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Rummo PE, Kanchi R, Adhikari S, Titus AR, Lee DC, McAlexander T, Thorpe LE, Elbel B. Influence of the food environment on obesity risk in a large cohort of US veterans by community type. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:788-797. [PMID: 38298108 PMCID: PMC10965379 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine relationships between the food environment and obesity by community type. METHODS Using electronic health record data from the US Veterans Administration Diabetes Risk (VADR) cohort, we examined associations between the percentage of supermarkets and fast-food restaurants with obesity prevalence from 2008 to 2018. We constructed multivariable logistic regression models with random effects and interaction terms for year and food environment variables. We stratified models by community type. RESULTS Mean age at baseline was 59.8 (SD = 16.1) years; 93.3% identified as men; and 2,102,542 (41.8%) were classified as having obesity. The association between the percentage of fast-food restaurants and obesity was positive in high-density urban areas (odds ratio [OR] = 1.033; 95% CI: 1.028-1.037), with no interaction by time (p = 0.83). The interaction with year was significant in other community types (p < 0.001), with increasing odds of obesity in each follow-up year. The associations between the percentage of supermarkets and obesity were null in high-density and low-density urban areas and positive in suburban (OR = 1.033; 95% CI: 1.027-1.039) and rural (OR = 1.007; 95% CI: 1.002-1.012) areas, with no interactions by time. CONCLUSIONS Many healthy eating policies have been passed in urban areas; our results suggest such policies might also mitigate obesity risk in nonurban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale E. Rummo
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rania Kanchi
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samrachana Adhikari
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrea R. Titus
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - David C. Lee
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tara McAlexander
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lorna E. Thorpe
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brian Elbel
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York, NY, United States
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Malla G, Long DL, Cherrington A, Goyal P, Guo B, Safford MM, Khodneva Y, Cummings DM, McAlexander TP, DeSilva S, Judd SE, Hidalgo B, Levitan EB, Carson AP. Neighborhood Disadvantage and Risk of Heart Failure: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2024; 17:e009867. [PMID: 38328917 PMCID: PMC10950536 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.123.009867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) affects >6 million US adults, with recent increases in HF hospitalizations. We aimed to investigate the association between neighborhood disadvantage and incident HF events and potential differences by diabetes status. METHODS We included 23 645 participants from the REGARDS study (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke), a prospective cohort of Black and White adults aged ≥45 years living in the continental United States (baseline 2005-2007). Neighborhood disadvantage was assessed using a Z score of 6 census tract variables (2000 US Census) and categorized as quartiles. Incident HF hospitalizations or HF-related deaths through 2017 were adjudicated. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression was used to examine the association between neighborhood disadvantage and incident HF. Heterogeneity by diabetes was assessed using an interaction term. RESULTS The mean age was 64.4 years, 39.5% were Black adults, 54.9% females, and 18.8% had diabetes. During a median follow-up of 10.7 years, there were 1125 incident HF events with an incidence rate of 3.3 (quartile 1), 4.7 (quartile 2), 5.2 (quartile 3), and 6.0 (quartile 4) per 1000 person-years. Compared to adults living in the most advantaged neighborhoods (quartile 1), those living in neighborhoods in quartiles 2, 3, and 4 (most disadvantaged) had 1.30 (95% CI, 1.06-1.60), 1.36 (95% CI, 1.11-1.66), and 1.45 (95% CI, 1.18-1.79) times greater hazard of incident HF even after accounting for known confounders. This association did not significantly differ by diabetes status (interaction P=0.59). For adults with diabetes, the adjusted incident HF hazards comparing those in quartile 4 versus quartile 1 was 1.34 (95% CI, 0.92-1.96), and it was 1.50 (95% CI, 1.16-1.94) for adults without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In this large contemporaneous prospective cohort, neighborhood disadvantage was associated with an increased risk of incident HF events. This increase in HF risk did not differ by diabetes status. Addressing social, economic, and structural factors at the neighborhood level may impact HF prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargya Malla
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - D. Leann Long
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrea Cherrington
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Parag Goyal
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Boyi Guo
- Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Monika M. Safford
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yulia Khodneva
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Doyle M. Cummings
- Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tara P. McAlexander
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shanika DeSilva
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Judd
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Bertha Hidalgo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Emily B. Levitan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - April P. Carson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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McAlexander TP, Ryan V, Uddin J, Kanchi R, Thorpe L, Schwartz BS, Carson A, Rolka DB, Adhikari S, Pollak J, Lopez P, Smith M, Meeker M, McClure LA. Associations between PM 2.5 and O 3 exposures and new onset type 2 diabetes in regional and national samples in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117248. [PMID: 37827369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) has been linked to numerous harmful health outcomes. While epidemiologic evidence has suggested a positive association with type 2 diabetes (T2D), there is heterogeneity in findings. We evaluated exposures to PM2.5 and O3 across three large samples in the US using a harmonized approach for exposure assignment and covariate adjustment. METHODS Data were obtained from the Veterans Administration Diabetes Risk (VADR) cohort (electronic health records [EHRs]), the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Disparities in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort (primary data collection), and the Geisinger health system (EHRs), and reflect the years 2003-2016 (REGARDS) and 2008-2016 (VADR and Geisinger). New onset T2D was ascertained using EHR information on medication orders, laboratory results, and T2D diagnoses (VADR and Geisinger) or report of T2D medication or diagnosis and/or elevated blood glucose levels (REGARDS). Exposure was assigned using pollutant annual averages from the Downscaler model. Models stratified by community type (higher density urban, lower density urban, suburban/small town, or rural census tracts) evaluated likelihood of new onset T2D in each study sample in single- and two-pollutant models of PM2.5 and O3. RESULTS In two pollutant models, associations of PM2.5, and new onset T2D were null in the REGARDS cohort except for in suburban/small town community types in models that also adjusted for NSEE, with an odds ratio (95% CI) of 1.51 (1.01, 2.25) per 5 μg/m3 of PM2.5. Results in the Geisinger sample were null. VADR sample results evidenced nonlinear associations for both pollutants; the shape of the association was dependent on community type. CONCLUSIONS Associations between PM2.5, O3 and new onset T2D differed across three large study samples in the US. None of the results from any of the three study populations found strong and clear positive associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara P McAlexander
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Victoria Ryan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rania Kanchi
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorna Thorpe
