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Li Y, Guo Z, Cai C, Liu D, Kang Y, Liu P. The orexinergic system mediates the excitatory effects of caffeine on the arousal and sympathetic activity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14170. [PMID: 36923861 PMCID: PMC10009538 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Caffeine is a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist with pro-arousal and pro-sympathetic nervous system excitatory effects, and these pharmacological effects fit well with the physiological functions of orexin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the orexinergic nervous system in the pharmacological effects of caffeine. Methods An animal model of sleepiness caused by adenosine accumulation was established by sleep deprivation, and caffeine's effects on the spontaneous activity and sympathetic nervous system of the model animals were evaluated by using the open-field experiment and gastrointestinal peristaltic observation, respectively, and the intervention of orexin receptor antagonists on the pharmacological effects of caffeine was also observed. Results Mice with 8 h of sleep deprivation showed a significant decrease in spontaneous activity and a significant increase in gastrointestinal push distance. After caffeine intervention, the spontaneous activities of sleep-deprived mice significantly increased and gastrointestinal peristalsis significantly decreased dose-dependent, while orexin receptors antagonist blocked the pro-arousal and inhibitory gastrointestinal peristalsis effects of caffeine on sleep-deprived mice. Conclusions Orexinergic nervous system mediated caffeine's excitatory effects on the pro-arousal and pro-sympathetic nervous systems. Orexin is likely to be an important performer in the pharmacological effects of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225012, China
| | - Zhixuan Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chenxi Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Danni Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yin Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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Smith DM, Terhune DB. Pedunculopontine-induced cortical decoupling as the neurophysiological locus of dissociation. Psychol Rev 2023; 130:183-210. [PMID: 35084921 PMCID: PMC10511303 DOI: 10.1037/rev0000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests an association between aberrant sleep phenomena and dissociative experiences. However, no wake-sleep boundary theory provides a compelling explanation of dissociation or specifies its physiological substrates. We present a theoretical account of dissociation that integrates theories and empirical results from multiple lines of research concerning the domain of dissociation and the regulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. This theory posits that individual differences in the circuitry governing the REM sleep promoting Pedunculopontine Nucleus and Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus determine the degree of similarity in the cortical connectivity profiles of wakefulness and REM sleep. We propose that a latent trait characterized by elevated dissociative experiences emerges from the decoupling of frontal executive regions due to a REM sleep-like aminergic/cholinergic balance. The Pedunculopontine-Induced Cortical Decoupling Account of Dissociation (PICDAD) suggests multiple fruitful lines of inquiry and provides novel insights. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neurology/Neuropsychology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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3
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Carrera-Cañas C, de Andrés I, Callejo M, Garzón M. Plasticity of the hypocretinergic/orexinergic system after a chronic treatment with suvorexant in rats. Role of the hypocretinergic/orexinergic receptor 1 as an autoreceptor. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1013182. [PMID: 36277486 PMCID: PMC9581150 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1013182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic hypocretinergic/orexinergic (Hcrt/Ox) system is involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Malfunction of Hcrt/Ox transmission results in narcolepsy, a sleep disease caused in humans by progressive neurodegeneration of hypothalamic neurons containing Hcrt/Ox. To explore the Hcrt/Ox system plasticity we systemically administered suvorexant (a dual Hcrt/Ox receptor antagonist) in rats to chronically block Hcrt/Ox transmission without damaging Hcrt/Ox cells. Three groups of eight rats (four males and four females) received daily i.p. injections of suvorexant (10 or 30 mg/kg) or vehicle (DMSO) over a period of 7 days in which the body weight was monitored. After the treatments cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Hcrt1/OxA concentration was measured by ELISA, and hypothalamic Hcrt/OxR1 and Hcrt/OxR2 levels by western blot. The systemic blockade of the Hcrt/Ox transmission with the suvorexant high dose produced a significant increase in body weight at the end of the treatment, and a significant decrease in CSF Hcrt1/OxA levels, both features typical in human narcolepsy type 1. Besides, a significant overexpression of hypothalamic Hcrt/OxR1 occurred. For the Hcrt/OxR2 two very close bands were detected, but they did not show significant changes with the treatment. Thus, the plastic changes observed in the Hcrt/Ox system after the chronic blockade of its transmission were a decrease in CSF Hcrt1/OXA levels and an overexpression of hypothalamic Hcrt/OxR1. These findings support an autoregulatory role of Hcrt/OxR1 within the hypothalamus, which would induce the synthesis/release of Hcrt/Ox, but also decrease its own availability at the plasma membrane after binding Hcrt1/OxA to preserve Hcrt/Ox system homeostasis.
