20 weeks, while age-matched controls were maintained on a standard diet. Reactivity of isolated ophthalmic artery segments was assessed in vitro. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified in cryosections by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. Redox gene expression was determined in ophthalmic artery explants by real-time PCR. Furthermore, the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2), the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and of the lectin-like oxidized low-density-lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) was determined in cryosections using immunofluorescence microscopy. Ophthalmic artery segments from mice on a high-fat diet exhibited impaired vasodilation responses to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine, while endothelium-independent responses to nitroprusside remained preserved. DHE staining intensity in the vascular wall was notably stronger in mice on a high-fat diet. Messenger RNA expression for NOX2 was elevated in the ophthalmic artery of mice subjected to high fat diet. Likewise, immunostainings revealed increased expression of NOX2 and of RAGE, but not of LOX-1. These findings suggest that a high-fat diet triggers endothelial dysfunction by inducing oxidative stress in the ophthalmic artery via involvement of RAGE and NOX2.

Dicarbonyl-Modified Low-Density Lipoproteins Are Key Inducers of LOX-1 and NOX1 Gene Expression in the Cultured Human Umbilical Vein Endotheliocytes

Expression of LOX-1 and NOX1 genes in the human umbilical vein endotheliocytes (HUVECs) cultured in the presence of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) modified with various natural dicarbonyls was investigated for the first time. It was found that among the investigated dicarbonyl-modified LDLs (malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified LDLs, glyoxal-modified LDLs, and methylglyoxal-modified LDLs), the MDA-modified LDLs caused the greatest induction of the LOX-1 and NOX1 genes, as well as of the genes of antioxidant enzymes and genes of proapoptotic factors in HUVECs. Key role of the dicarbonyl-modified LDLs in the molecular mechanisms of vascular wall damage and endothelial dysfunction is discussed.

Could anionic LDL be a ligand for RAGE and TREM2 in addition to LOX-1 and thus exacerbate lung disease and dementia?

We recently highlighted the potential of protein glycation to generate anionic (electronegative) surfaces. We hypothesised that these anionic proteins are perceived by the innate immune system as arising from infection or damaged cell components, producing an inflammatory response within the lung involving the receptor RAGE. We now review two other pathologies linked to the innate immune response, cardiovascular disease and dementia that involve receptors LOX-1 and TREM2 respectively. Remarkable similarities in properties between RAGE, LOX-1 and TREM2 suggest that electronegative LDL may act as a pathogenic anionic ligand for all three receptors and exacerbate lung inflammation and dementia.

CircCHMP5 Contributes to Ox-LDL-induced Endothelial Cell Injury Through the Regulation of MiR-532-5p/ROCK2 axis

BACKGROUND

Aberrant expression of circular RNA (circRNA) has been demonstrated to be related to atherosclerosis (AS) formation. However, the mechanism of circCHMP5 (also known as hsa_circ_0003575) in AS formation remains unclear.

METHODS

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was used to treat human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to construct a cell injury model. The expression level of circCHMP5, miR-532-5p, and Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis were determined by flow cytometry, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, and tube formation assay. In addition, the protein expression of apoptosis markers, inflammation factors, and ROCK2 was detected by western blot analysis. The interaction between miR-532-5p and circCHMP5 or ROCK2 was assessed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay.

RESULTS

Our results indicated that circCHMP5 was overexpressed in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. CircCHMP5 knockdown promoted cell cycle, proliferation, and angiogenesis while inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. MiR-532-5p could be sponged by circCHMP5, and its inhibitor reversed the negative regulation of si-circCHMP5 on ox-LDL-induced HUVECs injury. ROCK2, a target of miR-532-5p, reversed the inhibition effect of miR-532-5p on ox-LDL-induced HUVECs injury. Furthermore, we confirmed that circCHMP5 upregulated ROCK2 by sponging miR-532-5p.

CONCLUSION

To sum up, our data showed that circCHMP5 regulated the miR-532-5p/ROCK2 axis to accelerate ox-LDL-induced HUVECs injury, confirming that circCHMP5 might be a potential target for AS treatment.

