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Ghareeb OA. Hematotoxicity Induced by Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and the Attenuating Role of Giloy In Vivo. Cureus 2023; 15:e46577. [PMID: 37936991 PMCID: PMC10626200 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In line with the growing industrial applications of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) in various fields, concerns about their potentially harmful consequences on the environment, human, and animal health are increasing. Giloy is considered an alternative medicine to treat various ailments. Giloy's potential in helping manage diabetes, alleviating arthritis and joint pain, and addressing skin disorders such as eczema and acne underscores its multifaceted role in traditional medicine. Moreover, it is deemed beneficial for reducing stress and anxiety levels, promoting liver health, and potentially impacting heart health by regulating cholesterol levels. Emerging research also explores its potential in cancer prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the hematotoxicity of CuONPs and the alleviating effect of giloy in adult rats. Materials and methods In this experiment, 28 laboratory rats were used, set to four groups (7/group), as follows: control group without any dose; CuONPs group administered copper oxide nanoparticles at 300 mg/kg/day; CuONPs + giloy group dosed with CuONPs at 300 mg/kg/day plus giloy at 100 mg/kg/day; giloy group treated only with giloy at 100 mg/kg/day. All treatments were given by gastric gavage and continued for 28 uninterrupted days. Results Dosing animals with CuONPs led to significant adverse changes in the examined blood profile. In contrast, when the animals were coadministered with giloy, restoring the disturbed blood levels was observed. Conclusion Copper oxide nanoparticles at a high dose had notable hematotoxicity in laboratory rats and, supplemented with giloy, could reduce this hematological toxicity.
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Cheng X, Zhu H, Bai S, Zou Y, Xia Z, Yang R. Pathogenicity of phospholipase B1 of Trichosporon asahii in immunosuppressed mice. Mycoses 2023; 66:467-476. [PMID: 36680377 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichosporon asahii is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast-like fungus. Phospholipase B1 (PLB1) is an important virulence factor of pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, and there are few studies on the role of PLB1 in the pathogenicity of T. asahii. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of PLB1 in the pathogenicity of T. asahii. METHODS A strain with low secretion of PLB1 (4848) was screened, a PLB1 overexpression strain (PLB1OX ) was constructed, and the differences in histopathology, fungal load of organ, survival time of mice, the levels of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and GM-GSF in the serum and organs caused by the two strains were compared. RESULTS Histopathology showed that spores and hyphae were observed in both groups, and PLB1OX led to more fungal invasion. The fungal loads in the kidney, lung, spleen and liver in the PLB1OX group were significantly higher than those in the 4848 group, and the survival time of mice was significantly lower than that in the 4848 group. The levels of TNF-α in the serum, liver, spleen, lung and kidney of the PLB1OX group were lower than those of the 4848 group, while the level of IL-10 in the serum was higher than that of the 4848 group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PLB1 can enhance the invasive function of T. asahii and affect the secretion of TNF-α and IL-10 which may affect the host antifungal immune response, providing evidence that PLB1 plays a role in the pathogenic infection of T. asahii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Cheng
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Peking, China.,Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Peking, China
| | - He Zhu
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Peking, China.,Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Peking, China
| | - Shuang Bai
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yuekun Zou
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Peking, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Peking, China
| | - Zhikuan Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Peking, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongya Yang
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Peking, China.,Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Peking, China
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Nandan A, Sharma V, Banerjee P, Sadasivam K, Venkatesan S, Prasher B. Deciphering the mechanism of Tinospora cordifolia extract on Th17 cells through in-depth transcriptomic profiling and in silico analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1056677. [PMID: 36699055 PMCID: PMC9868420 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1056677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cells differentiate into effector (Th1, Th2, Th17) cells and immunosuppressive (Treg) cells upon antigenic stimulation in the presence of a specific cytokine milieu. The T cell in vitro culture system provides a very efficient model to study compounds' therapeutic activity and mechanism of action. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson (Family. Menispermaceae) is one of the widely used drugs in Ayurveda (ancient Indian system of medicine) for various ailments such as inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders, and cancer as well as for promoting general health. In vitro and in vivo studies on immune cells comprising dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells suggest its immune-modulating abilities. However, to date, the effect of T. cordifolia on individual purified and polarized T cell subsets has not been studied. Studying drug effects on T cell subsets is needed to understand their immunomodulatory mechanism and to develop treatments for diseases linked with T cell abnormalities. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory activity of T. cordifolia on primary CD4+ T cells, i.e., Th1, Th17, and iTreg cells. An aqueous extract of T. cordifolia was non-cytotoxic at concentrations below 1500 µg/ml and moderately inhibited the proliferation of naive CD4+ T cells stimulated with anti-CD3ε and anti-CD28 for 96 h. T. cordifolia treatment of naive CD4+ T cells differentiated under Th17-polarizing conditions exhibited reduced frequency of IL-17 producing cells with inhibition of differentiation and proliferation. For the first time, in-depth genome-wide expression profiling of T. cordifolia treated naive CD4+ T cells, polarized to Th17 cells, suggests the broad-spectrum activity of T. cordifolia. It shows inhibition of the cytokine-receptor signaling pathway, majorly via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, subsequently causing inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation, proliferation, and effector function. Additionally, the molecular docking studies of the 69 metabolites of T. cordifolia further substantiate the inhibitory activity of T. cordifolia via the cytokine-receptor signaling pathway. Furthermore, in vitro polarized Th1 and iTreg cells treated with T. cordifolia extract also showed reduced IFN-γ production and FoxP3 expression, respectively. This study provides insight into the plausible mechanism/s of anti-inflammatory activity of T. cordifolia involving T cells, mainly effective in Th17-associated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Nandan
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India,CSIR’s Ayurgenomics Unit, Translational Research and Innovative Science Through Ayurgenomics (TRISUTRA), CSIR-IGIB, Delhi, India,Centre of Excellence for Applied Development of Ayurveda, Prakriti and Genomics, CSIR- IGIB, Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Amrita Nandan, ; Bhavana Prasher,
| | | | - Prodyot Banerjee
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Development of Ayurveda, Prakriti and Genomics, CSIR- IGIB, Delhi, India
| | - Kannan Sadasivam
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, India
| | - Subramanian Venkatesan
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, India,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Bhavana Prasher
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India,CSIR’s Ayurgenomics Unit, Translational Research and Innovative Science Through Ayurgenomics (TRISUTRA), CSIR-IGIB, Delhi, India,Centre of Excellence for Applied Development of Ayurveda, Prakriti and Genomics, CSIR- IGIB, Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Amrita Nandan, ; Bhavana Prasher,
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Arunachalam K, Yang X, San TT. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers: Protection mechanisms and strategies against oxidative stress-related diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114540. [PMID: 34509604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (Menispermaceae) is a Mediterranean herb, used in Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani, and folk medicines. The herb is also used in conventional medicine to treat oxidative stress-related diseases and conditions, including inflammation, pain, diarrhea, asthma, respiratory infections, cancer, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders. AIM OF THE REVIEW The taxonomy, botanical classification, geographical distribution, and ethnobotanical uses of T. cordifolia, as well as the phytochemical compounds found in the herb, the toxicology of and pharmacological and clinical studies on the effects of T. cordifolia are all covered in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS To gather information on T. cordifolia, we used a variety of scientific databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. The information discussed focuses on biologically active compounds found in T. cordifolia, and common applications and pharmacological activity of the herb, as well as toxicological and clinical studies on its properties. RESULTS The findings of this study reveal a connection between the use of T. cordifolia in conventional medicine and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and other biological effects. The entire plant, stem, leaves, root, and extracts of T. cordifolia have been shown to have a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective impact. Toxicological testing demonstrated that this plant may have medicinal applications. T. cordifolia contains a variety of biologically active compounds from various chemical classes, including alkaloids, terpenoids, sitosterols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Based on the reports researched for this review, we believe that chemicals in T. cordifolia may activate Nrf2, which leads to the overexpression of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, GPx, GST, and GR, and thereby induces the adaptive response to oxidative stress. T. cordifolia is also able to reduce NF-κB signalling by inhibiting PI3K/Akt, activating AMPK and sirtuins, and downregulating PI3K/Akt. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the pharmacological properties displayed by T. cordifolia back up its conventional uses. Antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, nephroprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective activities were all demonstrated in T. cordifolia stem extracts. To validate pharmacodynamic targets, further research is needed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of the known compounds against gastrointestinal diseases, inflammatory processes, and microbial infections, as immunostimulants, and in chemotherapy. The T. cordifolia safety profile was confirmed in a toxicological analysis, which prompted pharmacokinetic assessment testing to confirm its bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppusamy Arunachalam
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650 201, People's Republic of China; Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar.