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Eaton SL, Murdoch F, Rzechorzek NM, Thompson G, Hartley C, Blacklock BT, Proudfoot C, Lillico SG, Tennant P, Ritchie A, Nixon J, Brennan PM, Guido S, Mitchell NL, Palmer DN, Whitelaw CBA, Cooper JD, Wishart TM. Modelling Neurological Diseases in Large Animals: Criteria for Model Selection and Clinical Assessment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172641. [PMID: 36078049 PMCID: PMC9454934 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Issue: The impact of neurological disorders is recognised globally, with one in six people affected in their lifetime and few treatments to slow or halt disease progression. This is due in part to the increasing ageing population, and is confounded by the high failure rate of translation from rodent-derived therapeutics to clinically effective human neurological interventions. Improved translation is demonstrated using higher order mammals with more complex/comparable neuroanatomy. These animals effectually span this translational disparity and increase confidence in factors including routes of administration/dosing and ability to scale, such that potential therapeutics will have successful outcomes when moving to patients. Coupled with advancements in genetic engineering to produce genetically tailored models, livestock are increasingly being used to bridge this translational gap. Approach: In order to aid in standardising characterisation of such models, we provide comprehensive neurological assessment protocols designed to inform on neuroanatomical dysfunction and/or lesion(s) for large animal species. We also describe the applicability of these exams in different large animals to help provide a better understanding of the practicalities of cross species neurological disease modelling. Recommendation: We would encourage the use of these assessments as a reference framework to help standardise neurological clinical scoring of large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Eaton
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Correspondence: (S.L.E.); (T.M.W.); Tel.: +44-(0)-131-651-9125 (S.L.E.); +44-(0)-131-651-9233 (T.M.W.)
| | - Fraser Murdoch
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nina M. Rzechorzek
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Gerard Thompson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, 50 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Claudia Hartley
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Benjamin Thomas Blacklock
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Chris Proudfoot
- The Large Animal Research & Imaging Facility, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Simon G. Lillico
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Peter Tennant
- The Large Animal Research & Imaging Facility, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Adrian Ritchie
- The Large Animal Research & Imaging Facility, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - James Nixon
- The Large Animal Research & Imaging Facility, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Paul M. Brennan
- Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Stefano Guido
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Bioresearch & Veterinary Services, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Nadia L. Mitchell
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - David N. Palmer
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - C. Bruce A. Whitelaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Cooper
- Departments of Pediatrics, Genetics, and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thomas M. Wishart
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Correspondence: (S.L.E.); (T.M.W.); Tel.: +44-(0)-131-651-9125 (S.L.E.); +44-(0)-131-651-9233 (T.M.W.)
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Hu M, Helfenbein K, Buchberger AR, DeLaney K, Liu Y, Li L. Exploring the Sexual Dimorphism of Crustacean Neuropeptide Expression Using Callinectes sapidus as a Model Organism. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2739-2750. [PMID: 33872031 PMCID: PMC8106671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of numerous diseases has been linked to differences in sex between organisms, including various neurological diseases. As neuropeptides are known to be key players in the nervous system, studying the variation of neuropeptidomic profiles between males and females in a crustacean model organism is of interest. By using high-resolution mass spectrometry with two complementary ionization sources in conjunction with quantitative chemical labeling (isotopic reductive dimethylation), differences were observed in five key neural tissues and hemolymph. Interestingly, while males and females possess numerous neuropeptide isoforms that are unique to their sex, the represented families of each sex remain largely consistent. However, some differences in familial isoforms were also observed, such as the relative numbers of neuropeptides belonging to RFamide and allatostatin A-type families. Additionally, >100 neuropeptides detected across five neural tissues and hemolymph were found to have statistically significant differences in abundance between male and female blue crab samples. Also, hundreds of putative peptide sequences were identified by de novo sequencing that may be indicative of previously undiscovered neuropeptides, highlighting the power of using a multifaceted MS approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhou Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Kylie Helfenbein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Amanda R. Buchberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Kellen DeLaney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705
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Sleep Disorders in dogs: A Pathophysiological and Clinical Review. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 43:100516. [PMID: 33556640 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental process in mammals, including domestic dogs. Disturbances in sleep affect physiological functions like cognitive and physical performance, immune response, pain sensation and increase the risk of diseases. In dogs, sleep can be affected by several conditions, with narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder and sleep breathing disorders being the most frequent causes. Furthermore, sleep disturbances can be a symptom of other primary diseases where they can contribute to the worsening of clinical signs. This review describes reciprocally interacting sleep and wakefulness promoting systems and how their dysfunction can explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of sleep disorders. Additionally, this work discusses the clinical characteristics, diagnostic tools and available treatments for these disorders while highlighting areas in where further studies are needed so as to improve their treatment and prevention.
