eHealth Literacy of German Physicians in the Pre-COVID-19 Era: Questionnaire Study

[Digital health literacy in Germany: current status, concepts, and challenges]

A key prerequisite for the successful digital transformation of the healthcare system is a well-developed level of digital health literacy (DHL) among the population. DHL is the ability to deal with health-relevant digital information and information options with the aim of promoting and maintaining health and well-being for oneself and one's environment. This article examines the discussions about digital health literacy, the existing studies and measurement tools used in them, the data situation in Germany, and current challenges.DHL consists of various sub-competencies that reflect current digital information behavior, opportunities, and risks. The data situation is very heterogeneous due to different study designs and instruments, which limits the informative value. Two representative studies, HLS-Ger‑2 by Bielefeld University and the study by AOK Rheinland/Hamburg and the Leibniz-WissenschaftsCampus, both indicate a high proportion of people with low DHL despite different methods. Both nationally and internationally, DHL is subject to a social gradient and is associated with educational level, social status, financial deprivation, and age.According to the current empirical data, the acquisition of DHL in Germany is still insufficient, so there is a great need for action. The necessary legal framework conditions have been established, but there is still a lack of reliable and financial resources, as well as a solid data basis on DHL at population level. This is essential to identify vulnerability factors and to prepare and evaluate the implementation of measures. In addition, there is a need for an in-depth conceptual discussion on DHL that builds on the established health literacy concept and addresses the emerging health-related infodemic and its consequences for DHL.

Digital health competencies and affecting factors among healthcare professionals: additional findings from a systematic review

Introduction

In recent decades, nurses' and healthcare professionals' digital health competencies have emerged as key factors in enabling the digital healthcare transformation. Therefore, this review aims to describe the level of digital health competencies among nurses and healthcare professionals and the factors affecting them.

Methods

We performed an additional analysis of a database populated in our original systematic review by identifying the data set, evaluating its appropriateness to the research questions, and performing the data analysis. Four areas of digital health competencies among nurses and healthcare professionals emerged: 'self-rated competencies', 'psychological and emotional aspects toward the use of digital technologies', 'knowledge about digital technologies' and 'use of digital technologies'. Item scores and affecting factors have been extracted and classified into poor, moderate and good levels of digital health competencies; factors have been categorised and then summarised.

Results

'Use of digital technologies' was the area with the highest prevalence of poor-level scores, whereas the 'knowledge about digital technologies' had a good level of competence. Across categories, most of the items' scores reflected a moderate level of competence. The main factors affecting digital health competencies in nursing were being younger, more educated, having positive collegial nurse-physician relationships and participating in hospital business.

Discussion

Digital health competence might be further improved. Educators, policymakers and nurse managers should develop educational nursing programmes and opportunities by acting on the modifiable factors to develop digital health competencies.

Attitude, awareness, and knowledge of telemedicine among medical students: A systematic review of cross‐sectional studies

Background and Aims

The success of every new technology depends on numerous factors, including specialists' knowledge and perceptions of the concept, acquired attitude skills, and work environments. This systematic review aimed to examine medical students' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of telemedicine.

Methods

Studies were obtained from the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases on June 9, 2022. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. Cross‐sectional studies that examined medical students' knowledge, attitude, and perceptions of telemedicine approaches were considered inclusion criteria. Titles and abstracts were independently screened based on eligibility criteria. Articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded from this review. After that, the complete texts were retrieved and screened by two separate researchers based on the eligibility criteria. Disputes were resolved by discussion. The same checklist was used for data extraction. To assess the quality of the studies entering this study, the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for analytical cross‐sectional studies was used.

Results

In total, 10 eligible articles were found through this review. The sample size of the studies ranged from 60 to 3312 participants, or 6172 participants on the whole. The medical students' attitudes toward telemedicine were evaluated in eight included studies. Many of these studies (seven cases) reported positive and promising perspectives on telemedicine. However, in one study, participants revealed moderate attitudes toward online health information and online health experience sharing (p < 0.05). Students' knowledge of the telemedicine approach was evaluated in eight included studies. Many of these studies (five cases) reported that students possessed an extensively poor knowledge of telemedicine's uses. In three other studies, two reported moderate and one disclosed desirable levels of students' knowledge. All the included studies attributed medical students' poor knowledge to the lack of, and thus failure of, educational courses in this field.