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian S Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - April Carson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA
| | - Deborah B Rolka
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samrachana Adhikari
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Pollak
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Priscilla Lopez
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melissa Meeker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leslie A McClure
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Uddin J, Zhu S, Adhikari S, Nordberg CM, Howell CR, Malla G, Judd SE, Cherrington AL, Rummo PE, Lopez P, Kanchi R, Siegel K, De Silva SA, Algur Y, Lovasi GS, Lee NL, Carson AP, Hirsch AG, Thorpe LE, Long DL. Age and sex differences in the association between neighborhood socioeconomic environment and incident diabetes: Results from the diabetes location, environmental attributes and disparities (LEAD) network. SSM Popul Health 2023; 24:101541. [PMID: 38021462 PMCID: PMC10665656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Worse neighborhood socioeconomic environment (NSEE) may contribute to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We examined whether the relationship between NSEE and T2D differs by sex and age in three study populations. Research design and methods We conducted a harmonized analysis using data from three independent longitudinal study samples in the US: 1) the Veteran Administration Diabetes Risk (VADR) cohort, 2) the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort, and 3) a case-control study of Geisinger electronic health records in Pennsylvania. We measured NSEE with a z-score sum of six census tract indicators within strata of community type (higher density urban, lower density urban, suburban/small town, and rural). Community type-stratified models evaluated the likelihood of new diagnoses of T2D in each study sample using restricted cubic splines and quartiles of NSEE. Results Across study samples, worse NSEE was associated with higher risk of T2D. We observed significant effect modification by sex and age, though evidence of effect modification varied by site and community type. Largely, stronger associations between worse NSEE and diabetes risk were found among women relative to men and among those less than age 45 in the VADR cohort. Similar modification by age group results were observed in the Geisinger sample in small town/suburban communities only and similar modification by sex was observed in REGARDS in lower density urban communities. Conclusions The impact of NSEE on T2D risk may differ for males and females and by age group within different community types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Uddin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, Canada
| | - Sha Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Samrachana Adhikari
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cara M. Nordberg
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Carrie R. Howell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gargya Malla
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Judd
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrea L. Cherrington
- Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pasquale E. Rummo
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priscilla Lopez
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rania Kanchi
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Siegel
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shanika A. De Silva
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yasemin Algur
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gina S. Lovasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nora L. Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - April P. Carson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Lorna E. Thorpe
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - D. Leann Long
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Lee DC, Orstad SL, Kanchi R, Adhikari S, Rummo PE, Titus AR, Aleman JO, Elbel B, Thorpe LE, Schwartz MD. Demographic, social and geographic factors associated with glycaemic control among US Veterans with new onset type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e075599. [PMID: 37832984 PMCID: PMC10582880 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated whether a range of demographic, social and geographic factors had an influence on glycaemic control longitudinally after an initial diagnosis of diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS We used the US Veterans Administration Diabetes Risk national cohort to track glycaemic control among patients 20-79-year old with a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. PRIMARY OUTCOME AND METHODS We modelled associations between glycaemic control at follow-up clinical assessments and geographic factors including neighbourhood race/ethnicity, socioeconomic, land use and food environment measures. We also adjusted for individual demographics, comorbidities, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at diagnosis and duration of follow-up. These factors were analysed within strata of community type: high-density urban, low-density urban, suburban/small town and rural areas. RESULTS We analysed 246 079 Veterans who developed a new type 2 diabetes diagnosis in 2008-2018 and had at least 2 years of follow-up data available. Across all community types, we found that lower baseline HbA1c and female sex were strongly associated with a higher likelihood of within-range HbA1c at follow-up. Surprisingly, patients who were older or had more documented comorbidities were more likely to have within-range follow-up HbA1c results. While there was variation by community type, none of the geographic measures analysed consistently demonstrated significant associations with glycaemic control across all community types.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Lee
- Emergency Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
- Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie L Orstad
- Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
- Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Rania Kanchi
- Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Samrachana Adhikari
- Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Pasquale E Rummo
- Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Andrea R Titus
- Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jose O Aleman
- Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
- Veterans Affairs, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Brian Elbel
- Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
- Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, NYU, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Lorna E Thorpe
- Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Mark D Schwartz
- Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
- Veterans Affairs, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York City, New York, USA
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Algur Y, Rummo PE, McAlexander TP, De Silva SSA, Lovasi GS, Judd SE, Ryan V, Malla G, Koyama AK, Lee DC, Thorpe LE, McClure LA. Assessing the association between food environment and dietary inflammation by community type: a cross-sectional REGARDS study. Int J Health Geogr 2023; 22:24. [PMID: 37730612 PMCID: PMC10510199 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-023-00345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Communities in the United States (US) exist on a continuum of urbanicity, which may inform how individuals interact with their food environment, and thus modify the relationship between food access and dietary behaviors. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study aims to examine the modifying effect of community type in the association between the relative availability of food outlets and dietary inflammation across the US. METHODS Using baseline data from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study (2003-2007), we calculated participants' dietary inflammation score (DIS). Higher DIS indicates greater pro-inflammatory exposure. We defined our exposures as the relative availability of supermarkets and fast-food restaurants (percentage of food outlet type out of all food stores or restaurants, respectively) using street-network buffers around the population-weighted centroid of each participant's census tract. We used 1-, 2-, 6-, and 10-mile (~ 2-, 3-, 10-, and 16 km) buffer sizes for higher density urban, lower density urban, suburban/small town, and rural community types, respectively. Using generalized estimating equations, we estimated the association between relative food outlet availability and DIS, controlling for individual and neighborhood socio-demographics and total food outlets. The percentage of supermarkets and fast-food restaurants were modeled together. RESULTS Participants (n = 20,322) were distributed across all community types: higher density urban (16.7%), lower density urban (39.8%), suburban/small town (19.3%), and rural (24.2%). Across all community types, mean DIS was - 0.004 (SD = 2.5; min = - 14.2, max = 9.9). DIS was associated with relative availability of fast-food restaurants, but not supermarkets. Association between fast-food restaurants and DIS varied by community type (P for interaction = 0.02). Increases in the relative availability of fast-food restaurants were associated with higher DIS in suburban/small towns and lower density urban areas (p-values < 0.01); no significant associations were present in higher density urban or rural areas. CONCLUSIONS The relative availability of fast-food restaurants was associated with higher DIS among participants residing in suburban/small town and lower density urban community types, suggesting that these communities might benefit most from interventions and policies that either promote restaurant diversity or expand healthier food options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Algur
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Pasquale E Rummo
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tara P McAlexander
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - S Shanika A De Silva
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gina S Lovasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Suzanne E Judd
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Victoria Ryan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gargya Malla
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alain K Koyama
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David C Lee
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorna E Thorpe
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leslie A McClure
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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7
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Moon KA, Nordberg CM, Orstad SL, Zhu A, Uddin J, Lopez P, Schwartz MD, Ryan V, Hirsch AG, Schwartz BS, Carson AP, Long DL, Meeker M, Brown J, Lovasi GS, Adhikari S, Kanchi R, Avramovic S, Imperatore G, Poulsen MN. Mediation of an association between neighborhood socioeconomic environment and type 2 diabetes through the leisure-time physical activity environment in an analysis of three independent samples. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2023; 11:11/2/e003120. [PMID: 36858436 PMCID: PMC9980357 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inequitable access to leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) resources may explain geographic disparities in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We evaluated whether the neighborhood socioeconomic environment (NSEE) affects T2D through the LTPA environment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted analyses in three study samples: the national Veterans Administration Diabetes Risk (VADR) cohort comprising electronic health records (EHR) of 4.1 million T2D-free veterans, the national prospective cohort REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) (11 208 T2D free), and a case-control study of Geisinger EHR in Pennsylvania (15 888 T2D cases). New-onset T2D was defined using diagnoses, laboratory and medication data. We harmonized neighborhood-level variables, including exposure, confounders, and effect modifiers. We measured NSEE with a summary index of six census tract indicators. The LTPA environment was measured by physical activity (PA) facility (gyms and other commercial facilities) density within street network buffers and population-weighted distance to parks. We estimated natural direct and indirect effects for each mediator stratified by community type. RESULTS The magnitudes of the indirect effects were generally small, and the direction of the indirect effects differed by community type and study sample. The most consistent findings were for mediation via PA facility density in rural communities, where we observed positive indirect effects (differences in T2D incidence rates (95% CI) comparing the highest versus lowest quartiles of NSEE, multiplied by 100) of 1.53 (0.25, 3.05) in REGARDS and 0.0066 (0.0038, 0.0099) in VADR. No mediation was evident in Geisinger. CONCLUSIONS PA facility density and distance to parks did not substantially mediate the relation between NSEE and T2D. Our heterogeneous results suggest that approaches to reduce T2D through changes to the LTPA environment require local tailoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Moon
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cara M Nordberg
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephanie L Orstad
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Innovation, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aowen Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Priscilla Lopez
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark D Schwartz
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The Department of Veterans Affairs, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Ryan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Annemarie G Hirsch
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian S Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - April P Carson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - D Leann Long
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Melissa Meeker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janene Brown
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gina S Lovasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samranchana Adhikari
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Innovation, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rania Kanchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Innovation, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanja Avramovic
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Giuseppina Imperatore
- Surveillance, Epidemiology, Economics, and Statistics Branch, Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa N Poulsen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Adhikari S, Titus AR, Baum A, Lopez P, Kanchi R, Orstad SL, Elbel B, Lee DC, Thorpe LE, Schwartz MD. Disparities in routine healthcare utilization disruptions during COVID-19 pandemic among veterans with type 2 diabetes. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:41. [PMID: 36647113 PMCID: PMC9842402 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While emerging studies suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic caused disruptions in routine healthcare utilization, the full impact of the pandemic on healthcare utilization among diverse group of patients with type 2 diabetes is unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine trends in healthcare utilization, including in-person and telehealth visits, among U.S. veterans with type 2 diabetes before, during and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, by demographics, pre-pandemic glycemic control, and geographic region. METHODS We longitudinally examined healthcare utilization in a large national cohort of veterans with new diabetes diagnoses between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2018. The analytic sample was 733,006 veterans with recently-diagnosed diabetes, at least 1 encounter with veterans administration between March 2018-2020, and followed through March 2021. Monthly rates of glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements, in-person and telehealth outpatient visits, and prescription fills for diabetes and hypertension medications were compared before and after March 2020 using interrupted time-series design. Log-linear regression model was used for statistical analysis. Secular trends were modeled with penalized cubic splines. RESULTS In the initial 3 months after the pandemic onset, we observed large reductions in monthly rates of HbA1c measurements, from 130 (95%CI,110-140) to 50 (95%CI,30-80) per 1000 veterans, and in-person outpatient visits, from 1830 (95%CI,1640-2040) to 810 (95%CI,710-930) per 1000 veterans. However, monthly rates of telehealth visits doubled between March 2020-2021 from 330 (95%CI,310-350) to 770 (95%CI,720-820) per 1000 veterans. This pattern of increases in telehealth utilization varied by community type, with lowest increase in rural areas, and by race/ethnicity, with highest increase among non-hispanic Black veterans. Combined in-person and telehealth outpatient visits rebounded to pre-pandemic levels after 3 months. Despite notable changes in HbA1c measurements and visits during that initial window, we observed no changes in prescription fills rates. CONCLUSIONS Healthcare utilization among veterans with diabetes was substantially disrupted at the onset of the pandemic, but rebounded after 3 months. There was disparity in uptake of telehealth visits by geography and race/ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrachana Adhikari
