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Bai Z, Lu G, Yang H, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Sun Z. Seasonal variation of serum potassium in hemodialysis patients: myth or reality? A narrative review of literature. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2359640. [PMID: 38832483 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2359640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that patients undergoing hemodialysis experience seasonal variations in their serum potassium levels. There was inconsistent seasonal fluctuation in serum potassium levels among the hemodialysis population across different locations. In the form of narrative review for the first time, the article discusses the seasonal changes of serum potassium in this population and its potential reasons, this article demonstrates that it is primarily attributable to seasonal dietary potassium intake. However, existing studies have not quantified seasonal dietary potassium intake, so the results are still speculative. Furthermore, future research ought to further expound upon the clinical implications of seasonal variations in serum potassium levels among dialysis patients, as well as other influencing mechanisms such as the pathophysiological causes of these seasonal changes, particularly those pertaining to dietary, geographical, and regional factors. These findings contribute to a more thorough interpretation of laboratory results in hemodialysis patients and provide important guidance for their individualized dietary management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Bai
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Hengchao Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Dahao Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Zuoya Sun
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
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2
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Aboghanem A, Prasad GVR. Disorders of potassium homeostasis after kidney transplantation. World J Transplant 2024; 14:95905. [PMID: 39295980 PMCID: PMC11317851 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v14.i3.95905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Disturbances of potassium balance are often encountered when managing kidney transplant recipients (KTR). Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia may present either as medical emergencies or chronic outpatient abnormalities. Despite the high incidence of hyperkalemia and its potential life-threatening implications, consensus on its management in KTR is lacking. Hypokalemia in KTR is also well-described, although it is given less attention by clinicians compared to hyperkalemia. This article discusses the etiology, pathophysiology and management of both types of potassium disorders in KTR. Once any emergent situation has been corrected, treatment approaches include correcting insulin deficiency if present, adjusting non-immunosuppressive and immunosuppressive medications, eliminating or supplementing potassium as needed, and dietary counselling. Although commonly of multifactorial etiology, ascertaining the specific cause in a particular patient will help guide successful management. Monitoring KTR through regular laboratory testing is essential to detect serious disturbances in potassium balance since patients are often asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G V Ramesh Prasad
- School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5C 2T2, Ontario, Canada
- Kidney Transplant Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5C 2T2, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Sinha V, Singh A, Singh A, Saraswati SSK, Rana AK, Kalra K, Natarajan K. Potassium ion channel Kir2.1 negatively regulates protective responses to Mycobacterium bovis BCG. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:644-656. [PMID: 38489665 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to increased mortality and morbidity worldwide. The prevalence of highly drug-resistant strains has reinforced the need for greater understanding of host-pathogen interactions at the cellular and molecular levels. Our previous work demonstrated critical roles of calcium ion channels in regulating protective responses to mycobacteria. In this report, we deciphered the roles of inwardly rectifying K+ ion channel Kir2.1 in epithelial cells. Data showed that infection of epithelial cells (and macrophages) increases the surface expression of Kir2.1. This increased expression of Kir2.1 results in higher intracellular mycobacterial survival, as either inhibiting or knocking down Kir2.1 results in mounting of a higher oxidative burst leading to a significant attenuation of mycobacterial survival. Further, inhibiting Kir2.1 also led to increased expression of T cell costimulatory molecules accompanied with increased activation of MAP kinases and transcription factors nuclear factor κB and phosphorylated CREB. Furthermore, inhibiting Kir2.1 induced increased autophagy and apoptosis that could also contribute to decreased bacterial survival. Interestingly, an increased association of heat shock protein 70 kDa with Kir2.1 was observed. These results showed that mycobacteria modulate the expression and function of Kir2.1 in epithelial cells to its advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sinha
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, North Campus, University Enclave, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Akshita Singh
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, North Campus, University Enclave, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Aarti Singh
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, North Campus, University Enclave, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Shakuntala Surender Kumar Saraswati
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, North Campus, University Enclave, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ankush Kumar Rana
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, North Campus, University Enclave, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kanika Kalra
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, North Campus, University Enclave, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Natarajan
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, North Campus, University Enclave, Delhi 110007, India
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Zieg J, Ghose S, Raina R. Electrolyte disorders related emergencies in children. BMC Nephrol 2024; 25:282. [PMID: 39215244 PMCID: PMC11363364 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive overview of electrolyte and water homeostasis in pediatric patients, focusing on some of the common serum electrolyte abnormalities encountered in clinical practice. Understanding pathophysiology, taking a detailed history, performing comprehensive physical examinations, and ordering basic laboratory investigations are essential for the timely proper management of these conditions. We will discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for each electrolyte disorder. This article aims to enhance the clinical approach to pediatric patients with electrolyte imbalance-related emergencies, ultimately improving patient outcomes.Trial registration This manuscript does not include a clinical trial; instead, it provides an updated review of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Zieg