Conclusion

The evidence obtained from this review reveals that medical students possess positive and promising attitudes toward telemedicine technology for education, treatment, and care. However, their knowledge levels were extremely insufficient, and many had not passed any educational courses in this respect. Such results can foreground the health and education policymakers' obligations for planning, training, and empowering digital health and telemedicine literacy among medical students as the primary players in social health.

COMPETENCIES AND SKILLS NEEDED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PATIENTS' NEEDS THROUGH TELECARE

OBJECTIVE

Aim: To identify the necessary competencies that future professionals must obtain in order to effectively manage patients with chronic conditions. We employed a multilayer review in PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Materials and Methods: We applied three searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane using various terms in order to identify the necessary skills and competences needed for healthcare professionals to provide distance care in patients with chronic conditions. From the initial search, a total of 1008 studies were identified while 54 met the inclusion criteria and were retained for data extraction. After the review of the 54 studies, we grouped the proposed skills and competencies in eight major categories. Those groups were Clinical Knowledge, Critical Thinking Skills, Technological Skills, Clinical skills, Communication skills, Implementation skills, Professionalism and professional ethics, Evidence based Practice.

CONCLUSION

Conclusions: Although telehealth is gaining ground in healthcare practice and healthcare professionals possess the necessary knowledge and skills to provide safe, effective, and personalized care, additional specialized training is nevertheless required to provide telecare. Therefore, the integration of telehealth into various healthcare professions curricula - both at undergraduate and postgraduate levels - is required for the development of education and the dynamic development of healthcare.

Empowerment for the Digital Transformation: Results of a Structured Blended-Learning On-the-Job Training for Practicing Physicians in Germany

(1) Background: Practicing physicians have not been in the focus of structured qualifications in basic digital competences so far. However, they are the current gatekeepers to implement digital technologies and need empowerment to proactively take part in the ongoing digital transformation process. The present study investigates if a structured blended-learning training for practicing physicians in Germany enhances both physicians' knowledge about central aspects of the digital transformation (including awareness of personal possibilities to act) and their attitudes towards a more digitally empowered mindset. (2) Methods: Participants (n = 32) self-assessed their knowledge (19 items, 10-point Likert-scale) and attitudes (6 items, 5-point Likert-scale) towards the digital transformation at the beginning and at the end of the training. MANCOVAs were conducted. (3) Results: Participants reported an increase in every knowledge domain, representing large effects (Hedges' g 1.06 to 2.82). Attitudes were partly shifted towards a more empowered mindset with decreased insecurity towards technological, legal, and ethical aspects of the digital transformation (Hedges' g -0.82 to -1.40). However, preparedness for the digital transformation remained low. (4) Conclusions: Generally, the hypotheses were confirmed. The presented on-the-job training had the desired effects on practicing physicians' knowledge and attitudes. Nevertheless, additional empowerment and support are essential.

Implementierung einer Secure Instant Messaging-App in der COVID-19 Pandemie: Nutzungserfahrungen von Hausärzt*innen und Mitarbeiter*innen von Gesundheitsämtern

Hintergrund

Insbesondere zu Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie klagten hausärztliche Praxen über eine für sie unsichere Informationslage und in diesem Zusammenhang über einen unzureichenden Informationsfluss von den zuständigen Gesundheitsämtern. Secure Instant Messaging beschreibt eine digitale, chatbasierte Kommunikationsstruktur, die es Akteur*innen im Bereich der ambulanten Primärversorgung ermöglichen könnte, sich in Echtzeit zu vernetzen und niedrigschwellig über Sektorengrenzen hinweg Informationen auszutauschen. Das als Proof-of-Concept-Studie angelegte Projekt KomPan hat in zwei deutschen Modellregionen eine solche sichere Echtzeitkommunikationsstruktur implementiert, um in der Pandemiesituation einen zusätzlichen Kommunikationsweg zwischen Sektoren des Gesundheitssystems zu schaffen und insbesondere den Austausch zwischen Hausärzt*innen und den Gesundheitsämtern zu vereinfachen. An dieser Stelle werden die Ergebnisse der qualitativen Nutzer*innenbefragung vorgestellt.

