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Gonzalez-Sanchez FA, Sanchez-Huerta TM, Huerta-Gonzalez A, Sepulveda-Villegas M, Altamirano J, Aguilar-Aleman JP, Garcia-Varela R. Diabetes current and future translatable therapies. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03944-8. [PMID: 38971945 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the major diseases and concerns of public health systems that affects over 200 million patients worldwide. It is estimated that 90% of these patients suffer from diabetes type 2, while 10% present diabetes type 1. This type of diabetes and certain types of diabetes type 2, are characterized by dysregulation of blood glycemic levels due to the total or partial depletion of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. Different approaches have been proposed for long-term treatment of insulin-dependent patients; amongst them, cell-based approaches have been the subject of basic and clinical research since they allow blood glucose level sensing and in situ insulin secretion. The current gold standard for insulin-dependent patients is on-demand exogenous insulin application; cell-based therapies aim to remove this burden from the patient and caregivers. In recent years, protocols to isolate and implant pancreatic islets from diseased donors have been developed and tested in clinical trials. Nevertheless, the shortage of donors, along with the need of immunosuppressive companion therapies, have pushed researchers to focus their attention and efforts to overcome these disadvantages and develop alternative strategies. This review discusses current tested clinical approaches and future potential alternatives for diabetes type 1, and some diabetes type 2, insulin-dependent patients. Additionally, advantages and disadvantages of these discussed methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Antonio Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería y Biotecnología, Av. General Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo Mexico, CP 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Triana Mayra Sanchez-Huerta
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería y Biotecnología, Av. General Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo Mexico, CP 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Alexandra Huerta-Gonzalez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería y Biotecnología, Av. General Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo Mexico, CP 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Maricruz Sepulveda-Villegas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Hepatología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44100, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Julio Altamirano
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Epigmenio González 500, San Pablo, 76130, Santiago de Queretaro, Qro, México
| | - Juan Pablo Aguilar-Aleman
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Departamento de Ingenieria Biomedica, Av. General Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo Mexico, CP 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Rebeca Garcia-Varela
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería y Biotecnología, Av. General Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo Mexico, CP 45201, Zapopan, Jalisco, México.
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Wisconsin, 53705, Madison, USA.
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Shahzad N, Alzahrani AR, Aziz Ibrahim IA, Shahid I, Alanazi IM, Falemban AH, Imam MT, Mohsin N, Azlina MFN, Arulselvan P. Therapeutic strategy of biological macromolecules based natural bioactive compounds of diabetes mellitus and future perspectives: A systematic review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24207. [PMID: 38298622 PMCID: PMC10828662 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
High blood glucose levels are a hallmark of the metabolic syndrome known as diabetes mellitus. More than 600 million people will have diabetes by 2045 as the global prevalence of the disease continues to rise. Contemporary antidiabetic drugs reduce hyperglycemia and its consequences. However, these drugs come with undesirable side effects, so it's encouraging that research into plant extracts and bioactive substances with antidiabetic characteristics is on the rise. Natural remedies are preferable to conventional anti-diabetic drugs since they are safer for the body, more affordable and have fewer potential adverse effects. Biological macromolecules such as liposomes, niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions and metallic nanoparticles are explored in this review. Current drug restrictions have been addressed, and the effectiveness of plant-based antidiabetic therapies has enhanced the merits of these methods. Plant extracts' loading capacity and the carriers' stability are the primary obstacles in developing plant-based nanocarriers. Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic drugs are covered, and a brief overview of the amphipathic features of liposomes, phospholipids, and lipid nanocarriers is provided. Metallic nanoparticles' benefits and attendant risks are highlighted to emphasize their efficiency in treating hyperglycemia. Researchers interested in the potential of nanoparticles loaded with plant extracts as antidiabetic therapeutics may find the current helpful review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyer Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah R. Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Shahid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Hisham Falemban
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tarique Imam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal Mohsin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 105, India
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3