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 4th Floor, #4-54, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Andrea R. Titus
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 4th Floor, #4-54, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Aaron Baum
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Priscilla Lopez
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 4th Floor, #4-54, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Rania Kanchi
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 4th Floor, #4-54, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Stephanie L. Orstad
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Brian Elbel
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 4th Floor, #4-54, New York, NY 10016 USA ,grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - David C. Lee
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 4th Floor, #4-54, New York, NY 10016 USA ,grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Lorna E. Thorpe
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 4th Floor, #4-54, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Mark D. Schwartz
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 4th Floor, #4-54, New York, NY 10016 USA ,grid.413926.b0000 0004 0420 1627VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY USA
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9
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Meeker MA, Schwartz BS, Bandeen‐Roche K, Hirsch AG, De Silva SSA, McAlexander TP, Black NC, McClure LA. Assessing Measurement Invariance of a Land Use Environment Construct Across Levels of Urbanicity. GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2022GH000667. [PMID: 36262526 PMCID: PMC9576186 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the land use environment (LUE) impacts the continuum of walkability to car dependency, which has been shown to have effects on health outcomes. Existing objective measures of the LUE do not consider whether the measurement of the construct varies across different types of communities along the rural/urban spectrum. To help meet the goals of the Diabetes Location, Environmental Attributes, and Disparities (LEAD) Network, we developed a national, census tract-level LUE measure which evaluates the road network and land development. We tested for measurement invariance by LEAD community type (higher density urban, lower density urban, suburban/small town, and rural) using multiple group confirmatory factor analysis. We determined that metric invariance does not exist; thus, measurement of the LUE does vary across community type with average block length, average block size, and percent developed land driving most shared variability in rural tracts and with intersection density, street connectivity, household density, and commercial establishment density driving most shared variability in higher density urban tracts. As a result, epidemiologic studies need to consider community type when assessing the LUE to minimize place-based confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Meeker
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsDrexel University Dornsife School of Public HealthPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Brian S. Schwartz
- Department of Population Health SciencesGeisingerDanvillePAUSA
- Department of Environmental Health and EngineeringJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Karen Bandeen‐Roche
- Department of BiostatisticsJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | | | - S. Shanika A. De Silva
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsDrexel University Dornsife School of Public HealthPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Tara P. McAlexander
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsDrexel University Dornsife School of Public HealthPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | | | - Leslie A. McClure
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsDrexel University Dornsife School of Public HealthPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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10
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Singh G, DeWalle J, Tanriover B, Singh N, Chang AR, Anand PM. Effect of age and rural residency on perceptions about SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and vaccination in kidney transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13943. [PMID: 36169231 PMCID: PMC9539214 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplant patients have poor outcomes in coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pandemic's effects on rural patients' overall care experience, attitudes to telemedicine, and vaccination are poorly understood. METHODS We administered a cross-sectional survey to adult kidney transplant recipients in central Pennsylvania across four clinical sites between March 29, 2021 and June 2, 2021. We assessed the pandemic's impact on care access, telemedicine experience, attitudes toward preventive measures, vaccination, and variation by sociodemographic variables. RESULTS Survey completion rate was 51% (303/594). Of these, 52.8% were rural residents. The most common impact was use of telemedicine (79.2%). Predominant barriers to telemedicine were lack of video devices (10.9%), perceived complexity (5.6%), and technical issues (5.3%). On a 0-10 Likert scale, the mean positive impression for telemedicine was 7.7; lower for patients with telephone-only versus video visits (7.0 vs. 8.2; p < .001), and age ≥60 years (7.4 vs. 8.1; p = .01) on univariate analyses. Time/travel savings were commonly identified (115/241, 47.7%) best parts of telemedicine and lack of personal connection (70/166, 42.2%) the worst. Only 68.9% had received any dose of COVID vaccination. The vaccinated group members were older (58.4 vs. 53.5 years; p = .007), and less likely rural (47.8% vs. 65.2%; p = .005). Common themes associated with vaccine hesitancy included concerns about safety (27/59, 46%), perceived lack of data (19/59, 32%), and distrust (17/59, 29%). At least one misconception about the vaccines or COVID-19 was quoted by 29% of vaccine-hesitant patients. CONCLUSIONS Among respondents, the pandemic significantly impacted healthcare experience, especially in older patients in underserved communities. COVID-19 vaccination rate was relatively low, driven by misconceptions and lack of trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurmukteshwar Singh
- Department of NephrologyGeisinger HealthDanvillePennsylvaniaUSA,Kidney Health Research InstituteGeisinger HealthDanvillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Joseph DeWalle
- Department of Population Health SciencesGeisinger HealthDanvillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Bekir Tanriover
- Division of NephrologyUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTusconArizonaUSA
| | - Neeraj Singh
- John C. McDonald Regional Transplant CenterLouisiana State UniversityShreveportLouisianaUSA
| | - Alex R. Chang
- Department of NephrologyGeisinger HealthDanvillePennsylvaniaUSA,Kidney Health Research InstituteGeisinger HealthDanvillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Prince M. Anand
- Division of NephrologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
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11