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Shaarav Ghose
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Rupesh Raina
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Akron Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Clinic, Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH, USA
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Muthaluraj GP, Sathyanarayanan A, Larsen N, Fernandez C. Optimising patient care: comprehensive evaluation of inpatient hypokalaemia. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2024; 85:1-7. [PMID: 39212569 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2024.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Hypokalaemia is a common electrolyte disorder affecting hospitalised patients. It is associated with adverse outcomes including increased mortality. Inpatients with hypokalaemia need a different approach to workup and management as the aetiologies and progression of the hypokalaemia are distinct to outpatients. Potassium homeostasis is predominantly maintained by renal potassium handling. The clinical manifestations of hypokalaemia depend on the severity of hypokalaemia, however, most of the findings are non-specific. The approach to management is guided by the severity of the hypokalaemia and the underlying aetiology. Oral potassium replacement can be used in many cases of mild hypokalaemia. Intravenous replacement of potassium is necessary for many inpatients. Close monitoring is essential to ensure adequacy and to prevent adverse outcomes. An interdisciplinary approach with critical care input is needed in severe cases, and in patients where routine intravenous replacement may not be feasible (e.g., patients with heart failure). In addition to replacement, the cornerstone of management is a comprehensive review of the patient to identify the underlying cause of the hypokalaemia and the factors sustaining it. In patients in whom the cause is not apparent, or the potassium does not improve as anticipated, a referral to nephrology or endocrinology should be considered. This paper reviews the assessment of hypokalaemia in a hospital setting. It is aimed at early career doctors on the wards to help carry out a thorough evaluation. It also provides a useful framework for management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niels Larsen
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cornelius Fernandez
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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Sendino Garví E, van Slobbe GJJ, Zaal EA, de Baaij JHF, Hoenderop JG, Masereeuw R, Janssen MJ, van Genderen AM. KCNJ16-depleted kidney organoids recapitulate tubulopathy and lipid recovery upon statins treatment. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:268. [PMID: 39183338 PMCID: PMC11346019 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The KCNJ16 gene has been associated with a novel kidney tubulopathy phenotype, viz. disturbed acid-base homeostasis, hypokalemia and altered renal salt transport. KCNJ16 encodes for Kir5.1, which together with Kir4.1 constitutes a potassium channel located at kidney tubular cell basolateral membranes. Preclinical studies provided mechanistic links between Kir5.1 and tubulopathy, however, the disease pathology remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed at generating and characterizing a novel advanced in vitro human kidney model that recapitulates the disease phenotype to investigate further the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the tubulopathy and potential therapeutic interventions. METHODS We used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate KCNJ16 mutant (KCNJ16+/- and KCNJ16-/-) cell lines from healthy human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) KCNJ16 control (KCNJ16WT). The iPSCs were differentiated following an optimized protocol into kidney organoids in an air-liquid interface. RESULTS KCNJ16-depleted kidney organoids showed transcriptomic and potential functional impairment of key voltage-dependent electrolyte and water-balance transporters. We observed cysts formation, lipid droplet accumulation and fibrosis upon Kir5.1 function loss. Furthermore, a large scale, glutamine tracer flux metabolomics analysis demonstrated that KCNJ16-/- organoids display TCA cycle and lipid metabolism impairments. Drug screening revealed that treatment with statins, particularly the combination of simvastatin and C75, prevented lipid droplet accumulation and collagen-I deposition in KCNJ16-/- kidney organoids. CONCLUSIONS Mature kidney organoids represent a relevant in vitro model for investigating the function of Kir5.1. We discovered novel molecular targets for this genetic tubulopathy and identified statins as a potential therapeutic strategy for KCNJ16 defects in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sendino Garví
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G J J van Slobbe
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E A Zaal
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism and Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J H F de Baaij
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J G Hoenderop
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - R Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M J Janssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - A M van Genderen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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7
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Zheng Z, Su Y, Schmidt-Rohr K. Vinyl and methyl-ester groups in the insoluble polymer drug patiromer identified and quantified by solid-state NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 246:116228. [PMID: 38781726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Patiromer (Veltassa®) is a crosslinked, insoluble co-polymer drug used as a nonabsorbent potassium binder, approved for treatment of hyperkalemia. Quantitative solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis with comprehensive peak assignment, component quantification, and calculation of mole and weight fractions of monomer units was performed on three doses of patiromer. The workflow is documented in detail. Spectrally edited solid-state 13C NMR spectra of patiromer show =CHn peaks of matching intensity at 116 and 141 ppm, characteristic of -CH=CH2 vinyl groups. Similar spectral features can be observed in earlier studies but were previously ignored. In this study, the vinyl signals are well-resolved in a 2-s direct polarization (DP) spectrum without and with dipolar dephasing, which confirms that these sp2-hybridized carbons are bonded to hydrogen and partially mobile, consistent with vinyl side groups