1
|
Cao Y, Zhang J, He X, Wu C, Liu Z, Zhu B, Miao L. Empathic pain: Exploring the multidimensional impacts of biological and social aspects in pain. Neuropharmacology 2024:110091. [PMID: 39059575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Empathic pain refers to an individual's perception, judgment, and emotional response to others' pain. This complex social cognitive ability is crucial for healthy interactions in human society. In recent years, with the development of multidisciplinary research in neuroscience, psychology and sociology, empathic pain has become a focal point of widespread attention in these fields. However, the neural mechanism underlying empathic pain remain a controversial and unresolved area. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the history, influencing factors, neural mechanisms and pharmacological interventions of empathic pain. We hope to provide a comprehensive scientific perspective on how humans perceive and respond to others' pain experiences and to provide guidance for future research directions and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Xiaofang He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Chenye Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow-University, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Zeyuan Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China.
| | - Liying Miao
- Department of Blood Purification Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blum K, Bowirrat A, Sunder K, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Gold MS, Dennen CA, Elman I, Murphy KT, Makale MT. Dopamine Dysregulation in Reward and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sci 2024; 14:733. [PMID: 39061473 PMCID: PMC11274922 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is primarily characterized by core deficits in social skills, communication, and cognition and by repetitive stereotyped behaviors. These manifestations are variable between individuals, and ASD pathogenesis is complex, with over a thousand implicated genes, many epigenetic factors, and multiple environmental influences. The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) mediated brain reward system is held to play a key role, but the rapidly expanding literature reveals intricate, nuanced signaling involving a wide array of mesolimbic loci, neurotransmitters and receptor subtypes, and neuronal variants. How altered DA signaling may constitute a downstream convergence of the manifold causal origins of ASD is not well understood. A clear working framework of ASD pathogenesis may help delineate common stages and potential diagnostic and interventional opportunities. Hence, we summarize the known natural history of ASD in the context of emerging data and perspectives to update ASD reward signaling. Then, against this backdrop, we proffer a provisional framework that organizes ASD pathogenesis into successive levels, including (1) genetic and epigenetic changes, (2) disrupted mesolimbic reward signaling pathways, (3) dysregulated neurotransmitter/DA signaling, and finally, (4) altered neurocognitive and social behavior and possible antagonist/agonist based ASD interventions. This subdivision of ASD into a logical progression of potentially addressable parts may help facilitate the rational formulation of diagnostics and targeted treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise Sports, Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA 92264, USA
- Division of Personalized Neuromodulations, PeakLogic, LLC, Del Mar, CA 92130, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | | | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Colin Hanna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA 19145, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University School of Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kevin T. Murphy
- Division of Personalized Neuromodulations, PeakLogic, LLC, Del Mar, CA 92130, USA
| | - Milan T. Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nie Y, Pan T, He J, Li Y. Impaired social reward processing in individuals with Internet gaming disorder and its relationship with early face perception. Addict Behav 2024; 153:108006. [PMID: 38457987 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has found that individuals with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) show different patterns of social function impairments in game-related and real-life social contexts. Impaired social reward processing may be the underlying mechanism according to the Social Motivation Theory. Thus, in this study, event-related potentials were recorded from 24 individuals with IGD and 24 healthy gamers during a social judgement task. We focused on reward positivity (RewP) elicited by game-related and real-life social rewards, and N170 elicited by game avatar faces and real faces. These indicators were used to explore the neurocognitive mechanism of impaired social reward processing in individuals with IGD and its relationship with early face perception. Results showed that (1) the RewP elicited by real-life social reward was considerably reduced in individuals with IGD relative to healthy gamers. (2) The N170 elicited by game avatar faces in individuals with IGD was larger than that elicited by real faces. However, the N170 was not associated with RewP in either group. (3) The score for IGD severity was correlated with the RewP elicited by real-life social reward and the N170 elicited by game avatar face. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the impaired social reward processing in individuals with IGD is mainly manifested in a decreased neural sensitivity to real-life social reward. Meanwhile, the reduced RewP elicited by real-life social reward and the enhanced N170 elicited by game avatar face might serve as potential biomarkers for IGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Nie
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinbo He
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yongxin Li
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang R, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Yang Y, Zhong W, Zhu L. 2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphate Causes Obesity in Zebrafish by Stimulating Overeating via Inhibition of Dopamine Receptor D2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14162-14172. [PMID: 37704188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a popular public health problem worldwide and is mainly caused by overeating, but little is known about the impacts of synthetic chemicals on obesity. Herein, we evaluated the obesogenic effect caused by 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP) on zebrafish. Adult zebrafish were exposed to 5, 35, and 245 μg/L of EHDPHP for 21 days. Results showed that EHDPHP exposure significantly promoted the feeding behavior of zebrafish, as evidenced by shorter reaction time, increased average food intake, feeding rate, and intake frequency (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic, real-time quantitative PCR, and neurotransmitter analyses revealed that the dopamine (DA) receptor D2 (DRD2) was inhibited, which interfered with the DA neural reward regulation system, thus stimulating food addiction to zebrafish. This was further verified by the restored DRD2 after 7 days of Halo (a DRD2 agonist) treatment. A strong interaction between EHDPHP and DRD2 was identified via molecular docking. As a consequence of the abnormal feeding behavior, the exposed fish exhibited significant obesity evidenced by increased body weight, body mass index, plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and body fat content. Additionally, the pathways linked to Parkinson's disease, alcoholism, and cocaine addiction were also disrupted, implying that EHDPHP might cause other neurological disorders via the disrupted DA system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blum K, Gold MS, Cadet JL, Gondre-Lewis MC, McLaughlin T, Braverman ER, Elman I, Paul Carney B, Cortese R, Abijo T, Bagchi D, Giordano J, Dennen CA, Baron D, Thanos PK, Soni D, Makale MT, Makale M, Murphy KT, Jafari N, Sunder K, Zeine F, Ceccanti M, Bowirrat A, Badgaiyan RD. Invited Expert Opinion- Bioinformatic and Limitation Directives to Help Adopt Genetic Addiction Risk Screening and Identify Preaddictive Reward Dysregulation: Required Analytic Evidence to Induce Dopamine Homeostatsis. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2023; 11:10.18103/mra.v11i8.4211. [PMID: 37885438 PMCID: PMC10601302 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v11i8.4211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Addiction, albeit some disbelievers like Mark Lewis [1], is a chronic, relapsing brain disease, resulting in unwanted loss of control over both substance and non- substance behavioral addictions leading to serious adverse consequences [2]. Addiction scientists and clinicians face an incredible challenge in combatting the current opioid and alcohol use disorder (AUD) pandemic throughout the world. Provisional data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that from July 2021-2022, over 100,000 individuals living in the United States (US) died from a drug overdose, and 77,237 of those deaths were related to opioid use [3]. This number is expected to rise, and according to the US Surgeon General it is highly conceivable that by 2025 approximately 165,000 Americans will die from an opioid overdose. Alcohol abuse, according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), results in 3 million deaths worldwide every year, which represents 5.3% of all deaths globally [4].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX., USA
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise & Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA., USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.,USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Centre, Dayton, OH, USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics Research, TranspliceGen Therapeutics, Inc., Austin, Tx., 78701, USA
- Department of Nutrigenomic Research, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Bonita Springs, FL, USA
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA., USA
- Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO., USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD., USA
| | - Marjorie C. Gondre-Lewis
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC., USA
| | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Division of Nutrigenomics Research, TranspliceGen Therapeutics, Inc., Austin, Tx., 78701, USA
| | - Eric R Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX., USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (P.A.I.N Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA., USA
| | - B. Paul Carney
- Division Pediatric Neurology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO., USA
| | - Rene Cortese
- Department of Child Health – Child Health Research Institute, & Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health School of Medicine, University of Missouri, MO., USA
| | - Tomilowo Abijo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC., USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Giordano
- Division of Personalized Mental Illness Treatment & Research, Ketamine Infusion Clinics of South Florida, Pompano Beach, Fl., USA
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Diwanshu Soni
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA., USA
| | - Milan T. Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, UC San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA
| | - Miles Makale
- Department of Psychology, UC San Diego, Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Nicole Jafari
- Department of Human Development, California State University at long Beach, Long Beach, CA., USA
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA., USA
| | - Keerthy Sunder
- Department of Psychiatry, Menifee Global Medical Center, Palm Desert, CA., USA
- Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
| | - Foojan Zeine
- Awareness Integration Institute, San Clemente, CA., USA
- Department of Health Science, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, CA., USA
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- Società Italiana per il Trattamento dell’Alcolismo e le sue Complicanze (SITAC), ASL Roma1, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX., USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Mt Sinai University School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Urueña-Méndez G, Dimiziani A, Bellés L, Goutaudier R, Ginovart N. Repeated Cocaine Intake Differentially Impacts Striatal D 2/3 Receptor Availability, Psychostimulant-Induced Dopamine Release, and Trait Behavioral Markers of Drug Abuse. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13238. [PMID: 37686044 PMCID: PMC10487888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research indicates that altered dopamine (DA) transmission in the striatum contributes to impulsivity and novelty-seeking, and it may mediate a link concerning a higher susceptibility to drug abuse. Whether increased susceptibility to drug abuse results from a hyperdopaminergic or hypodopaminergic state is still debated. Here, we simultaneously tracked changes in DA D2/3 receptor (D2/3R) availability and amphetamine-(AMPH)-induced DA release in relation to impulsivity and novelty-seeking prior to, and following, cocaine self-administration (SA) in Roman high- (RHA) and low- (RLA) avoidance rats. We found that high-impulsive/high novelty-seeking RHA rats exhibited lower D2/3R availabilities and higher AMPH-induced DA release in the striatum that predicted higher levels of cocaine intake compared with RLAs. Cocaine SA did not alter striatal D2/3R availability or impulsivity in RHA or RLA rats. Critically, cocaine exposure led to a baseline-dependent blunting of stimulated DA release in high-impulsive/high novelty-seeking RHA rats only, and to a baseline-dependent increase in novelty-seeking in low-impulsive/low novelty-seeking RLA rats only. Altogether, we propose that susceptibility to drug abuse results from an innate hyper-responsive DA system, promoting impulsive action and novelty-seeking, and producing stronger initial drug-reinforcing effects that contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of drug use. However, with repeated cocaine use, a tolerance to drug-induced striatal DA elevations develops, leading to a compensatory increase in drug consumption to overcome the reduced reward effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginna Urueña-Méndez
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.U.-M.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Dimiziani
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.U.-M.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Lidia Bellés
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.U.-M.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Goutaudier
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.U.-M.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Ginovart
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.U.-M.); (L.B.); (R.G.)