Methode

Beginnend mit Dezember 2020 (2. COVID-19-Welle) wurde Hausärzt*innen (n = 43) und Gesundheitsamtsmitarbeitenden (n = 10) in zwei hessischen Modellregionen die Secure Instant Messaging-App „Famedly“ der Famedly GmbH zur Verfügung gestellt. Nach einer mehrmonatigen Nutzungszeit befragten wir Projektteilnehmer*innen in leitfadengestützten Telefoninterviews zu ihren Nutzungserfahrungen mit dem Messenger. Die leitgebende Fragestellung war dabei: Wie hat sich die Kommunikation zwischen den beteiligten Akteur*innen durch Secure Instant Messaging geändert? Die Interviews wurden wörtlich transkribiert und mittels thematischer Analyse ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden Interviews mit 10 Hausärzt*innen und 2 Mitarbeiter*innen aus den Gesundheitsämtern geführt. Die Nutzung einer auf Secure Instant Messaging basierenden Kommunikationsplattformbeförderte die interkollegiale Vernetzung zwischen Hausärzt*innen während der Pandemie. Auf die Kommunikation zwischen Gesundheitsämtern und Hausärzt*innen hatte die App demgegenüber nur wenig Einfluss. Die zum Teil entgegengesetzten Erwartungen und Nutzungsweisen der beiden Nutzungsgruppen (Hausärzt*innen und Gesundheitsamtsmitarbeiter*innen) führten (neben anderen Gründen) letztlich dazu, dass die Möglichkeit zur direkten transsektoralen Kommunikation mittels Secure Instant Messaging im Untersuchungsverlauf weitestgehend ungenutzt blieb.

Schlussfolgerung

Insbesondere in der Pandemiesituation stellt die Etablierung von Secure-Instant-Messaging-Gruppen mit regionalem Bezug für Hausärzt*innen eine willkommene Kommunikationsmöglichkeit dar, die dazu beitragen kann, interkollegiale Vernetzung zu befördern und dadurch die fluktuierende Pandemiesituation besser zu bewältigen. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass die effektive Anwendung von Secure Instant Messaging für die transsektorale Kommunikation demgegenüber erst im Rahmen umfassender Digitalisierungsbemühungen institutioneller Kommunikationsstrukturen mit dem Ziel einer stärkeren Vernetzung lokaler Versorgungsakteur*innen gelingt.

Digital Health Competencies Among Health Care Professionals: Systematic Review

Background

Digitalization is not fully implemented in clinical practice, and several factors have been identified as possible barriers, including the competencies of health care professionals. However, no summary of the available evidence has been provided to date to depict digital health competencies that have been investigated among health care professionals, the tools used in assessing such competencies, and the effective interventions to improve them.

Objective

This review aims to summarize digital health competencies investigated to date and the tools used to assess them among health care professionals.

Methods

A systematic review based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist was performed. The MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were accessed up to September 4, 2021. Studies assessing digital health competencies with quantitative designs, targeting health care professionals, and written in English were included. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute tools.

Results

A total of 26 studies, published from 1999 to 2021, met the inclusion criteria, and the majority were cross sectional in design, while only 2 were experimental study designs. Most studies were assessed with moderate to low methodological quality; 4 categories and 9 subcategories of investigated digital health competencies have been identified. The most investigated category was “Self-rated competencies,” followed by “Psychological and emotional aspects toward digital technologies,” “Use of digital technologies,” and “Knowledge about digital technologies.” In 35% (9/26) of the studies, a previously validated tool was used to measure the competencies assessed, while others developed ad hoc questionnaires.

Conclusions

Mainly descriptive studies with issues regarding methodology quality have been produced to date investigating 4 main categories of digital health competencies mostly with nonvalidated tools. Competencies investigated might be considered while designing curricula for undergraduate, postgraduate, and continuing education processes, whereas the methodological lacks detected might be addressed with future research. There is a need to expand research on psychological and emotional elements and the ability to use digital technology to self-learn and teach others.