from incompletely reacted divinyl crosslinkers. The vinyl groups account for 1.6% of all carbon, 3% of the monomer units, and nearly 1/3 of the crosslinkers. Furthermore, an unexpected OCH3 moiety accounting for ∼1.2% of all carbons was identified by spectral editing; its chemical shift of 54 ppm is more consistent with a methyl ester than with a methyl ether. It can originate from incomplete hydrolysis of ∼6% of methyl-2-fluoroacrylate, the main monomer of patiromer. Characteristic cross peaks in two-dimensional 1H-13C heteronuclear correlation NMR confirm the presence of the vinyl and OCH3 groups. Trace amounts of xanthan gum are also detected. The quantitative 13C NMR spectrum of patiromer has been matched in a simulation using a model with five monomer units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Parksook WW, Brown JM, Omata K, Tezuka Y, Ono Y, Satoh F, Tsai LC, Niebuhr Y, Milks J, Moore A, Honzel B, Liu H, Auchus RJ, Sunthornyothin S, Turcu AF, Vaidya A. The Spectrum of Dysregulated Aldosterone Production: An International Human Physiology Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:2220-2232. [PMID: 38450549 PMCID: PMC11319004 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Primary aldosteronism is a form of low-renin hypertension characterized by dysregulated aldosterone production. OBJECTIVE To investigate the contributions of renin-independent aldosteronism and ACTH-mediated aldosteronism in individuals with a low-renin phenotype representing the entire continuum of blood pressure. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS Human physiology study of 348 participants with a low-renin phenotype with severe and/or resistant hypertension, hypertension with hypokalemia, elevated blood pressure and stage I/II hypertension, and normal blood pressure. SETTING 4 international centers. INTERVENTIONS/MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The saline suppression test (SST) to quantify the magnitude of renin-independent aldosteronism; dexamethasone suppression and ACTH-stimulation tests to quantify the magnitude of ACTH-mediated aldosteronism; adrenal venous sampling to determine lateralization. RESULTS There was a continuum of nonsuppressible and renin-independent aldosterone production following SST that paralleled the magnitude of the blood pressure continuum and transcended conventional diagnostic thresholds. In parallel, there was a full continuum of ACTH-mediated aldosteronism wherein post-SST aldosterone levels were strongly correlated with ACTH-stimulated aldosterone production (r = 0.75, P < .0001) and nonsuppressible aldosterone production postdexamethasone (r = 0.40, P < .0001). Beyond participants who met the criteria for primary aldosteronism (post-SST aldosterone of ≥10 ng/dL or ≥277 pmol/L), the continuum of nonsuppressible and renin-independent aldosterone production persisted below this diagnostic threshold, wherein 15% still had lateralizing aldosteronism amenable to surgical adrenalectomy and the remainder were treated with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. CONCLUSION In the context of a low-renin phenotype, there is a continuum of primary aldosteronism and dysregulated aldosterone production that is prominently influenced by ACTH. A large proportion of individuals with low renin may benefit from aldosterone-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasita W Parksook
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jenifer M Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kei Omata
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Yuta Tezuka
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Ono
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Laura C Tsai
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yvonne Niebuhr
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia Milks
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Moore
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brooke Honzel
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haiping Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
- Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Section, Medicine Service, LTC Charles S. Kettles VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Sarat Sunthornyothin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Anand Vaidya
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wu L, Rodriguez M, El Hachem K, Krittanawong C. Diuretic Treatment in Heart Failure: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4470. [PMID: 39124738 PMCID: PMC11313642 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13154470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Congestion and fluid retention are the hallmarks of decompensated heart failure and the major reason for the hospitalization of patients with heart failure. Diuretics have been used in heart failure for decades, and they remain the backbone of the contemporary management of heart failure. Loop diuretics is the preferred diuretic, and it has been given a class I recommendation by clinical guidelines for the relief of congestion symptoms. Although loop diuretics have been used virtually among all patients with acute decompensated heart failure, there is still very limited clinical evidence to guide the optimized diuretics use. This is a sharp contrast to the rapidly growing evidence of the rest of the guideline-directed medical therapy of heart failure and calls for further studies. The loop diuretics possess a unique pharmacology and pharmacokinetics that lay the ground for different strategies to increase diuretic efficiency. However, many of these approaches have not been evaluated in randomized clinical trials. In recent years, a stepped and protocolized diuretics dosing has been suggested to have superior benefits over an individual clinician-based strategy. Diuretic resistance has been a major challenge to decongestion therapy for patients with heart failure and is associated with a poor clinical prognosis. Recently, therapy options have emerged to help overcome diuretic resistance to loop diuretics and have been evaluated in randomized clinical trials. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the pharmacology and clinical use of loop diuretics in the context of heart failure, with attention to its side effects, and adjuncts, as well as the challenges and future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wu
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mario Rodriguez
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Karim El Hachem
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chayakrit Krittanawong
- Section of Cardiology, Cardiology Division, NYU Langone Health and NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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10