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Zhang Q, Deng Z, Li T, Chen K, Zeng Z. SGLT2 inhibitor improves the prognosis of patients with coronary heart disease and prevents in-stent restenosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 10:1280547. [PMID: 38274313 PMCID: PMC10808651 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1280547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease is a narrowing or obstruction of the vascular cavity caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, which leads to myocardial ischemia and hypoxia. At present, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an effective treatment for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. Restenosis is the main limiting factor of the long-term success of PCI, and it is also a difficult problem in the field of intervention. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor is a new oral glucose-lowering agent used in the treatment of diabetes in recent years. Recent studies have shown that SGLT2 inhibitors can effectively improve the prognosis of patients after PCI and reduce the occurrence of restenosis. This review provides an overview of the clinical studies and mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors in the prevention of restenosis, providing a new option for improving the clinical prognosis of patients after PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhihuan Zeng
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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4
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Panghal A, Jena G. Gut-Gonad Perturbations in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Dysbiosis, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Energy-Dysbalance. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e220823220204. [PMID: 37608613 DOI: 10.2174/1573399820666230822151740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a major metabolic disorder that affects people of all age groups throughout the world. It is responsible for the alterations in male gonadal physiology in experimental models as well as in clinical cases. On the other side, diabetes mellitus has also been associated with perturbations in the gut physiology and microbiota dysbiosis. The accumulating evidence suggests a link between the gut and gonad as evident from the i) experimental data providing insights into type 1 diabetes mellitus induced gut perturbations, ii) link of gut physiology with alterations of testicular health, iii) role of gut microbiota in androgen metabolism in the intestine, and iv) epidemiological evidence linking type 1 diabetes mellitus with inflammatory bowel disease and male infertility. Considering all the pieces of evidence, it is summarized that gut dysbiosis, oxidative stress, inflammation and energy dys-balance are the prime factors involved in the gonadal damage under type 1 diabetes mellitus, in which the gut contributes significantly. Identification of novel biomarkers and intervention of suitable agents targeting these prime factors may be a step forward to restore the gonadal damage in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Panghal
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Gopabandhu Jena
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
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Niknejad A, Hosseini Y, Shamsnia HS, Kashani AS, Rostamian F, Momtaz S, Abdolghaffari AH. Sodium Glucose Transporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2Is)-TLRs Axis Modulates Diabetes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:599-613. [PMID: 37658280 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes affects millions of people worldwide and is mainly associated with impaired insulin function. To date, various oral anti-diabetic drugs have been developed, of which, the sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) are of the most recent classes that have been introduced. They differ from other classes in terms of their novel mechanism of actions and unique beneficial effects rather than just lowering glucose levels. SGLT2Is can protect body against cardiovascular events and kidney diseases even in non-diabetic individuals. SGLT2Is participate in immune cell activation, oxidative stress reduction, and inflammation mediation, thereby, moderating diabetic complications. In addition, toll like receptors (TLRs) are the intermediators of the immune system and inflammatory process, thus it's believed to play crucial roles in diabetic complications, particularly the ones that are related to inflammatory reactions. SGLT2Is are also effective against diabetic complications via their anti-inflammatory and oxidative properties. Given the anti-inflammatory properties of TLRs and SGLT2Is, this review investigates how SGLT2Is can affect the TLR pathway, and whether this could be favorable toward diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Niknejad
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasamin Hosseini
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedieh Sadat Shamsnia
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayeh Sabbagh Kashani
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rostamian
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Javanbakht S, Darvishi S, Dorchei F, Hosseini-Ghalehno M, Dehghani M, Pooresmaeil M, Suzuki Y, Ul Ain Q, Ruiz Rubio L, Shaabani A, Hayashita T, Namazi H, Heydari A. Cyclodextrin Host-Guest Recognition in Glucose-Monitoring Sensors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:33202-33228. [PMID: 37744789 PMCID: PMC10515351 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent chronic health condition that has caused millions of deaths worldwide. Monitoring blood glucose levels is crucial in diabetes management, aiding in clinical decision making and reducing the incidence of hypoglycemic episodes, thereby decreasing morbidity and mortality rates. Despite advancements in glucose monitoring (GM), the development of noninvasive, rapid, accurate, sensitive, selective, and stable systems for continuous monitoring remains a challenge. Addressing these challenges is critical to improving the clinical utility of GM technologies in diabetes management. In this concept, cyclodextrins (CDs) can be instrumental in the development of GM systems due to their high supramolecular recognition capabilities based on the host-guest interaction. The introduction of CDs into GM systems not only impacts the sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limit of the monitoring process but also improves biocompatibility and stability. These findings motivated the current review to provide a comprehensive summary of CD-based blood glucose sensors and their chemistry of glucose detection, efficiency, and accuracy. We categorize CD-based sensors into four groups based on their modification strategies, including CD-modified boronic acid, CD-modified mediators, CD-modified nanoparticles, and CD-modified functionalized polymers. These findings shed light on the potential of CD-based sensors as a promising tool for continuous GM in diabetes mellitus management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Javanbakht