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650 201, People's Republic of China; Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar.
| | - Thae Thae San
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650 201, People's Republic of China; Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
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5
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Malve H, More D, More A. Effects of two formulations containing Phyllanthus emblica and Tinospora cordifolia with and without Ocimum sanctum in immunocompromised mice. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 12:682-688. [PMID: 34799208 PMCID: PMC8642715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current pandemic has led us to explore the role of traditional system of medicine to look for formulations that enhance immunity. Objective The obejctive of this experimental study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of two formulations, Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) and Phyllanthus emblica (Pe) with and without coating of Ocimum sanctum (Os). Materials and methods After obtaining Institutional Animal Ethics Committee approval, present experimental study was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of plant drug formulations against infection induced in mice subjected to major surgical stress. Hemisplenectomy was selected to induce major stress and the procedure for hemisplenectomy was standardized. A model of secondary fungal infection after hemisplenectomy was established followed by the treatment of mice with plant drugs and controls. They were subjected to hemisplenectomy or sham operation and 105 C. albicans were injected intravenously. The therapy continued for next 14 days. Kidneys were isolated to estimate fungal load. Fungal load of the kidneys was estimated on post-operative Day 15. Results The test formulations Tc + Pe and Tc + Pe + Os showed significant reduction in the fungal burden of kidneys as compared to hemisplenectomized control group. However, Tc alone exerted better degree of protection as compared to Tc + Pe and Tc + Pe + Os. Conclusion The formulations, Tc + Pe and Tc + Pe + Os that were developed on the basis of theoretical concepts were not found to be superior to Tc. Though the individual ingredients have been shown to possess immunnostimulant activities, in combination, Pe and Os blunted the effects of Tc. The basis for this drug interaction needs further exploration. Thus, the current experimental study validates immunomodulatory role of Tc. However, the addition of Pe with bhavana of Os does not lead to any augmentation of immunomodulatory activity of Tc. This study also underlines the need to generate data on Ayurveda formulations to understand the rationality of the multi-ingredient Ayurvedic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Malve
- Department of Pharmacology, Vedanta Institute of Medical Sciences, Dahanu, India.