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Lee S, Williams ZM. Role of Prefrontal Cortex Circuitry in Maintaining Social Homeostasis. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01455-0. [PMID: 39019390 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Homeostasis is a fundamental concept in biology and ensures the stability of life by maintaining the constancy of physiological processes. Recent years have witnessed a surge in research interest in these physiological processes, with a growing focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying social homeostasis. This shift in focus underscores our increasing understanding of the importance of social interactions and their impact on individual well-being. In this review, we explore the interconnected research across 3 primary categories: understanding the neural mechanisms influencing set points, defining contemporary factors that can disrupt social homeostasis, and identifying the potential contributions of social homeostatic failure in the development of psychiatric diseases. We also delve into the role of the prefrontal cortex and its circuitry in regulating social behavior, decision-making processes, and the manifestation of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Finally, we examine the influence of more recent factors such as growing social media exposure and the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, highlighting their disruptive effects. We also identify gaps in current literature through the analysis of research trends and propose future research directions to advance our understanding of social homeostasis, with implications for mental health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeungHyun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ziv M Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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11
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Wu P, Li ST, Shu TT, Mao ZH, Fu WJ, Yang YY, Pan SK, Liu DW, Liu ZS, Gao ZX. Impaired distal renal potassium handling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 327:F158-F170. [PMID: 38779755 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00240.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is closely associated with K+ disturbances during disease progression and treatment. However, it remains unclear whether K+ imbalance occurs in diabetes with normal kidney function. In this study, we examined the effects of dietary K+ intake on systemic K+ balance and renal K+ handling in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. The control and STZ mice were fed low or high K+ diet for 7 days to investigate the role of dietary K+ intake in renal K+ excretion and K+ homeostasis and to explore the underlying mechanism by evaluating K+ secretion-related transport proteins in distal nephrons. K+-deficient diet caused excessive urinary K+ loss, decreased daily K+ balance, and led to severe hypokalemia in STZ mice compared with control mice. In contrast, STZ mice showed an increased daily K+ balance and elevated plasma K+ level under K+-loading conditions. Dysregulation of the NaCl cotransporter (NCC), epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), and renal outer medullary K+ channel (ROMK) was observed in diabetic mice fed either low or high K+ diet. Moreover, amiloride treatment reduced urinary K+ excretion and corrected hypokalemia in K+-restricted STZ mice. On the other hand, inhibition of SGLT2 by dapagliflozin promoted urinary K+ excretion and normalized plasma K+ levels in K+-supplemented STZ mice, at least partly by increasing ENaC activity. We conclude that STZ mice exhibited abnormal K+ balance and impaired renal K+ handling under either low or high K+ diet, which could be primarily attributed to the dysfunction of ENaC-dependent renal K+ excretion pathway, despite the possible role of NCC.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neither low dietary K+ intake nor high dietary K+ intake effectively modulates renal K+ excretion and K+ homeostasis in STZ mice, which is closely related to the abnormality of ENaC expression and activity. SGLT2 inhibitor increases urinary K+ excretion and reduces plasma K+ level in STZ mice under high dietary K+ intake, an effect that may be partly due to the upregulation of ENaC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ting Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Shu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hui Mao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jia Fu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Kang Pan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Wei Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang-Suo Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Xiuzi Gao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Rioux AV, Nsimba-Batomene TR, Slimani S, Bergeron NAD, Gravel MAM, Schreiber SV, Fiola MJ, Haydock L, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Navigating the multifaceted intricacies of the Na +-Cl - cotransporter, a highly regulated key effector in the control of hydromineral homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1147-1204. [PMID: 38329422 PMCID: PMC11381001 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC; SLC12A3) is a highly regulated integral membrane protein that is known to exist as three splice variants in primates. Its primary role in the kidney is to mediate the cosymport of Na+ and Cl- across the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Through this role and the involvement of other ion transport systems, NCC allows the systemic circulation to reclaim a fraction of the ultrafiltered Na+, K+, Cl-, and Mg+ loads in exchange for Ca2+ and [Formula: see text]. The physiological relevance of the Na+-Cl- cotransport mechanism in humans is illustrated by several abnormalities that result from NCC inactivation through the administration of thiazides or in the setting of hereditary disorders. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the molecular mechanisms and overall roles of Na+-Cl- cotransport as the main topics of interest. On reading the narrative proposed, one will realize that the knowledge gained in regard to these themes will continue to progress unrelentingly no matter how refined it has now become.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rioux
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - T R Nsimba-Batomene
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Slimani
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - N A D Bergeron
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M A M Gravel
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S V Schreiber
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M J Fiola
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Haydock
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A P Garneau
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - P Isenring
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Kazama I, Shoji M. Targeting colonic BK channels: A novel therapeutic strategy against hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia 2024; 44:594-596. [PMID: 37179211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Itsuro Kazama
- Miyagi University, School of Nursing, Gakuen, Taiwa-cho, Kurokawa-gun, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Michiko Shoji