Research progress of quercetin in cardiovascular disease

Quercetin is one of the most common flavonoids. More and more studies have found that quercetin has great potential utilization value in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as antioxidant, antiplatelet aggregation, antibacterial, cholesterol lowering, endothelial cell protection, etc. However, the medicinal value of quercetin is mostly limited to animal models and preclinical studies. Due to the complexity of the human body and functional structure compared to animals, more research is needed to explore whether quercetin has the same mechanism of action and pharmacological value as animal experiments. In order to systematically understand the clinical application value of quercetin, this article reviews the research progress of quercetin in CVD, including preclinical and clinical studies. We will focus on the relationship between quercetin and common CVD, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemia reperfusion injury, heart failure, hypertension and arrhythmia, etc. By elaborating on the pathophysiological mechanism and clinical application research progress of quercetin's protective effect on CVD, data support is provided for the transformation of quercetin from laboratory to clinical application.

Circ-C16orf62 Regulates Oxidized low-density Lipoprotein-induced Apoptosis, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Cholesterol Accumulation of Macrophages via Mediating RAB22A Expression by Targeting miR-377

Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the most common and important vascular diseases. It is believed that the abnormal expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs) plays an important role in AS. Hence, we investigate the function and mechanism of circ-C16orf62 in AS development.In this study, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated human macrophages (THP-1) were used as pathological conditions of AS in vitro. The expression of circ-C16orf62, miR-377 and Ras-related protein (RAB22A) mRNA was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or western blot. Cell viability or cell apoptosis was assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay or flow cytometry assay. The releases of proinflammatory factors were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was examined to assess oxidative stress. Total cholesterol (T-CHO) level was detected, and cholesterol efflux level was tested using a liquid scintillation counter. The putative relationship between miR-377 and circ-C16orf62 or RAB22A was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay.circ-C16orf62 expression was elevated in AS serum samples and ox-LDL-treated THP-1 cells. Apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and cholesterol accumulation induced by ox-LDL were suppressed by circ-C16orf62 knockdown. Circ-C16orf62 could bind to miR-377 and thus increased the expression level of RAB22A. Rescued experiments showed that circ-C16orf62 knockdown alleviated ox-LDL-induced THP-1 cell injuries by increasing miR-377 expression, and miR-377 overexpression lessened ox-LDL-induced THP-1 cell injuries by degrading RAB22A level.In conclusion, circ-C16orf62 played a crucial role in the regulation of apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and cholesterol accumulation in ox-LDL-treated human macrophages via mediating the miR-377/RAB22A axis, hinting that circ-C16orf62 might be involved in AS progression.

Differences in Structural Changes and Pathophysiological Effects of Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles upon Accumulation of Acylhydroperoxy Derivatives in Their Outer Phospholipid Monolayer or upon Modification of Apoprotein B-100 by Natural Dicarbonyls

Nanoparticles of the lipid-transporting system of the organism, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) of blood plasma, are prone to free radical peroxidation with formation of their main modified forms - oxidized LDL itself (containing hydroperoxy-acyls in phospholipids of the outer layer of particles) and dicarbonyl-modified LDL (apoprotein B-100 in which chemically modified via the Maillard reaction). Based on the study of free radical oxidation kinetics of LDLs, it was found that the existing in the literature designation of "oxidized lipoproteins" is incorrect because it does not reveal the nature of oxidative modification of LDLs. It was shown in this study that the "atherogenic" LDLs (particles of which are actively captured by the cultured macrophages) are not the oxidized LDL (in which LOOH-derivatives of phospholipids are formed by enzymatic oxidation by C-15 lipoxygenase of rabbit reticulocytes), but dicarbonyl-modified LDLs. Important role of the dicarbonyl-modified LDLs in the molecular mechanisms of atherogenesis and endothelial dysfunction is discussed.