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Garcia-Ruiz PJ, Espay AJ. Parkinson Disease: An Evolutionary Perspective. Front Neurol 2017; 8:157. [PMID: 28507529 PMCID: PMC5410593 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two central premises to this evolutionary view of Parkinson disease (PD). First, PD is a specific human disease. Second, the prevalence of PD has increased over the course of human history. Several lines of evidence may explain why PD appears to be restricted to the human species. The major manifestations of PD are the consequence of degeneration in the dopamine-synthesizing neurons of the mesostriatal neuronal pathway. It is of note the enormous expansion of the human dopamine mesencephalic neurons onto the striatum compared with other mammals. Hence, an evolutionary bottle neck was reached with the expansion of the massive nigrostriatal axonal arborization. This peculiar nigral overload may partly explain the selective fragility of the human dopaminergic mesencephalic neurotransmission and the unique presence of PD in humans. On the other hand, several facts may explain the increasing prevalence of PD over the centuries. The apparently low prevalence of PD before the twentieth century may be related to the shorter life expectancy and survival compared to present times. In addition, changes in lifestyle over the course of human history might also account for the increasing burden of PD. Our hunter-gatherers ancestors invested large energy expenditure on a daily basis, a prototypical physical way of life for which our genome remains adapted. Technological advances have led to a dramatic reduction of physical exercise. Since the brain release of neurotrophic factors (including brain-derived neurotrophic factor) is partially exercise related, the marked reduction in exercise may contribute to the increasing prevalence of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Taylor S, Minor K, Shmon CL, Shelton GD, Patterson EE, Mickelson JR. Border Collie Collapse: Owner Survey Results and Veterinary Description of Videotaped Episodes. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2016; 52:364-370. [PMID: 27685362 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Completed surveys were obtained from owners of 165 border collies experiencing repeated episodes of abnormal gait or collapse during strenuous exercise. Unremarkable veterinary evaluation and lack of disease progression over time made common systemic, cardiac, and neurologic causes of exercise intolerance unlikely. Survey questions addressed signalment, age of onset, description of episodes, and owner perception of factors associated with collapse. Most dogs were young adults (median 2 yr) when episodes began, and they had experienced from 2 to more than 100 episodes (median 6) prior to their owners completing the survey. Retrieving was the activity most commonly associated with episodes (112/165 dogs, 68%), followed by herding stock (39/165 dogs, 24%). Owners reported that high environmental temperatures (111/165 dogs, 67%) and excitement (67/165 dogs, 41%) increased the likelihood of their dog having an episode during strenuous activity. Veterinary evaluation of videotapes of presumed border collie collapse (BCC) episodes (40 dogs) were used to provide a description of the typical features of BCC episodes. Altered mentation, symmetrical ataxia affecting all four limbs, increased pelvic limb extensor tone and toe scuffing or knuckling, truncal swaying, and falling to the side were common features, suggesting that BCC may be an episodic diffuse central nervous system disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Taylor
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (S.T., C.L.S.); the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (K.M., E.E.P.) and the Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (J.R.M.), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; and the Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (G.D.S.)