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Naghel S, Vallesi A, Sabouri Moghadam H, Nazari MA. Neural Differences in Relation to Risk Preferences during Reward Processing: An Event-Related Potential Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1235. [PMID: 37759836 PMCID: PMC10527558 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual variability in risk preferences can be reflected in reward processing differences, making people risk-seekers or risk-averse. However, the neural correlates of reward processing in individuals with risk preferences remain unknown. Consequently, this event-related potential (ERP) study examined and compared electrophysiological correlates associated with different stages of reward processing in risk-seeking and risk-averse groups. Individuals scoring in the bottom and top 20% on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) were deemed risk-averse and risk-seeking, respectively. Participants engaged in a gambling task while their electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Risk-seekers tended to choose high-risk options significantly more frequently than low-risk options, whereas risk-averse individuals chose low-risk options significantly more frequently than high-risk ones. All participants selected the low-risk alternative more slowly than the high-risk option. During the anticipation stage, the low-risk option elicited a relatively attenuated stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) response from risk-seekers compared to risk-averse participants. During the outcome stage, feedback-related negativity (FRN) increased in risk-seekers responding to greater losses but not in risk-averse participants. These results indicate that ERP components can detect differences in reward processing during risky situations. In addition, these results suggest that motivation and cognitive control, along with their associated neural processes, may play a central role in differences in reward-based behavior between the two groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Naghel
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran; (S.N.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Antonino Vallesi
- Department of Neuroscience & Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Hassan Sabouri Moghadam
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran; (S.N.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Mohammad Ali Nazari
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mestre-Bach G, Potenza MN. Potential Biological Markers and Treatment Implications for Binge Eating Disorder and Behavioral Addictions. Nutrients 2023; 15:827. [PMID: 36839185 PMCID: PMC9962023 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The reward system is highly relevant to behavioral addictions such as gambling disorder (GD), internet gaming disorder (IGD), and food addiction/binge eating disorder (FA/BED). Among other brain regions, the ventral striatum (VS) has been implicated in reward processing. The main objective of the present state-of-the-art review was to explore in depth the specific role of the VS in GD, IGD and FA/BED, understanding it as a possible biomarker of these conditions. Studies analyzing brain changes following interventions for these disorders, and especially those that had explored possible treatment-related changes in VS, are discussed. More evidence is needed on how existing treatments (both pharmacological and psychobehavioral) for behavioral addictions affect the activation of the VS and related circuitry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT 06109, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Christensen SM, Varney C, Gupta V, Wenz L, Bays HE. Stress, psychiatric disease, and obesity: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022. OBESITY PILLARS (ONLINE) 2022; 4:100041. [PMID: 37990662 PMCID: PMC10662113 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statements (CPS) included topics such as behavior modification, motivational interviewing, and eating disorders, as well as the effect of concomitant medications on weight gain/reduction (i.e., including psychiatric medications). This OMA CPS provides clinicians a more focused overview of stress and psychiatric disease as they relate to obesity. Methods The scientific support for this CPS is based upon published citations, clinical perspectives of OMA authors, and peer review by the Obesity Medicine Association leadership. Results Topics in this CPS include the relationship between psychological stress and obesity, including both acute and chronic stress. Additionally, this CPS describes the neurobiological pathways regarding stress and addiction-like eating behavior and explores the relationship between psychiatric disease and obesity, with an overview of psychiatric medications and their potential effects on weight gain and weight reduction. Conclusions This Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) on stress and psychiatric disease is one of a series of OMA CPSs designed to assist clinicians in the care of patients with the disease of obesity. Knowledge of stress, addiction-like eating behavior, psychiatric disease, and effects of psychiatric medications on body weight may improve the care obesity medicine clinicians provide to their patients with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Christensen
- Integrative Medical Weight Management, 2611 NE 125th St., Suite 100B, Seattle, WA, 98125, USA
| | - Catherine Varney
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia Bariatric Surgery, PO BOX 800729, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Vivek Gupta
- 510 N Prospect Suite 301, Redondo Beach, California, 90277, USA
| | - Lori Wenz
- St. Mary's Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Clinic, 2440 N 11th St, Grand Junction, CO, 81501, USA
- Comprehensive Weight Management, Cayucos, CA, USA
| | - Harold Edward Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY, 40213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blum K, Han D, Bowirrat A, Downs BW, Bagchi D, Thanos PK, Baron D, Braverman ER, Dennen CA, Gupta A, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD, Llanos-Gomez L, Khalsa J, Barh D, McLaughlin T, Gold MS. Genetic Addiction Risk and Psychological Profiling Analyses for "Preaddiction" Severity Index. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1772. [PMID: 36579510 PMCID: PMC9696872 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1990, when our laboratory published the association of the DRD2 Taq A1 allele and severe alcoholism in JAMA, there has been an explosion of genetic candidate association studies, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS). To develop an accurate test to help identify those at risk for at least alcohol use disorder (AUD), a subset of reward deficiency syndrome (RDS), Blum's group developed the genetic addiction risk severity (GARS) test, consisting of ten genes and eleven associated risk alleles. In order to statistically validate the selection of these risk alleles measured by GARS, we applied strict analysis to studies that investigated the association of each polymorphism with AUD or AUD-related conditions, including pain and even bariatric surgery, as a predictor of severe vulnerability to unwanted addictive behaviors, published since 1990 until now. This analysis calculated the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium of each polymorphism in cases and controls. Pearson's χ2 test or Fisher's exact test was applied to compare the gender, genotype, and allele distribution if available. The statistical analyses found the OR, 95% CI for OR, and the post risk for 8% estimation of the population's alcoholism prevalence revealed a significant detection. Prior to these results, the United States and European patents on a ten gene panel and eleven risk alleles have been issued. In the face of the new construct of the "preaddiction" model, similar to "prediabetes", the genetic addiction risk analysis might provide one solution missing in the treatment and prevention of the neurological disorder known as RDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, LLC, Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Harleysville, PA 19329, USA
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur 721172, West Bengal, India
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - David Han
- Department of Management Science and Statistics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Bernard William Downs
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Harleysville, PA 19329, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Harleysville, PA 19329, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, LLC, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, LLC, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, MT. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Luis Llanos-Gomez
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, LLC, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Jag Khalsa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse and Infections Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur 721172, West Bengal, India
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, LLC, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vele KC, Cavalli JM, Cservenka A. Effort-based decision making and self-reported apathy in frequent cannabis users and healthy controls: A replication and extension. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2022; 44:146-162. [PMID: 35767680 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2022.2093335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amotivational syndrome is a term used to refer to lack of motivation and passive personality related to chronic cannabis use. Given mixed findings, the current study aimed to replicate and extend previous research on frequent cannabis use, motivated behavior, and self-reported apathy. METHOD Cannabis users (on average, ≥3 days/week of cannabis use over the past year), and healthy controls (≤1 day/month of cannabis use over the past year) completed the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), and the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). Repeated measures analysis of covariance was used to 1) examine the effects of group, reward magnitude, probability, and their interaction on hard task selections on the EEfRT, and 2) examine between-group differences on the AES, controlling for alcohol use and depressive symptoms. RESULTS There were significant main effects of reward magnitude, probability, and an interaction between reward magnitude and probability on hard task selection (p's < 0.05). Specifically, as reward magnitude and probability of winning the reward increased, participants were more likely to select hard tasks on the EEfRT. Relative to healthy controls, cannabis users were significantly more likely to select hard tasks on the EEfRT (F(1,56) = 6.49, p = 0.014, ηp2 = 0.10). When controlling for alcohol use and depressive symptoms, no significant group differences in self-reported apathy were present (p = 0.46). CONCLUSIONS Cannabis users exhibit a greater likelihood of exerting more effort for reward, suggesting enhanced motivation relative to healthy controls. Thus, the current results do not support amotivational syndrome in adult frequent cannabis users. Despite some harms of long-term cannabis use, amotivation may not be among them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Vele
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jessica M Cavalli
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Anita Cservenka
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Braverman ER, Dennen CA, Gold MS, Bowirrat A, Gupta A, Baron D, Roy AK, Smith DE, Cadet JL, Blum K. Proposing a “Brain Health Checkup (BHC)” as a Global Potential “Standard of Care” to Overcome Reward Dysregulation in Primary Care Medicine: Coupling Genetic Risk Testing and Induction of “Dopamine Homeostasis”. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095480. [PMID: 35564876 PMCID: PMC9099927 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In 2021, over 100,000 people died prematurely from opioid overdoses. Neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairments are underreported comorbidities of reward dysregulation due to genetic antecedents and epigenetic insults. Recent genome-wide association studies involving millions of subjects revealed frequent comorbidity with substance use disorder (SUD) in a sizeable meta-analysis of depression. It found significant associations with the expression of NEGR1 in the hypothalamus and DRD2 in the nucleus accumbens, among others. However, despite the rise in SUD and neuropsychiatric illness, there are currently no standard objective brain assessments being performed on a routine basis. The rationale for encouraging a standard objective Brain Health Check (BHC) is to have extensive data available to treat clinical syndromes in psychiatric patients. The BHC would consist of a group of reliable, accurate, cost-effective, objective assessments involving the following domains: Memory, Attention, Neuropsychiatry, and Neurological Imaging. Utilizing primarily PUBMED, over 36 years of virtually all the computerized and written-based assessments of Memory, Attention, Psychiatric, and Neurological imaging were reviewed, and the following assessments are recommended for use in the BHC: Central Nervous System Vital Signs (Memory), Test of Variables of Attention (Attention), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III (Neuropsychiatric), and Quantitative Electroencephalogram/P300/Evoked Potential (Neurological Imaging). Finally, we suggest continuing research into incorporating a new standard BHC coupled with qEEG/P300/Evoked Potentials and genetically guided precision induction of “dopamine homeostasis” to diagnose and treat reward dysregulation to prevent the consequences of dopamine dysregulation from being epigenetically passed on to generations of our children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Institute on Behavior & Neurogenetics, Austin, TX 78701, USA; (E.R.B.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- The Kenneth Blum Institute on Behavior & Neurogenetics, Austin, TX 78701, USA; (E.R.B.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA;
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care (Office of Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - A. Kenison Roy
- Department of Psychiatry, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - David E. Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- The Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Institute on Behavior & Neurogenetics, Austin, TX 78701, USA; (E.R.B.); (C.A.D.)