Novel soybean polypeptide dglycin alleviates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

Atherosclerosis is a dominant cause of cardiovascular disease. Accumulation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), formation of foam cells, and endothelial dysfunction within the arterial intima contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Soy consumption is thought to have positive effect on the prevention of atherosclerosis. Therefore, in the present study, a novel soybean polypeptide dglycin was purified and characterized. Oral administration of 20 mg/g.d dglycin reduced 47.6 % lesion area, and 49.1 % lipid deposition in the atherosclerotic plaques in aortic roots in ApoE-/- mice. In addition, it decreased the levels of 26.0 % plasma low-density lipoprotein, 27.2 % triglyceride, 40.1 % cholesterol, 25.1 % malondialdehyde and 24.2 % tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). In vitro experiments revealed that dglycin inhibited inflammatory cytokine secretion from aortic endothelial cells via the inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, it inhibited reactive oxygen species generation, subsequently enhanced cell viability, and protected aortic endothelial cells from necrosis and apoptosis via mitochondrial function improvement. On the other hand, dglycin prevented the uptake of oxidized LDL by macrophages via suppressing the expression of scavenger receptor class A1, which suggested that dglycin prevented foam cell formation. Therefore, dglycin alleviated the early-stage of atherosclerosis via depressing inflammation, lipid deposition, protecting aortic endothelial cells and preventing foam cell formation.

Paeonol reduces microbial metabolite α-hydroxyisobutyric acid to alleviate the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway-mediated endothelial inflammation in atherosclerosis mice

Gut microbiota dysbiosis is an avenue for the promotion of atherosclerosis (AS) and this effect is mediated partly via the circulating microbial metabolites. More microbial metabolites related to AS vascular inflammation, and the mechanisms involved need to be clarified urgently. Paeonol (Pae) is an active compound isolated from Paeonia suffruticoas Andr. with anti-AS inflammation effect. However, considering the low oral bioavailability of Pae, it is worth exploring the mechanism by which Pae reduces the harmful metabolites of the gut microbiota to alleviate AS. In this study, ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish an AS model. AS mice were administrated with Pae (200 or 400 mg·kg-1) by oral gavage and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was conducted. 16S rDNA sequencing was performed to investigate the composition of the gut microbiota, while metabolomics analysis was used to identify the metabolites in serum and cecal contents. The results indicated that Pae significantly improved AS by regulating gut microbiota composition and microbiota metabolic profile in AS mice. We also identified α-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) as a harmful microbial metabolite reduced by Pae. HIBA supplementation in drinking water promoted AS inflammation in AS mice. Furthermore, vascular endothelial cells (VECs) were cultured and stimulated by HIBA. We verified that HIBA stimulation increased intracellular ROS levels, thereby inducing VEC inflammation via the TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway. In sum, Pae reduces the production of the microbial metabolite HIBA, thus alleviating the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway-mediated endothelial inflammation in AS. Our study innovatively confirms the mechanism by which Pae reduces the harmful metabolites of gut microbiota to alleviate AS and proposes HIBA as a potential biomarker for AS clinical judgment.

Studies on the Effects of Hypercholesterolemia on Mouse Ophthalmic Artery Reactivity

Atherogenic lipoproteins may impair vascular reactivity, leading to tissue damage in various organs, including the eye. This study aimed to investigate whether ophthalmic artery reactivity is affected in mice lacking the apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE-/-), a model for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Twelve-month-old male ApoE-/- mice and age-matched wild-type controls were used to assess vascular reactivity using videomicroscopy. Moreover, the vascular mechanics, lipid content, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and expression of pro-oxidant redox enzymes and the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) were determined in vascular tissue. Unlike the aorta, the ophthalmic artery of ApoE-/- mice developed no signs of endothelial dysfunction and no signs of excessive lipid deposition. Remarkably, the levels of ROS, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 1 (NOX1), NOX2, NOX4, and LOX-1 were increased in the aorta but not in the ophthalmic artery of ApoE-/- mice. Our findings suggest that ApoE-/- mice develop endothelial dysfunction in the aorta by increased oxidative stress via the involvement of LOX-1, NOX1, and NOX2, whereas NOX4 may participate in media remodeling. In contrast, the ophthalmic artery appears to be resistant to chronic apolipoprotein E deficiency. A lack of LOX-1 expression/overexpression in response to increased oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels may be a possible mechanism of action.