| | - Katie Minor
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (S.T., C.L.S.); the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (K.M., E.E.P.) and the Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (J.R.M.), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; and the Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (G.D.S.)
| | - Cindy L Shmon
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (S.T., C.L.S.); the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (K.M., E.E.P.) and the Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (J.R.M.), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; and the Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (G.D.S.)
| | - G Diane Shelton
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (S.T., C.L.S.); the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (K.M., E.E.P.) and the Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (J.R.M.), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; and the Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (G.D.S.)
| | - Edward E Patterson
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (S.T., C.L.S.); the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (K.M., E.E.P.) and the Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (J.R.M.), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; and the Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (G.D.S.)
| | - James R Mickelson
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (S.T., C.L.S.); the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (K.M., E.E.P.) and the Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (J.R.M.), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; and the Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (G.D.S.)
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Nunn CL, Samson DR, Krystal AD. Shining evolutionary light on human sleep and sleep disorders. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 2016:227-43. [PMID: 27470330 PMCID: PMC4972941 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eow018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is essential to cognitive function and health in humans, yet the ultimate reasons for sleep—i.e. ‘why’ sleep evolved—remain mysterious. We integrate findings from human sleep studies, the ethnographic record, and the ecology and evolution of mammalian sleep to better understand sleep along the human lineage and in the modern world. Compared to other primates, sleep in great apes has undergone substantial evolutionary change, with all great apes building a sleeping platform or ‘nest’. Further evolutionary change characterizes human sleep, with humans having the shortest sleep duration, yet the highest proportion of rapid eye movement sleep among primates. These changes likely reflect that our ancestors experienced fitness benefits from being active for a greater portion of the 24-h cycle than other primates, potentially related to advantages arising from learning, socializing and defending against predators and hostile conspecifics. Perspectives from evolutionary medicine have implications for understanding sleep disorders; we consider these perspectives in the context of insomnia, narcolepsy, seasonal affective disorder, circadian rhythm disorders and sleep apnea. We also identify how human sleep today differs from sleep through most of human evolution, and the implications of these changes for global health and health disparities. More generally, our review highlights the importance of phylogenetic comparisons in understanding human health, including well-known links between sleep, cognitive performance and health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA Triangle Center for Evolutionary Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David R Samson
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
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Arrigoni E, Chen MC, Fuller PM. The anatomical, cellular and synaptic basis of motor atonia during rapid eye movement sleep. J Physiol 2016; 594:5391-414. [PMID: 27060683 DOI: 10.1113/jp271324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a recurring part of the sleep-wake cycle characterized by fast, desynchronized rhythms in the electroencephalogram (EEG), hippocampal theta activity, rapid eye movements, autonomic activation and loss of postural muscle tone (atonia). The brain circuitry governing REM sleep is located in the pontine and medullary brainstem and includes ascending and descending projections that regulate the EEG and motor components of REM sleep. The descending signal for postural muscle atonia during REM sleep is thought to originate from glutamatergic neurons of the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD), which in turn activate glycinergic pre-motor neurons in the spinal cord and/or ventromedial medulla to inhibit motor neurons. Despite work over the past two decades on many neurotransmitter systems that regulate the SLD, gaps remain in our knowledge of the synaptic basis by which SLD REM neurons are regulated and in turn produce REM sleep atonia. Elucidating the anatomical, cellular and synaptic basis of REM sleep atonia control is a critical step for treating many sleep-related disorders including obstructive sleep apnoea (apnea), REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and narcolepsy with cataplexy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Michael C Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Broeckx BJG, Coopman F, Verhoeven GEC, De Keulenaer S, De Meester E, Bavegems V, Smets P, Van Ryssen B, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D. Toward the most ideal case-control design with related and unrelated dogs in whole-exome sequencing studies. Anim Genet 2015; 47:200-7. [PMID: 26689130 DOI: 10.1111/age.