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care (Office of Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
File D, Bőthe B, File B, Demetrovics Z. The Role of Impulsivity and Reward Deficiency in "Liking" and "Wanting" of Potentially Problematic Behaviors and Substance Uses. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:820836. [PMID: 35546934 PMCID: PMC9083266 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A few studies have examined the changes in substance- and behavior-related "wanting" and "liking" of human subjects, the key properties of Incentive Sensitization Theory (IST). The aim of this study was to examine the dissociation between "wanting" and "liking" as a function of usage frequency, intensity, and subjective severity in individuals across four substances (alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and other drugs) and ten behaviors (gambling, overeating, gaming, pornography use, sex, social media use, Internet use, TV-series watching, shopping, and work). Also, the potential roles of impulsivity and reward deficiency were investigated in "wanting," "liking," and wellbeing. The sex differences between "wanting" and "liking" were also examined. Based on our findings using structural equation modeling with 749 participants (503 women, M age = 35.7 years, SD = 11.84), who completed self-report questionnaires, "wanting" increased with the severity, frequency, and intensity of potentially problematic use, while "liking" did not change. Impulsivity positively predicted "wanting," and "wanting" positively predicted problem uses/behaviors. Reward deficiency positively predicted problem uses/behaviors, and both impulsivity and problem uses/behaviors negatively predicted wellbeing. Finally, women showed higher levels of "wanting," compared to men. These findings demonstrate the potential roles of incentive sensitization in both potentially problematic substance uses and behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domonkos File
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bálint File
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leyton
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, McGill University; the Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University; and the Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Substance Abuse in Emerging Adults: The Role of Neuromelanin and Ventral Striatal Response to Social and Monetary Rewards. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030352. [PMID: 35326308 PMCID: PMC8946041 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations in dopamine system function may increase risk of substance use disorder (SUD). We recently demonstrated that neuromelanin (NM) MRI signal in the substantia nigra, a non-invasive index of dopamine system function, is elevated in long term cocaine users (Cassidy et al., 2020). However, it is unclear whether elevated NM-MRI signal is linked to risk of SUD, or is a byproduct of long-term drug use. Our prior work failed to show relations between NM-MRI signal and functional engagement of ventral striatum during a monetary reward task. However, social experiences are commonly linked to drug use and relapse. Given that, NM-MRI signal may be more closely linked to ventral striatal engagement during social, rather than monetary reward processing. Emerging adults (n = 33, 21.88 ± 4.35 years) with varying levels of substance abuse, but without SUD, underwent NM-MRI and fMRI during social and monetary reward processing tasks. Voxelwise analysis within the substantia nigra (SN) demonstrated lower NM-MRI signal was associated with more severe substance abuse. Lower right ventral striatal engagement to social reward was also associated with more severe substance abuse. This relation was moderated by SN NM-MRI signal such that diminished striatal response to reward was associated with greater substance abuse among those with low NM-MRI signal, but lower substance abuse among those with high NM-MRI signal. Unexpectedly, higher right ventral striatal engagement during monetary reward was associated with more severe substance abuse. This relation was moderated by SN NM-MRI signal such that greater striatal response to reward was associated with greater substance abuse among those with low NM-MRI signal. Taken together, we provide preliminary evidence that, in emerging adults, low rather than high dopamine system function may increase risk of substance abuse, and strengthen the association between substance use and the brain’s sensitivity to social and monetary outcomes in different ways.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kótyuk E, Urbán R, Hende B, Richman M, Magi A, Király O, Barta C, Griffiths MD, Potenza MN, Badgaiyan RD, Blum K, Demetrovics Z. Development and validation of the Reward Deficiency Syndrome Questionnaire (RDSQ-29). J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:409-422. [PMID: 35102768 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211069102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) integrates psychological, neurological, and genetic factors of addictive, impulsive, and compulsive behaviors. However, to date, no instrument has been validated to assess the RDS construct. AIMS The present study developed and tested a tool to assess RDS. METHODS Data were collected on two college and university samples. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed on Sample 1 (N = 1726), and confirmatory analysis was conducted on an independent sample (N = 253). Impulsivity and sensation-seeking were assessed. RESULTS Based on EFAs, a 29-item Reward Deficiency Syndrome Questionnaire (RDSQ-29) was developed, containing four subscales (lack of sexual satisfaction, activity, social concerns, and risk-seeking behavior). CFA indicated good fit (comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.941; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.933; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.068). Construct validity analysis showed strong relationship between sensation-seeking and the RDS scale. CONCLUSION The RDSQ-29 is an adequate scale assessing psychological and behavioral aspects of RDS. The RDSQ-29 assesses psychological and behavioral characteristics that may contribute to addictions generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Kótyuk
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Borbála Hende
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mara Richman
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Magi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Barta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martins JS, Joyner KJ, McCarthy DM, Morris DH, Patrick CJ, Bartholow BD. Differential brain responses to alcohol-related and natural rewards are associated with alcohol use and problems: Evidence for reward dysregulation. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13118. [PMID: 34877771 PMCID: PMC8891069 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple theoretical perspectives posit that drug use leads to biased valuation of drug-related reward, at the expense of naturally occurring rewarding activities (i.e., reward dysregulation). Recent research suggests that the comparative balance of drug-related and nondrug-related reward valuation is a powerful determinant of substance misuse and addiction. We examined differential neurophysiological responses-indexed with the P3 component of the event-related potential (ERP)-elicited by visual alcohol cues and cues depicting natural reward as a neurobiological indicator of problematic drinking. Nondependent, young adult drinkers (N = 143, aged 18-30 years) completed questionnaire measures assessing alcohol use and problems, and viewed alcohol cues (pictures of alcoholic beverages), high-arousing natural reward cues (erotica, adventure scenes), nonalcoholic beverage cues, and neutral scenes (e.g., household items) while ERPs were recorded. When examined separately, associations of P3-ERP reactivity to alcohol cues and natural reward cues with alcohol use and problems were weak. However, differential P3 response to the two types of cues (i.e., reward dysregulation P3) showed consistent and robust associations with all indices of alcohol use and problems and differentiated high-risk from lower-risk drinkers. The current results support the idea that the differential incentive-motivational value of alcohol, relative to naturally rewarding activities, is associated with increased risk for substance misuse and dependence, and highlight a novel neurophysiological indicator-the reward dysregulation P3-of this differential reward valuation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Demetrovics Z, van den Brink W, Paksi B, Horváth Z, Maraz A. Relating Compulsivity and Impulsivity With Severity of Behavioral Addictions: A Dynamic Interpretation of Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Findings. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:831992. [PMID: 35782446 PMCID: PMC9248365 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.831992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Impulsivity and compulsivity are two key temperament traits involved in behavior regulation. The aim of this study was to test several existing theories in explaining the role of impulsivity and compulsivity in symptom severity in various behavioral addictions. METHODS Data were collected from a (representative) general population sample (N = 2,710, mean age:39.8 years (SD:13.6), 51% woman), and from people who are at increased risk of having a behavioral addiction (N = 9,528 in total, mean age: 28.11 (SD:8.3), 34.3% woman), including people with problematic gaming and internet use, pathological gambling, exercise dependence, compulsive buying and work addiction. Symptom severity, reward driven impulsivity and relief driven compulsivity were assessed. RESULTS For non-problematic groups, impulsivity is present to about the same extent as compulsivity, whereas for problematic groups, compulsivity dominates over impulsivity in all groups (except for gambling). The strength of the correlation between impulsivity and compulsivity is higher in more severe forms of the disorders (from r = 0.18 to r = 0.59 in the representative population). DISCUSSION Based on these data, it appears that relief-driven behavior (negative reinforcement) dominates over reward-driven behavior (positive reinforcement) in more severe cases of a behavioral addiction. CONCLUSION This is the first large-scale study to find empirical support for the neuroscientific theory on the dominance of compulsivity ("needing") over impulsivity ("wanting") in more severe cases of a behavioral addiction. Although longitudinal research is needed, a possible shift from impulsivity to compulsivity takes place, similar to substance use addictions, which maintains the circle of addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Demetrovics
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Amsterdam Institute of Addiction Research (AIAR), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Borbála Paksi
- Institute of Education, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Horváth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aniko Maraz
- Institut Für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): A Cytoarchitectural Common Neurobiological Trait of All Addictions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111529. [PMID: 34770047 PMCID: PMC8582845 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol and other substance use disorders share comorbidity with other RDS disorders, i.e., a reduction in dopamine signaling within the reward pathway. RDS is a term that connects addictive, obsessive, compulsive, and impulsive behavioral disorders. An estimated 2 million individuals in the United States have opioid use disorder related to prescription opioids. It is estimated that the overall cost of the illegal and legally prescribed opioid crisis exceeds one trillion dollars. Opioid Replacement Therapy is the most common treatment for addictions and other RDS disorders. Even after repeated relapses, patients are repeatedly prescribed the same opioid replacement treatments. A recent JAMA report indicates that non-opioid treatments fare better than chronic opioid treatments. Research demonstrates that over 50 percent of all suicides are related to alcohol or other drug use. In addition to effective fellowship programs and spirituality acceptance, nutrigenomic therapies (e.g., KB220Z) optimize gene expression, rebalance neurotransmitters, and restore neurotransmitter functional connectivity. KB220Z was shown to increase functional connectivity across specific brain regions involved in dopaminergic function. KB220/Z significantly reduces RDS behavioral disorders and relapse in human DUI offenders. Taking a Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test combined with a the KB220Z semi-customized nutrigenomic supplement effectively restores dopamine homeostasis (WC 199).
