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Savuca A, Curpan AS, Hritcu LD, Buzenchi Proca TM, Balmus IM, Lungu PF, Jijie R, Nicoara MN, Ciobica AS, Solcan G, Solcan C. Do Microplastics Have Neurological Implications in Relation to Schizophrenia Zebrafish Models? A Brain Immunohistochemistry, Neurotoxicity Assessment, and Oxidative Stress Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8331. [PMID: 39125900 PMCID: PMC11312823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of exposure to environmental pollutants on neurological processes are of increasing concern due to their potential to induce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Considering that many industries are currently using different types of plastics as raw materials, packaging, or distribution pipes, microplastics (MPs) have become one of the biggest threats to the environment and human health. These consequences have led to the need to raise the awareness regarding MPs negative neurological effects and implication in neuropsychiatric pathologies, such as schizophrenia. The study aims to use three zebrafish models of schizophrenia obtained by exposure to ketamine (Ket), methionine (Met), and their combination to investigate the effects of MP exposure on various nervous system structures and the possible interactions with oxidative stress. The results showed that MPs can interact with ketamine and methionine, increasing the severity and frequency of optic tectum lesions, while co-exposure (MP+Met+Ket) resulted in attenuated effects. Regarding oxidative status, we found that all exposure formulations led to oxidative stress, changes in antioxidant defense mechanisms, or compensatory responses to oxidative damage. Met exposure induced structural changes such as necrosis and edema, while paradoxically activating periventricular cell proliferation. Taken together, these findings highlight the complex interplay between environmental pollutants and neurotoxicants in modulating neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Savuca
- Doctoral School of Geosciences, Faculty of Geography and Geology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania;
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania; (A.-S.C.); (P.F.L.)
| | - Alexandrina-Stefania Curpan
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania; (A.-S.C.); (P.F.L.)
| | - Luminita Diana Hritcu
- Internal Medicine Clinic, University of Life Sciences “Ion Ionescu de la Brad”, Mihail Sadoveanu Street, No. 3, 700490 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Teodora Maria Buzenchi Proca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “Ion Ionescu de la Brad”, Mihail Sadoveanu Street, No. 3, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (T.M.B.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Ioana-Miruna Balmus
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania;
| | - Petru Fabian Lungu
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania; (A.-S.C.); (P.F.L.)
| | - Roxana Jijie
- Research Center on Advanced Materials and Technologies, Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania;
| | - Mircea Nicusor Nicoara
- Doctoral School of Geosciences, Faculty of Geography and Geology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania;
| | - Alin Stelian Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, Teodor Codrescu 2, 700481 Iasi, Romania
- Preclinical Department, Apollonia University, 700511 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Solcan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “Ion Ionescu de la Brad”, Mihail Sadoveanu Street, No. 3, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (T.M.B.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Carmen Solcan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “Ion Ionescu de la Brad”, Mihail Sadoveanu Street, No. 3, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (T.M.B.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
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Kumar R, Nuñez NA, Joshi N, Joseph B, Verde A, Seshadri A, Cuellar Barboza AB, Prokop LJ, Medeiros GC, Singh B. Metabolomic biomarkers for (R, S)-ketamine and (S)-ketamine in treatment-resistant depression and healthy controls: A systematic review. Bipolar Disord 2024; 26:321-330. [PMID: 38326104 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine is increasingly used for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) while its mechanism of action is still being investigated. In this systematic review, we appraise the current evidence of metabolomic biomarkers for racemic ketamine and esketamine in patients with TRD and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS A comprehensive search of several databases (Ovid MEDLINE®, Embase, and Epub Ahead of Print) was performed from each database's inception to June 29, 2022, in any language, was conducted. We included studies wherein the metabolomic biomarkers for racemic ketamine or esketamine were investigated in TRD or HCs. Our main outcomes were to examine changes in metabolites among patients treated with ketamine/esketamine and explore the association with response to ketamine/esketamine. RESULTS A total of 1859 abstracts were screened of which 11 were included for full-text review. Of these, a total of five articles were included (N = 147), including three RCTs (n = 129) and two open-label trials (n = 18). All studies used racemic ketamine; one study additionally used esketamine. The included studies evaluated patients with treatment-resistant bipolar depression (n = 22), unipolar depression (n = 91), and HCs (n = 34). The included studies reported alteration in several metabolites including acylcarnitines, lipids, kynurenine (KYN), and arginine with ketamine in TRD. Studies suggest the involvement of energy metabolism, KYN, and arginine pathways. In HCs, acetylcarnitine decreased post-infusion, whereas inconsistent findings were observed after the ketamine infusion in TRD patients. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review provides preliminary evidence that ketamine may cause changes in several important pathways involved in energy metabolism and inflammation. Larger and more rigorous studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicolas A Nuñez
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Neha Joshi
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Boney Joseph
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alessandra Verde
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ashok Seshadri
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Larry J Prokop
- Mayo Medical Libraries, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gustavo C Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Balwinder Singh
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Mobinhosseini F, Salehirad M, Wallace Hayes A, Motaghinejad M, Hekmati M, Safari S, Gholami M. Curcumin-ZnO conjugated nanoparticles confer neuroprotection against ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23611. [PMID: 38084605 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanotechnology and its application to manipulate herbal compounds to design new neuroprotective agents to manage neurotoxicity has recently increased. Cur-ZnO conjugated nanoparticles were synthesized and used in an experimental model of ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. METHODS Cur-ZnO conjugated nanoparticles were chemically characterized, and the average crystalline size was determined. Forty-nine adult mice were divided into seven groups of seven animals each. Normal saline was given to control mice (group 1). Ketamine (25 mg/kg) was given to a second group. A third group of mice was given ketamine (25 mg/kg) in combination with curcumin (40 mg/kg), while mice in groups 4, 5, and 6 received ketamine (25 mg/kg) plus Cur-ZnO nanoparticles (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg). Group 7 received only ZnO (5 mg/kg). All doses were ip for 14 days. Hippocampal mitochondrial quadruple complex enzymes, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic characteristics were assessed. RESULTS Cur-ZnO nanoparticles and curcumin decreased lipid peroxidation, GSSG content, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Bax levels while increasing GSH and antioxidant enzymes like GPx, GR, and SOD while increasing Bcl-2 level and mitochondrial quadruple complex enzymes in ketamine treatment groups. CONCLUSION The neuroprotective properties of Cur-ZnO nanoparticles were efficient in preventing ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in the mouse brain. The nanoparticle form of curcumin (Cur-ZnO) required lower doses to produce neuroprotective effects against ketamine-induced toxicity than conventional curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mobinhosseini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Salehirad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malak Hekmati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Safari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Gholami
- College of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hogarth K, Tarazi D, Maynes JT. The effects of general anesthetics on mitochondrial structure and function in the developing brain. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1179823. [PMID: 37533472 PMCID: PMC10390784 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1179823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of general anesthetics in modern clinical practice is commonly regarded as safe for healthy individuals, but exposures at the extreme ends of the age spectrum have been linked to chronic cognitive impairments and persistent functional and structural alterations to the nervous system. The accumulation of evidence at both the epidemiological and experimental level prompted the addition of a warning label to inhaled anesthetics by the Food and Drug Administration cautioning their use in children under 3 years of age. Though the mechanism by which anesthetics may induce these detrimental changes remains to be fully elucidated, increasing evidence implicates mitochondria as a potential primary target of anesthetic damage, meditating many of the associated neurotoxic effects. Along with their commonly cited role in energy production via oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria also play a central role in other critical cellular processes including calcium buffering, cell death pathways, and metabolite synthesis. In addition to meeting their immense energy demands, neurons are particularly dependent on the proper function and spatial organization of mitochondria to mediate specialized functions including neurotransmitter trafficking and release. Mitochondrial dependence is further highlighted in the developing brain, requiring spatiotemporally complex and metabolically expensive processes such as neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and synaptic pruning, making the consequence of functional alterations potentially impactful. To this end, we explore and summarize the current mechanistic understanding of the effects of anesthetic exposure on mitochondria in the developing nervous system. We will specifically focus on the impact of anesthetic agents on mitochondrial dynamics, apoptosis, bioenergetics, stress pathways, and redox homeostasis. In addition, we will highlight critical knowledge gaps, pertinent challenges, and potential therapeutic targets warranting future exploration to guide mechanistic and outcomes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley Hogarth
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Doorsa Tarazi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason T. Maynes