- Research
Laboratory of Dendrimers and Natural Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sima Darvishi
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Khajeh Nasir Toosi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faeze Dorchei
- Polymer
Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Marjan Dehghani
- Department
of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University
of Kerman, Kerman 76169, Iran
| | - Malihe Pooresmaeil
- Research
Laboratory of Dendrimers and Natural Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yota Suzuki
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1, Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Saitama
University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Qurat Ul Ain
- Department
of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan
| | - Leire Ruiz Rubio
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group (LQM), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of
Science and Technology, University of Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
- Basque
Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures
(BCMaterials), UPV/EHU
Science Park, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Ahmad Shaabani
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Takashi Hayashita
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1, Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Hassan Namazi
- Research
Laboratory of Dendrimers and Natural Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666, Tabriz, Iran
- Research
Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Heydari
- Polymer
Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
- National
Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nábrežie I. Krasku 4782/4, 921 12 Piešt’any, Slovakia
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7
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Tesfaye T, Teka F, Duga G, Obsa T, Dereje B, Makonnen E. Anti-Hyperglycemic and Hypoglycemic Activities of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst Ex Benth. (Lamiaceae) Leaves in Mice. J Exp Pharmacol 2023; 15:255-266. [PMID: 37304205 PMCID: PMC10257431 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s409997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rising. Due to the scarcity, high cost, and many adverse effects of modern treatments, traditional medicine is commonly used in rural areas to treat a variety of illnesses, including diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to assess the antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effects of Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst ex Benth leaves. Methods A crude methanol 80% extract's and its solvent fractions' effects on healthy, oral glucose-given, and STZ-induced diabetic mice were examined. Swiss albino mice of either sex were assigned into sixteen groups, each containing six mice, for the OGTT and hypoglycemia tests. Male mice were used in the study, and they were divided into groups for the negative control (citrate buffer for diabetic mice), the normal control (Tween 2%), the test groups, and a positive control (glibenclamide) for the antihyperglycemic test in STZ (200 mg/kg body weight)-induced diabetic mice. Results A crude 80% methanol extract of 200 mg/kg effectively lowered blood glucose levels (p <0.05) and none of the fractions extracts caused hypoglycemia shock in norma mice. The aqueous residue at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, the n-butanol fraction at 100 and 200 mg/kg, and the chloroform fraction at 200 mg/kg demonstrated higher glucose tolerance in orally glucose-loaded mice (p <0.05). The crude 400 mg/kg of an 80% methanol extract, 100 and 200 mg/kg of the n-butanol fraction, 200 and 400 mg/kg of the chloroform fraction, and 5 mg/kg of glibenclamide significantly reduced blood glucose levels in STZ-induced diabetic mice (p <0.05). Conclusion The current research demonstrates that a crude 80% methanol extract of Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst ex Benth leaves, as well as its solvent fractions, significantly reduce blood sugar levels in mice that are healthy, loaded with glucose, and streptozotocin induced diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Tesfaye
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Firehiwot Teka
- Department of Traditional and Modern Medicine Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gudeta Duga
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Obsa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Beyene Dereje
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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8
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Rezaei Zonooz E, Ghezelayagh Z, Moradmand A, Baharvand H, Tahamtani Y. Protocol-Dependent Morphological Changes in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Aggregates during Differentiation toward Early Pancreatic Fate. Cells Tissues Organs 2022; 213:223-234. [PMID: 36380637 DOI: 10.1159/000527863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is one of the promising approaches used against type 1 diabetes. Efficient generation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived pancreatic progenitors (PPs) is of great importance. Since signaling pathways underlying human pancreas development are not yet fully understood, various differentiation protocols are conducted, each considering variable duration, timing, and concentrations of growth factors and small molecules. Therefore, we compared two PP differentiation protocols in static suspension culture. We tested modified protocols developed by Pagliuca et al. (protocol 1) and Royan researchers (protocol 2) until early PP stage. The morphological changes of hESC aggregates during differentiation, and also gene and protein expression after differentiation, were evaluated. Different morphological structures were formed in each protocol. Quantitative gene expression analysis, flow cytometry, and immunostaining revealed a high level of PDX1 expression on day 13 of Royan's differentiation protocol compared to protocol 1. Our data showed that using protocol 2, cells were further differentiated until day 16, showing higher efficiency of early