Effects of Zofenopril on Arterial Stiffness in Hypertension Patients

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) reduce arterial stiffness beyond their antihypertensive effect. Studies showed that sulfhydryl ACEIs have the antioxidative potential to improve endothelial function, which might have a clinical effect on arterial distensibility. However, there are no studies that directly compare the effects of sulfhydryl (zofenopril) and non-sulfhydryl ACEIs (enalapril) on arterial stiffness. Therefore, this prospective study aims to compare the effects of enalapril and zofenopril on arterial stiffness and oxidative stress in both short- and long-term treatment of arterial hypertension (AH). Baseline and post-treatment peripheral and central arterial pressure indices, augmentation index (Aix), aortic pulse wave velocity (ao-PWV), serum levels of oxidized low-density cholesterol lipoprotein, LDL and uric acid (UA) were measured. The results showed that acute treatment with zofenopril, in contrast to enalapril, significantly decreased peripheral and central Aix (p < 0.001). Chronic treatment with zofenopril showed a superior effect over enalapril on the reduction of the peripheral systolic arterial pressure with reduction of ao-PWV (p = 0.004), as well as a reduction in peripheral Aix (p = 0.021) and central Aix (p = 0.021). Therefore, this study indicates that zofenopril has beneficial effects on the reduction of arterial stiffness compared to enalapril. It has potent clinical efficacy in AH treatment and further studies should compare its safety and long-term efficacy to other AH drugs that would aid clinicians in treating AH and other various cardiovascular diseases that have arterial stiffness as a common denominator.

Hsa_ circ_0006867 regulates ox-LDL-induced endothelial injury via the miR-499a-3p/ADAM10 axis

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to participate in the development of various diseases. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanism underlying the role of circRNAs in atherosclerosis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with 100μg/mL oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to simulate atherosclerosis. We observed that hsa_circ_0006867 (circ_0006867), a circRNA markedly increased in ox-LDL-treated endothelial cells, acted as a molecular sponge of miR-499a-3p and regulated its expression. This interaction led to changes in the downstream target gene ADAM10, thus affecting cell apoptosis and migration. Thus, our study suggests that circ_0006867 regulates ox-LDL-induced endothelial injury via the circ_0006867/miR-499a-3p/ADAM10 axis, indicating its potential as an exploitable therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.

FOXP1‑induced DUSP12 alleviates vascular endothelial cell inflammation and oxidative stress injury induced by ox‑LDL via MAP3K5 signaling pathway

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a type of chronic inflammatory disease and the main pathological basis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which seriously threaten the health of patients. The dual specificity phosphatase 12 (DUSP12) protein is known as regulator of inflammatory diseases. Nonetheless, at present, there are only a few reports on the regulatory role of DUSP12 in AS. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were induced using oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Subsequently, cell transfection experiments were performed to overexpress DUSP12 in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. Cell Counting Kit-8, TUNEL western blotting, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assays, ELISA and other techniques were used to measure cell viability, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial function-related indicators. Subsequently, the relationship between DUSP12 and Forkhead box P1 (FOXP1) was predicted using the JASPAR database and verified using luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Finally, the regulatory mechanism was investigated by simultaneously overexpressing DUSP12 and knocking down FOXP1 in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs and MAP3K5-related proteins of the DUSP12 downstream pathway were measured by western blotting. The expression of DUSP12 in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs was significantly decreased. Overexpression of DUSP12 inhibited apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress damage and alleviated endothelial dysfunction in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. FOXP1 promoted the transcription of DUSP12. Moreover, FOXP1 alleviated ox-LDL-induced apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress damage in HUVECs by regulating the expression of DUSP12, probably acting through the MAP3K5 pathway. Collectively, the present study revealed that FOXP1-induced DUSP12 alleviated vascular endothelial cell inflammation and oxidative stress injury in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs via the MAP3K5 signaling pathway, which might shed novel insights into the targeted treatment for AS in the clinic.

Circ-UBR4 regulates the proliferation, migration, inflammation, and apoptosis in ox-LDL-induced vascular smooth muscle cells via miR-515-5p/IGF2 axis

The aim of our study is to disclose the role and underlying molecular mechanisms of circular RNA ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 4 (circ-UBR4) in atherosclerosis (AS). Our data showed that circ-UBR4 expression was upregulated in AS patients and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) compared with healthy volunteer and untreated VSMCs. In addition, ox-LDL stimulated proliferation, migration, and inflammation but decreased apoptosis in VSMCs, which were overturned by the inhibition of circ-UBR4. miR-515-5p was sponged by circ-UBR4, and its inhibitor reversed the inhibitory effect of circ-UBR4 knockdown on proliferation, migration, and inflammation in ox-LDL-induced VSMCs. Insulin-like growth factor2 (IGF2) was a functional target of miR-515-5p, and overexpression of IGF2 reversed the suppressive effect of miR-515-5p on ox-LDL-stimulated VSMCs proliferation, migration, and inflammation. Collectively, circ-UBR4 knockdown decreased proliferation, migration, and inflammation but stimulated apoptosis in ox-LDL-induced VSMCs by targeting the miR-515-5p/IGF2 axis.