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Maia MLF, Pantoja LVPS, Da Conceição BC, Machado-Ferraro KM, Gonçalves JKM, Dos Santos-Filho PM, Lima RR, Fontes-Junior EA, Maia CSF. Ketamine Clinical Use on the Pediatric Critically Ill Infant: A Global Bibliometric and Critical Review of Literature. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4643. [PMID: 37510758 PMCID: PMC10380297 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The developing central nervous system is vulnerable to several stimuli, especially psychotropic drugs. Sedation procedures during the developmental period are frequent in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), in which the use of the sedative agent is still a challenge for the PICU team. Ketamine has been indicated for sedation in critically ill children with hemodynamic and ventilatory instabilities, but the possible neurobehavioral consequences related to this use are still uncertain. Here, we performed a bibliometric analysis with conventional metrics and a critical review of clinical findings to reveal a gap in the literature that deserves further investigation. We revealed that only 56 articles corresponded to the inclusion criteria of the study. The United States of America emerges as the main country within the scope of this review. In addition, professional clinical societies play a key role in the publications of scientific clinical findings through the specialist journals, which encourages the sharing of research work. The co-occurrence of keywords evidenced that the terms "sedation", "ketamine", and "pediatric" were the most frequent. Case series and review articles were the most prevalent study design. In the critical evaluation, the scarce studies highlight the need of use and post-use monitoring, which reinforces the importance of additional robust clinical studies to characterize the possible adverse effects resulting from ketamine anesthetic protocol in critically ill children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lucy Ferraz Maia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
| | - Lucas Villar Pedrosa Silva Pantoja
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
| | - Brenda Costa Da Conceição
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
| | - Kissila Márvia Machado-Ferraro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jackeline Kerlice Mata Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Monteiro Dos Santos-Filho
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Enéas Andrade Fontes-Junior
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil
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Zhong J, Wu H, Wu F, He H, Zhang Z, Huang J, Cao P, Fan N. Abnormal fractional Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation in chronic ketamine users. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 326:111536. [PMID: 36067548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine has become a major substance of abuse worldwide. Nevertheless, The long-term effects of ketamine use on intrinsic spontaneous neural activity remain unknown. OBJECTIVES In the present study, rs-fMRI was used to explore whether chronic ketamine use changes the intrinsic spontaneous neural activity, and whether the intrinsic spontaneous neural activity changes in chronic ketamine users(CKUs) are associated with cognitive impairments observed in chronic ketamine users. METHODS 28 CKUs and 30 healthy controls(HC) were enrolled. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) was measured to evaluate the intrinsic spontaneous neural activity in multiple brain regions. Cognitive alterations were assessed using MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). RESULTS CKUs showed higher fALFF in the right parahippocampal gyrus(PHG), right anterior cingulate cortex(ACC), left cerebellar vermis, left posterior cingulate cortex(PCC), bilateral caudate, and lower fALFF in the right middle occipital gyrus(MOG), left cuneus, right precuneus. The fALFF in the right PHG, left cerebellar vermis, bilateral caudate, right ACC of CKUs presented a negative correlation with the average quantity of ketamine use/day(g) and estimated total ketamine consumption. The fALFF in left PCC had a negative correlation with the average quantity of ketamine use/day(g). Speed of processing on MCCB presented a negative correlation with the fALFF in the right MOG. CONCLUSION Our study found abnormal fALFF in multiple brain areas in CKUs, which indicated the changes of intrinsic spontaneous neural activity in multiple brain areas. The changes of fALFF were associated with the severity of ketamine use and cognitive impairment in CKUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhong
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Huawang Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Hongbo He
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Penghui Cao
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China
| | - Ni Fan
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, China.
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Rigg N, Abu-Hijleh FA, Patel V, Mishra RK. Ketamine-induced neurotoxicity is mediated through endoplasmic reticulum stress in vitro in STHdh Q7/Q7 cells. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:321-328. [PMID: 35728656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine has traditionally been used as a dissociative anesthetic agent and more recently as a treatment for treatment-resistant depression. However, there is growing concern over the increased use of ketamine in recreational and therapeutic settings due to the potential neurotoxic effects. Recent studies have demonstrated that ketamine is cytotoxic in several cell types, such as fibroblasts, hepatocytes, uroepithelial cells, and adult induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Ketamine has been shown to dysregulate calcium signalling, increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and impair mitochondrial function, ultimately leading to apoptosis. However, it is unclear whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a role in ketamine associated neurotoxicity in striatal neurons. Disruption to ER homeostasis can initiate ER-mediated cell death, which has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether ketamine's neurotoxic effects involve an ER stress-dependent pathway and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in its neurotoxic effects. Mouse striatal cells were treated with various concentrations of ketamine (10 μM, 100 μM, 1 mM) or DMEM for 9-72 hrs. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, and changes in gene expression of ER stress markers were evaluated using RT-qPCR. MTT results revealed that 1 mM ketamine decreased cell viability in striatal cells after 24 h of treatment. Gene expression studies complemented these findings such that ketamine upregulated pro-apoptotic ER stress markers, including X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and downregulated pro-survival ER stress proteins such as GRP78, MANF and CDNF. Ketamine activated all three stress sensing pathways including PERK, IRE1, and ATF6. Taken together, our results show that ketamine-induced neurotoxicity is mediated through an ER stress-dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Rigg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Fahed A Abu-Hijleh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Vidhi Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ram K Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Wang C, Liu S, Liu F, Bhutta A, Patterson TA, Slikker W. Application of Nonhuman Primate Models in the Studies of Pediatric Anesthesia Neurotoxicity. Anesth Analg 2022; 134:1203-1214. [PMID: 35147575 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous animal models have been used to study developmental neurotoxicity associated with short-term or prolonged exposure of common general anesthetics at clinically relevant concentrations. Pediatric anesthesia models using the nonhuman primate (NHP) may more accurately reflect the human condition because of their phylogenetic similarity to humans with regard to reproduction, development, neuroanatomy, and cognition. Although they are not as widely used as other animal models, the contribution of NHP models in the study of anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity has been essential. In this review, we discuss how neonatal NHP animals have been used for modeling pediatric anesthetic exposure; how NHPs have addressed key data gaps and application of the NHP model for the studies of general anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity. The appropriate application and evaluation of the NHP model in the study of general anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity have played a key role in enhancing the understanding and awareness of the potential neurotoxicity associated with pediatric general anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- From the Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Shuliang Liu
- From the Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Fang Liu
- From the Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Adnan Bhutta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Tucker A Patterson
- Office of the Director, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - William Slikker
- Office of the Director, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas
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Abstract
TOPIC Ketamine is beneficial in clinical settings ranging from procedural sedation to the treatment of chronic pain. This article describes the clinical benefits of ketamine for treatment of acute pain and for sedation of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ketamine causes analgesic and amnestic effects by noncompetitive inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and activation of the opioid μ and κ receptors. Unlike other sedatives, ketamine provides analgesia and amnesia without causing hypotension or respiratory depression. Several studies have elucidated the clinical benefits of ketamine. The use of ketamine has extended beyond critical care areas such as the operating room and intensive care units. Nurses must be familiar with optimal clinical scenarios, monitoring parameters, and contraindications of ketamine. PURPOSE To highlight the clinical utility and pharmacological properties of ketamine through a literature review. Current studies of ketamine in acute pain and sedation management are summarized. CONTENT COVERED This narrative review describes pharmacological properties, dosing strategies, adminis-tration considerations, and adverse effects of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Brown
- Kyle Brown is a critical care pharmacy specialist, Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, Florida
| | - Calvin Tucker
- Calvin Tucker is a coordinator, Acute Care Surgery Pharmacy Services, University of Florida Health Shands Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida
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Combined Low Dose of Ketamine and Social Isolation: A Possible Model of Induced Chronic Schizophrenia-Like Symptoms in Male Albino Rats. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070917. [PMID: 34356151 PMCID: PMC8303272 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While animal models for schizophrenia, ranging from pharmacological models to lesions and genetic models, are available, they usually mimic only the positive symptoms of this disorder. Identifying a feasible model of chronic schizophrenia would be valuable for studying the possible underlying mechanism and to investigate emerging treatments. Our hypothesis starts from the observation that combining ketamine with isolation could result in long-lasting neuro-psychological deficits and schizophrenia-like features; thus, it could probably be used as the first model of chronic schizophrenia that emphasizes the characteristic of having a multifactorial etiology. By the means of this study, we investigated the effects of ketamine administration combined with isolation in inducing schizophrenia-like symptoms in male albino rats and the brain reactive oxygen species levels. Our results showed that the number of lines crossings in the open field test, the number of open arm entries in the elevated plus maze, and the spontaneous alternations percentage in the Y-maze were significantly lower in the ketamine + isolation group compared to both the control and ketamine + social housing group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ketamine + isolation intervention significantly increased the MDA levels and decreased the GPx levels both in the hippocampus and the cortex of the rats. In addition, our premise of creating a model capable of exhibiting both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia was also based on adding the aripiprazole treatment to a group of rats. Therefore, we compared the ketamine + social isolation group with the ketamine + social isolation + aripiprazole group in order to attempt to discover if the antipsychotic drug would significantly decrease the potential positive schizophrenia-like symptoms induced by social isolation and ketamine. Given that we obtained significant results, we cautiously presume that this might be an important step in developing our animal model capable of illustrating both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. This study could be a first step towards the creation of a complex animal model capable of exhibiting the multifactorial origin and manifestation of schizophrenia.