- Miyagi University, School of Nursing, Gakuen, Taiwa-cho, Kurokawa-gun, Miyagi, Japan
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Hanouneh M, Le D, Jaar BG, Tamargo C, Cervantes CE. Real-Life Experience on the Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors vs. Finerenone vs. Combination on Albuminuria in Chronic Kidney Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1357. [PMID: 39001247 PMCID: PMC11241372 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14131357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been several recent advances in the care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including the use of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). There are very few data reporting the outcomes of these treatments in real-world experience. The aim of this retrospective study is to report the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, finerenone, and their combination in CKD patients in our community-based setting. METHODS Ninety-eight patients with CKD with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 25 and 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥ 30 mg/g were included. Patients were divided into three groups: two monotherapy groups of SGLT2 inhibitors or finerenone and a third combination group of therapy with SGLT2 inhibitors for the first 4 months and SGLT2 inhibitors and finerenone subsequently. The primary outcomes were the timing and percentage of patients achieving a >50% reduction in UACR from baseline. RESULTS Group 1 comprised 52 patients on SGLT2i, group 2 had 22 patients on finerenone, and group 3 had 24 patients on combination therapy. The baseline median UACR and mean eGFR were 513 mg/g and 47.9 mL/min per 1.73 m2 in group 1, 548.0 mg/g and 50.5 mL/min per 1.73 m2 in group 2, and 800 mg/g and 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 in group 3. At baseline, 71 (72.4%) patients were on the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), and 78 (79.5%) patients had type 2 diabetes. After 8 months of follow-up, a >50% decrease in albuminuria was achieved in 96% of patients in group 3, compared to 50% in group 1 and 59% in group 2 (p-values were <0.01 and <0.01, respectively). There was a statistically but not clinically significant change in mean potassium levels in group 2 (+0.4 mmol/L) compared to either group 1 (0.0 mmol/L with p-value: <0.01) or group 3 (-0.01 mmol/L with p-value: <0.01). However, there was no difference in potassium levels when comparing groups 1 and 3. At the end of the follow-up, the average difference in eGFR was -3.4 (8.8), -5.3(10.1), and -7.8 (11.2) mL/min per 1.73 m2 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, without a statistically significant difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS In this real-world experience in our community setting, the combination of SGLT2 inhibitors and finerenone in our adult patients with CKD was associated with a very significant and clinically relevant reduction in UACR, without an increased risk of hyperkalemia. Combination therapy of SGLT2 inhibitor and finerenone regarding background use of ACEi/ARB is feasible and should be encouraged for further albuminuria reductions in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hanouneh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (B.G.J.); (C.T.); (C.E.C.)
- Nephrology Center of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21239, USA
| | - Dustin Le
- Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA;
| | - Bernard G. Jaar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (B.G.J.); (C.T.); (C.E.C.)
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Christina Tamargo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (B.G.J.); (C.T.); (C.E.C.)
| | - C. Elena Cervantes
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (B.G.J.); (C.T.); (C.E.C.)
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15
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Fu EL, Wexler DJ, Cromer SJ, Bykov K, Paik JM, Patorno E. SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and DPP-4 inhibitors and risk of hyperkalemia among people with type 2 diabetes in clinical practice: population based cohort study. BMJ 2024; 385:e078483. [PMID: 38925801 PMCID: PMC11200155 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-078483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the comparative effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in preventing hyperkalemia in people with type 2 diabetes in routine clinical practice. DESIGN Population based cohort study with active-comparator, new user design. SETTING Claims data from Medicare and two large commercial insurance databases in the United States from April 2013 to April 2022. PARTICIPANTS 1:1 propensity score matched adults with type 2 diabetes newly starting SGLT-2 inhibitors versus DPP-4 inhibitors (n=778 908), GLP-1 receptor agonists versus DPP-4 inhibitors (n=729 820), and SGLT-2 inhibitors versus GLP-1 receptor agonists (n=873 460). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Hyperkalemia diagnosis in the inpatient or outpatient setting. Secondary outcomes were hyperkalemia defined as serum potassium levels ≥5.5 mmol/L and hyperkalemia diagnosis in the inpatient or emergency department setting. RESULTS Starting SGLT-2 inhibitor treatment was associated with a lower rate of hyperkalemia than DPP-4 inhibitor treatment (hazard ratio 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73 to 0.78) and a slight reduction in rate compared with GLP-1 receptor agonists (0.92, 0.89 to 0.95). Use of GLP-1 receptor agonists was associated with a lower rate of hyperkalemia than DPP-4 inhibitors (0.79, 0.77 to 0.82). The three year absolute risk was 2.4% (95% CI 2.1% to 2.7%) lower for SGLT-2 inhibitors than DPP-4 inhibitors (4.6% v 7.0%), 1.8% (1.4% to 2.1%) lower for GLP-1 receptor agonists than DPP-4 inhibitors (5.7% v 7.5%), and 1.2% (0.9% to 1.5%) lower for SGLT-2 inhibitors than GLP-1 receptor agonists (4.7% v 6.0%). Findings were consistent for the secondary outcomes and among subgroups defined by age, sex, race, medical conditions, other drug use, and hemoglobin A1c levels on the relative scale. Benefits for SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists on the absolute scale were largest for those with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, or those using mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Compared with DPP-4 inhibitors, the lower rate of hyperkalemia was consistently observed across individual agents in the SGLT-2 inhibitor (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin) and GLP-1 receptor agonist (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide) classes. CONCLUSIONS In people with type 2 diabetes, SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists were associated with a lower risk of hyperkalemia than DPP-4 inhibitors in the overall population and across relevant subgroups. The consistency of associations among individual agents in the SGLT-2 inhibitor and GLP-1 receptor agonist classes suggests a class effect. These ancillary benefits of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists further support their use in people with type 2 diabetes, especially in those at risk of hyperkalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard L Fu