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India-Aldana S, Kanchi R, Adhikari S, Lopez P, Schwartz MD, Elbel BD, Rummo PE, Meeker MA, Lovasi GS, Siegel KR, Chen Y, Thorpe LE. Impact of land use and food environment on risk of type 2 diabetes: A national study of veterans, 2008-2018. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113146. [PMID: 35337829 PMCID: PMC10424702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large-scale longitudinal studies evaluating influences of the built environment on risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) are scarce, and findings have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether land use environment (LUE), a proxy of neighborhood walkability, is associated with T2D risk across different US community types, and to assess whether the association is modified by food environment. METHODS The Veteran's Administration Diabetes Risk (VADR) study is a retrospective cohort of diabetes-free US veteran patients enrolled in VA primary care facilities nationwide from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2016, and followed longitudinally through December 31, 2018. A total of 4,096,629 patients had baseline addresses available in electronic health records that were geocoded and assigned a census tract-level LUE score. LUE scores were divided into quartiles, where a higher score indicated higher neighborhood walkability levels. New diagnoses for T2D were identified using a published computable phenotype. Adjusted time-to-event analyses using piecewise exponential models were fit within four strata of community types (higher-density urban, lower-density urban, suburban/small town, and rural). We also evaluated effect modification by tract-level food environment measures within each stratum. RESULTS In adjusted analyses, higher LUE had a protective effect on T2D risk in rural and suburban/small town communities (linear quartile trend test p-value <0.001). However, in lower density urban communities, higher LUE increased T2D risk (linear quartile trend test p-value <0.001) and no association was found in higher density urban communities (linear quartile trend test p-value = 0.317). Particularly strong protective effects were observed for veterans living in suburban/small towns with more supermarkets and more walkable spaces (p-interaction = 0.001). CONCLUSION Among veterans, LUE may influence T2D risk, particularly in rural and suburban communities. Food environment may modify the association between LUE and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra India-Aldana
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 5th Fl., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Rania Kanchi
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 5th Fl., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Samrachana Adhikari
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 5th Fl., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Priscilla Lopez
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 5th Fl., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mark D Schwartz
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 9th Fl., New York, NY, 10016, USA; VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, 423 E 23rd, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Brian D Elbel
- Division of Health and Behavior, Section on Health Choice, Policy and Evaluation, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 3rd Fl., New York, NY, 10016, USA; NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, 295 Lafayette Street, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Pasquale E Rummo
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 5th Fl., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Melissa A Meeker
- Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, 3215 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gina S Lovasi
- Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, 3215 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karen R Siegel
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 5th Fl., New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorna E Thorpe
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, 5th Fl., New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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12
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McAlexander TP, Malla G, Uddin J, Lee DC, Schwartz BS, Rolka DB, Siegel KR, Kanchi R, Pollak J, Andes L, Carson AP, Thorpe LE, McClure LA. Urban and rural differences in new onset type 2 diabetes: Comparisons across national and regional samples in the diabetes LEAD network. SSM Popul Health 2022; 19:101161. [PMID: 35990409 PMCID: PMC9385670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Geographic disparities in diabetes burden exist throughout the United States (US), with many risk factors for diabetes clustering at a community or neighborhood level. We hypothesized that the likelihood of new onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) would differ by community type in three large study samples covering the US. Research design and methods We evaluated the likelihood of new onset T2D by a census tract-level measure of community type, a modification of RUCA designations (higher density urban, lower density urban, suburban/small town, and rural) in three longitudinal US study samples (REGARDS [REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke] cohort, VADR [Veterans Affairs Diabetes Risk] cohort, Geisinger electronic health records) representing the CDC Diabetes LEAD (Location, Environmental Attributes, and Disparities) Network. Results In the REGARDS sample, residing in higher density urban community types was associated with the lowest odds of new onset T2D (OR [95% CI]: 0.80 [0.66, 0.97]) compared to rural community types; in the Geisinger sample, residing in higher density urban community types was associated with the highest odds of new onset T2D (OR [95% CI]: 1.20 [1.06, 1.35]) compared to rural community types. In the VADR sample, suburban/small town community types had the lowest hazard ratios of new onset T2D (HR [95% CI]: 0.99 [0.98, 1.00]). However, in a regional stratified analysis of the VADR sample, the likelihood of new onset T2D was consistent with findings in the REGARDS and Geisinger samples, with highest likelihood of T2D in the rural South and in the higher density urban communities of the Northeast and West regions; likelihood of T2D did not differ by community type in the Midwest. Conclusions The likelihood of new onset T2D by community type varied by region of the US. In the South, the likelihood of new onset T2D was higher among those residing in rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara P. McAlexander
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gargya Malla
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David C. Lee
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian S. Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah B. Rolka
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen R. Siegel
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rania Kanchi
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Pollak
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linda Andes
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - April P. Carson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA
| | - Lorna E. Thorpe
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leslie A. McClure
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Comparing Global and Spatial Composite Measures of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Across US Counties. J Urban Health 2022; 99:457-468. [PMID: 35484371 PMCID: PMC9187828 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-022-00632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Area-level neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) is often measured without consideration of spatial autocorrelation and variation. In this paper, we compared a non-spatial NSES measure to a spatial NSES measure for counties in the USA using principal component analysis and geographically weighted principal component analysis (GWPCA), respectively. We assessed spatial variation in the loadings using a Monte Carlo randomization test. The results indicated that there was statistically significant variation (p = 0.004) in the loadings of the spatial index. The variability of the census variables explained by the spatial index ranged from 60 to 90%. We found that the first geographically weighted principal component explained the most variability in the census variables in counties in the Northeast and the West, and the least variability in counties in the Midwest. We also tested the two measures by assessing the associations with county-level diabetes prevalence using data from the CDC's US Diabetes Surveillance System. While associations of the two NSES measures with diabetes did not differ for this application, the descriptive results suggest that it might be important to consider a spatial index over a global index when constructing national county measures of NSES. The spatial approach may be useful in identifying what factors drive the socioeconomic status of a county and how they vary across counties. Furthermore, we offer suggestions on how a GWPCA-based NSES index may be replicated for smaller geographic scopes.