Collapse
|
20
|
Blum K, Modestino EJ, Baron D, Brewer R, Thanos P, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD, Downs BW, Bagchi D, McLaughlin T, Bowirrat A, Roy AK, Gold MS. Endorphinergic Enhancement Attenuation of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) via Activation of Neuro-immunological Function in the Face of a Viral Pandemic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 10:86-97. [PMID: 34466374 DOI: 10.2174/2211556009999210104221215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Polymorphic gene variants, particularly the genetic determinants of low dopamine function (hypodopaminergia), are known to associate with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and a predisposition to PTSD. Addiction research and molecular genetic applied technologies supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have revealed the complex functions of brain reward circuitry and its crucial role in addiction and PTSD symptomatology. Discussion It is noteworthy that Israeli researchers compared mice with a normal immune system with mice lacking adaptive immunity and found that the incidence of PTSD increased several-fold. It is well established that raising endorphinergic function increases immune response significantly. Along these lines, Blum's work has shown that D-Phenylalanine (DPA), an enkephalinase inhibitor, increases brain endorphins in animal models and reduces stress in humans. Enkephalinase inhibition with DPA treats Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) by restoring endorphin function. The Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) can characterize relevant phenotypes, genetic risk for stress vulnerability vs. resilience. GARS could be used to pre-test military enlistees for adaptive immunity or as part of PTSD management with customized neuronutrient supplementation upon return from deployment. Conclusion Based on GARS values, with particular emphasis on enhancing immunological function, pro-dopamine regulation may restore dopamine homeostasis. Recognition of the immune system as a "sixth sense" and assisting adaptive immunity with Precision Behavioral Management (PBM), accompanied by other supportive interventions and therapies, may shift the paradigm in treating stress disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Western University Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Division of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Lederoch, PA., USA
| | | | - David Baron
- Western University Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Raymond Brewer
- Division of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Panayotis Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addiction, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy I Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX. and Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio TX, USA
| | - B William Downs
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Lederoch, PA., USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Lederoch, PA., USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, School of Pharmacy, Houston, TX., USA
| | | | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Neuroscience and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel
| | - A Kenison Roy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO., USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Blum K, Kazmi S, Modestino EJ, Downs BW, Bagchi D, Baron D, McLaughlin T, Green R, Jalali R, Thanos PK, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD, Bowirrat A, Gold MS. A Novel Precision Approach to Overcome the "Addiction Pandemic" by Incorporating Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) and Dopamine Homeostasis Restoration. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030212. [PMID: 33809702 PMCID: PMC8002215 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes a unique therapeutic precision intervention, a formulation of enkephalinase inhibitors, enkephalin, and dopamine-releasing neuronutrients, to induce dopamine homeostasis for detoxification and treatment of individuals genetically predisposed to developing reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). The formulations are based on the results of the addiction risk severity (GARS) test. Based on both neurogenetic and epigenetic evidence, the test evaluates the presence of reward genes and risk alleles. Existing evidence demonstrates that the novel genetic risk testing system can successfully stratify the potential for developing opioid use disorder (OUD) related risks or before initiating opioid analgesic therapy and RDS risk for people in recovery. In the case of opioid use disorders, long-term maintenance agonist treatments like methadone and buprenorphine may create RDS, or RDS may have been in existence, but not recognized. The test will also assess the potential for benefit from medication-assisted treatment with dopamine augmentation. RDS methodology holds a strong promise for reducing the burden of addictive disorders for individuals, their families, and society as a whole by guiding the restoration of dopamine homeostasisthrough anti-reward allostatic neuroadaptations. WC 175.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.K.); (D.B.)
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (T.M.); (R.G.); (R.J.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Division of Precision Nutrition, Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (B.W.D.); (D.B.)
- Center for Genomic Testing, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-619p-890-2167
| | - Shan Kazmi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.K.); (D.B.)
| | | | - Bill William Downs
- Division of Precision Nutrition, Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (B.W.D.); (D.B.)
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Division of Precision Nutrition, Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (B.W.D.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - David Baron
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (T.M.); (R.G.); (R.J.)
| | - Richard Green
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (T.M.); (R.G.); (R.J.)
- Precision Translational Medicine (Division of Ivitalize), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Rehan Jalali
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (T.M.); (R.G.); (R.J.)
- Center for Genomic Testing, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University, School of Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital and Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, MT. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sharma R, Puckett H, Kemerling M, Parikh M, Sahota P, Thakkar M. Antisense-Induced Downregulation of Clock Genes in the Shell Region of the Nucleus Accumbens Reduces Binge Drinking in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:530-542. [PMID: 33606281 PMCID: PMC8535763 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONS Binge drinking is a deadly pattern of alcohol consumption. Evidence suggests that genetic variation in clock genes is strongly associated with alcohol misuse; however, the neuroanatomical basis for such a relationship is unknown. The shell region of the nucleus accumbens (NAcSh) is well known to play a role in binge drinking. Hence, we examined whether clock genes in the NAcSh regulate binge drinking. METHODS To address this question, 2 experiments were performed on male C57BL/6J mice. In the first experiment, mice exposed to alcohol or sucrose under the 4-day drinking-in-the-dark (DID) paradigm were euthanized at 2 different time points on day 4 [7 hours after light (pre-binge drinking) or dark (post-binge drinking) onset]. The brains were processed for RT-PCR to examine the expression of circadian clock genes (Clock, Per1, and Per2) in the NAcSh and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In the second experiment, mice were exposed to alcohol, sucrose, or water as described above. On day 4, 1 hour prior to the onset of alcohol exposure, mice were bilaterally infused with either a mixture of circadian clock gene antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs; antisense group) or nonsense/random ODNs (R-ODNs; control group) through surgically implanted cannulas above the NAcSh. Alcohol/sucrose/water consumption was measured for 4 hours. Blood alcohol concentration was measured to confirm binge drinking. Microinfusion sites were histologically verified using cresyl violet staining. RESULTS As compared to sucrose, mice euthanized post-binge drinking (not pre-binge drinking) on day 4 displayed a greater expression of circadian genes in the NAcSh but not in the SCN. Knockdown of clock genes in the NAcSh caused a significantly lower volume of alcohol to be consumed on day 4 than in the control treatment. No differences were found in sucrose or water consumption. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that clock genes in the NAcSh play a crucial role in binge drinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hunter Puckett
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Micaela Kemerling
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Meet Parikh
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pradeep Sahota
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mahesh Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
A salience misattribution model for addictive-like behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:466-477. [PMID: 33657434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adapting to the changing environment is a key component of optimal decision-making. Internal-models that accurately represent and selectively update from behaviorally relevant/salient stimuli may facilitate adaptive behaviors. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dopaminergic systems may produce these adaptive internal-models through selective updates from behaviorally relevant stimuli. Dysfunction of ACC and dopaminergic systems could therefore produce misaligned internal-models where updates are disproportionate to the salience of the cues. An aspect of addictive-like behaviors is reduced adaptation and, ACC and dopaminergic systems typically exhibit dysfunction in drug-dependents. We argue that ACC and dopaminergic dysfunction in dependents may produce misaligned internal-models such that drug-related stimuli are misattributed with a higher salience compared to non-drug related stimuli. Hence, drug-related rewarding stimuli generate over-weighted updates to the internal-model, while negative feedback and non-drug related rewarding stimuli generate down-weighted updates. This misaligned internal-model may therefore incorrectly reinforce maladaptive drug-related behaviors. We use the proposed framework to discuss ways behavior may be made more adaptive and how the framework may be supported or falsified experimentally.
Collapse
|
24
|
Verhaltenssüchte: theoretische Modelle. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-020-00486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
25
|
Blum K, Cadet JL, Gold MS. Psychostimulant use disorder emphasizing methamphetamine and the opioid -dopamine connection: Digging out of a hypodopaminergic ditch. J Neurol Sci 2021; 420:117252. [PMID: 33279726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approved food and drug administration (FDA) medications to treat Psychostimulant Use Disorder (PUD) are needed. Both acute and chronic neurological deficits related to the neurophysiological effects of these powerfully addictive drugs can cause stroke and alterations in mood and cognition. OBJECTIVE This article presents a brief review of the psychiatric and neurobiological sequelae of methamphetamine use disorder, some known neurogenetic associations impacted by psychostimulants, and explores treatment modalities and outcomes. HYPOTHESIS The authors propose that gentle D2 receptor stimulation accomplished via some treatment modalities can induce dopamine release, causing alteration of D2-directed mRNA and thus enhanced function of D2 receptors in the human. This proliferation of D2 receptors, in turn, will induce the attenuation of craving behavior, especially in genetically compromised high-risk populations. DISCUSSION A better understanding of the involvement of molecular neurogenetic opioid, mesolimbic dopamine, and psychostimulant connections in "wanting" supports this hypothesis. While both scientific and, clinical professionals search for an FDA approved treatment for PUD the induction of dopamine homeostasis, via activation of the brain reward circuitry, offers treatment for underlying neurotransmitter functional deficits, potential prophylaxis, and support for recovery efforts. CONCLUSION Dopamine regulation may help people dig out of their hypodopaminergia ditch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse, United States of America
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cognitive Correlates in Gaming Disorder and Social Networks Use Disorder: a Comparison. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
This overview aims at summarizing studies, which investigated cognitive correlates of gaming disorder and of a problematic use of social networks by using behavioral experimental paradigms and brain imaging techniques.