PPs. Moreover, protocol 2 is able to produce hESCs-PPs in a static suspension culture. Since protocol 2 is inexpensive in terms of media, growth factors, and chemicals, it can be used for massive production of PPs using static and dynamic suspension cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Rezaei Zonooz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghezelayagh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Moradmand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Du C, Whiddett RO, Buckle I, Chen C, Forbes JM, Fotheringham AK. Advanced Glycation End Products and Inflammation in Type 1 Diabetes Development. Cells 2022; 11:3503. [PMID: 36359899 PMCID: PMC9657002 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which the β-cells of the pancreas are attacked by the host's immune system, ultimately resulting in hyperglycemia. It is a complex multifactorial disease postulated to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In parallel with increasing prevalence of T1D in genetically stable populations, highlighting an environmental component, consumption of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) commonly found in in Western diets has increased significantly over the past decades. AGEs can bind to cell surface receptors including the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). RAGE has proinflammatory roles including in host-pathogen defense, thereby influencing immune cell behavior and can activate and cause proliferation of immune cells such as islet infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and suppress the activity of T regulatory cells, contributing to β-cell injury and hyperglycemia. Insights from studies of individuals at risk of T1D have demonstrated that progression to symptomatic onset and diagnosis can vary, ranging from months to years, providing a window of opportunity for prevention strategies. Interaction between AGEs and RAGE is believed to be a major environmental risk factor for T1D and targeting the AGE-RAGE axis may act as a potential therapeutic strategy for T1D prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenping Du
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Rani O. Whiddett
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Irina Buckle
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Josephine M. Forbes
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia
| | - Amelia K. Fotheringham
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
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10
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Moazenchi M, Sadr Hashemi Nejad A, Izadi M, Khalaj M, Samsonchi Z, Tavakol Rad P, Amini P, Tahamtani Y, Hajizadeh-Saffar E. Comparative Study of The Effects of Confounding Factors on Improving Rat Pancreatic Islet Isolation Yield and Quality. CELL JOURNAL 2022; 24:491-499. [PMID: 36274201 PMCID: PMC9588161 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2022.8123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Isolated pancreatic islets are valuable resources for a wide range of research, including cell replacement studies and cell-based platforms for diabetes drug discovery and disease modeling. Islet isolation is a complex and stepwise procedure aiming to obtain pure, viable, and functional islets for in vitro and in vivo studies. It should be noted that differences in rodent strains, gender, weight, and density gradients may affect the isolated islet's properties. We evaluated the variables affecting the rat islet isolation procedure to reach the maximum islet yield and functionality, which would be critical for further studies on islet regenerative biology. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present experimental study compared the yield and purity of isolated islets from nondiabetic rats of two different strains. Next, islet particle number (IPN) and islet equivalent (IEQ) were compared between males and females, and the weight range that yields the highest number of islets was investigated. Moreover, the influence of three different density gradients, namely Histopaque, Pancoll, and Lymphodex, on final isolated islets purity and yield were assessed. Finally, the viability and functionality of isolated islets were measured. RESULTS The IEQ, IPN, and purity of isolated islets in 15 Lister hooded rats (LHRs) were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than those of the other strains. Male LHRs resulted in significantly higher IEQ compared to females (P≤0.05). Moreover, IPN and IEQ did not significantly vary among different weight groups. Also, the utilization of Histopaque and Pancoll leads to higher yield and purity. In vivo assessments of the isolated islets presented significantly reduced blood glucose percentage in the transplanted group on days 2-5 following transplantation. CONCLUSION Based on these results, an optimal protocol for isolating high-quality rat islets with a constant yield, purity, and function has been established as an essential platform for developing diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Moazenchi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and
Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran,Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute
for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anavasadat Sadr Hashemi Nejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and
Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran,Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute
for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Izadi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and
Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran,Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute
for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maedeh Khalaj
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and
Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zakieh Samsonchi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and
Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Tavakol Rad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and
Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Amini
- Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and
Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran,Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Hajizadeh-Saffar
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute
for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran,Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR,
Tehran, Iran,P.O.Box: 16635-148Department of Regenerative MedicineCell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell
Biology and TechnologyACECRTehranIran
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Jayasinghe M, Prathiraja O, Perera PB, Jena R, Silva MS, Weerawarna P, Singhal M, Kayani AMA, Karnakoti S, Jain S. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Cureus 2022; 14:e27337. [PMID: 36042996 PMCID: PMC9414788 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease characterized by inadequate or absent insulin production due to the autoimmune destruction of beta (β) cells in the pancreas. It was once called "juvenile diabetes" since the disease frequently occurs in children, but it can also develop in adults. According to the International Diabetes Federation, an estimated 700 million adults will suffer from diabetes by 2045. Although the exact cause of diabetes remains unknown, it is hypothesized that genetic factors, environmental factors, and exposure to certain viruses play a role in the development of T1D. To date, exogenous insulin is the most common treatment for T1D. However, it is not a cure for the disease. Islet cell transplantation and pancreatic transplantation are two additional treatments that have gained popularity in recent years, but their clinical application may be limited by the need for high doses of immunosuppressants, the rarity of human cadaveric islets, and the need for extensive surgery in pancreatic transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a highly promising novel treatment for T1D and their discovery has advanced biological sciences by allowing for modification of cell fate and the development of higher-order cellular structures. They play an essential role in lowering levels of fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, and C-peptide, and in treating microvascular complications associated with T1D. However, some of the disadvantages of its use in clinical practice are limited to its method of collection, proliferation rate, cell activity with age, and the risk of tumour formation identified in some studies. Large-scale studies are required to discover the mechanism of action of MSCs after administration as well as the optimal route, dose, and timing to maximize the benefits to patients. This article focuses primarily on the role of MSCs in the treatment of T1D and compares the feasibility, benefits, and drawbacks of MSCs in the treatment of T1D.
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12
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Hibiscus sabdariffa in Diabetes Prevention and Treatment—Does It Work? An Evidence-Based Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142134. [PMID: 35885378 PMCID: PMC9319339 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is currently a global health problem that is already reported as an epidemic. This metabolic disease, characterized by a disturbance in the carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, is often accompanied by disorders of several organs. Its treatment is expensive and often difficult to control. Therefore, it seems necessary to search for new drugs and solutions to facilitate therapy and reduce treatment costs. Herbal medicines are becoming more and more popular. Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) is a plant that grows wild in a tropical climate. It has been used in folk medicine for thousands of years. Thanks to the numerous active compounds, including polyphenols, polysaccharides, organic acids, or pectins, it is reported to exhibit hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hypotensive, and anti-lipidemic activities and numerous indirect effects that are related to them. The aim of this review was to update the knowledge about the therapeutic effects of roselle in diabetes and its comorbidities based on in vitro, animal, and human studies. After a careful analysis of the scientific literature, it can be stated that roselle is a promising product that can be used either on its own or as an addition to the conventional treatment regimens to prevent or treat diabetes and its accompanying diseases.
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13
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Saini S, Vanherwegen AS, Liang S, Verbeke R, Korf H, Lentacker I, De Smedt SC, Gysemans C, Himmelreich U. Fluorine MR Imaging Probes Dynamic Migratory Profiles of Perfluorocarbon-Loaded Dendritic Cells After Streptozotocin-Induced Inflammation. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:321-332. [PMID: 35060024 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves presentation of islet-specific self-antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) to autoreactive T cells, resulting in the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. We aimed to study the dynamic homing of diabetes-prone DCs to the pancreas and nearby organs with and without induction of pancreatic stress in a T1D susceptible model of repeated streptozotocin (STZ) injection. PROCEDURES In vitro labeling of activated bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from NOD (Nonobese diabetes) mice was performed using zonyl perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether nanoparticles (ZPFCE-NPs). Internalization of particles was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Two groups of NOD.SCID (nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency) mice with (induced by low dose STZ administration) or without pancreatic stress were compared. Diabetogenic BMDCs loaded with BDC2.5 mimotope were pre-labeled with ZPFCE-NPs and adoptively transferred into mice. Longitudinal in vivo fluorine MRI (19F MRI) was performed 24 h, 36 h and 48 h after transfer of BMDCs. For ex vivo quantification of labeled cells, 19F NMR and flow cytometry were performed on dissected tissues to validate in vivo 19F MRI data. RESULTS In vitro flow cytometry and confocal microscopy confirmed high uptake of nanoparticles in BMDCs during the process of maturation. Migration/homing of activated and ZPFCE-NP- labeled BMDCs to different organs was monitored and quantified longitudinally, showing highest cell density in pancreas at 48-h time-point. Based on 19F MRI, STZ induced mild inflammation in the pancreatic region, as indicated by high accumulation of ZPFCE-NP-labeled BMDCs in the pancreas when compared to the vehicle group. Pancreatic draining lymph nodes showed elevated homing of labeled BMDCs in the vehicle groups in contrast to the STZ group after 72 h. The effect of STZ was confirmed by increased blood glucose levels. CONCLUSION We showed the potential of 19F MRI for the non-invasive visualization and quantification of migrating immune cells in models for pancreatic inflammation after STZ administration. Without any intrinsic background signal, 19F MRI serves as a highly specific imaging tool to study the migration of diabetic-prone BMDCs in T1D models in vivo. This approach could particularly be of interest for the longitudinal assessment of established or novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Saini