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Huang J, Xu Y, Wang F, Wang H, Li L, Deng Y, Cai L. Long Noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 Modulates Ketamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neurons through EZH2. Dev Neurosci 2021; 43:9-17. [PMID: 33827085 DOI: 10.1159/000513535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate whether long noncoding RNA sprouty receptor tyrosine kinase signaling antagonist 4-intronic transcript 1 (SPRY4-IT1) is involved in the regulation of ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. METHODS Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were induced into neurons in vitro and treated with ketamine. Apoptosis and neurite degeneration assays were used to determine ketamine-induced neurotoxicity and qRT-PCR to determine SPRY4-IT1 expression. SPRY4-IT1 was downregulated in hESC-induced neurons to examine its regulation on ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. The correlation between enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and SPRY4-IT1 was also examined. EZH2 was upregulated in SPRY4-IT1-downregualted hESC-induced neurons to further examine its participation in SPRY4-IT1-mediated ketamine neurotoxicity. RESULTS Ketamine-induced dose-dependent apoptosis, neurite degeneration, and SPRY4-IT1 upregulation in hESC-induced neurons. Lentivirus-mediated SPRY4-IT1 downregulation protected ketamine neurotoxicity. EZH2 expression was positively correlated with SPRY4-IT1 in hESC-induced neurons. EZH2 overexpression markedly reversed the protective effects of SPRY4-IT1 knockdown on ketamine neurotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS SPRY4-IT1 is involved in anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity, possibly through the regulation on EZH2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haili Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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12
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Fogarty MJ, Rana S, Mantilla CB, Sieck GC. Quantifying mitochondrial volume density in phrenic motor neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 353:109093. [PMID: 33549636 PMCID: PMC7990712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous assessments of mitochondrial volume density within motor neurons used electron microscopy (EM) to image mitochondria. However, adequate identification and sampling of motor neurons within a particular motor neuron pool is largely precluded using EM. Here, we present an alternative method for determining mitochondrial volume density in identified motor neurons within the phrenic motor neuron (PhMN) pool, with greatly increased sampling. NEW METHOD This novel method for assessing mitochondrial volume density in PhMNs uses a combination of intrapleural injection of Alexa 488-conjugated cholera toxin B (CTB) to retrogradely label PhMNs, followed by intrathecal application of MitoTracker Red to label mitochondria. This technique was validated by comparison to 3D EM determination of mitochondrial volume density as a "gold standard". RESULTS A mean mitochondrial volume density of ∼11 % was observed across PhMNs using the new MitoTracker Red method. This compared favourably with mitochondrial volume density (∼11 %) measurements using EM. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD The range, mean and variance of mitochondrial volume density estimates in PhMNs were not different between EM and fluorescent imaging techniques. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescent imaging may be used to estimate mitochondrial volume density in a large sample of motor neurons, with results similar to EM, although EM did distinguish finer mitochondrion morphology compared to MitoTracker fluorescence. Compared to EM methods, the assessment of a larger sample size and unambiguous identification of motor neurons belonging to a specific motor neuron pool represent major advantages over previous methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Sabhya Rana
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States
| | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States.
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13
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Chírico MTT, Guedes MR, Vieira LG, Reis TO, Dos Santos AM, Souza ABF, Ribeiro IML, Noronha SISR, Nogueira KO, Oliveira LAM, Gomes FAR, Silva FC, Chianca-Jr DA, Bezerra FS, de Menezes RCA. Lasting effects of ketamine and isoflurane administration on anxiety- and panic-like behavioral responses in Wistar rats. Life Sci 2021; 276:119423. [PMID: 33785344 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In clinical and laboratory practice, the use of anesthetics is essential in order to perform surgeries. Anesthetics, besides causing sedation and muscle relaxation, promote several physiological outcomes, such as psychotomimetic alterations, increased heart rate, and blood pressure. However, studies depicting the behavioral effect induced by ketamine and isoflurane are conflicting. In the present study, we assessed the behavioral effects precipitated by ketamine and isoflurane administration. We have also evaluated the ketamine effect on cell cytotoxicity and viability in an amygdalar neuronal primary cell culture. Ketamine (80 mg/kg) caused an anxiogenic effect in rats exposed to the elevated T-maze test (ETM) 2 and 7 days after ketamine administration. Ketamine (40 and 80 mg/kg) administration also decreased panic-like behavior in the ETM. In the light/dark test, ketamine had an anxiogenic effect. Isoflurane did not change animal behavior on the ETM. Neither ketamine nor isoflurane changed the spontaneous locomotor activity in the open field test. However, isoflurane-treated animals explored less frequently the OF central area seven days after treatment. Neither anesthetic caused oxidative damage in the liver. Ketamine also reduced cellular metabolism and led to neuronal death in amygdalar primary cell cultures. Thus, our work provides evidence that ketamine and isoflurane induce pronounced long lasting anxiety-related behaviors in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máira Tereza Talma Chírico
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Reis Guedes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gabriel Vieira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Thayane Oliveira Reis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Aline Maria Dos Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Farias Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Iara Mariana Léllis Ribeiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biomaterials and Experimental Pathology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Sylvana I S R Noronha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Katiane O Nogueira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biomaterials and Experimental Pathology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Laser Antonio Machado Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biomaterials and Experimental Pathology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana Aparecida Rodrigues Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cacilda Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Deoclécio Alves Chianca-Jr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Cunha Alvim de Menezes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil.
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14
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Chen Q, Chu W, Sheng R, Song S, Yang J, Ji F, Jin X. Maternal anesthesia with sevoflurane during the mid-gestation induces social interaction deficits in offspring C57BL/6 mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 553:65-71. [PMID: 33756347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sevoflurane anesthesia in pregnant mice could induce neurotoxicity in the developing brain and disturb learning and memory in the offspring mice. Whether it could impair social behaviors in the offspring mice is uncertain. Therefore, we assessed the neurobehavioral effect of in-utero exposure to sevoflurane on social interaction behaviors in C57BL/6 mice. The pregnant mice were anesthetized with 2.5% sevoflurane in 100% oxygen for 2 h, and their offspring mice were tested in three-chambered social paradigm, which includes three 10-min sessions of habituation, sociability, and preference for social novelty. At the juvenile age, the offspring mice showed abnormal sociability, as proved by not taking more time sniffing at the stranger 1 mouse compared with the empty enclosure (108.5 ± 25.4 vs. 108.2 ± 44.0 s, P = 0.9876). Meanwhile, these mice showed impaired preference for social novelty, as evidenced by not taking more time sniffing at the stranger 2 compared with the stranger 1 mouse (92.1 ± 52.2 vs. 126.7 ± 50.8 s, P = 0.1502). At the early adulthood, the offspring mice retrieved the normal sociability (145.6 ± 33.2 vs. 76.0 ± 31.8 s, P = 0.0001), but remained the impaired preference for social novelty (100.6 ± 29.3 vs. 118.0 ± 47.9 s, P = 0.3269). Collectively, these results suggested maternal anesthesia with sevoflurane could induce social interaction deficits in their offspring mice. Although the disturbance of sociability could be recoverable, the impairment of preference for social novelty could be long-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shaoyong Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Fuhai Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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15
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Clozapine protects adult neural stem cells from ketamine-induced cell death in correlation with decreased apoptosis and autophagy. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221825. [PMID: 31919522 PMCID: PMC6981094 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, the production of newborn neurons from neural stem cells (NSCs) has been suggested to be decreased in patients with schizophrenia. A similar finding was observed in an animal model of schizophrenia, as indicated by decreased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling cells in response to a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. The antipsychotic drug clozapine was shown to counteract the observed decrease in BrdU-labelled cells in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). However, phenotypic determination by immunohistochemistry analysis could not reveal whether BrdU-positive cells were indeed NSCs. Using a previously established cell model for analysing NSC protection in vitro, we investigated a protective effect of clozapine on NSCs. Primary NSCs were isolated from the mouse subventricular zone (SVZ), we show that clozapine had a NSC protective activity alone, as evident by employing an ATP cell viability assay. In contrast, haloperidol did not show any NSC protective properties. Subsequently, cells were exposed to the non-competitive NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine. Clozapine, but not haloperidol, had a NSC protective/anti-apoptotic activity against ketamine-induced cytotoxicity. The observed NSC protective activity of clozapine was associated with increased expression of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2, decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic cleaved form of caspase-3 and associated with decreased expression of the autophagosome marker 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3-II). Collectively, our findings suggest that clozapine may have a protective/anti-apoptotic effect on NSCs, supporting previous in vivo observations, indicating a neurogenesis-promoting activity for clozapine. If the data are further confirmed in vivo, the results may encourage an expanded use of clozapine to restore impaired neurogenesis in schizophrenia.