Trial Registration

PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42021282775; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=282775

Approaches to Improvement of Digital Health Literacy (eHL) in the Context of Person-Centered Care

The skills, knowledge and resources to search for, find, understand, evaluate and apply health information is defined as health literacy (HL). If individuals want to use health information from the Internet, they need Digital Health Literacy (eHL), which in addition to HL also includes, for example, media literacy. If information cannot be found or understood by patients due to low (e)HL, patients will not have the opportunity to make informed decisions. In addition, many health apps for self-management or prevention also require (e)HL. Thus, it follows that active participation in healthcare, in terms of Person-Centered Care (PCC) is only possible through (e)HL. Currently, there is a great need to strengthen these competencies in society to achieve increased empowerment of patients and their health. However, at the same time, there is a need to train and improve competencies in the field of healthcare professionals so that they can counsel and guide patients. This article provides an overview with a focus on HL and eHL in healthcare, shows the opportunities to adapt services and describes the possible handling of patients with low (e)HL. In addition, the opportunities for patients and healthcare professionals to improve (e)HL are highlighted.

Use and Perception of Digital Health Technologies by Surgical Patients in Germany in the Pre-COVID-19 Era: Survey Study

BACKGROUND

This survey study investigates surgical patients' use and perception of digital health technologies in Germany in the pre-COVID-19 era.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to relate surgical patients' characteristics to the use and perception of several digital health technologies.

METHODS

In this single-center, cross-sectional survey study in the outpatient department of a university hospital in Germany, 406 patients completed a questionnaire with the following three domains: general information and use of the internet, smartphones, and general digital health aspects. Analyses were stratified by age group and highest education level achieved.

RESULTS

We found significant age-based differences in most of the evaluated aspects. Younger patients were more open to using new technologies in private and medical settings but had more security concerns. Although searching for information on illnesses on the web was common, the overall acceptance of and trust in web-based consultations were rather low, with <50% of patients in each age group reporting acceptance and trust. More people with academic qualifications than without academic qualifications searched for information on the web before visiting physicians (73/121, 60.3% and 100/240, 41.7%, respectively). Patients with academic degrees were also more engaged in health-related information and communication technology use.

CONCLUSIONS

These results support the need for eHealth literacy, health literacy, and available digital devices and internet access to support the active, meaningful use of information and communication technologies in health care. Uncertainties and a lack of knowledge exist, especially regarding telemedicine and the use of medical and health apps. This is especially pronounced among older patients and patients with a low education status.

The Impact of Using mHealth Apps on Improving Public Health Satisfaction during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Digital Content Value Chain Perspective

The use of mobile technology and equipment has been found to be successful in the governance of public health. In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, mobile health (mhealth) apps are expected to play an important role in the governance of public health. This study establishes a structural equation model based on the digital content value chain framework, identifies the main values created by mhealth apps in the prevention and control of COVID-19, and surveys 500 citizens of China. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test and partial least squares structural equations (PLS-SEM). The results showed that people who use mhealth apps are more satisfied with public health governance than those who do not; the healthcare assurance value of mhealth apps and healthcare confidence positively influence the interaction between users and mhealth app functions, the interaction with information, and the interaction with doctors to improve users’ satisfaction with public health governance; and the parasocial relationships between doctors and users of mhealth apps positively affect the interactions between users and doctors to improve users’ satisfaction with public health governance. This study confirms the potential of mhealth apps toward improving public health governance during the COVID-19 pandemic from a new perspective and provides a new theoretical basis whereby mobile technology can contribute toward improving public health governance.

Associations among eHealth literacy, social support, individual resilience, and emotional status in primary care providers during the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant

Objective

This study aimed to investigate eHealth literacy among primary care providers (PCPs) and explore its association with social support, individual resilience, anxiety, and depression during an outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in Guangzhou, China.

Methods

A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted in 18 community healthcare centers in Guangzhou, China. The responses of 600 PCPs were tagged as valid responses. Information pertaining to their background, eHealth literacy, anxiety, depression levels, social support, and individual resilience was also collected. Multilevel analysis was used to determine the association among the measures to account for the nested random effect of community health centers in different districts.

Results

Participants showed a moderate self-perceived level of eHealth literacy (M = 30, SD = 5.8). Participants who reported higher levels of eHealth literacy were more likely to exhibit lower levels of anxiety and depression, higher social support, and greater resilience. After adjusting for background characteristics, the results of the multilevel logistic analysis showed that eHealth literacy was significantly associated with anxiety and depression, social support, and individual resilience. Younger participants and those who were highly educated reported enhanced eHealth literacy.