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Sayuan Liang
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Philips Research China, Shanghai, China
| | - Rein Verbeke
- General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannelie Korf
- Laboratory of Hepatology, CHROMETA, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, CHROMETA, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Neglected Facts on Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis and Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073657. [PMID: 35409018 PMCID: PMC8998319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Civilization factors are responsible for the increasing of human exposure to mycobacteria from environment, water, and food during the last few decades. Urbanization, lifestyle changes and new technologies in the animal and plant industry are involved in frequent contact of people with mycobacteria. Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial polygenic disease; its origin is conditioned by the mutual interaction of genetic and other factors. The environmental factors and certain pathogenetic pathways are shared by some immune mediated chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, which are associated with triggers originating mainly from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, an intestinal pathogen which persists in the environment. Type 1 diabetes and some other chronic inflammatory diseases thus pose the global health problem which could be mitigated by measures aimed to decrease the human exposure to this neglected zoonotic mycobacterium.
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15
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Hegazy WAH, Rajab AAH, Abu Lila AS, Abbas HA. Anti-diabetics and antimicrobials: Harmony of mutual interplay. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1832-1855. [PMID: 34888011 PMCID: PMC8613656 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i11.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the four major non-communicable diseases, and appointed by the world health organization as the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. The scientists have turned over every rock in the corners of medical sciences in order to come up with better understanding and hence more effective treatments of diabetes. The continuous research on the subject has elucidated the role of immune disorders and inflammation as definitive factors in the trajectory of diabetes, assuring that blood glucose adjustments would result in a relief in the systemic stress leading to minimizing inflammation. On a parallel basis, microbial infections usually take advantage of immunity disorders and propagate creating a pro-inflammatory environment, all of which can be reversed by antimicrobial treatment. Standing at the crossroads between diabetes, immunity and infection, we aim in this review at projecting the interplay between immunity and diabetes, shedding the light on the overlapping playgrounds for the activity of some antimicrobial and anti-diabetic agents. Furthermore, we focused on the anti-diabetic drugs that can confer antimicrobial or anti-virulence activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A H Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44519, Egypt
| | - Azza A H Rajab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44519, Egypt
| | - Amr S Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Zagazig University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagzig 44519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44519, Egypt
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Guerra JVS, Dias MMG, Brilhante AJVC, Terra MF, García-Arévalo M, Figueira ACM. Multifactorial Basis and Therapeutic Strategies in Metabolism-Related Diseases. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082830. [PMID: 34444990 PMCID: PMC8398524 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, has been increasing worldwide. Changes in dietary and physical activity patterns, along with genetic conditions, are the main factors that modulate the metabolism of individuals, leading to the development of NCDs. Obesity, diabetes, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are classified in this group of chronic diseases. Therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of these diseases leads us to develop more accurate and effective treatments to reduce or mitigate their prevalence in the population. Given the global relevance of NCDs and ongoing research progress, this article reviews the current understanding about NCDs and their related risk factors, with a focus on obesity, diabetes, MAFLD, and CVDs, summarizing the knowledge about their pathophysiology and highlighting the currently available and emerging therapeutic strategies, especially pharmacological interventions. All of these diseases play an important role in the contamination by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as in the progression and severity of the symptoms of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, we briefly explore the relationship between NCDs and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V. S. Guerra
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marieli M. G. Dias
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
| | - Anna J. V. C. Brilhante
- Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Maiara F. Terra
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
| | - Marta García-Arévalo
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Correspondence: or (M.G.-A.); (A.C.M.F.)
| | - Ana Carolina M. Figueira
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Correspondence: or (M.G.-A.); (A.C.M.F.)