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14
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Thorpe LE, Adhikari S, Lopez P, Kanchi R, McClure LA, Hirsch AG, Howell CR, Zhu A, Alemi F, Rummo P, Ogburn EL, Algur Y, Nordberg CM, Poulsen MN, Long L, Carson AP, DeSilva SA, Meeker M, Schwartz BS, Lee DC, Siegel KR, Imperatore G, Elbel B. Neighborhood Socioeconomic Environment and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Associations and Mediation Through Food Environment Pathways in Three Independent Study Samples. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:798-810. [PMID: 35104336 PMCID: PMC9016733 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether relative availability of fast-food restaurants and supermarkets mediates the association between worse neighborhood socioeconomic conditions and risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS As part of the Diabetes Location, Environmental Attributes, and Disparities Network, three academic institutions used harmonized environmental data sources and analytic methods in three distinct study samples: 1) the Veterans Administration Diabetes Risk (VADR) cohort, a national administrative cohort of 4.1 million diabetes-free veterans developed using electronic health records (EHRs); 2) Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS), a longitudinal, epidemiologic cohort with Stroke Belt region oversampling (N = 11,208); and 3) Geisinger/Johns Hopkins University (G/JHU), an EHR-based, nested case-control study of 15,888 patients with new-onset T2D and of matched control participants in Pennsylvania. A census tract-level measure of neighborhood socioeconomic environment (NSEE) was developed as a community type-specific z-score sum. Baseline food-environment mediators included percentages of 1) fast-food restaurants and 2) food retail establishments that are supermarkets. Natural direct and indirect mediating effects were modeled; results were stratified across four community types: higher-density urban, lower-density urban, suburban/small town, and rural. RESULTS Across studies, worse NSEE was associated with higher T2D risk. In VADR, relative availability of fast-food restaurants and supermarkets was positively and negatively associated with T2D, respectively, whereas associations in REGARDS and G/JHU geographies were mixed. Mediation results suggested that little to none of the NSEE-diabetes associations were mediated through food-environment pathways. CONCLUSIONS Worse neighborhood socioeconomic conditions were associated with higher T2D risk, yet associations are likely not mediated through food-environment pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna E. Thorpe
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Samrachana Adhikari
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Priscilla Lopez
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Rania Kanchi
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Leslie A. McClure
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Carrie R. Howell
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| | - Aowen Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL
| | - Farrokh Alemi
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Pasquale Rummo
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth L. Ogburn
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yasemin Algur
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cara M. Nordberg
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA
| | | | - Leann Long
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL
| | - April P. Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL
| | - Shanika A. DeSilva
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Melissa Meeker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian S. Schwartz
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - David C. Lee
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Karen R. Siegel
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Giuseppina Imperatore
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brian Elbel
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- New York University Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York, NY
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15
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The association between neighborhood social and economic environment and prevalent diabetes in urban and rural communities: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. SSM Popul Health 2022; 17:101050. [PMID: 35295743 PMCID: PMC8919294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The association between neighborhood disadvantage and health is well-documented. However, whether these associations may differ across rural and urban areas is unclear. This study examines the association between a multi-item neighborhood social and economic environment (NSEE) measure and diabetes prevalence across urban and rural communities in the US. Methods This study included 27,159 Black and White participants aged ≥45 years at baseline (2003–2007) from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Each participant's residential address was geocoded. NSEE was calculated as the sum of z-scores for six US Census tract variables (% of adults with less than high school education; % of adults unemployed; % of households earning <$30,000 per year; % of households in poverty; % of households on public assistance; and % of households with no car) and within strata of community type (higher density urban, lower density urban, suburban/small town, and rural). NSEE was categorized as quartiles, with higher NSEE quartiles reflecting more disadvantage. Prevalent diabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL or random blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL or use of diabetes medication at baseline. Multivariable adjusted Poisson regression models were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between NSEE and prevalent diabetes across community types. Results The mean age was 64.8 (SD=9.4) years, 55% were women, 40.7% were non-Hispanic Black adults. The overall prevalence of diabetes was 21% at baseline and was greatest for participants living in higher density urban areas (24.5%) and lowest for those in suburban/small town areas (18.5%). Compared with participants living in the most advantaged neighborhood (NSEE quartile 1, reference group), those living in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods (NSEE quartile 4) had higher diabetes prevalence in crude models. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, the association remained statistically significant for moderate density community types (lower density urban quartile 4 PR=1.50, 95% CI=1.29, 1.75; suburban/small town quartile 4 PR=1.54, 95% CI=1.24, 1.92). These associations were also attenuated and of smaller magnitude for those living in higher density urban and rural communities. Conclusion Participants living in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods had a higher diabetes prevalence in each urban/rural community type and these associations were only partly explained by individual-level sociodemographic factors. In addition to addressing individual-level factors, identifying neighborhood characteristics and how they operate across urban and rural settings may be helpful for informing interventions that target chronic health conditions. Neighborhood disadvantage significantly affects chronic disease conditions. Those living in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods had higher diabetes prevalence. The association remained statistically significant for lower density urban and suburban/small town communities. Identifying neighborhood characteristics across urban and rural settings may be helpful for informing public health programs.