The recent progress of myeloid-derived suppressor cell and its targeted therapies in cancers

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are an immature group of myeloid-derived cells generated from myeloid cell precursors in the bone marrow. MDSCs appear almost exclusively in pathological conditions, such as tumor progression and various inflammatory diseases. The leading function of MDSCs is their immunosuppressive ability, which plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis through their immunosuppressive effects. Since MDSCs have specific molecular features, and only a tiny amount exists in physiological conditions, MDSC-targeted therapy has become a promising research direction for tumor treatment with minimal side effects. In this review, we briefly introduce the classification, generation and maturation process, and features of MDSCs, and detail their functions under various circumstances. The present review specifically demonstrates the environmental specificity of MDSCs, highlighting the differences between MDSCs from cancer and healthy individuals, as well as tumor-infiltrating MDSCs and circulating MDSCs. Then, we further describe recent advances in MDSC-targeted therapies. The existing and potential targeted drugs are divided into three categories, monoclonal antibodies, small-molecular inhibitors, and peptides. Their targeting mechanisms and characteristics have been summarized respectively. We believe that a comprehensive in-depth understanding of MDSC-targeted therapy could provide more possibilities for the treatment of cancer.

Possible role of LCZ696 in atherosclerosis: new inroads and perspective

LCZ696 blocks both angiotensin receptor type 1 (ATR1) and neprilysin (NEP), which are intricate in the degradation of natriuretic peptides (NPs) and other endogenous peptides. It has been shown NEP inhibitors and LCZ696 could be effectively in the management of atherosclerosis (AS). However, the underlying mechanism of LCZ696 in AS is needed to be clarified entirely. Hence, this review is directed to reconnoiter the mechanistic role of LCZ696 in AS. The anti-inflammatory role of LCZ696 is related to the inhibition of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-activated kinase 1 (TAK) and nod-like receptor pyrin 3 receptor (NLRP3) inflammasome. Moreover, LCZ696, via inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, apoptosis and endothelial dysfunction can attenuate the development and progression of AS. In conclusion, LCZ696 could be effective in the management of AS through modulation of inflammatory and oxidative signaling. Preclinical and clinical studies are recommended in this regard.

Circ_0090231 knockdown protects vascular smooth muscle cells from ox-LDL-induced proliferation, migration and invasion via miR-942-5p/PPM1B axis during atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a dominant pathological basis of cardiovascular disease. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been proposed to have crucial functions in regulating pathological progressions of AS. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential function of circ_0090231 in AS progression. Oxidized low densitylipoprotein (ox-LDL)-challenged vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were used for in vitro functional analysis. Levels of genes and proteins were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The proliferation, migration and invasion were assessed using cell counting kit-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, and transwell assays. The interaction between miR-942-5p and circ_0090231 or PPM1B (Protein Phosphatase, Mg²⁺/Mn²⁺ Dependent 1B) was evaluated by dual-luciferase reporter and pull-down assays. Circ_0090231 is a stable circRNA, and was increased in the serum of AS patients and ox-LDL-challenged VSMCs. Functionally, silencing of circ_0090231 could reverse ox-LDL-induced proliferation, migration and invasion in VSMCs. Mechanistically, circ_0090231 directly targeted miR-942-5p, and PPM1B was a target of miR-942-5p. Besides, circ_0090231 sequestered miR-942-5p to release PPM1B expression, suggesting the circ_0090231/miR-942-5p/PPM1B axis. Further rescue experiments showed that miR-942-5p inhibition or ectopic overexpression of PPM1B dramatically attenuated the suppressing influences of circ_0090231 knockdown on VSMC proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities under ox-LDL treatment. Silencing of circ_0090231 could reverse ox-LDL-induced proliferation, migration and invasion in VSMCs via miR-942-5p/PPM1B axis, providing a theoretical basis for elucidating the mechanism of AS process.