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16
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A synthetic peptide rescues rat cortical neurons from anesthetic-induced cell death, perturbation of growth and synaptic assembly. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4567. [PMID: 33633281 PMCID: PMC7907385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics are deemed necessary for all major surgical procedures. However, they have also been found to exert neurotoxic effects when tested on various experimental models, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Earlier studies have implicated mitochondrial fragmentation as a potential target of anesthetic-induced toxicity, although clinical strategies to protect their structure and function remain sparse. Here, we sought to determine if preserving mitochondrial networks with a non-toxic, short-life synthetic peptide—P110, would protect cortical neurons against both inhalational and intravenous anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity. This study provides the first direct and comparative account of three key anesthetics (desflurane, propofol, and ketamine) when used under identical conditions, and demonstrates their impact on neonatal, rat cortical neuronal viability, neurite outgrowth and synaptic assembly. Furthermore, we discovered that inhibiting Fis1-mediated mitochondrial fission reverses anesthetic-induced aberrations in an agent-specific manner. This study underscores the importance of designing mitigation strategies invoking mitochondria-mediated protection from anesthetic-induced toxicity in both animals and humans.
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17
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Zhong J, Wu H, Wu F, He H, Zhang Z, Huang J, Cao P, Fan N. Cortical Thickness Changes in Chronic Ketamine Users. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:645471. [PMID: 33841212 PMCID: PMC8026883 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.645471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have examined the effects of long-term ketamine use on gray matter volume. But it is unclear whether chronic ketamine use alters cortical thickness and whether cortical thickness changes in chronic ketamine users are associated with cognitive deficits observed in chronic ketamine users. Methods: Here, 28 chronic ketamine users and 30 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Cortical morphometry based on Computational Anatomy Toolbox (CAT12) was used to measure cortical thickness. Cognitive performance was measured by MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Two-sample t-test was used to assess differences in cortical thickness and cognitive performance between the two groups. Partial correlation analysis was used for assessing correlations between cortical thickness changes and clinical characteristics, cognitive performance in chronic ketamine users. Results: Chronic ketamine users exhibited significantly reduced cortical thickness in frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes compared to HC [false discovery rate (FDR) corrected at p < 0.05]. In chronic ketamine users, the average quantity (g) of ketamine use/day was negatively correlated with cortical thickness in the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG), right caudal middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and right paracentral lobule. The frequency of ketamine use (days per week) was negatively correlated with cortical thickness in the left isthmus cingulate cortex. Duration of ketamine use (month) was negatively correlated with cortical thickness in the left precentral gyrus. The chronic ketamine users showed significantly poorer cognitive performance on the working memory (P = 0.009), visual learning (P = 0.009), speed of processing (P < 0.000), and Matrics composite (P = 0.01). There was no correlation between scores of domains of MCCB and reduced cortical thickness. Conclusion: The present study observed reduced cortical thickness in multiple brain areas, especially in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in chronic ketamine users. Dose, frequency, and duration of ketamine use was negatively correlated with cortical thickness of some brain areas. Our results suggest that chronic ketamine use may lead to a decrease of cortical thickness. But the present study did not observe any correlation between reduced cortical thickness and decreased cognitive performance in chronic ketamine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhong
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huawang Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo He
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Penghui Cao
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ni Fan
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Alshammari TK. The Ketamine Antidepressant Story: New Insights. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235777. [PMID: 33297563 PMCID: PMC7730956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a versatile agent primarily utilized as a dissociative anesthetic, which acts by blocking the excitatory receptor N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA). It functions to inhibit the current of both Na+ and K+ voltage-gated channels, thus preventing serotonin and dopamine reuptake. Studies have indicated that administering a single subanesthetic dose of ketamine relieves depression rapidly and that the effect is sustained. For decades antidepressant agents were based on the monoamine theory. Although ketamine may not be the golden antidepressant, it has opened new avenues toward mechanisms involved in the pathology of treatment-resistant depression and achieving rapid antidepressant effects. Thus, preclinical studies focusing on deciphering the molecular mechanisms involved in the antidepressant action of ketamine will assist in the development of a new antidepressant. This review was conducted to elucidate the emerging pathways that can explain the complex dose-dependent mechanisms achieved by administering ketamine to treat major depressive disorders. Special attention was paid to reviewing the literature on hydroxynorketamines, which are ketamine metabolites that have recently attracted attention in the context of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani K Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2475, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Lisek M, Zylinska L, Boczek T. Ketamine and Calcium Signaling-A Crosstalk for Neuronal Physiology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218410. [PMID: 33182497 PMCID: PMC7665128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor, which has been in clinical practice for over a half century. Despite recent data suggesting its harmful side effects, such as neuronal loss, synapse dysfunction or disturbed neural network formation, the drug is still applied in veterinary medicine and specialist anesthesia. Several lines of evidence indicate that structural and functional abnormalities in the nervous system caused by ketamine are crosslinked with the imbalanced activity of multiple Ca2+-regulated signaling pathways. Due to its ubiquitous nature, Ca2+ is also frequently located in the center of ketamine action, although the precise mechanisms underlying drug’s negative or therapeutic properties remain mysterious for the large part. This review seeks to delineate the relationship between ketamine-triggered imbalance in Ca2+ homeostasis and functional consequences for downstream processes regulating key aspects of neuronal function.
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20
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Obal D, Wu JC. Induced pluripotent stem cells as a platform to understand patient-specific responses to opioids and anaesthetics. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4581-4594. [PMID: 32767563 PMCID: PMC7520445 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology may provide unprecedented opportunities to study patient-specific responses to anaesthetics and opioids. In this review, we will (1) examine the advantages and limitations of iPSC technology, (2) summarize studies using iPSCs that have contributed to our current understanding of anaesthetics and opioid action on the cardiovascular system and central nervous system (CNS), and (3) describe how iPSC technology can be used to further develop personalized analgesic and sedative pharmacotherapies with reduced or minimal detrimental cardiovascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Obal
- Stanford Cardiovascular InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative MedicineStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Outcomes Research ConsortiumClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular MedicineStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of RadiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
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21
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Emmerzaal TL, Jacobs L, Geenen B, Verweij V, Morava E, Rodenburg RJ, Kozicz T. Chronic fluoxetine or ketamine treatment differentially affects brain energy homeostasis which is not exacerbated in mice with trait suboptimal mitochondrial function. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2986-3001. [PMID: 32644274 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants have been shown to influence mitochondrial function directly, and suboptimal mitochondrial function (SMF) has been implicated in complex psychiatric disorders. In the current study, we used a mouse model for trait SMF to test the hypothesis that chronic fluoxetine treatment in mice subjected to chronic stress would negatively impact brain bioenergetics, a response that would be more pronounced in mice with trait SMF. In contrast, we hypothesized that chronic ketamine treatment would positively impact mitochondrial function in both WT and mice with SMF. We used an animal model for trait SMF, the Ndufs4GT/GT mice, which exhibit 25% lower mitochondrial complex I activity. In addition to antidepressant treatment, mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). This paradigm is widely used to model complex behaviours expressed in various psychiatric disorders. We assayed several physiological indices as proxies for the impact of chronic stress and antidepressant treatment. Furthermore, we measured brain mitochondrial complex activities using clinically validated assays as well as established metabolic signatures using targeted metabolomics. As hypothesized, we found evidence that chronic fluoxetine treatment negatively impacted brain bioenergetics. This phenotype was, however, not further exacerbated in mice with trait SMF. Ketamine did not have a significant influence on brain mitochondrial function in either genotype. Here we report that trait SMF could be a moderator for an individual's response to antidepressant treatment. Based on these results, we propose that in individuals with SMF and comorbid psychopathology, fluoxetine should be avoided, whereas ketamine could be a safer choice of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim L Emmerzaal