Conclusions

This study presents a baseline reference for eHealth literacy among Chinese PCPs. Improving their ability to search for and use reliable web-based information was beneficial for facilitating perceived social support and raising resilience during the pandemic. Strategies to provide high-quality web-based information to PCPs to self-assess and identify psychological distress at an early stage should be encouraged.

Healthcare providers and professionals' experiences with telehealth oncology implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study

Background

Rapid implementation of telehealth for cancer care during COVID-19 required innovative and adaptive solutions among oncology health care providers and professionals (HPPs).

Objective

The aim of this qualitative study was to explore oncology HPPs’ experiences with telehealth implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

This study was conducted at Moffitt Cancer Center (Moffitt), an NCI (National Cancer Institute)-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center. Prior to COVID-19, Moffitt piloted telehealth visits on a limited basis. After COVID-19, Moffitt rapidly expanded telehealth visits. Telehealth visits included real-time videoconferencing between HPPs and patients and virtual check-ins (ie, brief communication with an HPP by telephone only). We conducted semistructured interviews with 40 oncology HPPs who implemented telehealth during COVID-19. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes using Dedoose software (version 4.12).

Results

Approximately half of the 40 participants were physicians (n=22, 55%), and one-quarter of the participants were advanced practice providers (n=10, 25%). Other participants included social workers (n=3, 8%), psychologists (n=2, 5%), dieticians (n=2, 5%), and a pharmacist (n=1, 3%). Five key themes were identified: (1) establishing and maintaining patient-HPP relationships, (2) coordinating care with other HPPs and informal caregivers, (3) adapting in-person assessments for telehealth, (4) developing workflows and allocating resources, and (5) future recommendations. Participants described innovative strategies for implementing telehealth, such as coordinating interdisciplinary visits with multiple HPPs and inviting informal caregivers (eg, spouse) to participate in telehealth visits. Health care workers discussed key challenges, such as workflow integration, lack of physical exam and biometric data, and overcoming the digital divide (eg, telehealth accessibility among patients with communication-related disabilities). Participants recommended policy advocacy to support telehealth (eg, medical licensure policies) and monitoring how telehealth affects patient outcomes and health care delivery.

Conclusions

To support telehealth growth, implementation strategies are needed to ensure that HPPs and patients have the tools necessary to effectively engage in telehealth. At the same time, cancer care organizations will need to engage in advocacy to ensure that policies are supportive of oncology telehealth and develop systems to monitor the impact of telehealth on patient outcomes, health care quality, costs, and equity.

Knowledge Retention of the NIH Stroke Scale among Stroke Unit Health Care Workers Using Video vs. E-Learning: Protocol for a Web-Based, Randomized Controlled Trial

The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is commonly used to triage and monitor the evolution of stroke victims. Data regarding NIHSS knowledge in nurses and physicians working with stroke patients are scarce, and a progressive decline in specific knowledge regarding this challenging scale is to be expected even among NIHSS certified personnel. This protocol was designed according to the CONSORT-eHealth (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guidelines. It describes the design of a randomized controlled trial whose primary objective is to determine if nurses and physicians who work in stroke units improve their NIHSS knowledge more significantly after following a highly interactive e-learning module than after following the traditional didactic video. Univariate and multivariable linear regression will be used to analyze the primary outcome, which will be the difference between the score on a 50-question quiz answered before and immediately after following the allocated learning material. Secondary outcomes will include knowledge retention at one month, assessed using the same 50-question quiz, user satisfaction, user course duration perception, and probability of recommending the allocated learning method. The study is scheduled to begin during the first semester of 2022.

The Development of Electronic Health and Artificial Intelligence in Surgery after the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic-A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

SARS-CoV-2 has significantly transformed the healthcare environment, and it has triggered the development of electronic health and artificial intelligence mechanisms, for instance. In this overview, we concentrated on enhancing the two concepts in surgery after the pandemic, and we examined the factors on a global scale.

OBJECTIVE

The primary goal of this scoping review is to elaborate on how surgeons have used eHealth and AI before; during; and after the current global pandemic. More specifically, this review focuses on the empowerment of the concepts of electronic health and artificial intelligence after the pandemic; which mainly depend on the efforts of countries to advance the notions of surgery.

DESIGN

The use of an online search engine was the most applied method. The publication years of all the studies included in the study ranged from 2013 to 2021. Out of the reviewed studies; forty-four qualified for inclusion in the review.