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the recent development of whole-exome sequencing enrichment designs for the dog, a novel tool for disease-association studies became available. The aim of disease-association studies is to identify one or a very limited number of putative causal variants or genes from the large pool of genetic variation. To maximize the efficiency of these studies and to provide some directions of what to expect, we evaluated the effect on variant reduction for various combinations of cases and controls for both dominant and recessive types of inheritance assuming variable degrees of penetrance and detectance. In this study, variant data of 14 dogs (13 Labrador Retrievers and one Dogue de Bordeaux), obtained by whole-exome sequencing, were analyzed. In the filtering process, we found that unrelated dogs from the same breed share up to 70% of their variants, which is likely a consequence of the breeding history of the dog. For the designs tested with unrelated dogs, combining two cases and two controls gave the best result. These results were improved further by adding closely related dogs. Reduced penetrance and/or detectance has a drastic effect on the efficiency and is likely to have a profound effect on the sample size needed to elucidate the causal variant. Overall, we demonstrated that sequencing a small number of dogs results in a marked reduction of variants that are likely sufficient to pinpoint causal variants or genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J G Broeckx
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Coopman
- Department of Applied Biosciences, University College Ghent, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G E C Verhoeven
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Keulenaer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E De Meester
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - V Bavegems
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Smets
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Van Ryssen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Nixon JP, Mavanji V, Butterick TA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM, Teske JA. Sleep disorders, obesity, and aging: the role of orexin. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 20:63-73. [PMID: 25462194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic neuropeptides orexin A and B (hypocretin 1 and 2) are important homeostatic mediators of central control of energy metabolism and maintenance of sleep/wake states. Dysregulation or loss of orexin signaling has been linked to narcolepsy, obesity, and age-related disorders. In this review, we present an overview of our current understanding of orexin function, focusing on sleep disorders, energy balance, and aging, in both rodents and humans. We first discuss animal models used in studies of obesity and sleep, including loss of function using transgenic or viral-mediated approaches, gain of function models using exogenous delivery of orexin receptor agonist, and naturally-occurring models in which orexin responsiveness varies by individual. We next explore rodent models of orexin in aging, presenting evidence that orexin loss contributes to age-related changes in sleep and energy balance. In the next section, we focus on clinical importance of orexin in human obesity, sleep, and aging. We include discussion of orexin loss in narcolepsy and potential importance of orexin in insomnia, correlations between animal and human studies of age-related decline, and evidence for orexin involvement in age-related changes in cognitive performance. Finally, we present a summary of recent studies of orexin in neurodegenerative disease. We conclude that orexin acts as an integrative homeostatic signal influencing numerous brain regions, and that this pivotal role results in potential dysregulation of multiple physiological processes when orexin signaling is disrupted or lost.
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Moore MW, Akladious A, Hu Y, Azzam S, Feng P, Strohl KP. Effects of orexin 2 receptor activation on apnea in the C57BL/6J mouse. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 200:118-25. [PMID: 24929062 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothesis was that an orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) agonist would prevent sleep-related disordered breathing. METHODS In C57BL/6J (B6) mice, body plethysmography was performed with and without EEG monitoring of state (wakefulness, NREM and REM sleep). Outcome was apnea rate/h during sleep-wake states at baseline and with an intracerebroventricular administration of vehicle, 4 nMol of agonist OB(DL), and 4 nMol of an antagonist, TCS OX2 29. RESULTS A significant reduction (p=0.035, f=2.99) in apneas/hour occurred, especially with the agonist. Expressed as a function of the change from baseline, there was a significant difference among groups in Wake (p=0.03, f=3.8), NREM (p=0.003, f=6.98) and REM (p=0.03, f=3.92) with the agonist reducing the rate of apneas during sleep from 29.7±4.7 (M±SEM) to 7.3±2.4 during sleep (p=0.001). There was also a reduction in apneas during wakefulness. Administration of the antagonist did not increase event rate over baseline levels. CONCLUSIONS The B6 mouse is a preclinical model of wake-and sleep-disordered breathing, and the orexin receptor agonist at a dose of 4 nMol given intracerebroventricularly will reduce events in sleep and also wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Moore
- Louis Stokes Cleveland DVA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, UH Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, United States
| | - Afaf Akladious
- Louis Stokes Cleveland DVA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, UH Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, United States
| | - Yufen Hu
- Louis Stokes Cleveland DVA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Neogene Biosciences LLC, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, UH Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, United States
| | - Sausan Azzam
- Louis Stokes Cleveland DVA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, UH Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, United States
| | - Pingfu Feng
- Louis Stokes Cleveland DVA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Neogene Biosciences LLC, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, UH Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, United States
| | - Kingman P Strohl
- Louis Stokes Cleveland DVA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, UH Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, United States.