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Leah Jacobs
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Geenen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivienne Verweij
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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22
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Zhou X, Lv X, Zhang L, Yan J, Hu R, Sun Y, Xi S, Jiang H. Ketamine promotes the neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells by activating mTOR. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2443-2451. [PMID: 32236601 PMCID: PMC7185302 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a widely used general anesthetic and has been reported to demonstrate neurotoxicity and neuroprotection. Investigation into the regulatory mechanism of ketamine on influencing neural development is of importance for a better and safer way of relieving pain. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to detect the critical neural associated gene expression, and flow cytometry to detect the neural differentiation effect. Hence, in the present study the underlying mechanism of ketamine (50 nM) on neural differentiation of the mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) line 46C was investigated. The results demonstrated that a low dose of ketamine (50 nM) promoted the differentiation of mESCs to neural stem cells (NSCs) and activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by upregulating the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)‑mTOR. Furthermore, inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway by rapamycin or knockdown of mTOR suppressed neural differentiation. A rescue experiment further confirmed that downregulation of mTOR inhibited the promotion of neural differentiation induced by ketamine. Taken together, the present study indicated that a low level of ketamine upregulated p‑mTOR expression levels, promoting neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jia Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Siwei Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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23
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Czerniczyniec A, Karadayian AG, Bustamante J, Lores-Arnaiz S. Ketamine treatment affects hippocampal but not cortical mitochondrial function in prepubertal rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:175-187. [PMID: 32053738 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that ketamine triggered apoptosis in immature developing brain involving mitochondrial-mediated pathways. However, no data for ketamine effects on hippocampal and cortical mitochondrial function are available in prepubertal rats. Twenty-one-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats received ketamine (40 mg/kg i.p.) for 3 days and were killed 24 hr after the last injection. Hippocampal mitochondria from ketamine-treated rats showed decreased malate-glutamate state 4 and 3 respiratory rates and an inhibition in complex I and IV activities. Hippocampal mitochondrial membrane depolarization and mitochondrial permeability transition induction were observed. This was not reflected in an increment of H2 O2 production probably due to increased Mn-SOD and catalase activities, 24 hr after treatment. Interestingly, increased H2 O2 production rates and cardiolipin oxidation were found in hippocampal mitochondria shortly after ketamine treatment (45 min). Unlike the hippocampus, ketamine did not affect mitochondrial parameters in the brain cortex, being the area less vulnerable to suffer ketamine-induced oxidative damage. Results provide evidences that exposure of prepubertal rats to ketamine leads to an induction of mitochondrial ROS generation at early stages of treatment that was normalized by the triggering of antioxidant systems. Although hippocampal mitochondria from prepubertal rats were capable of responding to the oxidative stress, they remain partially dysfunctional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Czerniczyniec
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía G Karadayian
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juanita Bustamante
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Lores-Arnaiz
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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24
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Wang C, Inselman A, Liu S, Liu F. Potential mechanisms for phencyclidine/ketamine-induced brain structural alterations and behavioral consequences. Neurotoxicology 2019; 76:213-219. [PMID: 31812709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of structural abnormalities in the nervous system of recreational drug [e.g., phencyclidine (PCP) or ketamine] users and/or preclinical animal research models suggests interference with the activity of multiple neurotransmitters, particularly glutamate neurotransmission. The damage to the central nervous system (CNS) may include neuronal loss, synaptic changes, disturbed neural network formation and reduced projections to subcortical fields. Notably, the reduced projections may considerably compromise the establishment of the subcortical areas, such as the nucleus accumbens located in the basal forebrain. With its abundant dopaminergic innervation, the nucleus accumbens is believed to be directly associated with addictive behaviors and mental disorders. This review seeks to delineate the relationship between PCP/ketamine-induced loss of cortical neurons and the reduced level of polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the striatum, and the likely changes in striatal synaptogenesis during development. The basic mechanism of how PSA-NCAM cell surface expression may be regulated will also be discussed, as well as the hypothesis that PSA-NCAM activity is critical to the regulation of synaptic protein expression. Overall, the present review will address the general hypothesis that damage/interruption of cortico-striatal communication and subcortical synaptogenesis could underlie the erratic/sensitization or addictive states produced by chronic or prolonged PCP/ketamine usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States.
| | - Amy Inselman
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Shuliang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States.
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25
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Bustamante J, Acosta L, Karadayian AG, Lores-Arnaiz S. Ketamine induced cell death can be mediated by voltage dependent calcium channels in PC12 cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 111:104318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Cavalcanti BC, de Andrade Neto JB, de Sousa Silva AA, Barreto FS, de Oliveira Ferreira JR, da Silva CR, Aires do Nascimento FBS, do Amaral Valente Sá LG, Magalhães HIF, Nobre Júnior HV, de Moraes MO. Evaluation of Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Ketamine on Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and in Salmonella typhimurium. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 62:104718. [PMID: 31706955 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine is a potent uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist that provides amnesia, analgesia, environmental dissociation and immobility, where it has its cytotoxic effect well described in the literature. However, the work on its genotoxic/mutagenic potentials are scarce and insufficient and does not allow a reasonable evaluation of its role. Thus, in the present work, we decided to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of ketamine on human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA97a, TA100, and TA102) through several well-established experimental protocols based on different parameters in the presence or not of exogenous metabolizing S9 fraction. Our data revealed that ketamine induces a weak cytotoxic effect on human PBLs after 24 h and is devoided of hemolytic effects. A small amount of DNA strand breaks levels were detected in the modified comet assay (employment of FPG enzyme) only at highest concentrations (500 and 700 μg/mL) of ketamine, highlighting our pro-oxidant data regarding ketamine. However, the oxidative DNA lesions were almost completely repaired which reflects in the lack of mutagenesis (micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations) on human PBLs and no increases in revertants numbers on S. typhimurium/microsome test (500 to 5000 μg/plate). In summary, ketamine is a weak oxidative DNA damaging agent and is devoid of mutagenic properties on eukaryotic and prokaryotic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Coêlho Cavalcanti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - João Batista de Andrade Neto
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cecília Rocha da Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisca Bruna S Aires do Nascimento
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gurgel do Amaral Valente Sá
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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27
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Traditional Chinese medicine, Kami-Shoyo-San protects ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in human embryonic stem cell-differentiated neurons through activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neuroreport 2019; 30:1102-1109. [PMID: 31568202 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity may cause permanent dysfunctions in human brains. In this work, we used a cell-based in-vitro model to demonstrate that traditional Chinese medicine, Kami-Shoyo-San may protect ketamine-induced neuronal apoptosis in human embryonic stem cell-differentiated neurons. METHODS Human embryonic stem cell-differentiated neurons were cultured in vitro and treated with high-concentration ketamine to induce neuronal apoptosis. Pre-incubation of Kami-Shoyo-San was conducted to evaluate its neuroprotection on ketamine-injured neurons. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot assays were used to assess brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B, in response to Kami-Shoyo-San and ketamine treatment. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway was then deactivated, by siRNA application, to further explore its functional role in Kami-Shoyo-San-mediated protection on ketamine-induced apoptosis among human embryonic stem cell-differentiated neurons. RESULTS High concentration of ketamine-induced significant apoptosis, whereas pre-incubation of Kami-Shoyo-San markedly rescued ketamine-induced apoptosis, in human embryonic stem cell-differentiated neurons. Kami-Shoyo-San activated brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inducing tropomyosin receptor kinase B phosphorylation. Conversely, siRNA-mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway deactivation reversed the neuroprotection of Kami-Shoyo-San in ketamine-injured human embryonic stem cell-differentiated neurons. CONCLUSION Kami-Shoyo-San could protect ketamine-induced neurotoxicity, and the underlying mechanism may involve brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway.