Clearance and Utilization of Dicarbonyl-Modified LDL in Monkeys and Humans

The kinetics of elimination of various dicarbonyl-modified low-density lipoproteins from the bloodstream of Macaca mulatta monkeys were investigated. The low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the monkey blood plasma were isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation and labeled in vitro with the fluorescent dye FITC; thereupon, they were modified with different natural low molecular-weight dicarbonyls: malondialdehyde (MDA), glyoxal, or methylglyoxal. The control native FITC-labeled LDL and dicarbonyl-modified FITC-labeled LDL were injected into the monkey's ulnar vein; thereafter, blood samples were taken at fixed time intervals during 24 h. The plasma level of FITC-labeled LDL was determined with spectrofluorimetry. The study established that glyoxal- and monkeysglyoxal-labeled LDL circulated in monkey virtually at the same time as native (non-modified) LDL. In contrast, MDA-modified LDL disappeared from the blood extremely rapidly. Administration of the PCSK9 inhibitor involocumab (which increases LDL utilization) to patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) was found to significantly reduce levels of MDA-modified LDL.

Advances in the study of the vascular protective effects and molecular mechanisms of hawthorn (Crataegus anamesa Sarg.) extracts in cardiovascular diseases

Hawthorn belongs to the rose family and is a type of functional food. It contains various chemicals, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and organic acid compounds. This study aimed to review the vascular protective effects and molecular mechanisms of hawthorn and its extracts on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Hawthorn has a wide range of biological functions. Evidence suggests that the active components of HE reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, regulate lipid levels to prevent lipid accumulation, and inhibit free cholesterol accumulation in macrophages and foam cell formation. Additionally, hawthorn extract (HE) can protect vascular endothelial function, regulate endothelial dysfunction, and promote vascular endothelial relaxation. It has also been reported that the effective components of hawthorn can prevent age-related endothelial dysfunction, increase cellular calcium levels, cause antiplatelet aggregation, and promote antithrombosis. In clinical trials, HE has been proved to reduce the adverse effects of CVDs on blood lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, heart rate, and exercise tolerance. Previous studies have pointed to the benefits of hawthorn and its extracts in treating atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases. Therefore, as both medicine and food, hawthorn can be used as a new drug source for treating cardiovascular diseases.

DRP1 knockdown and atorvastatin alleviate ox-LDL-induced vascular endothelial cells injury: DRP1 is a potential target for preventing atherosclerosis

Vascular endothelial cells (VECs) injury is the first step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in VECs injury, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, the human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to 100 μg/mL oxidized low-density lipoprotein for 24 h to establish AS model in vitro. We reported that mitochondrial dynamics disorder is a prominent feature of VECs in AS models and associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the knockdown of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) in AS model significantly alleviated the mitochondrial dynamics disorder and VECs injury. On the contrary, DRP1 overexpression significantly aggravated this injury. Interestingly, atorvastatin (ATV), a classical anti-atherosclerotic drug, prominently inhibited the expression of DRP1 in AS models and similarly alleviated the mitochondrial dynamics disorder and VECs injury in vitro and in vivo. At the same time, we found that ATV alleviated VECs damage but did not significantly reduce lipid concentration in vivo. Our findings provide a potential therapeutic target of AS and a new mechanism of the anti-atherosclerotic effect of ATV.

TM6SF2 reduces lipid accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting LOX-1 and CD36 expression

TM6SF2, predominantly expressed in the liver and intestine, is closely associated with lipid metabolism. We have demonstrated the presence of TM6SF2 in VSMCs within human atherosclerotic plaques. Subsequent functional studies were conducted to investigate its role in lipid uptake and accumulation in human vascular smooth muscle cells (HAVSMCs) using siRNA knockdown and overexpression techniques. Our results showed that TM6SF2 reduced lipid accumulation in oxLDL-stimulated VSMCs, likely through the regulation of lectin-like oxLDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) and scavenger receptor cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) expression. We concluded that TM6SF2 plays a role in HAVSMC lipid metabolism with opposing effects on cellular lipid droplet content by downregulation of LOX-1 and CD36 expression.