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Jobert M, Wilson FJ, Roth T, Ruigt GSF, Anderer P, Drinkenburg WHIM, Bes FW, Brunovsky M, Danker-Hopfe H, Freeman J, van Gerven JMA, Gruber G, Kemp B, Klösch G, Ma J, Penzel T, Peterson BT, Schulz H, Staner L, Saletu B, Svetnik V. Guidelines for the recording and evaluation of pharmaco-sleep studies in man: the International Pharmaco-EEG Society (IPEG). Neuropsychobiology 2014; 67:127-67. [PMID: 23548759 DOI: 10.1159/000343449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The International Pharmaco-EEG Society (IPEG) presents guidelines summarising the requirements for the recording and computerised evaluation of pharmaco-sleep data in man. Over the past years, technical and data-processing methods have advanced steadily, thus enhancing data quality and expanding the palette of sleep assessment tools that can be used to investigate the activity of drugs on the central nervous system (CNS), determine the time course of effects and pharmacodynamic properties of novel therapeutics, hence enabling the study of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship, and evaluate the CNS penetration or toxicity of compounds. However, despite the presence of robust guidelines on the scoring of polysomnography -recordings, a review of the literature reveals inconsistent -aspects in the operating procedures from one study to another. While this fact does not invalidate results, the lack of standardisation constitutes a regrettable shortcoming, especially in the context of drug development programmes. The present guidelines are intended to assist investigators, who are using pharmaco-sleep measures in clinical research, in an effort to provide clear and concise recommendations and thereby to standardise methodology and facilitate comparability of data across laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jobert
- International Pharmaco-EEG Society, Berlin, Germany.
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van der Most R, Van Mechelen M, Destexhe E, Wettendorff M, Hanon E. Narcolepsy and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination: shaping the research on the observed signal. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:572-6. [PMID: 24342916 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data from several European countries suggested an increased risk of the chronic sleep disorder narcolepsy following vaccination with Pandemrix(™), an AS03-adjuvanted, pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza vaccine. Further research to investigate potential associations between Pandemrix™ vaccination, A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection and narcolepsy is required. Narcolepsy is most commonly caused by a reduction or absence of hypocretin produced by hypocretin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus, and is tightly associated with HLA-II DQB1*06:02. Consequently, research focusing on CD4(+) T-cell responses, building on the hypothesis that for disease development, T cells specific for antigen(s) from hypocretin neurons must be activated or reactivated, is considered essential. Therefore, the following key areas of research can be identified, (1) characterization of hypothetical narcolepsy-specific auto-immune CD4(+) T cells, (2) mapping epitopes of such T cells, and (3) evaluating potential mechanisms that would enable such cells to gain access to the hypothalamus. Addressing these questions could further our understanding of the potential links between narcolepsy and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination and/or infection. Of particular interest is that any evidence of a mimicry-based mechanism could also explain the association between narcolepsy and A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection.
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Katzav A, Arango MT, Kivity S, Tanaka S, Givaty G, Agmon-Levin N, Honda M, Anaya JM, Chapman J, Shoenfeld Y. Passive transfer of narcolepsy: Anti-TRIB2 autoantibody positive patient IgG causes hypothalamic orexin neuron loss and sleep attacks in mice. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Toth LA, Bhargava P. Animal models of sleep disorders. Comp Med 2013; 63:91-104. [PMID: 23582416 PMCID: PMC3625050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Problems with sleep affect a large part of the general population, with more than half of all people in the United States reporting difficulties with sleep or insufficient sleep at various times and about 40 million affected chronically. Sleep is a complex physiologic process that is influenced by many internal and environmental factors, and problems with sleep are often related to specific personal circumstances or are based on subjective reports from the affected person. Although human subjects are used widely in the study of sleep and sleep disorders, the study of animals has been invaluable in developing our understanding about the physiology of sleep and the underlying mechanisms of sleep disorders. Historically, the use of animals for the study of sleep disorders has arguably been most fruitful for the condition of narcolepsy, in which studies of dogs and mice revealed previously unsuspected mechanisms for this condition. The current overview considers animal models that have been used to study 4 of the most common human sleep disorders-insomnia, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, and sleep apnea-and summarizes considerations relevant to the use of animals for the study of sleep and sleep disorders. Animal-based research has been vital to the elucidation of mechanisms that underlie sleep, its regulation, and its disorders and undoubtedly will remain crucial for discovering and validating sleep mechanisms and testing interventions for sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Toth
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA.