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Kanchi R, Lopez P, Rummo PE, Lee DC, Adhikari S, Schwartz MD, Avramovic S, Siegel KR, Rolka DB, Imperatore G, Elbel B, Thorpe LE. Longitudinal Analysis of Neighborhood Food Environment and Diabetes Risk in the Veterans Administration Diabetes Risk Cohort. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2130789. [PMID: 34714343 PMCID: PMC8556617 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Diabetes causes substantial morbidity and mortality among adults in the US, yet its incidence varies across the country, suggesting that neighborhood factors are associated with geographical disparities in diabetes. Objective To examine the association between neighborhood food environment and risk of incident type 2 diabetes across different community types (high-density urban, low-density urban, suburban, and rural). Design, Setting, and Participants This is a national cohort study of 4 100 650 US veterans without type 2 diabetes. Participants entered the cohort between 2008 and 2016 and were followed up through 2018. The median (IQR) duration of follow-up was 5.5 (2.6-9.8) person-years. Data were obtained from Veterans Affairs electronic health records. Incident type 2 diabetes was defined as 2 encounters with type 2 diabetes International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision or Tenth Revision codes, a prescription for diabetes medication other than metformin or acarbose alone, or 1 encounter with type 2 diabetes International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision or Tenth Revision codes and 2 instances of elevated hemoglobin A1c (≥6.5%). Data analysis was performed from October 2020 to March 2021. Exposures Five-year mean counts of fast-food restaurants and supermarkets relative to other food outlets at baseline were used to generate neighborhood food environment measures. The association between food environment and time to incident diabetes was examined using piecewise exponential models with 2-year interval of person-time and county-level random effects stratifying by community types. Results The mean (SD) age of cohort participants was 59.4 (17.2) years. Most of the participants were non-Hispanic White (2 783 756 participants [76.3%]) and male (3 779 555 participants [92.2%]). The relative density of fast-food restaurants was positively associated with a modestly increased risk of type 2 diabetes in all community types. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) was 1.01 (95% CI, 1.00-1.02) in high-density urban communities, 1.01 (95% CI, 1.01-1.01) in low-density urban communities, 1.02 (95% CI, 1.01-1.03) in suburban communities, and 1.01 (95% CI, 1.01-1.02) in rural communities. The relative density of supermarkets was associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk only in suburban (aHR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99) and rural (aHR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-0.99) communities. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that neighborhood food environment measures are associated with type 2 diabetes among US veterans in multiple community types and that food environments are potential avenues for action to address the burden of diabetes. Tailored interventions targeting the availability of supermarkets may be associated with reduced diabetes risk, particularly in suburban and rural communities, whereas restrictions on fast-food restaurants may help in all community types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Kanchi
- Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Priscilla Lopez
- Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Pasquale E. Rummo
- Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - David C. Lee
- Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | | | - Mark D. Schwartz
- Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York
| | - Sanja Avramovic
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Karen R. Siegel
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Deborah B. Rolka
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Giuseppina Imperatore
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brian Elbel
- Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
- NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York, New York
| | - Lorna E. Thorpe
- Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
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Rummo PE, Algur Y, McAlexander T, Judd SE, Lopez PM, Adhikari S, Brown J, Meeker M, McClure LA, Elbel B. Comparing competing geospatial measures to capture the relationship between the neighborhood food environment and diet. Ann Epidemiol 2021; 61:1-7. [PMID: 34051343 PMCID: PMC8592302 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine how the choice of neighborhood food environment definition impacts the association with diet. METHODS Using food frequency questionnaire data from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study at baseline (2003-2007), we calculated participants' dietary inflammation score (DIS) (n = 20,331); higher scores indicate greater pro-inflammatory exposure. We characterized availability of supermarkets and fast food restaurants using several geospatial measures, including density (i.e., counts/km2) and relative measures (i.e., percentage of all food stores or restaurants); and various buffer distances, including administrative units (census tract) and empirically derived buffers ("classic" network, "sausage" network) tailored to community type (higher density urban, lower density urban, suburban/small town, rural). Using generalized estimating equations, we estimated the association between each geospatial measure and DIS, controlling for individual- and neighborhood-level sociodemographics. RESULTS The choice of buffer-based measure did not change the direction or magnitude of associations with DIS. Effect estimates derived from administrative units were smaller than those derived from tailored empirically derived buffer measures. Substantively, a 10% increase in the percentage of fast food restaurants using a "classic" network buffer was associated with a 6.3 (SE = 1.17) point higher DIS (P< .001). The relationship between the percentage of supermarkets and DIS, however, was null. We observed high correlation coefficients between buffer-based density measures of supermarkets and fast food restaurants (r = 0.73-0.83), which made it difficult to estimate independent associations by food outlet type. CONCLUSIONS Researchers should tailor buffer-based measures to community type in future studies, and carefully consider the theoretical and statistical implications for choosing relative (vs. absolute) measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale E Rummo
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY.