| | - Dipti More
- Department of Pediatrics, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital and Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashwini More
- Department of Medicine, Vedanta Institute of Medical Sciences, Dahanu, India
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Singh B, Nathawat S, Sharma RA. Ethnopharmacological and phytochemical attributes of Indian Tinospora species: A comprehensive review. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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7
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Singh RS, Singh A, Kaur H, Batra G, Sarma P, Kaur H, Bhattacharyya A, Sharma AR, Kumar S, Upadhyay S, Tiwari V, Avti P, Prakash A, Medhi B. Promising traditional Indian medicinal plants for the management of novel Coronavirus disease: A systematic review. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4456-4484. [PMID: 34132429 PMCID: PMC8441711 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Indian medical practices (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and homeopathy) are a vast reservoir of knowledge about medicinal plants. The promising pharmacological properties of these plants have paved the way for developing therapy against novel Coronavirus (CoV) infection. The current review will summarize published works of literature on the effects of traditional Indian medicinal plants against acute respiratory infection (COVID‐19, SARS, Influenza, and Respiratory syncytial virus infection) and registered clinical trials of traditional Indian herbal medicines in COVID‐19. The current study aims to comprehensively evaluate the data of traditional Indian medicinal plants to warrant their use in COVID‐19 management. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched along with different clinical trial databases. A total of 22 relevant traditional Indian medicinal plants (35 relevant studies) were included in the current study having potential antiviral properties against virus‐induced respiratory illness along with promising immunomodulatory and thrombolytic properties. Further, 36 randomized and nonrandomized registered clinical trials were also included that were aimed at evaluating the efficacy of herbal plants or their formulations in COVID‐19 management. The antiviral, immunomodulatory, and thrombolytic activities of the traditional Indian medicinal plants laid down a strong rationale for their use in developing therapies against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The study identified some important potential traditional Indian medicinal herbs such as Ocimum tenuiflorum, Tinospora cordifolia, Achyranthes bidentata, Cinnamomum cassia, Cydonia oblonga, Embelin ribes, Justicia adhatoda, Momordica charantia, Withania somnifera, Zingiber officinale, Camphor, and Kabusura kudineer, which could be used in therapeutic strategies against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Soloman Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harpinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gitika Batra
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anusuya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector-32, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sujata Upadhyay
- Department of Physilogy, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University Campus, Varanasi, India
| | - Pramod Avti
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Allemailem KS. Antimicrobial Potential of Naturally Occurring Bioactive Secondary Metabolites. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:155-162. [PMID: 34349474 PMCID: PMC8291113 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_753_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of traditional medicines of natural origin has been prevalent since ancient times globally as the plants produce a great diversity in their secondary metabolites. The naturally occurring bioactive constituents in food and other plant materials have shown widespread attention for their use as alternative medicine to prevent and cure microbial growth with the least toxic manifestations. The inclusion of these contents revealed their crucial role to improve the therapeutic efficacy of the classical drugs against various pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, several metabolites have also been explored in combination with antimicrobial agents to overcome the problems associated with drug resistance. This current review discusses the antimicrobial activities of secondary metabolites as well as their role in drug sensitivity against multiple-drug resistant pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Zhang Z, Pan T, Liu C, Shan X, Xu Z, Hong H, Lin H, Chen J, Sun H. Cyclophosphamide induced physiological and biochemical changes in mice with an emphasis on sensitivity analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111889. [PMID: 33461014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of cyclophosphamide (CP) in medical treatment had caused ubiquitous contamination in the environment. To data, many studies have been carried out on the toxic effect of CP. However, among these toxic effects of CP, which are the most sensitive remains unclear. Present study aimed to investigate the toxicity of CP on mice and evaluate the sensitivity of physiological-biochemical parameters upon exposure of mice to CP. Results showed that as compared with the control group, CP caused significant reduction in body weight (p < 0.01), spleen coefficient (p < 0.01), leukocyte density (p < 0.01) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in kidney (p < 0.01); However superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), ALT in liver and creatinine (Cr) in kidney significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Among the suppressed physiological and biochemical parameters, the sensitivity to CP toxicity was generally ranked as body weight > leukocyte density > ALT in kidney > spleen coefficient; while among the stimulated parameters, the sensitivity was ranked as MDA (liver) > Cr (kidney) > ALT (liver). Overall, the most sensitive parameters to CP toxicity may be associated with growth, immune system and the normal function of liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ting Pan