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Chen L, McKenna JT, Bolortuya Y, Brown RE, McCarley RW. Knockdown of orexin type 2 receptor in the lateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum of rats increases REM sleep. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:957-63. [PMID: 23282008 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the orexin/hypocretin neurotransmitter system causes the sleep disorder narcolepsy, characterized by intrusion of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-like events into normal wakefulness. The sites where orexins act to suppress REM sleep are incompletely understood. Previous studies suggested that the lateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum (lPMT) contains an important REM sleep inhibitory area, and proposed that orexins inhibit REM sleep via orexin type 2 receptors (OxR2) in this region. However, this hypothesis has heretofore not been tested. We thus performed bilateral injection of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting Ox2R into the lPMT on two consecutive days. This led to a approximately 30% increase of time spent in REM sleep in both the dark and light periods for the first 2 days after injection, with a return to baseline over the next two post-injection days. This increase was mainly due to longer (> 120 s) REM episodes. Cataplexy-like episodes were not observed. The percentage of time spent in wakefulness and non-(N)REM sleep, as well as the power spectral profile of NREM and REM sleep, were unaffected. Control animals injected with scrambled siRNA had no sleep changes post-injection. Quantification of the knockdown revealed that unilateral microinjection of siRNAs targeting OxR2 into the lPMT induced a approximately 40% reduction of OxR2 mRNA 2 days following the injections when compared with the contralateral side receiving control (scrambled) siRNA. Orexin type 1 receptor mRNA level was unaffected. Our results indicate that removal of OxR2 neurotransmission in the lPMT enhances REM sleep by increasing the duration of REM episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Chen
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA, USA.
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Abstract
This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness. Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Multiple interacting neurotransmitter systems in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain converge onto common effector systems in the thalamus and cortex. Sleep results from the inhibition of wake-promoting systems by homeostatic sleep factors such as adenosine and nitric oxide and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, resulting in large-amplitude, slow EEG oscillations. Local, activity-dependent factors modulate the amplitude and frequency of cortical slow oscillations. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep results in conservation of brain energy and facilitates memory consolidation through the modulation of synaptic weights. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep results from the interaction of brain stem cholinergic, aminergic, and GABAergic neurons which control the activity of glutamatergic reticular formation neurons leading to REM sleep phenomena such as muscle atonia, REMs, dreaming, and cortical activation. Strong activation of limbic regions during REM sleep suggests a role in regulation of emotion. Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function. Sleep disruption interferes with the normal restorative functions of NREM and REM sleep, resulting in disruptions of breathing and cardiovascular function, changes in emotional reactivity, and cognitive impairments in attention, memory, and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchie E Brown
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, Massachusetts 02301, USA
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Abstract
The study of sleep is a useful approach to studying the brain in psychiatric disorders and in investigating the effects of psychotropic drugs. Sleep physiology lends itself well to pharmacological and physiological manipulation, as it has the advantage of a functional output, the electroencephalograph, which is common to all mammals, and can be measured in freely moving (or naturally sleeping) animals under controlled laboratory conditions or in a naturalistic home environment. The complexity of sleep architecture varies between species but all share features which are comparable. In addition, sleep architecture is sensitive to changes in brain neurotransmitters such as serotonin, so cross-species sleep measurement can be combined with pharmacological manipulation to investigate the receptor mechanisms controlling sleep-wake regulation and sleep architecture in response to known and novel agents. Translational approaches such as these have improved our understanding of sleep circuitry and facilitated the development of new treatments for sleep disorders, particularly insomnia. This review provides examples of how research findings within the sleep field have been translated between animal models, healthy volunteers and patient populations with particular focus on the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Paterson
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W McCarley
- Neuroscience Laboratory and Harvard Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA 02301, USA.
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