DISCUSSION

We evaluated the prevalence of the concepts in different continents such as the United States; Europe; Asia; the Middle East; and Africa. Our research reveals that the success of eHealth and artificial intelligence adoption primarily depends on the efforts of countries to advance the notions in surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

The study's primary limitation is insufficient information on eHealth and artificial intelligence concepts; particularly in developing nations. Future research should focus on establishing methods of handling eHealth and AI challenges around confidentiality and data security.

Determinants of physicians' online medical services uptake: a cross-sectional study applying social ecosystem theory

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the determinants of willingness and practice of physicians' online medical services (OMS) uptake based on social ecosystem theory, so as to formulate OMS development strategies.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional survey.

SETTING

Research was conducted in two comprehensive hospitals and two community hospitals in Jiangsu, China, and the data were gathered from 1 June to 31 June 2020.

PARTICIPANTS

With multistage sampling, 707 physicians were enrolled in this study.

OUTCOME MEASURE

Descriptive statistics were reported for the basic characteristics. χ² test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's correlation analysis were used to perform univariate analysis. Linear regression and logistic regression were employed to examine the determinants of physicians' OMS uptake willingness and actual uptake, respectively.

RESULTS

The mean score of the physicians' OMS uptake willingness was 17.33 (range 5-25), with an SD of 4.39, and 53.3% of them reported having conducted OMS. In the micro system, factors positively associated with willingness included holding administrative positions (b=1.03, p<0.05), OMS-related awareness (b=1.32, p<0.001) and OMS-related skills (b=4.88, p<0.001); the determinants of actual uptake included holding administrative positions (OR=2.89, 95% CI 1.59 to 5.28, p<0.01), OMS-related awareness (OR=1.90, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.96, p<0.01), OMS-related skills (OR=2.25, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.74, p<0.01) and working years (OR=2.44, 95% CI 1.66 to 3.59, p<0.001). In the meso system, the hospital's incentive mechanisms (b=0.78, p<0.05) were correlated with willingness; hospital advocated for OMS (OR=2.34, 95% CI 1.21 to 4.52, p<0.05), colleagues' experiences (OR=3.81, 95% CI 2.25 to 6.45, p<0.001) and patients' consultations (OR=2.93, 95% CI 2.02 to 4.25, p<0.001) were determinants of actual uptake. In the macro system, laws and policies were correlated with willingness (b=0.73, p<0.05) and actual uptake (OR=1.98, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.99, p<0.01); media orientation was also associated with willingness (b=0.74, p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Multiple determinants influence physicians' OMS application. Comprehensive OMS promotion strategies should be put forward from multidimensional perspectives including the micro, meso and macro levels.

[The suffering surgeon-How do German surgeons protect themselves? : Survey of the German Society of General and Visceral Surgery on the extent of occupational safety measures and health burden among German surgeons]

BACKGROUND

There are few data on how surgeons implement occupational safety measures to protect their own health and how they assess their subjective health burden.

OBJECTIVE

In times of a shortage of surgeons it makes sense to examine these relationships in order to evaluate future-oriented adjustments to increase the attractiveness of the profession of "surgeon".

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An online questionnaire was sent to the registered members of the German Society for General and Visceral Surgery (DGAV) in October 2016. The members were asked about the application of occupational safety measures, individual living conditions, working conditions and the subjective health burden depending on the level of training and type of hospital (basic, standard, maximum care).

RESULTS

The response rate was 21% (1065/5011). Occupational safety measures were not strictly implemented: routine use of dosimeters, thyroid radiation protection, smoke extraction and protective goggles only took place in 40% (427/1065), 39% (411/1065), 10% (104/1065) and 5% (55/1065), respectively. The majority of surgeons (51%, 548/1065) rated their lifestyle as unhealthy. The majority of them are senior physicians, 46% (250/548) consider their job to be a health hazard. The proportion of chief physicians and assistant physicians is only 21% (115/548) and 18% (98/548).

CONCLUSION

Guidelines for standardizing the perioperative protection of German surgeons are desirable. Health-promoting behavior could have a positive effect on the occupational safety of surgeons and ultimately also on patient safety. This can contribute to increasing the attractiveness of the profession "surgeon" in the long term.