Recent Findings
Based on theoretical models, inhibition/inhibitory control, attentional bias, executive functions, decision-making, and working memory capabilities have been identified as cognitive components, which are assumed to play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of an addictive behavior. A systematic search shows that various studies have already examined the involvement of different cognitive components in both types of potential addictive behaviors. However, the number of studies addressing cognitive correlates of social networks use disorder is very much lower compared with gaming disorder, even if there is a positive trend in terms of new publications in recent years.
Summary
Cognitive correlates have been frequently investigated in gaming disorder, as in many other disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviors. Studies on cognitive aspects involved in a problematic social networks use are still rare, but they are needed in order to further show if this phenomenon may also deserve a classification as addictive disorder. Interactions between different cognitive and affective processes are still understudied in both gaming disorder and problematic social networks use.
Collapse
|
27
|
Antons S, Brand M, Potenza MN. Neurobiology of cue-reactivity, craving, and inhibitory control in non-substance addictive behaviors. J Neurol Sci 2020; 415:116952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
28
|
Children's Health in the Digital Age. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093240. [PMID: 32384728 PMCID: PMC7246471 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmental studies, metabolic research, and state of the art research in neurobiology point towards the reduced amount of natural day and sunlight exposure of the developing child, as a consequence of increasingly long hours spent indoors online, as the single unifying source of a whole set of health risks identified worldwide, as is made clear in this review of currently available literature. Over exposure to digital environments, from abuse to addiction, now concerns even the youngest (ages 0 to 2) and triggers, as argued on the basis of clear examples herein, a chain of interdependent negative and potentially long-term metabolic changes. This leads to a deregulation of the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter pathways in the developing brain, currently associated with online activity abuse and/or internet addiction, and akin to that found in severe substance abuse syndromes. A general functional working model is proposed under the light of evidence brought to the forefront in this review.
Collapse
|
29
|
Morganstern I, Gulati G, Leibowitz SF. Role of melanin-concentrating hormone in drug use disorders. Brain Res 2020; 1741:146872. [PMID: 32360868 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a neuropeptide primarily transcribed in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), with vast projections to many areas throughout the central nervous system that play an important role in motivated behaviors and drug use. Anatomical, pharmacological and genetic studies implicate MCH in mediating the intake and reinforcement of commonly abused substances, acting by influencing several systems including the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, glutamatergic as well as GABAergic signaling and being modulated by inflammatory neuroimmune pathways. Further support for the role of MCH in controlling behavior related to drug use will be discussed as it relates to cerebral ventricular volume transmission and intracellular molecules including cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide, dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa. The primary goal of this review is to introduce and summarize current literature surrounding the role of MCH in mediating the intake and reinforcement of commonly abused drugs, such as alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine and opiates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gazal Gulati
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Addiction by Any Other Name is Still Addiction: Embracing Molecular Neurogenetic/Epigenetic Basis of Reward Deficiency. JOURNAL OF ADDICTION SCIENCE 2020; 6:1-4. [PMID: 32432229 PMCID: PMC7236379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
31
|
Neural and neurocognitive markers of vulnerability to gambling disorder: a study of unaffected siblings. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:292-300. [PMID: 31597159 PMCID: PMC6901470 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Psychological and neurobiological markers in individuals with gambling disorder (GD) could reflect transdiagnostic vulnerability to addiction or neuroadaptive consequences of long-term gambling. Using an endophenotypic approach to identify vulnerability markers, we tested the biological relatives of cases with GD. Male participants seeking treatment for GD (n = 20) were compared with a male control group (n = 18). Biological siblings of cases with GD (n = 17, unrelated to the current GD group) were compared with a separate control group (n = 19) that overlapped partially with the GD control group. Participants completed a comprehensive assessment of clinical scales, neurocognitive functioning, and fMRI of unexpected financial reward. The GD group displayed elevated levels of self-report impulsivity and delay discounting, and increased risk-taking on the Cambridge Gamble Task. We did not observe impaired motor impulsivity on the stop-signal task. Siblings of GD showed some overlapping effects; namely, elevated impulsivity (negative urgency) and increased risk-taking on the Cambridge Gamble Task. We did not observe any differences in the neural response to win outcomes, either in the GD or sibling analysis compared with their control group. Within the GD group, activity in the thalamus and caudate correlated negatively with gambling severity. Increased impulsivity and risk-taking in GD are present in biological relatives of cases with GD, suggesting these markers may represent pre-existing vulnerability to GD.
Collapse
|
32
|
Jones JD, Mumtaz M, Manubay JM, Mogali S, Sherwin E, Martinez S, Comer SD. Assessing the contribution of opioid- and dopamine-related genetic polymorphisms to the abuse liability of oxycodone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 186:172778. [PMID: 31493434 PMCID: PMC6801039 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attempts to identify opioid users at increased risk of escalating to opioid use disorder have had limited success. Data from a variety of sources suggest that genetic variation may mediate the subjective response to opioid drugs, and therefore contribute to their abuse potential. The goal of the current study was to observe the relationship between select genetic polymorphisms and the subjective effects of oxycodone under controlled clinical laboratory conditions. METHODS Non-dependent, volunteers with some history of prescription opioid exposure (N = 36) provided a blood sample for analyses of variations in the genes that encode for the μ-, κ- and δ-opioid receptors, and the dopamine metabolizing enzyme, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Participants then completed a single laboratory test session to evaluate the subjective and analgesic effects of oral oxycodone (0, 10, and 20 mg, cumulative dose = 30 mg). RESULTS Oxycodone produced typical μ-opioid receptor agonist effects, such as miosis, and decreased pain perception. Oxycodone also produced dose-dependent increases in positive subjective responses such as: drug "Liking" and "Good Effect." Genetic variants in the μ- (rs6848893) and δ-opioid receptor (rs581111) influenced the responses to oxycodone administration. Additionally, self-reported "Stimulated" effects of oxycodone varied significantly as a function of COMT rs4680 genotype. DISCUSSION The current study shows that the euphoric and stimulating effects of oxycodone can vary as a function of genetic variation. Though the relationship between the stimulating effects of opioids and their abuse liability is not well established, we know that the ability of opioids to provide intense feelings of pleasure is a significant motivator for continued use. If replicated, specific genetic variants may be useful in predicting who is at increased risk of developing maladaptive patterns of use following medical exposure to opioid analgesics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine D. Jones
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA,Corresponding author: Jermaine D. Jones, Ph.D., Ph: 646-774-6113, Fx: 646-774-6111, ,
| | - Mudassir Mumtaz
- Translational Research Training Program in Addiction, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA,Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY10032, USA
| | - Jeanne M. Manubay
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shanthi Mogali
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elliana Sherwin
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Suky Martinez
- Translational Research Training Program in Addiction, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA,Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, 1 South Avenue Garden City, NY 11530, USA
| | - Sandra D. Comer
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tellone E, Galtieri A, Russo A, Ficarra S. Protective Effects of the Caffeine Against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5137-5151. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171009104040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Recent studies and increased interest of the scientific community helped to
clarify the neurological health property of caffeine, one of the pharmacologically active substances
most consumed in the world.
Methods:
This article is a review search to provide an overview on the current state of understanding
neurobiochemical impact of caffeine, focusing on the ability of the drug to effectively counteract several
neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s diseases, Multiple
sclerosis and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Results:
Data collection shown in this review provide a significant therapeutic and prophylactic potentiality
of caffeine which acts on human brain through several pathways because of its antioxidant activity
combined with multiple molecular targets. However, the need to adjust the CF dosage to individuals,
because some people are more sensitive to drugs than others, may constituted a limit to the CF effectiveness.