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah J Wexler
- Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara J Cromer
- Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katsiaryna Bykov
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie M Paik
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Renal (Kidney) Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- New England Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisabetta Patorno
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Culver SA, Suleman N, Kavuru V, Siragy HM. Renal Hypokalemia: An Endocrine Perspective. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:1694-1706. [PMID: 38546505 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The majority of disorders that cause renal potassium wasting present with abnormalities in adrenal hormone secretion. While these findings frequently lead patients to seek endocrine evaluation, clinicians often struggle to accurately diagnose these conditions, delaying treatment and adversely impacting patient care. At the same time, growing insight into the genetic and molecular basis of these disorders continues to improve their diagnosis and management. In this review, we outline a practical integrated approach to the evaluation of renal hypokalemia syndromes that are seen in endocrine practice while highlighting recent advances in understanding of the genetics and pathophysiology behind them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas A Culver
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Nawar Suleman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Varun Kavuru
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Helmy M Siragy
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Baker MB, Binda DD, Nozari A, Baker WE. The Silent Threat of Hypokalemia after High Voltage Electrical Injuries: A Case Study and Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2852. [PMID: 38792394 PMCID: PMC11122100 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
High-voltage electrical injuries, especially from lightning strikes, can cause life-threatening complications due to extreme temperature and voltage exposure. While burns and cardiac complications have been widely described, the documentation of metabolic imbalances, particularly hypokalemia, has not been as prevalent. This report focuses on a patient with profound transient hypokalemia following a lightning strike, alongside a review of three similar cases of transient hypokalemia from the literature. Our patient, a previously healthy young man, was struck by lightning and subsequently suffered transient hypokalemia with lower extremity sensory changes, which resolved after the normalization of serum potassium levels. While the exact underlying mechanisms of transient hypokalemia following high-voltage electrical injuries are unknown, we propose a multifactorial mechanism, which includes massive intracellular shifts of potassium due to elevated epinephrine levels and the prevention of potassium efflux through the electrical disruption of voltage-gated potassium channels. Our report underscores the importance of recognizing hypokalemia in patients with high-voltage electrical injuries and contributes to the understanding of the complex mechanisms involved. Further research is necessary to understand the connection between cellular changes induced by high-voltage exposure and their effects on metabolism, particularly in relation to hypokalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell B. Baker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.B.); (D.D.B.)
| | - Dhanesh D. Binda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.B.); (D.D.B.)
| | - Ala Nozari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.B.); (D.D.B.)
| | - William E. Baker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont Robert Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401, USA;
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Kao YW, Chao TF, Chen SW, Cheng YW, Chan YH, Chu PH. Initial eGFR Changes with SGLT2 Inhibitor in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Associations With the Risk of Abnormal Serum Potassium Level. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033236. [PMID: 38686902 PMCID: PMC11179933 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both high and low levels of serum potassium measurements are linked with a higher risk of adverse clinical events among patients with type 2 diabetes. The study was aimed at evaluating the implications of the various degrees of initial estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) change on subsequent serum potassium homeostasis following sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) initiation among patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS We used medical data from a multicenter health care provider in Taiwan and recruited 5529 patients with type 2 diabetes with baseline/follow-up eGFR data available after 4 to 12 weeks of SGLT2i treatment from June 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018. SGLT2i treatment was associated with an initial mean (SEM) eGFR decline of -3.5 (0.2) mL/min per 1.73 m2 in overall study participants. A total of 36.7% (n=2028) of patients experienced no eGFR decline, and 57.9% (n=3201) and 5.4% (n=300) of patients experienced an eGFR decline of 0% to 30% and >30%, respectively. Patients with an initial eGFR decline of >30% were associated with higher variability in consequent serum potassium measurement when compared with those without an initial eGFR decline. Participants with a pronounced eGFR decline of >30% were associated with a higher risk of hyperkalemia ≥5.5 (adjusted hazard ratio,4.59 [95% CI, 2.28-9.26]) or use of potassium binder (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.65 [95% CI, 1.78-3.95]) as well as hypokalemia events <3.0 mmol/L (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.21 [95% CI, 1.90-5.42]) or use of potassium supplement (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.37-2.56]) following SGLT2i treatment after multivariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Physicians should be aware that the eGFR trough occurs shortly, and consequent serum potassium changes following SGLT2i initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Kao
- Department of Applied Statistics and Information Science Ming Chuan University Taoyuan City Taiwan
- Artificial Intelligence Development Center Fu Jen Catholic University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tze-Fan Chao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wei Chen
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center Chang Gung University Taoyuan City Taiwan
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Cheng
- The Cardiovascular Department Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Chan