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Duan JY, Lin X, Xu F, Shan SK, Guo B, Li FXZ, Wang Y, Zheng MH, Xu QS, Lei LM, Ou-Yang WL, Wu YY, Tang KX, Yuan LQ. Ferroptosis and Its Potential Role in Metabolic Diseases: A Curse or Revitalization? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:701788. [PMID: 34307381 PMCID: PMC8299754 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.701788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is classified as an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death (RCD) attributed to the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides and redox imbalance. In recent years, accumulating researches have suggested that ferroptosis may play a vital role in the development of diverse metabolic diseases, for example, diabetes and its complications (e.g., diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and atherosclerosis [AS]), metabolic bone disease and adrenal injury. However, the specific physiopathological mechanism and precise therapeutic effect is still not clear. In this review, we summarized recent advances about the development of ferroptosis, focused on its potential character as the therapeutic target in metabolic diseases, and put forward our insights on this topic, largely to offer some help to forecast further directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yue Duan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Min Lei
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Lu Ou-Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun-Yun Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke-Xin Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Salehpour A, Rezaei M, Khoradmehr A, Tahamtani Y, Tamadon A. Which Hyperglycemic Model of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Suites My Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Research? A Scoring System for Available Methods. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652061. [PMID: 33791308 PMCID: PMC8005598 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive studies on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), there is no definitive cure, drug, or prevention. Therefore, for developing new therapeutics, proper study models of T2DM is necessary to conduct further preclinical researches. Diabetes has been induced in animals using chemical, genetic, hormonal, antibody, viral, and surgical methods or a combination of them. Beside different approaches of diabetes induction, different animal species have been suggested. Although more than 85% of articles have proposed rat (genus Rattus) as the proper model for diabetes induction, zebrafish (Danio rerio) models of diabetes are being used more frequently in diabetes related studies. In this systematic review, we compare different aspects of available methods of inducing hyperglycemia referred as T2DM in zebrafish by utilizing a scoring system. Evaluating 26 approved models of T2DM in zebrafish, this scoring system may help researchers to compare different T2DM zebrafish models and select the best one regarding their own research theme. Eventually, glyoxalase1 (glo1-/-) knockout model of hyperglycemia achieved the highest score. In addition to assessment of hyperglycemic induction methods in zebrafish, eight most commonly proposed diabetic induction approval methods are suggested to help researchers confirm their subsequent proposed models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Salehpour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaei
- Department of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Khoradmehr
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Bushehr, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahamtani
- Department of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
- Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Tamadon
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Bushehr, Iran
- Center of Marine Experimental and Comparative Medicine, The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Bushehr, Iran
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Yu J, Shi YC, Ping F, Li W, Zhang HB, He SL, Zhao Y, Xu LL, Li YX. Liraglutide Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis and Improves Bone Loss by Downregulating Trem2 in Female Type 1 Diabetic Mice: Findings From Transcriptomics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:763646. [PMID: 34975749 PMCID: PMC8715718 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.763646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of bone fragility in type 1 diabetes (T1D) are not fully understood. Whether glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists could improve bone quality in T1D context also remains elusive. AIMS We aimed to explore the possible mechanisms of bone loss in T1D and clarify whether liraglutide has effects on bone quality of T1D mice using transcriptomics. METHODS Female streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups and received the following treatments daily for 8 weeks: saline as controls, insulin, liraglutide, and liraglutide combined with insulin. These groups were also compared with non-STZ-treated normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group. Trunk blood and bone tissues were collected for analysis. Three tibia from each of the NGT, saline-treated, and liraglutide-treated groups were randomly selected for transcriptomics. RESULTS Compared with NGT mice, saline-treated T1D mice manifested markedly hyperglycemia and weight loss, and micro-CT revealed significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) and deficient microarchitectures in tibias. Eight weeks of treatment with liraglutide alone or combined with insulin rescued the decreased BMD and partly corrected the compromised trabecular microarchitectures. Transcriptomics analysis showed there were 789 differentially expressed genes mainly mapped to osteoclastogenesis and inflammation pathways. The RT-qPCR verified that the gene expression of Trem2, Nfatc1, Trap, and Ctsk were significantly increased in the tibia of T1D compared with those in the NGT group. Liraglutide treatment alone or combined with insulin could effectively suppress osteoclastogenesis by downregulating the gene expression of Trem2, Nfatc1, Ctsk, and Trap. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, increased osteoclastogenesis with upregulated expression of Trem2 played an important role in bone loss of T1D mice. Liraglutide provided protective effects on bone loss in T1D mice by suppressing osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Group of Neuroendocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fan Ping