Conclusion:
What emerges from the complex of clinical and epidemiological studies is a significant CF
potential impact against all neurological disorders. Although, further studies are needed to fully elucidate
the several mechanisms of drug action which in part are still elusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Tellone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Galtieri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Annamaria Russo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvana Ficarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that mediate drug accessibility, norms, and social support systems or lack thereof. The reinforcing effects of drugs mostly depend on dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens, and chronic drug exposure triggers glutamatergic-mediated neuroadaptations in dopamine striato-thalamo-cortical (predominantly in prefrontal cortical regions including orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex) and limbic pathways (amygdala and hippocampus) that, in vulnerable individuals, can result in addiction. In parallel, changes in the extended amygdala result in negative emotional states that perpetuate drug taking as an attempt to temporarily alleviate them. Counterintuitively, in the addicted person, the actual drug consumption is associated with an attenuated dopamine increase in brain reward regions, which might contribute to drug-taking behavior to compensate for the difference between the magnitude of the expected reward triggered by the conditioning to drug cues and the actual experience of it. Combined, these effects result in an enhanced motivation to "seek the drug" (energized by dopamine increases triggered by drug cues) and an impaired prefrontal top-down self-regulation that favors compulsive drug-taking against the backdrop of negative emotionality and an enhanced interoceptive awareness of "drug hunger." Treatment interventions intended to reverse these neuroadaptations show promise as therapeutic approaches for addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Michaelides
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ruben Baler
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Berta B, Kertes E, Péczely L, Ollmann T, László K, Gálosi R, Kállai V, Petykó Z, Zagorácz O, Kovács A, Karádi Z, Lénárd L. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is involved in preference and hedonic evaluation of tastes. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:149-157. [PMID: 30940513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) of rats has reciprocal connections with the gustatory and the hedonic impact coding structures. The main goal of the present study was to investigate the involvement of local neurons of vmPFC and their catecholaminergic innervations in taste preference and taste reactivity test. Therefore, kainate or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions were performed in the vmPFC by iontophoretic method. In the first experiment, taste preference was tested to 250 mM and 500 mM glucose solutions over water in two-bottle choice test. In the second experiment, taste reactivity was examined to 4 concentrations of glucose solutions (250 mM, 500 mM, 750 mM and 1000 mM) and 4 concentrations of quinine solutions (0.125 mM, 0.25 mM, 1.25 mM and 2.5 mM). Our results showed, that kainate microlesion of vmPFC did not modify the preference of 250 mM and 500 mM glucose solutions in two-bottle choice test. In contrast, 6-OHDA microlesion of vmPFC resulted in increased preference to the higher concentration of glucose (500 mM) solution over water. Results of taste reactivity test showed that kainate lesion resulted in more ingestive and less rejective responses to 750 mM glucose solution and elevated rejectivity to the higher concentrations (1.25 mM and 2.5 mM) of quinine solutions. 6-OHDA lesion of vmPFC increased the number of ingestive responses to highly concentrated (500 mM, 750 mM and 1000 mM) glucose solutions and decreased the number of ingestive responses to the lower concentration (0.125 mM) of quinine solution. The present data provide evidence for the important role of vmPFC neurons and catecholaminergic innervation of the vmPFC in the regulation of hedonic evaluation of tastes and in the hedonic consummatory behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Berta
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Kertes
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Péczely
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Ollmann
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kristóf László
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rita Gálosi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Veronika Kállai
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Petykó
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Olga Zagorácz
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karádi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Lénárd
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Brand M, Wegmann E, Stark R, Müller A, Wölfling K, Robbins TW, Potenza MN. The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 104:1-10. [PMID: 31247240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We propose an updated version of the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model, which we argue to be valid for several types of addictive behaviors, such as gambling, gaming, buying-shopping, and compulsive sexual behavior disorders. Based on recent empirical findings and theoretical considerations, we argue that addictive behaviors develop as a consequence of the interactions between predisposing variables, affective and cognitive responses to specific stimuli, and executive functions, such as inhibitory control and decision-making. In the process of addictive behaviors, the associations between cue-reactivity/craving and diminished inhibitory control contribute to the development of habitual behaviors. An imbalance between structures of fronto-striatal circuits, particularly between ventral striatum, amygdala, and dorsolateral prefrontal areas, may be particularly relevant to early stages and the dorsal striatum to later stages of addictive processes. The I-PACE model may provide a theoretical foundation for future studies on addictive behaviors and clinical practice. Future studies should investigate common and unique mechanisms involved in addictive, obsessive-compulsive-related, impulse-control, and substance-use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.
| | - Elisa Wegmann
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Wölfling
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addiction, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Child Study, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
A comparison of implicit and explicit reward learning in low risk alcohol users versus people who binge drink and people with alcohol dependence. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 9:100178. [PMID: 31193786 PMCID: PMC6542748 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol use leads to specific neurobiological alterations in the dopaminergic brain reward system, which probably are leading to a reward deficiency syndrome in alcohol dependence. The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of such hypothesized neurobiological alterations on the behavioral level, and more precisely on the implicit and explicit reward learning. Alcohol users were classified as dependent drinkers (using the DSM-IV criteria), binge drinkers (using criteria of the USA National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) or low-risk drinkers (following recommendations of the Scientific board of trustees of the German Health Ministry). The final sample (n = 94) consisted of 36 low-risk alcohol users, 37 binge drinkers and 21 abstinent alcohol dependent patients. Participants were administered a probabilistic implicit reward learning task and an explicit reward- and punishment-based trial-and-error-learning task. Alcohol dependent patients showed a lower performance in implicit and explicit reward learning than low risk drinkers. Binge drinkers learned less than low-risk drinkers in the implicit learning task. The results support the assumption that binge drinking and alcohol dependence are related to a chronic reward deficit. Binge drinking accompanied by implicit reward learning deficits could increase the risk for the development of an alcohol dependence. Alcohol dependent patients were impaired in implicit and explicit reward learning. Alcohol dependence may lead to implicit and explicit reward learning deficits. Binge drinkers learned less than low-risk drinkers in the implicit learning task. Binge drinking is related to implicit reward learning deficits.
Collapse
|
38
|
Blum K, Gondré-Lewis MC, Modestino EJ, Lott L, Baron D, Siwicki D, McLaughlin T, Howeedy A, Krengel MH, Oscar-Berman M, Thanos PK, Elman I, Hauser M, Fried L, Bowirrat A, Badgaiyan RD. Understanding the Scientific Basis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Precision Behavioral Management Overrides Stigmatization. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7836-7850. [PMID: 31124077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe polygenic disorder triggered by environmental factors. Many polymorphic genes, particularly the genetic determinants of hypodopaminergia (low dopamine function), associate with a predisposition to PTSD as well as substance use disorder. Support from the National Institutes of Health for neuroimaging research and molecular, genetic applied technologies has improved understanding of brain reward circuitry functions that have inspired the development of new innovative approaches to their early diagnosis and treatment of some PTSD symptomatology and addiction. This review presents psychosocial and genetic evidence that vulnerability or resilience to PTSD can theoretically be impacted by dopamine regulation. From a neuroscience perspective, dopamine is widely accepted as a major neurotransmitter. Questions about how to modulate dopamine clinically in order to treat and prevent PTSD and other types of reward deficiency disorders remain. Identification of genetic variations associated with the relevant genotype-phenotype relationships can be characterized using the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS®) and psychosocial tools. Development of an advanced genetic panel is under study and will be based on a new array of genes linked to PTSD. However, for now, the recommendation is that enlistees for military duty be given the opportunity to voluntarily pre-test for risk of PTSD with GARS, before exposure to environmental triggers or upon return from deployment as part of PTSD management. Dopamine homeostasis may be achieved via customization of neuronutrient supplementation "Precision Behavioral Management" (PBM™) based on GARS test values and other pro-dopamine regulation interventions like exercise, mindfulness, biosensor tracking, and meditation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA. .,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright University, Dayton, OH, USA. .,Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,Division of Neurogenetic Research & Addiction Therapy, The Florida House Experience, Deerfield Beach, FL, USA. .,Division of Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingston, RI, USA. .,Division of Neuroscience & Addiction Research, Pathway Healthcare, LLC., Burmingham, AL, USA.
| | - M C Gondré-Lewis
- Department of Anatomy, Developmental Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E J Modestino
- Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA
| | - L Lott
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - D Baron
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - D Siwicki
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Division of Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingston, RI, USA
| | - T McLaughlin
- Center for Psychiatric Medicine, Lawrence, MA, USA
| | - A Howeedy
- Division of Neurogenetic Research & Addiction Therapy, The Florida House Experience, Deerfield Beach, FL, USA
| | - M H Krengel
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Oscar-Berman
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addiction, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - I Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - M Hauser
- Division of Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingston, RI, USA
| | - L Fried
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Transformations Treatment Center, Delray Beach, FL, USA
| | - A Bowirrat
- Division of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Genetics Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - R D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jacobson A, Green E, Haase L, Szajer J, Murphy C. Differential Effects of BMI on Brain Response to Odor in Olfactory, Reward and Memory Regions: Evidence from fMRI. Nutrients 2019; 11:E926. [PMID: 31022978 PMCID: PMC6520683 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
:Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, motivating research into the underlying mechanisms. Olfaction is a powerful mediator of food consumption, and obesity has been associated with altered olfactory sensitivity. The current study used an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the central processing of odor in humans to gain insight into the effect of the body mass index (BMI) on the neural processes involved in rating the pleasantness of a food odor during a hunger state and in a satiety state. We hypothesized that, during the hedonic evaluation of food odor, BMI would be associated with differences in brain activation within olfactory and higher order processing areas important for perception, reward, and memory. We report novel findings of a dissociation between the relationship between BMI and activation in reward areas and in olfactory and odor memory areas, i.e., activation in reward areas decreased as BMI increased, whereas activation in primary olfactory and memory regions increased as BMI increased. A greater BMI is associated with decreased activation in the reward and frontal regions, supporting a blunted reward response in obesity. These findings have important potential implications for decision making, response inhibition, and reward-based behaviors that may play key roles as causal and maintenance factors in obesity. In contrast, a greater BMI is associated with an increased activation in the primary olfactory and memory areas, which was observed during a hunger state. These results raise the speculative hypothesis that high BMI may be associated with hyperactivation in the olfactory and memory areas, and that over time, the resulting excitotoxic effects may contribute to neurodegenerative changes in these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Erin Green
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Lori Haase
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jacquelyn Szajer
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Claire Murphy