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Horikoshi Y, Yan Y, Terashvili M, Wells C, Horikoshi H, Fujita S, Bosnjak ZJ, Bai X. Fatty Acid-Treated Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Human Cardiomyocytes Exhibit Adult Cardiomyocyte-Like Energy Metabolism Phenotypes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091095. [PMID: 31533262 PMCID: PMC6769886 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) (iPSC-CMs) are a promising cell source for myocardial regeneration, disease modeling and drug assessment. However, iPSC-CMs exhibit immature fetal CM-like characteristics that are different from adult CMs in several aspects, including cellular structure and metabolism. As an example, glycolysis is a major energy source for immature CMs. As CMs mature, the mitochondrial oxidative capacity increases, with fatty acid β-oxidation becoming a key energy source to meet the heart’s high energy demand. The immaturity of iPSC-CMs thereby limits their applications. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the energy substrate fatty acid-treated iPSC-CMs exhibit adult CM-like metabolic properties. After 20 days of differentiation from human iPSCs, iPSC-CMs were sequentially cultured with CM purification medium (lactate+/glucose-) for 7 days and maturation medium (fatty acids+/glucose-) for 3–7 days by mimicking the adult CM’s preference of utilizing fatty acids as a major metabolic substrate. The purity and maturity of iPSC-CMs were characterized via the analysis of: (1) Expression of CM-specific markers (e.g., troponin T, and sodium and potassium channels) using RT-qPCR, Western blot or immunofluorescence staining and electron microscopy imaging; and (2) cell energy metabolic profiles using the XF96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. iPSCs-CMs (98% purity) cultured in maturation medium exhibited enhanced elongation, increased mitochondrial numbers with more aligned Z-lines, and increased expression of matured CM-related genes, suggesting that fatty acid-contained medium promotes iPSC-CMs to undergo maturation. In addition, the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) linked to basal respiration, ATP production, and maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity (representing mitochondrial function) was increased in matured iPSC-CMs. Mature iPSC-CMs also displayed a larger change in basal and maximum respirations due to the utilization of exogenous fatty acids (palmitate) compared with non-matured control iPSC-CMs. Etomoxir (a carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 inhibitor) but not 2-deoxyglucose (an inhibitor of glycolysis) abolished the palmitate pretreatment-mediated OCR increases in mature iPSC-CMs. Collectively, our data demonstrate for the first time that fatty acid treatment promotes metabolic maturation of iPSC-CMs (as evidenced by enhanced mitochondrial oxidative function and strong capacity of utilizing fatty acids as energy source). These matured iPSC-CMs might be a promising human CM source for broad biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Horikoshi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Yasheng Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neuroscience & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Maia Terashvili
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Clive Wells
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Hisako Horikoshi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Zeljko J Bosnjak
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Neuroscience & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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29
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Iqbal F, Thompson AJ, Riaz S, Pehar M, Rice T, Syed NI. Anesthetics: from modes of action to unconsciousness and neurotoxicity. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:760-787. [PMID: 31242059 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00210.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern anesthetic compounds and advanced monitoring tools have revolutionized the field of medicine, allowing for complex surgical procedures to occur safely and effectively. Faster induction times and quicker recovery periods of current anesthetic agents have also helped reduce health care costs significantly. Moreover, extensive research has allowed for a better understanding of anesthetic modes of action, thus facilitating the development of more effective and safer compounds. Notwithstanding the realization that anesthetics are a prerequisite to all surgical procedures, evidence is emerging to support the notion that exposure of the developing brain to certain anesthetics may impact future brain development and function. Whereas the data in support of this postulate from human studies is equivocal, the vast majority of animal research strongly suggests that anesthetics are indeed cytotoxic at multiple brain structure and function levels. In this review, we first highlight various modes of anesthetic action and then debate the evidence of harm from both basic science and clinical studies perspectives. We present evidence from animal and human studies vis-à-vis the possible detrimental effects of anesthetic agents on both the young developing and the elderly aging brain while discussing potential ways to mitigate these effects. We hope that this review will, on the one hand, invoke debate vis-à-vis the evidence of anesthetic harm in young children and the elderly, and on the other hand, incentivize the search for better and less toxic anesthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Iqbal
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saba Riaz
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcus Pehar
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tiffany Rice
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Naweed I Syed
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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30
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Robinson B, Gu Q, Ali SF, Dumas M, Kanungo J. Ketamine-induced attenuation of reactive oxygen species in zebrafish is prevented by acetyl l-carnitine in vivo. Neurosci Lett 2019; 706:36-42. [PMID: 31078678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine, an anesthetic, is a non-competitive antagonist of the calcium-permeable N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. High concentrations of ketamine have been implicated in cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Often, these toxicities are thought to be mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, findings to the contrary showing ketamine reducing ROS in mammalian cells and neurons in vitro, are emerging. Here, we determined the effects of ketamine on ROS levels in zebrafish larvae in vivo. Based on our earlier studies demonstrating reduction in ATP levels by ketamine, we hypothesized that as a calcium antagonist, ketamine would also prevent ROS generation, which is a by-product of ATP synthesis. To confirm that the detected ROS in a whole organism, such as the zebrafish larva, is specific, we used diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) that blocks ROS production by inhibiting the NADPH Oxidases (NOX). Upon 20 h exposure, DPI (5 and 10 μM) and ketamine at (1 and 2 mM) reduced ROS in the zebrafish larvae in vivo. Using acetyl l-carnitine (ALCAR), a dietary supplement, that induces mitochondrial ATP synthesis, we show elevated ROS generation with increasing ALCAR concentrations. Combined, ketamine and ALCAR counter-balanced ROS generation in the larvae suggesting that ketamine and ALCAR have opposing effects on mitochondrial metabolism, which may be key to maintaining ROS homeostasis in the larvae and affords ALCAR the ability to prevent ketamine toxicity. These results for the first time show ketamine's antioxidative and ALCAR's prooxidative effects in a live vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Robinson
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Qiang Gu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Syed F Ali
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Melanie Dumas
- The Bionetics Corporation, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Jyotshna Kanungo
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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31
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Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Naldan ME. Is Ketamine Suitable for Use in Glutamate Toxicity Conditions?: An In Vitro Study. J INVEST SURG 2019; 34:121-128. [PMID: 30885019 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2019.1582739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine is an anesthetic agent with sedative and analgesic properties frequently used in surgery. However, particular anesthetic substances need to be applied for different diseases and surgical procedures. Can ketamine be used in all operations and in all patients with an additional disease? The purpose of this study was to determine the neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects of different dosages of ketamine in a glutamate-derived toxicity model in olfactory, cortex and cerebellum cell cultures. Glutamate 10-5 mM was added to all culture groups with the exception of the negative control group. Cells were exposed to four different dosages of ketamine for 24 h. At the end of the experiment, analyses were conducted using MTT, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS) and flow cytometry (annexin V apoptosis marker) tests. The highest viability rate was obtained at the lowest ketamine dosage, at approximately 80% in cerebellum cells, but less than 75% in cortex and olfactory culture cells. Based on our study findings, although ketamine is an NMDA antagonist, it causes an increase in toxicity levels and a decrease in cell viability. Ketamine use should therefore be avoided in neurological events in which glutamate levels increase significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taghizadehghalehjoughi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Emin Naldan
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Turkey Health Sciences University, Erzurum, Turkey
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32
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Cheung HM, Yew DTW. Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Ketamine on the Developing Brain. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:138. [PMID: 30853884 PMCID: PMC6395450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially used as an analgesic and anesthetic, ketamine has unfortunately been abused as a popular recreational party drug due to its psychotropic effects. Over the last decade, ketamine has also emerged as an effective rapid-onset anti-depressant. The increasingly widespread use and misuse of the drug in infants and pregnant women has posed a concern about the neurotoxicity of ketamine to the immature brains of developing fetuses and children. In this review, we summarize recent research findings on major possible mechanisms of perinatal ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. We also briefly summarize the neuroprotective effects of ketamine in the presence of noxious stimuli. Future actions include implementation of more drug abuse education and prevention campaigns to raise the public’s awareness of the harmful effects of ketamine abuse; further investigations to justify the clinical use of ketamine as analgesic, anesthetic and anti-depressant; and further studies to develop alternatives to ketamine or treatments that can alleviate the detrimental effects of ketamine use, especially in infants and pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Man Cheung
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,Hong Kong College of Technology, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - David Tai Wai Yew
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,Hong Kong College of Technology, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
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33
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Zhao X, Shu F, Wang X, Wang F, Wu L, Li L, Lv H. Inhibition of microRNA-375 ameliorated ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in human embryonic stem cell derived neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 844:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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34
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Pavlovic S, Jovic Z, Karan R, Krtinic D, Rankovic G, Golubovic M, Lilic J, Pavlovic V. Modulatory effect of curcumin on ketamine-induced toxicity in rat thymocytes: Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2018; 18:320-327. [PMID: 29579407 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2018.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a widely used anesthetic in pediatric clinical practice. Previous studies have demonstrated that ketamine induces neurotoxicity and has a modulatory effect on the cells of the immune system. Here, we evaluated the potential protective effect and underlying mechanisms of natural phenolic compound curcumin against ketamine-induced toxicity in rat thymocytes. Rat thymocytes were exposed to 100 µM ketamine alone or combined with increasing concentrations of curcumin (0.3, 1, and 3 μM) for 24 hours. Cell viability was analyzed with CCK-8 assay kit. Apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometry and propidium iodide as well as Z-VAD-FMK and Z-LEHD-FMK inhibitors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential [MMP] were measured by flow cytometry. Colorimetric assay with DEVD-pNA substrate was used for assessing caspase-3 activity. Involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway was tested with Wortmannin inhibitor. Ketamine induced toxicity in cells, increased the number of hypodiploid cells, caspase-3 activity and ROS production, and inhibited the MMP. Co-incubation of higher concentrations of curcumin (1 and 3 μM) with ketamine markedly decreased cytotoxicity, apoptosis rate, caspase-3 activity, and ROS production in rat thymocytes, and increased the MMP. Application of Z-VAD-FMK (a pan caspase inhibitor) or Z-LEHD-FMK (caspase-9 inhibitor) with ketamine effectively attenuated the ketamine-induced apoptosis in rat thymocytes. Administration of Wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor) with curcumin and ketamine significantly decreased the protective effect of curcumin on rat thymocytes. Our results indicate that ketamine-induced toxicity in rat thymocytes mainly occurs through the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway and that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Pavlovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty University of Nis, Nis, Serbia.