- The Cardiovascular Department Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan Taiwan
- College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine Chang-Gung University Taoyuan City Taiwan
- Microscopy Core Laboratory Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- The Cardiovascular Department Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan Taiwan
- College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
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Hui WF, Chan VPY, Cheung WL, Ku SW, Hon KL. The impact of tubular dysfunction and its relationship with acute kidney injury in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:1617-1626. [PMID: 37994979 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubular dysfunction can cause electrolyte disturbances with potentially serious consequences. We studied the epidemiology and outcomes of electrolyte disturbances and tubular dysfunction among critically ill children and evaluated their relationships with acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study recruiting children aged 1 month to ≤ 18 years old admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) from 6/2020 to 6/2021. The serum levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium were reviewed and simultaneous urinary investigations for tubular function were performed among children with electrolyte disturbances. RESULTS Altogether there were 253 episodes of admission. The median (interquartile) age was 4.9 (1.3-11.0) years and 58.1% were male. The median number of electrolyte disorders was 3 (2-4) types. Hypophosphatemia (74.2%), hypocalcemia (70.3%) and hypermagnesemia (52.9%) were the three commonest types of disturbances. Urinary electrolyte wasting was commonly observed among children with hypomagnesemia (70.6%), hypophosphatemia (67.4%) and hypokalemia (28.6%). Tubular dysfunction was detected in 82.6% of patients and urinary β2-microglobulin level significantly correlated with the severity of tubular dysfunction (p < 0.001). The development of tubular dysfunction was independent of AKI status. Tubular dysfunction was associated with mortality (p < 0.001) and was an independent predictor of PICU length of stay (LOS) (p < 0.001). The incorporation of the tubular dysfunction severity into the AKI staging system improved the prediction of PICU LOS. CONCLUSIONS Tubular dysfunction was associated with both morbidity and mortality in critically ill children and its assessment may help to capture a more comprehensive picture of acute kidney insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun Fung Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Doctor's Office, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, 9/F, Tower B, 1 Shing Cheong Road, Kowloon Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | | | - Wing Lum Cheung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Doctor's Office, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, 9/F, Tower B, 1 Shing Cheong Road, Kowloon Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shu Wing Ku
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Doctor's Office, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, 9/F, Tower B, 1 Shing Cheong Road, Kowloon Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kam Lun Hon
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Doctor's Office, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, 9/F, Tower B, 1 Shing Cheong Road, Kowloon Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Bonacchi G, Rossi VA, Garofalo M, Mollace R, Uccello G, Pieragnoli P, Checchi L, Perrotta L, Voltolini L, Ricciardi G, Beltrami M. Pathophysiological Link and Treatment Implication of Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2024; 12:981. [PMID: 38790943 PMCID: PMC11117953 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) results from a complex interplay of age, genetic, cardiac remodeling, and concomitant comorbidities including hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Renal failure is an important comorbidity of HFpEF, as well as a major pathophysiological mechanism for those patients at risk of developing HFpEF. Heart failure (HF) and CKD are intertwined conditions sharing common disease pathways; the so-called "kidney tamponade", explained by an increase in intracapsular pressure caused by fluid retention, is only the latest model to explain renal injury in HF. Recognizing the different phenotypes of HFpEF remains a real challenge; the pathophysiological mechanisms of renal dysfunction may differ across the HF spectrum, as well as the prognostic role. A better understanding of the role of cardiorenal interactions in patients with HF in terms of symptom status, disease progression, and prognosis remains essential in HF management. Historically, patients with HF and CKD have been scarcely represented in clinical trial populations. Current concerns affect the practical approach to HF treatment, and, in this context, physicians are frequently hesitant to prescribe and titrate both new and old treatments. Therefore, the extensive application of HF drugs in diverse HF subtypes with numerous comorbidities and different renal dysfunction etiologies remains a controversial matter of discussion. Numerous recently introduced drugs, such as sodium-glucose-linked transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), constitute a new therapeutic option for patients with HF and CKD. Because of their protective vascular and hormonal actions, the use of these agents may be safely extended to patients with renal dysfunction in the long term. The present review delves into the phenotype of patients with HFpEF and CKD from a pathophysiological perspective, proposing a treatment approach that suggests a practical stepwise algorithm for the proper application of life-saving therapies in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bonacchi
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | | | - Manuel Garofalo
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.G.); (P.P.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Rocco Mollace
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Cardiology Unit, Humanitas Gavazzeni, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Uccello
- Division of Cardiology, “A. Manzoni” Hospital—ASST Lecco, 23900 Lecco, Italy;
| | - Paolo Pieragnoli
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.G.); (P.P.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Luca Checchi
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.G.); (P.P.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Laura Perrotta
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.G.); (P.P.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Luca Voltolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ricciardi
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.G.); (P.P.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Matteo Beltrami
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy;
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.G.); (P.P.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (G.R.)