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Durst M, Könczöl K, Balázsa T, Eyre MD, Tóth ZE. Reward-representing D1-type neurons in the medial shell of the accumbens nucleus regulate palatable food intake. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:917-927. [PMID: 29907842 PMCID: PMC6484714 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Dysfunction in reward-related aspects of feeding, and consequent overeating in humans, is a major contributor to obesity. Intrauterine undernutrition and overnutrition are among the predisposing factors, but the exact mechanism of how overeating develops is still unclear. Consummatory behavior is regulated by the medial shell (mSh) of the accumbens nucleus (Nac) through direct connections with the rostral part of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Our aim was to investigate whether an altered Nac-LHA circuit may underlie hyperphagic behavior. SUBJECTS/METHODS Intrauterine protein-restricted (PR) male Wistar rats were used as models for hyperphagia. The experiments were performed using young adult control (normally nourished) and PR animals. Sweet condensed milk (SCM) served as a reward to test consumption and subsequent activation (Fos+) of Nac and LHA neurons. Expression levels of type 1 and 2 dopamine receptors (D1R, D2R) in the Nac, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels in the ventral tegmental area, were determined. The D1R agonist SKF82958 was injected into the mSh-Nac of control rats to test the effect of D1R signaling on SCM intake and neuronal cell activation in the LHA. RESULTS A group of food reward-representing D1R+ neurons was identified in the mSh-Nac. Activation (Fos+) of these neurons was highly proportional to the consumed palatable food. D1R agonist treatment attenuated SCM intake and diminished the number of SCM-activated cells in the LHA. Hyperphagic PR rats showed increased intake of SCM, reduced D1R expression, and an impaired response to SCM-evoked neuronal activation in the mSh-Nac, accompanied by an elevated number of Fos+ neurons in the LHA compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Sensitivity of food reward-representing neurons in the mSh-Nac determines the level of satisfaction that governs cessation of consumption, probably through connections with the LHA. D1R signaling is a key element in this function, and is impaired in obesity-prone rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Máté Durst
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 58, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Könczöl
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 58, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Balázsa
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 58, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark D Eyre
- Department of Physiology I, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 7, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna E Tóth
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 58, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ferland JMN, Hynes TJ, Hounjet CD, Lindenbach D, Vonder Haar C, Adams WK, Phillips AG, Winstanley CA. Prior Exposure to Salient Win-Paired Cues in a Rat Gambling Task Increases Sensitivity to Cocaine Self-Administration and Suppresses Dopamine Efflux in Nucleus Accumbens: Support for the Reward Deficiency Hypothesis of Addiction. J Neurosci 2019; 39:1842-1854. [PMID: 30626700 PMCID: PMC6407298 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3477-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats trained to perform a version of the rat gambling task (rGT) in which salient audiovisual cues accompany reward delivery, similar to commercial gambling products, show greater preference for risky options. Given previous demonstrations that probabilistic reinforcement schedules can enhance psychostimulant-induced increases in accumbal DA and locomotor activity, we theorized that performing this cued task could perpetuate a proaddiction phenotype. Significantly more rats developed a preference for the risky options in the cued versus uncued rGT at baseline, and this bias was further exacerbated by cocaine self-administration, whereas the choice pattern of optimal decision-makers was unaffected. The addition of reward-paired cues therefore increased the proportion of rats exhibiting a maladaptive cognitive response to cocaine self-administration. Risky choice was not associated with responding for conditioned reinforcement or a marker of goal/sign-tracking, suggesting that reward-concurrent cues precipitate maladaptive choice via a unique mechanism unrelated to simple approach toward, or responding for, conditioned stimuli. Although "protected" from any resulting decision-making impairment, optimal decision-makers trained on the cued rGT nevertheless self-administered more cocaine than those trained on the uncued task. Collectively, these data suggest that repeated engagement with heavily cued probabilistic reward schedules can drive addiction vulnerability through multiple behavioral mechanisms. Rats trained on the cued rGT also exhibited blunted locomotor sensitization and lower basal accumbal DA levels, yet greater cocaine-induced increases in accumbal DA efflux. Gambling in the presence of salient cues may therefore result in an adaptive downregulation of the mesolimbic DA system, rendering individuals more sensitive to the deleterious effects of taking cocaine.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Impaired cost/benefit decision making, exemplified by preference for the risky, disadvantageous options on the Iowa Gambling Task, is associated with greater risk of relapse and treatment failure in substance use disorder. Understanding factors that enhance preference for risk may help elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying maladaptive decision making in addiction, thereby improving treatment outcomes. Problem gambling is also highly comorbid with substance use disorder, and many commercial gambling products incorporate salient win-paired cues. Here we show that adding reward-concurrent cues to a rat analog of the IGT precipitates a hypodopaminergic state, characterized by blunted accumbal DA efflux and attenuated locomotor sensitization, which may contribute to the enhanced responsivity to uncertain rewards or the reinforcing effects of cocaine we observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Lindenbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | | | - Anthony G Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kumar R, Janakiprasad Kumar K, Benegal V. Underlying decision making processes on Iowa Gambling Task. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 39:63-69. [PMID: 30586668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) assesses decision making in uncertain conditions. Several studies have reported impaired performance on IGT in various clinical population compared to healthy normal. However, some researchers have reported incongruent findings from the basic assumptions of IGT in healthy normal. Our aim was to examine the possible decision making processes on IGT. METHODS The IGT was administered on two groups: Healthy normal (n = 34) and offspring at high risk for alcoholism (n = 34). Subjects were matched on age (+/-1 year), education (+/-1 year) and gender. Other tools used were: Mini-international Neuropsychiatric Interview, Family Interview for Genetic Studies, Socio-demographic Data Sheet, Annett's Handedness Questionnaire. RESULTS Results showed a significant difference between two groups on selections made from disadvantageous deck A but no significant difference on disadvantageous deck B, advantageous/safe decks C and D. Also, there was no significant difference between two groups on IGT Net score [selections from decks (C + D) - decks (A + B)]. Further analysis showed that varying nature of reward and penalty schedules play an important role in selecting the cards from four decks of IGT. Subjects may prefer infrequent penalty decks without consideration of delayed loss/gain. CONCLUSION Frequency and magnitude of reward/penalty in IGT may adversely impact decision making. Deck B can induce myopia for delayed loss in the healthy normal too because of having a high frequency of gains with high magnitude of reward. Hence, IGT related studies should consider these factors while making an inference about decision making ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Clinical Psychologist, Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India.
| | - Keshav Janakiprasad Kumar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India.
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chakravarthy S, Balasubramani PP, Mandali A, Jahanshahi M, Moustafa AA. The many facets of dopamine: Toward an integrative theory of the role of dopamine in managing the body's energy resources. Physiol Behav 2018; 195:128-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
44
|
Ben Hamida S, Mendonça-Netto S, Arefin TM, Nasseef MT, Boulos LJ, McNicholas M, Ehrlich AT, Clarke E, Moquin L, Gratton A, Darcq E, Adela HL, Maldonado R, Kieffer BL. Increased Alcohol Seeking in Mice Lacking Gpr88 Involves Dysfunctional Mesocorticolimbic Networks. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:202-212. [PMID: 29580570 PMCID: PMC6054571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGOUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is devastating and poorly treated, and innovative targets are actively sought for prevention and treatment. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR88 is enriched in mesocorticolimbic pathways, and Gpr88 knockout mice show hyperactivity and risk-taking behavior, but a potential role for this receptor in drug abuse has not been examined. METHODS We tested Gpr88 knockout mice for alcohol-drinking and -seeking behaviors. To gain system-level understanding of their alcohol endophenotype, we also analyzed whole-brain functional connectivity in naïve mice using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Gpr88 knockout mice showed increased voluntary alcohol drinking at both moderate and excessive levels, with intact alcohol sedation and metabolism. Mutant mice also showed increased operant responding and motivation for alcohol, while food and chocolate operant self-administration were unchanged. Alcohol place conditioning and alcohol-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens were decreased, suggesting reduced alcohol reward in mutant mice that may partly explain enhanced alcohol drinking. Seed-based voxelwise functional connectivity analysis revealed significant remodeling of mesocorticolimbic centers, whose hallmark was predominant weakening of prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, and amygdala connectional patterns. Also, effective connectivity from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens and amygdala was reduced. CONCLUSIONS Gpr88 deletion disrupts executive, reward, and emotional networks in a configuration that reduces alcohol reward and promotes alcohol seeking and drinking. The functional connectivity signature is reminiscent of alterations observed in individuals at risk for AUD. The Gpr88 gene, therefore, may represent a vulnerability/resilience factor for AUD, and a potential drug target for AUD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ben Hamida
- Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U-964, CNRS UMR-7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France,Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sueli Mendonça-Netto
- Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanzil Mahmud Arefin
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Md. Taufiq Nasseef
- Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura-Joy Boulos
- Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U-964, CNRS UMR-7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France,Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael McNicholas
- Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aliza Toby Ehrlich
- Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U-964, CNRS UMR-7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France,Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eleanor Clarke
- Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luc Moquin
- Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Gratton
- Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Harsan Laura Adela
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Engineering science, computer science and imaging laboratory (ICube), Integrative Multimodal Imaging in Healthcare, University of Strasbourg – CNRS, Strasbourg, France,Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brigitte Lina Kieffer
- Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-964, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR-7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg, France; Douglas Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zlomuzica A, Machulska A, Roberts S, von Glischinski M, Rinck M, Lester KJ, Eley TC, Margraf J. The dopamine D2 receptor mediates approach-avoidance tendencies in smokers. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:261-268. [PMID: 28364268 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptors (DRD2) have been strongly implicated in reward processing of natural stimuli and drugs. Using the approach-avoidance task (AAT), we recently demonstrated that smokers show an increased approach-bias toward smoking-related cues but not toward naturally rewarding stimuli. Here, we examined the contribution of the DRD2 Taq1B polymorphism to smokers' and non-smokers' responsivity toward smoking versus naturally rewarding stimuli in the AAT. Smokers carrying the minor B1 allele of the DRD2 Taq1B polymorphism showed reduced approach behavior for food-related pictures compared to non-smokers with the same allele. In the group of smokers, a higher approach-bias toward smoking-related compared to food-related pictures was found in carriers of the B1 allele. This pattern was not evident in smokers homozygous for the B2 allele. In addition, smokers with the B1 allele reported fewer attempts to quit smoking relative to smokers homozygous for the B2 allele. This is the first study demonstrating that behavioral shifts in response to smoking relative to natural rewards in smokers are mediated by the DRD2 Taq1B polymorphism. Our results indicate a reduced natural-reward brain reactivity in smokers with a genetically determined decrease in dopaminergic activity (i.e., reduction of DRD2 availability). It remains to be determined whether this pattern might be related to a different outcome after psychological cessation interventions, i.e., AAT modification paradigms, in smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Zlomuzica
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochumer Fenster, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Alla Machulska
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochumer Fenster, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanna Roberts
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael von Glischinski