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Eustaquio T, Wang C, Dugard CK, George NI, Liu F, Slikker W, Paule MG, Howard PC, Paredes AM. Electron microscopy techniques employed to explore mitochondrial defects in the developing rat brain following ketamine treatment. Exp Cell Res 2018; 373:164-170. [PMID: 30342004 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine, an FDA-approved N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is commonly used for general pediatric anesthesia. Accumulating evidence has indicated that prolonged exposure to ketamine induces widespread apoptotic cell death in the developing brains of experimental animals. Although mitochondria are known to play a pivotal role in cell death, little is known about the alterations in mitochondrial ultrastructure that occur during ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. The objective of this pilot study was to utilize classic and contemporary methods in electron microscopy to study the impact of ketamine on the structure of mitochondria in the developing rat brain. While transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to comprehensively study mitochondrial inner membrane topology, serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) was used as a complementary technique to compare the overall mitochondrial morphology from a representative treated and untreated neuron. In this study, postnatal day 7 (PND-7) Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with ketamine or saline (6 subcutaneous injections × 20 mg/kg or 10 ml/kg, respectively, at 2-h intervals with a 6-h withdrawal period after the last injection, n=6 each group). Samples from the frontal cortex were harvested and analyzed using TEM or SBF-SEM. While classic TEM revealed that repeated ketamine exposure induces significant mitochondrial swelling in neurons, the newer technique of SBF-SEM confirmed the mitochondrial swelling in three dimensions (3D) and showed that ketamine exposure may also induce mitochondrial fission, which was not observable in the two dimensions (2D) of TEM. Furthermore, 3D statistical analysis of these reconstructed mitochondria appeared to show that ketamine-treated mitochondria had significantly larger volumes per unit surface area than mitochondria from the untreated neuron. The ultrastructural mitochondrial alterations demonstrated here by TEM and SBF-SEM support ketamine's proposed mechanism of neurotoxicity in the developing rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Eustaquio
- NCTR/ORA Nanotechnology Core Facility, Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Christopher K Dugard
- NCTR/ORA Nanotechnology Core Facility, Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Nysia I George
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - William Slikker
- Office of the Center Director, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Merle G Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Paul C Howard
- NCTR/ORA Nanotechnology Core Facility, Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Angel M Paredes
- NCTR/ORA Nanotechnology Core Facility, Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
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Li Y, Li X, Zhao J, Li L, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Liu W, Gao L. Midazolam Attenuates Autophagy and Apoptosis Caused by Ketamine by Decreasing Reactive Oxygen Species in the Hippocampus of Fetal Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 388:460-471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Long noncoding RNA SNHG16 reduced ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 94:39-45. [PMID: 30171995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical evidence demonstrates that prolonged exposure to ketamine may cause irreversible injury to immature human brains. In this study, we utilized an in vitro model to examine the function of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG16 in ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived neurons. METHODS HESCs were induced toward neuronsin vitro, and treated with ketamine, at various concentrations, for 48 h. Viability, apoptosis, caspase-3 activity and ROS activity were then examined among hESC-derived neurons. Ketamine-induced gene expression change of SNHG16 was assessed by qRT-PCR. SNHG16 was overexpressed in hESC-derived neurons, which were then treated with ketamine, followed by biochemical assays to assess the effects of SNHG16 upregulation on ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. Correlation between SNHG16 and NeuroD1 gene was assess by qRT-PCR. In SNHG16-upregulated hESC-derived neurons, they were double transfected with siRNA to knock down NeuroD1. The functions of NeuroD1 inhibition on SNHG16-associated neural protection on ketamine-induced neurotoxicity were further assessed. RESULTS 48-h in vitro treatment of ketamine induced significant neurotoxicity, and downregulated SNHG16 among hESC-derived neurons. Conversely, SNHG16 upregulation reduced ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. NeuroD1 expression was downregulated by ketamine in hESC-derived neurons, and concomitantly upregulated by SNHG16 overexpression. SiRNA-mediated NeuroD1 inhibition reversed the protection of SNHG16 upregulation on ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS SNHG16 is an important epigenetic factor which may functionally modulate ketamine-induced neurotoxicity through NeuroD1.
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Jiang S, Wu Y, Fang DF, Chen Y. Hypothermic preconditioning but not ketamine reduces oxygen and glucose deprivation induced neuronal injury correlated with downregulation of COX-2 expression in mouse hippocampal slices. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 137:30-37. [PMID: 29681435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothermic preconditioning is an effective treatment for limiting ischemic injury, but the mechanism is poorly understood. This study was aimed to explore the effect of hypothermic and ketamine preconditioning on oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) induced neuronal injury in mouse hippocampal slices, and to investigate its possible mechanism. The population spike (PS) was recorded in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampal slices using extracellular recordings, Na+/K+ ATPase activity in slices was determined by spectrophotometer and the expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was measured by Western blot. Ten min of OGD induced a poor recovery of PS in slices after reoxygenation. Hypothermic (33 °C) preconditioning delayed the appearance of transient recovery (TR) of PS and improved the recovery amplitude of PS after reoxygenation. Hypothermic preconditioning also decreased the expression of COX-2 and increased Na+/K+ ATPase activity in slices. Pretreatment of ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist at a subanesthetic dose has no effect on OGD induced neuronal injury. Moreover, the protection of hypothermic preconditioning was not added by ketamine. The downregulation of COX-2 expression and the increase of Na+/K+ ATPase activity may be associated with the effectiveness of hypothermic preconditioning in increasing tolerance to an OGD insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lianyungang Branch of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Union Technical Institute, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - De-Fang Fang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lianyungang Branch of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Union Technical Institute, Lianyungang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China.
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Jiang S, Li X, Jin W, Duan X, Bo L, Wu J, Zhang R, Wang Y, Kang R, Huang L. Ketamine-induced neurotoxicity blocked by N-Methyl-d-aspartate is mediated through activation of PKC/ERK pathway in developing hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2018; 673:122-131. [PMID: 29501685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is widely used in pediatric clinical practice. However, prolonged exposure to ketamine results in widespread anesthetic neurotoxicity and long-term neurocognitive deficits. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this important event are poorly understood. We investigated effects of anesthetic ketamine on neuroapoptosis and further explored role of NMDA receptors in ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. Here we demonstrate that ketamine induces activation of cell cycle entry, resulting in cycle-related neuronal apoptosis. On the other hand, ketamine administration alters early and late apoptosis of cultured hippocampus neurons by inhibiting PKC/ERK pathway, whereas excitatory NMDA receptor activation reverses these effects. Ketamine-induced neurotoxicity blocked by NMDA is mediated through activation of PKC/ERK pathway in developing hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xuze Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiaofeng Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lijun Bo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jiangli Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Rongtian Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lining Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China.
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Fan JC, Song JJ, Wang Y, Chen Y, Hong DX. Neuron-protective effect of subanesthestic-dosage ketamine on mice of Parkinson's disease. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:1007-1010. [PMID: 29111184 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the neuron-protective effect and possible mechanism of subanesthestic-dosage ketamine on Parkinson's disease mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. METHODS A total of 30 mice were divided equally into three groups, model control group (MC group), ketamine treatment group (KT group), and blank control group (BC group), respectively. The Parkinson's disease mice of MC group and KT groups were established by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (20 mg/kg/d), while mice in KT group were treated by intraperitoneal injection of subanesthestic-dosage ketamine (8 mg/kg). Differences on behaviors and the number of nigra dopaminergic neurons of mice in each group were compared through the behavioral test and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry experiments after the treatments. Furthermore, Western blot was used to test the expression of autophagy-related gene LC3-Ⅱ, Beclin1, Parkin, PINK1, and mTOR. RESULTS Compared with the BC group, the neuroethology scores were lower and the amount of TH positive cells were less both in MC and MT groups; In KT group, the neuroethology scores were higher and the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells were significantly more than that in MC group (P < 0.05). Moreover, expression levels of autophagy-related proteins LC3-II, Beclin1, Parkin, and PINK1 were higher, while the mTOR expression level was lower than that in MC group. CONCLUSIONS The subanesthestic-dosage ketamine has some protective effects on the coordinating ability of movement and cognitive ability of Parkinson's disease mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. This is probably due to that the autophagy activity of cells is activated by subanesthestic-dosage ketamine and that the neurons are protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Chao Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
| | - Jun-Jie Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China.
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
| | - Dao-Xian Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
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Recent Insights Into Molecular Mechanisms of Propofol-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity: Implications for the Protective Strategies. Anesth Analg 2017; 123:1286-1296. [PMID: 27551735 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence has demonstrated that general anesthetics could induce developmental neurotoxicity, including acute widespread neuronal cell death, followed by long-term memory and learning abnormalities. Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic agent for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia and procedural and critical care sedation in children. Compared with other anesthetic drugs, little information is available on its potential contributions to neurotoxicity. Growing evidence from multiple experimental models showed a similar neurotoxic effect of propofol as observed in other anesthetic drugs, raising serious concerns regarding pediatric propofol anesthesia. The aim of this review is to summarize the current findings of propofol-induced developmental neurotoxicity. We first present the evidence of neurotoxicity from animal models, animal cell culture, and human stem cell-derived neuron culture studies. We then discuss the mechanism of propofol-induced developmental neurotoxicity, such as increased cell death in neurons and oligodendrocytes, dysregulation of neurogenesis, abnormal dendritic development, and decreases in neurotrophic factor expression. Recent findings of complex mechanisms of propofol action, including alterations in microRNAs and mitochondrial fission, are discussed as well. An understanding of the toxic effect of propofol and the underlying mechanisms may help to develop effective novel protective or therapeutic strategies for avoiding the neurotoxicity in the developing human brain.