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Chunrong Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shan
- Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Zeqiong Xu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China; Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongjie Sun
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
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Khan MA, Khan A, Khan SH, Azam M, Khan MMU, Khalilullah H, Younus H. Coadministration of liposomal methylglyoxal increases the activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans in leukopoenic mice. J Drug Target 2020; 29:78-87. [PMID: 32723117 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1803333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a combination of liposomal amphotericin B (Lip-Amp B) and Methylglyoxal (Lip-MG) against Candida albicans in the leukopoenic mice. The antifungal efficacy of Lip-Amp B or Lip-MG or a combination of Lip-Amp B and Lip-MG was evaluated by the analysis of the survival rate and the fungal load in the treated mice. The immune-stimulatory effect of Lip-MG on macrophages was evaluated by analysing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. C. albicans infected mice treated at the doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg of Lip-Amp B showed 20% and 50% survival rates, respectively. Whereas the mice treated with free Amp B at the same doses died within 40 days of treatment. Interestingly, C. albicans infected mice treated with a combination of Lip-Amp B and Lip-MG had 70% survival rate on day 40 postinfection. Moreover, treatment of macrophages with Lip-MG increased their fungicidal activity and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β. These findings suggested that co-treatment with Lip-Amp B and Lip-MG had a synergistic effect and could be effective against C. albicans in immunocompromised subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Alam Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaheer Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Azam
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Masih Uzzaman Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hina Younus
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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11
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Khan SH, Younus H, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Alrumaihi F, Alruwetei AM, Alsahli MA, Khan A, Khan MA. Potential of Methylglyoxal-Conjugated Chitosan Nanoparticles in Treatment of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Infection in a Murine Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:3681-3693. [PMID: 32547022 PMCID: PMC7261666 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s249625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal infections are becoming more prevalent and threatening because of the continuous emergence of azole-resistant fungal infections. The present study was aimed to assess the activity of free Methylglyoxal (MG) or MG-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles (MGCN) against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Materials and Methods A novel formulation of MGCN was prepared and characterized to determine their size, shape and polydispersity index. Moreover, the efficacy of fluconazole or MG or MGCN was determined against intracellular C. albicans in macrophages and the systematic candidiasis in a murine model. The safety of MG or MGCN was tested in mice by analyzing the levels of hepatic and renal toxicity parameters. Results Candida albicans did not respond to fluconazole, even at the highest dose of 20 mg/kg, whereas MG and MGCN effectively eliminated C. albicans from the macrophages and infected mice. Mice in the group treated with MGCN at a dose of 10 mg/kg exhibited a 90% survival rate and showed the lowest fungal load in the kidney, whereas the mice treated with free MG at the same dose exhibited 50% survival rate. Moreover, the administration of MG or MGCN did not induce any liver and kidney toxicity in the treated mice. Conclusion The findings of the present work suggest that MGCN may be proved a promising therapeutic formulation to treat azole-resistant C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheer Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Hina Younus
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen M Alruwetei
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masood Alam Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Sharma P, Dwivedee BP, Bisht D, Dash AK, Kumar D. The chemical constituents and diverse pharmacological importance of Tinospora cordifolia. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02437. [PMID: 31701036 PMCID: PMC6827274 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinospora cordifolia is a popular medicinal plant which is used in several traditional medicines to cure various diseases. The common names are Amrita and Guduchi and belong to the family of Menispermaceae. It is considered an essential herbal plant of Indian system of medicine (ISM) and has been used in the treatment of fever, urinary problem, dysentery, skin diseases leprosy, diabetes, and many more diseases. The plant reported containing chemical compound including Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Lignans, Steroids and others that establish the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Tinospora cordifolia. The present review highlights the pharmacological importance viz antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-diabetic activity, antistress activity, hypolipidaemic effect, hepatic disorder, anticancer anti HIV potential, antiosteoporotic effects, antitoxic effects, wound healing, anticomplementary activity, and immunomodulating activity, systemic infection and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, (H.P), 173212, India
| | - Bharat P Dwivedee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, (H.P), 173212, India
| | - Dheeraj Bisht
- Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhimtal Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, (UK), 263136, India
| | - Ashutosh K Dash
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, (H.P), 173212, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, (H.P), 173212, India
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