| | - Yasemin Algur
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tara McAlexander
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Priscilla M Lopez
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Samrachana Adhikari
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Janene Brown
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Melissa Meeker
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Leslie A McClure
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian Elbel
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY; Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University, New York, NY
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Hirsch AG, Nordberg CM, Chang A, Poulsen MN, Moon KA, Siegel KR, Rolka DB, Schwartz BS. Association of community socioeconomic deprivation with evidence of reduced kidney function at time of type 2 diabetes diagnosis. SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100876. [PMID: 34377762 PMCID: PMC8327153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there are known individual-level risk factors for kidney disease at time of type 2 diabetes diagnosis, little is known regarding the role of community context. We evaluated the association of community socioeconomic deprivation (CSD) and community type with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) when type 2 diabetes is diagnosed. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of 13,144 adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Pennsylvania. The outcome was the closest eGFR measurement within one year prior to and two weeks after type 2 diabetes diagnosis, calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-Epi) equation. We used adjusted multinomial regression models to estimate associations of CSD (quartile 1, least deprivation) and community type (township, borough, city) with eGFR and used adjusted generalized estimating equation models to evaluate whether community features were associated with the absence of diabetes screening in the years prior to type 2 diabetes diagnosis. RESULTS Of the participants, 1279 (9.7%) had hyperfiltration and 1377 (10.5%) had reduced eGFR. Women were less likely to have hyperfiltration and more likely to have reduced eGFR. Black (versus White) race was positively associated with hyperfiltration when the eGFR calculation was corrected for race but inversely associated without the correction. Medical Assistance (ever versus never) was positively associated with reduced eGFR. Higher CSD and living in a city were each positively associated (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) with reduced eGFR (CSD quartiles 3 and 4 versus quartile 1, 1.23 [1.04, 1.46], 1.32 [1.11, 1.58], respectively; city versus township, 1.38 [1.15, 1.65]). These features were also positively associated with the absence of a type 2 diabetes screening measure. CONCLUSIONS In a population-based sample, more than twenty percent had hyperfiltration or reduced eGFR at time of type 2 diabetes diagnosis. Individual- and community-level factors were associated with these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie G. Hirsch
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cara M. Nordberg
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Chang
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | | | - Katherine A. Moon
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen R. Siegel
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deborah B. Rolka
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian S. Schwartz
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Poulsen MN, Schwartz BS, Dewalle J, Nordberg C, Pollak JS, Silva J, Mercado CI, Rolka DB, Siegel KR, Hirsch AG. Proximity to freshwater blue space and type 2 diabetes onset: the importance of historical and economic context. LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING 2021; 209:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104060. [PMID: 34737482 PMCID: PMC8563019 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salutogenic effects of living near aquatic areas (blue space) remain underexplored, particularly in non-coastal and non-urban areas. We evaluated associations of residential proximity to inland freshwater blue space with new onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) in central and northeast Pennsylvania, USA, using medical records to conduct a nested case-control study. T2D cases (n=15,888) were identified from diabetes diagnoses, medication orders, and laboratory test results and frequency-matched on age, sex, and encounter year to diabetes-free controls (n=79,435). We calculated distance from individual residences to the nearest lake, river, tributary, or large stream, and residence within the 100-year floodplain. Logistic regression models adjusted for community socioeconomic deprivation and other confounding variables and stratified by community type (townships [rural/suburban], boroughs [small towns], city census tracts). Compared to individuals living ≥1.25 miles from blue space, those within 0.25 miles had 8% and 17% higher odds of T2D onset in townships and boroughs, respectively. Among city residents, T2D odds were 38-39% higher for those living 0.25 to <0.75 miles from blue space. Residing within the floodplain was associated with 16% and 14% higher T2D odds in townships and boroughs. A post-hoc analysis demonstrated patterns of lower residential property values with nearer distance to the region's predominant waterbody, suggesting unmeasured confounding by socioeconomic disadvantage. This may explain our unexpected findings of higher T2D odds with closer proximity to blue space. Our findings highlight the importance of historic and economic context and interrelated factors such as flood risk and lack of waterfront development in blue space research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian S Schwartz
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph Dewalle
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA
| | - Cara Nordberg
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA
| | - Jonathan S Pollak
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer Silva
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Carla I Mercado
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Deborah B Rolka
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Karen Rae Siegel
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Poulsen MN, Schwartz BS, Nordberg C, DeWalle J, Pollak J, Imperatore G, Mercado CI, Siegel KR, Hirsch AG. Association of Greenness with Blood Pressure among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes across Rural to Urban Community Types in Pennsylvania, USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020614. [PMID: 33450813 PMCID: PMC7828293 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Greenness may impact blood pressure (BP), though evidence is limited among individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), for whom BP management is critical. We evaluated associations of residential greenness with BP among individuals with T2D in geographically diverse communities in Pennsylvania. To address variation in greenness type, we evaluated modification of associations by percent forest. We obtained systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP measurements from medical records of 9593 individuals following diabetes diagnosis. Proximate greenness was estimated within 1250-m buffers surrounding individuals’ residences using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) prior to blood pressure measurement. Percent forest was calculated using the U.S. National Land Cover Database. Linear mixed models with robust standard errors accounted for spatial clustering; models were stratified by community type (townships/boroughs/cities). In townships, the greenest communities, an interquartile range increase in NDVI was associated with reductions in SBP of 0.87 mmHg (95% CI: −1.43, −0.30) and in DBP of 0.41 mmHg (95% CI: −0.78, −0.05). No significant associations were observed in boroughs or cities. Evidence for modification by percent forest was weak. Findings suggest a threshold effect whereby high greenness may be necessary to influence BP in this population and support a slight beneficial impact of greenness on cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N. Poulsen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17822, USA; (B.S.S.); (C.N.); (J.D.); (A.G.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Brian S. Schwartz
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17822, USA; (B.S.S.); (C.N.); (J.D.); (A.G.H.)
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cara Nordberg
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17822, USA; (B.S.S.); (C.N.); (J.D.); (A.G.H.)
| | - Joseph DeWalle
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17822, USA; (B.S.S.); (C.N.); (J.D.); (A.G.H.)
| | - Jonathan Pollak
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Giuseppina Imperatore
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (G.I.); (C.I.M.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Carla I. Mercado
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (G.I.); (C.I.M.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Karen R. Siegel
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (G.I.); (C.I.M.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Annemarie G. Hirsch
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17822, USA; (B.S.S.); (C.N.); (J.D.); (A.G.H.)
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