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Peng J. [MECP2 gene and MECP2-related diseases]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19:494-497. [PMID: 28506335 PMCID: PMC7389123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 08/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Peng J. [MECP2 gene and MECP2-related diseases]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19:494-497. [PMID: 28506335 PMCID: PMC7389123 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Walters JL, Paule MG. Review of preclinical studies on pediatric general anesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 60:2-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mansouri S, Agartz I, Ögren SO, Patrone C, Lundberg M. PACAP Protects Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Neurotoxic Effect of Ketamine Associated with Decreased Apoptosis, ER Stress and mTOR Pathway Activation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170496. [PMID: 28125634 PMCID: PMC5268395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine administration is a well-established approach to mimic experimentally some aspects of schizophrenia. Adult neurogenesis dysregulation is associated with psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. The potential role of neurogenesis in the ketamine-induced phenotype is largely unknown. Recent results from human genetic studies have shown the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene is a risk factor for schizophrenia. Its potential role on the regulation of neurogenesis in experimental model of schizophrenia remains to be investigated. We aimed to determine whether ketamine affects the viability of adult neural stem cells (NSC). We also investigated whether the detrimental effect mediated by ketamine could be counteracted by PACAP. NSCs were isolated from the subventricular zone of the mouse and exposed to ketamine with/without PACAP. After 24 hours, cell viability, potential involvement of apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mTOR and AMPA pathway activation were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. We show that ketamine impairs NSC viability in correlation with increased apoptosis, ER stress and mTOR activation. The results also suggest that the effect of ketamine occurs via AMPA receptor activation. Finally, we show that PACAP counteracted the decreased NSC viability induced by ketamine via the specific activation of the PAC-1 receptor subtype. Our study shows that the NSC viability may be negatively affected by ketamine with putative importance for the development of a schizophrenia phenotype in the ketamine induced animal model of schizophrenia. The neuroprotective effect via PAC-1 activation suggests a potentially novel pharmacological target for the treatment of schizophrenia, via neurogenesis normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Mansouri
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven-Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cesare Patrone
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vuda M, Kamath A. Drug induced mitochondrial dysfunction: Mechanisms and adverse clinical consequences. Mitochondrion 2016; 31:63-74. [PMID: 27771494 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several commonly used medications impair mitochondrial function resulting in adverse effects or toxicities. Drug induced mitochondrial dysfunction may be a consequence of increased production of reactive oxygen species, altered mitochondrial permeability transition, impaired mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial DNA damage or inhibition of beta-oxidation of fatty acids. The clinical manifestation depends on the specific drug and its effect on mitochondria. Given the ubiquitous presence of mitochondria and its central role in cellular metabolism, drug-mitochondrial interactions may manifest clinically as hepatotoxicity, enteropathy, myelosuppression, lipodystrophy syndrome or neuropsychiatric adverse effects, to name a few. The current review focuses on specific drug groups which adversely affect mitochondria, the mechanisms involved and the clinical consequences based on the data available from experimental and clinical studies. Knowledge of these adverse drug-mitochondrial interactions may help the clinicians foresee potential issues in individual patients, prevent adverse drug reactions or alter drug regimens to enhance patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashwin Kamath
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, India.
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Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics Contributes to Propofol-induced Cell Death in Human Stem Cell-derived Neurons. Anesthesiology 2016; 123:1067-83. [PMID: 26352374 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in developing animals have shown that anesthetic agents can lead to neuronal cell death and learning disabilities when administered early in life. Development of human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons has provided a valuable tool for understanding the effects of anesthetics on developing human neurons. Unbalanced mitochondrial fusion and fission lead to various pathological conditions including neurodegeneration. The aim of this study was to dissect the role of mitochondrial dynamics in propofol-induced neurotoxicity. METHODS Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate in situ nick-end labeling staining was used to assess cell death in human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons. Mitochondrial fission was assessed using TOM20 staining and electron microscopy. Expression of mitochondrial fission-related proteins was assessed by Western blot, and confocal microscopy was used to assess opening time of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). RESULTS Exposure to 6 h of 20 μg/ml propofol increased cell death from 3.18 ± 0.17% in the control-treated group to 9.6 ± 0.95% and led to detrimental increases in mitochondrial fission (n = 5 coverslips per group) accompanied by increased expression of activated dynamin-related protein 1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1, key proteins responsible for mitochondrial fission. Propofol exposure also induced earlier opening of the mPTP from 118.9 ± 3.1 s in the control-treated group to 73.3 ± 1.6 s. Pretreatment of the cells with mdivi-1, a mitochondrial fission blocker rescued the propofol-induced toxicity, mitochondrial fission, and mPTP opening time (n = 75 cells per group). Inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase 1 attenuated the increase in cell death and fission and the increase in expression of activated dynamin-related protein 1. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate for the first time that propofol-induced neurotoxicity occurs through a mitochondrial fission/mPTP-mediated pathway.
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Félix LM, Vidal AM, Serafim C, Valentim AM, Antunes LM, Campos S, Matos M, Monteiro SM, Coimbra AM. Ketamine-induced oxidative stress at different developmental stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08298j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes induced by ketamine exposure were developmental stage-dependent, and related with the gradual development of the antioxidant defense system of the embryo, which is dependent on changes in energy-sensing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís M. Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB)
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD)
- Vila Real
- Portugal
- Laboratory Animal Science (LAS)
| | - Ana M. Vidal
- Life Sciences and Environment School (ECVA)
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD)
- Vila Real
- Portugal
| | - Cindy Serafim
- Life Sciences and Environment School (ECVA)
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD)
- Vila Real
- Portugal
| | - Ana M. Valentim
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB)
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD)
- Vila Real
- Portugal
- Laboratory Animal Science (LAS)
| | - Luís M. Antunes
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB)
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD)
- Vila Real
- Portugal
- Laboratory Animal Science (LAS)
| | - Sónia Campos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB)
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD)
- Vila Real
- Portugal
- Laboratory Animal Science (LAS)
| | - Manuela Matos
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI)
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Lisboa
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Sandra M. Monteiro
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB)
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD)
- Vila Real
- Portugal
| | - Ana M. Coimbra
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB)
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD)
- Vila Real
- Portugal
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A single intraperitoneal injection of ketamine does not affect spatial working, reference memory or neurodegeneration in adult mice: An animal study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2015; 30:618-26. [PMID: 23736087 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0b013e3283610321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine is an anaesthetic and analgesic drug used in research and clinical practice. Little is known about the effects of different doses of this drug on memory and brain cellular death. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of different doses of ketamine on working and reference memory, and neurodegeneration in adult mice. DESIGN A randomised study. SETTINGS The study was carried out in a basic science laboratory, between March 2011 and August 2012. ANIMALS Forty-eight 7-month-old, male C57BL/6 mice were used. INTERVENTION Animals received a single intraperitoneal injection of physiological saline solution or one of three doses of ketamine (25, 75 or 150 mg kg(-1)). Each group consisted of 12 animals (seven animals for behavioural tests and five animals for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies). The animals used for histopathology studies were sacrificed 3 h after anaesthesia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Working and reference memories were assessed using the radial-maze test over 12 consecutive days. The equilibrium was tested using the vertical pole (4 and 24 h after injection), whereas locomotion was assessed using the open field (24, 48 and 72 h after injection). Histopathological (haematoxylin-eosin staining) and immunohistochemical analyses (procaspase-3 and activated caspase-3 detections) were performed 3 h after injection to assess neurodegeneration in the retrosplenial and visual cortices, pyramidal cell layer of the cornu Ammonis 1 and cornu Ammonis 3 areas of the hippocampus, in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus, in the laterodorsal thalamic nucleus, striatum and accumbens nucleus. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding the number of dead cells and cells showing positive immune-reactivity in the different regions of the brain studied. The performance in the vertical pole test and the number of reference and working memory errors in the radial-maze were similar in all groups. Nevertheless, the animals treated with ketamine 75 mg kg(-1) were transiently more active, walking a greater total distance at a greater speed in the open field than other groups (power of 0.96). CONCLUSION These data indicate that a single intraperitoneal injection of ketamine at subanaesthetic and anaesthetic doses does not impair working memory, reference memory or neurodegeneration in adult mice, but an intermediate dose of ketamine produces transitory hyperlocomotion.
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Sinner B, Friedrich O, Lindner R, Bundscherer A, Graf BM. Long-term NMDA receptor inhibition affects NMDA receptor expression and alters glutamatergic activity in developing rat hippocampal neurons. Toxicology 2015; 333:147-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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