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Li He
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Ling Xu, ; Yu-Xiu Li,
| | - Yu-Xiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Ling Xu, ; Yu-Xiu Li,
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Hollstein T, Schulte DM, Schulz J, Glück A, Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E, Wendorff M, Franke A, Schreiber S, Bornstein SR, Laudes M. Autoantibody-negative insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1021-1024. [PMID: 32879473 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a case where the manifestations of insulin-dependent diabetes occurred following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a young individual in the absence of autoantibodies typical for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Specifically, a 19-year-old white male presented at our emergency department with diabetic ketoacidosis, C-peptide level of 0.62 µg l-1, blood glucose concentration of 30.6 mmol l-1 (552 mg dl-1) and haemoglobin A1c of 16.8%. The patient´s case history revealed probable COVID-19 infection 5-7 weeks before admission, based on a positive test for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 proteins as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Interestingly, the patient carried a human leukocyte antigen genotype (HLA DR1-DR3-DQ2) considered to provide only a slightly elevated risk of developing autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, as noted, no serum autoantibodies were observed against islet cells, glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine phosphatase, insulin and zinc-transporter 8. Although our report cannot fully establish causality between COVID-19 and the development of diabetes in this patient, considering that SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, are expressed on pancreatic β-cells and, given the circumstances of this case, we suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection, or COVID-19, might negatively affect pancreatic function, perhaps through direct cytolytic effects of the virus on β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dominik M Schulte
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Juliane Schulz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Glück
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anette G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mareike Wendorff
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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Sibilla S, Manenti S, Cazzato T, Colombo F, Tomei AA, Redaelli A, Manzoli V, Consolo F. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics multiphase modelling of an experimental microfluidic device for conformal coating of pancreatic islets. Med Eng Phys 2020; 77:19-30. [PMID: 32008936 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The paper discusses a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model for the analysis of the multiphase flow occurring in an experimental microfluidic device for conformal coating of pancreatic islets with a biocompatible and permeable polymer. The proposed numerical model, based on a weakly-compressible SPH approach, accurately mimics the encapsulation process while assuring phase conservation, thus overcoming potential limitations of grid-based models. The proposed SPH model is a triphasic multi-phase model that allows one: (i) to reproduce the physics of islet conformal coating, including the effects of surface tension at the interface of the involved fluids and of the islet diameter; and (ii) to evaluate how modulation of process parameters influences the fluid dynamics within the microfluidic device and the resulting coating characteristics. This model can represent a valuable, time- and cost-effective tool for the definition of optimized encapsulation conditions through in silico screening of novel combinations of conformal coating parameters, including polymeric coating blends, size range of insulin-secreting cell clusters, utilized chemical reagents, device geometry and scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sibilla
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Sauro Manenti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cazzato
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Colombo
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alice A Tomei
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136-1011, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, McArthur Engineering Building, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Alberto Redaelli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vita Manzoli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy; Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136-1011, USA
| | - Filippo Consolo
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy; Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
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The Association between rs2292239 Polymorphism in ERBB3 Gene and Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7689642. [PMID: 31467911 PMCID: PMC6699299 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7689642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore the association between rs2292239 polymorphism in ERBB3 gene and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods A systematic search of studies on the association of rs2292239 polymorphism in ERBB3 gene with T1D susceptibility was conducted in PubMed, Web of science, Elsevier Science Direct, and Cochrane Library. Eventually, 9 published studies were included. The strength of association between rs2292239 polymorphism and T1D susceptibility was assessed by odds ratios (ORs) with its 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of 9 case-control studies, consisting of 5369 T1D patients and 6920 controls, were included in the meta-analysis. This meta-analysis showed significant association between ERBB3 rs2292239 polymorphism and T1D susceptibility in overall population (A vs. C, OR: 1.292, 95% CI= 1.224-1.364, P H=0.450, P H is P value for the heterogeneity test). Similar results were found in subgroup analysis by ethnicity. Conclusions ERBB3 rs2292239 polymorphism is associated with T1D susceptibility and rs2292239-A allele is a risk factor for T1D. However, more large-scale studies are warranted to replicate our findings.
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