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochumer Fenster, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mike Rinck
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochumer Fenster, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn J Lester
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK.,School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Thalia C Eley
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jürgen Margraf
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochumer Fenster, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
McLaughlin T, Blum K, Steinberg B, Modestino EJ, Fried L, Baron D, Siwicki D, Braverman ER, Badgaiyan RD. Pro-dopamine regulator, KB220Z, attenuates hoarding and shopping behavior in a female, diagnosed with SUD and ADHD. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:192-203. [PMID: 29316800 PMCID: PMC6035027 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Addictive-like behaviors (e.g., hoarding and shopping) may be the result of the cumulative effects of dopaminergic and other neurotransmitter genetic variants as well as elevated stress levels. We, therefore, propose that dopamine homeostasis may be the preferred goal in combating such challenging and unwanted behaviors, when simple dopaminergic activation through potent agonists may not provide any resolution. Case presentation C.J. is a 38-year-old, single, female, living with her mother. She has a history of substance use disorder as well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type. She had been stable on buprenorphine/naloxone combination and amphetamine, dextroamphetamine mixed salts for many years when unexpectedly she lost her job for oversleeping and not calling into work. KB200z (a pro-dopamine compound) was added to her regimen for complaints of low drive and motivation. After taking this nutraceutical for 4 weeks, she noticed a marked improvement in her mental status and many behaviors. She noted that her shopping and hoarding addictions had appreciably decreased. Furthermore, her lifelong history of terrifying lucid dreams was eliminated. Finally, she felt more in control; her locus of control shifted from external to more internal. Discussion The hypothesis is that C.J.'s reported, behavioral, and psychological benefits resulted from the pro-dopamine-regulating effect of KB220Z across the brain reward system. Conclusions This effect, we surmise, could be the result of a new dopamine balance, across C.J.'s brain reward system. Dopamine homeostasis is an effect of KB220Z seen in both animal and human placebo-controlled fMRI experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas McLaughlin
- 1 Department of Psychopharmacology, Center for Psychiatric Medicine , Lawrence, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University , Dayton, OH, USA
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL, USA
- 4 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
- 5 Division of Applied Clinical Research & Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC , North Kingstown, RI, USA
- 6 Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC , San Antonio, TX, USA
- 7 Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Nupathways Inc. , Innsbrook, MO, USA
- 8 Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation , New York, NY, USA
- 9 Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center , Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- 10 Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bruce Steinberg
- 11 Department of Psychology, Curry College , Milton, MA, USA
| | | | - Lyle Fried
- 9 Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center , Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - David Baron
- 4 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Siwicki
- 6 Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Eric R Braverman
- 8 Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation , New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Blum K, Gondré-Lewis M, Steinberg B, Elman I, Baron D, Modestino EJ, Badgaiyan RD, Gold MS. Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4. [PMID: 30956812 PMCID: PMC6446569 DOI: 10.15761/jsin.1000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The brain regions tied to pleasure can be triggered by engaging in sex, eating tasty food, watching a movie, accomplishments at school and athletics, consuming drugs, and noble efforts to help the community, the country, and the world. It is noteworthy that research suggests that the latter type of satisfaction, supporting the community, may result in the most substantial positive effects on our immune system. However, these pathways for these effects are not understood. Berridge and Kringelbach have suggested that pleasure is mediated by well-developed mesocorticolimbic circuitry and serves adaptive functions. In affective disorders, anhedonia (lack of pleasure) or dysphoria (negative affect) can result from a breakdown of that hedonic system. Most importantly, human neuroimaging investigations indicate that surprisingly similar circuitry is activated by quite diverse pleasures, suggesting a common neural pathway shared by all rewarding stimuli and behaviors. Over many years the controversy of dopamine involvement in pleasure/reward has led to confusion in terms, such as trying to separate motivation from pure pleasure (i.e., wanting versus liking). We take the position that animal studies cannot provide real clinical information that is described by self-reports in humans. On November 23rd, 2017, evidence for our concerns was revealed. A brain system involved in everything from addiction to autism appears to have evolved differently in humans than in apes, as reported by a large research team in the journal Science. To reiterate, the new findings by Sousa et al., also suggest the importance of not over-relying on rodent and even non-human primate studies. Extrapolations, when it comes to the concept of pleasure, dopamine, and reinforcement, are not supported by these data. Human experience and study are now much more critical and important. Extrapolations from non-humans to humans may be more fiction than fact. While this statement is bold it should not at all suggest that animal date is unimportant, that is not the case. It is extremely valuable in many aspects and we must encourage the development of animal models for disease. However, we must be cautious in our interpretation of results without leaping to conclusions that may be explained by follow-up human experiments and subsequent data. We are further proposing that in terms of overcoming a never –ending battle related to the current drug epidemic, the scientific community should realize that disturbing dopamine homeostasis by taking drugs or having a system compromised by genes or other epigenetic experiences, should be treated by alternative therapeutic modalities, expressed in this article as a realistic key goal. Application of genetic addiction risk (GARS™) testing and pro-dopamine regulation (KB220) should be considered along with other promising technologies including cognitive behavioral therapy, mind fullness, brain spotting and trauma therapy. Basic scientists have worked very hard to dis-entangle pleasure from incentive salience and learning signals in brain reward circuitry, but this work may be limited to animal models and rodents. A different consideration regarding the human reward systems is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Applied Clinical Research & Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA.,Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA.,Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA.,Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA.,Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA.,National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA
| | - Marjorie Gondré-Lewis
- National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA.,Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC USA
| | - Bruce Steinberg
- Division of Applied Clinical Research & Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - David Baron
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Daniels S, Pratt M, Zhou Y, Leri F. Effect of steady-state methadone on high fructose corn syrup consumption in rats. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:215-222. [PMID: 29207922 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117742116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment self-report enhanced preferences for, and excessive consumption of, foods rich in sugar. However, it is unclear whether these are direct pharmacological effects of methadone or the consequences of metabolic dysfunctions induced by addiction to illicit opiates. Hence, the current study in drug-naïve male Sprague-Dawley rats explored the effects of steady-state methadone delivered by osmotic mini-pumps (13 days; 0, 10, 30 mg/kg/day) on consumption of rat chow and a palatable, sweet, liquid high fructose corn syrup solution. Six days after the removal of the pumps, mRNA expression of genes involved in responses to stress and rewards were quantified: pro-opiomelanocortin in the hypothalamus, mu-opioid receptor in the nucleus accumbens, and dopamine D2 receptor in the dorsal striatum. Taste reactivity and locomotion tests were also performed throughout the study. It was found that methadone increased caloric intake from high fructose corn syrup and reduced caloric intake from chow, effects that could not be directly ascribed to changes in high fructose corn syrup taste reactivity or motor functions. However, the changes in caloric intake displayed significant tolerance, and mRNA expression analysis suggested that methadone attenuated the effect of high fructose corn syrup on pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA, and possibly on dopamine D2 receptor mRNA. These findings in rats suggest that the pharmacological effect of methadone, administered to achieve steady-state maintenance, may not be the primary cause of dietary alterations reported by patients maintained on methadone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Zhou
- 2 The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gola M, Draps M. Ventral Striatal Reactivity in Compulsive Sexual Behaviors. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:546. [PMID: 30487759 PMCID: PMC6246717 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Compulsive Sexual Behaviors (CSB) are a reason to seek treatment. Given this reality, the number of studies on CSB has increased substantially in the last decade and the World Health Organization (WHO) included CSB in its proposal for the upcoming ICD-11. Sixty percent of the neuroimaging studies on CSB published since 2014 aimed to examine similarities and differences between brain mechanisms underlying CSB, gambling disorder, and substance use disorders. One of the crucial brain circuits involved in addiction is the reward system involving the ventral striatum (including nucleus accumbens). There are two distinct theories describing ventral striatal activity in addictions: Incentive Salience Theory (IST) and Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). IST describes increased ventral striatal activations during the anticipation of addiction-related reward, while RDS describes decreased ventral striatal reactivity both during the anticipation of the reward and during the reward processing. Here, we aim to investigate how the findings on ventral striatal reactivity in CSB support each of these two addiction frameworks. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic review of neuroimaging studies on CSB available in Pubmed, EBSCO, and Google Scholar between 2005 and 2018. We found nine relevant research papers. Only four of these studies directly investigated processing of erotic cues and/or rewards and reported findings related to ventral striatum activations. Three of these studies indicate increased ventral striatal reactivity for erotic stimuli, which is consistent with IST and does not support predictions based on RDS. Therefore, the current state of this data suggest that CSB is related to increased ventral striatal reactivity during the anticipation of erotic stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Gola
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Małgorzata Draps
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Korucuoglu O, Gladwin TE, Baas F, Mocking RJ, Ruhé HG, Groot PF, Wiers RW. Neural response to alcohol taste cues in youth: effects of the OPRM1 gene. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1562-1575. [PMID: 27594419 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations in the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene have been related to high sensitivity to rewarding effects of alcohol. The current study focuses on the neural circuitry underlying this phenomenon using an alcohol versus water taste-cue reactivity paradigm in a young sample at relatively early stages of alcohol use, thus limiting the confound of variations in duration of alcohol use. Drinkers (17-21 years old) were selected on genotype carrying the AA-(n = 20) or the AG-(n = 16) variant of the A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the OPRM1 gene (rs1799971), and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Magnitude of the neural activity and frontostriatal functional connectivity in response to alcohol versus water were investigated. The AG-group demonstrated reduced activation in prefrontal and parietal regions, including the inferior and middle frontal gyrus, superior and inferior parietal lobule, compared with the AA-group. No activation differences were observed in the mesolimbic pathway. Connectivity from the ventral-striatum to frontal regions for alcohol > water trials was higher in the AG than the AA group. For the dorsal-striatum seed region, the AG group showed increased connectivity to non-PFC regions. These results indicate that adolescents carrying the G-allele may be more vulnerable for the alcohol to hijack the reward system in the absence of frontal control to regulate craving. This implies that findings of hyperactivation in the mesolimbic structures of G-allele carriers in earlier studies might result from both genetic susceptibility and heavy drinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Korucuoglu
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
- Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - Thomas E. Gladwin
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
- Research Centre - Military Mental Health; Ministry of Defense; The Netherlands
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Genome Analysis; Academic Medical Centre; The Netherlands
| | - Roel J.T. Mocking
- Program for Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Henricus G. Ruhé
- Program for Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Mood and Anxiety Disorders; Department of Psychiatry; The Netherlands
| | - Paul F.C. Groot
- Department of Radiology; Academic Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|