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21
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Jensen GC, Janis MK, Nguyen HN, David OW, Zastrow ML. Fluorescent Protein-Based Sensors for Detecting Essential Metal Ions across the Tree of Life. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1622-1643. [PMID: 38587931 PMCID: PMC11073808 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent metal ion sensors are powerful tools for elucidating metal dynamics in living systems. Over the last 25 years since the first examples of genetically encoded fluorescent protein-based calcium indicators, this toolbox of probes has expanded to include other essential and non-essential metal ions. Collectively, these tools have illuminated fundamental aspects of metal homeostasis and trafficking that are crucial to fields ranging from neurobiology to human nutrition. Despite these advances, much of the application of metal ion sensors remains limited to mammalian cells and tissues and a limited number of essential metals. Applications beyond mammalian systems and in vivo applications in living organisms have primarily used genetically encoded calcium ion sensors. The aim of this Perspective is to provide, with the support of historical and recent literature, an updated and critical view of the design and use of fluorescent protein-based sensors for detecting essential metal ions in various organisms. We highlight the historical progress and achievements with calcium sensors and discuss more recent advances and opportunities for the detection of other essential metal ions. We also discuss outstanding challenges in the field and directions for future studies, including detecting a wider variety of metal ions, developing and implementing a broader spectral range of sensors for multiplexing experiments, and applying sensors to a wider range of single- and multi-species biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Makena K Janis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Hazel N Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Ogonna W David
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Melissa L Zastrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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22
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Padoan F, Guarnaroli M, Brugnara M, Piacentini G, Pietrobelli A, Pecoraro L. Role of Nutrients in Pediatric Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathogenesis to Correct Supplementation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:911. [PMID: 38672265 PMCID: PMC11048674 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition management is fundamental for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fluid balance and low-protein and low-sodium diets are the more stressed fields from a nutritional point of view. At the same time, the role of micronutrients is often underestimated. Starting from the causes that could lead to potential micronutrient deficiencies in these patients, this review considers all micronutrients that could be administered in CKD to improve the prognosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Milena Brugnara
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy (A.P.)
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23
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Janc J, Janc JJ, Suchański M, Fidut M, Leśnik P. Aldosterone levels do not predict 28-day mortality in patients treated for COVID-19 in the intensive care unit. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7829. [PMID: 38570550 PMCID: PMC10991296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The immunotropic effects of aldosterone might play a role in COVID-19, as SARS-CoV-2 reportedly uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors as an entry point into cells. Aldosterone function is closely linked to its action on mineralocorticoid receptors in kidneys; it increases the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium, which increases blood pressure. Despite the large number of studies examining the effect of Ang-II and its blockers on the course of COVID-19 infection, there is still uncertainty about the role of aldosterone. The aim of the study was to assess the correlation of aldosterone, urea, creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT) levels with 28 days of mortality in patients treated for COVID19 in an intensive care unit (ICU). This cross-selection study involved 115 adult patients who were divided into two groups: those who died within a 28-day period (n = 82) and those who survived (n = 33). The correlation of aldosterone, urea, creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT) levels with 28 days of mortality in patients treated for COVID-19 were performed. The patients' age, sex, scores from the APACHE II, SAPS II, and SOFA scales and comorbidities like HA, IHD and DM were also analyzed. Remarkably, the individuals who survived for 28 days were of significantly lower mean age and achieved notably lower scores on the APACHE II, SAPS II, and SOFA assessment scales. Statistically significantly higher CRP levels were observed on days 3, 5, and 7 in individuals who survived for 28 days. Creatinine levels in the same group were also statistically significantly lower on days 1, 3, and 5 than those of individuals who died within 28 days. The investigation employed both univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models to explore factors related to mortality. In the univariate analysis, variables with a p value of less than 0.50 were included in the multivariate model. Age, APACHE II, SAPS II, and SOFA demonstrated significance in univariate analysis and were considered to be associated with mortality. The outcomes of the multivariate analysis indicated that age (HR = 1.03, p = 0.033) served as a robust predictor of mortality in the entire study population. In conclusion the plasma aldosterone level is not associated with ICU mortality in patients with COVID-19. Other factors, including the patient's age, creatinine or CRP contribute to the severity and prognosis of the disease. This study was retrospectively registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) with registration no. ACTRN12621001300864 (27/09/2021: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=382563&isReview=true ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Janc
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wrocław, Poland.
| | | | - Michał Suchański
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, 4th Military Clinical Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Fidut
- Department of Cardiology, 4th Military Clinical Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Patrycja Leśnik
- Department of Microbiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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24
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Morales J, Palmer BF. Non-steroidal mineralocorticoid antagonists and hyperkalemia monitoring in chronic kidney disease patients associated with type II diabetes: a narrative review. Postgrad Med 2024; 136:111-119. [PMID: 38344772 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2024.2316572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent complication of Type II diabetes (T2D). The coexistence of CKD with T2D is comparable to cardiovascular disease (CVD) when the estimated glomerular filtration rate declines below 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Screening and early detection of people with high risk for CKD would be beneficial in managing CKD progress and the associated complications such as CV complications. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) have demonstrated beneficial effects in delaying CKD progression, but they carry the risk of hyperkalemia. Nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid antagonists (nsMRA), such as finerenone, exhibit considerable efficacy in their anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and renal protective effects with demonstrable reductions in CV complications. In addition, nsMRAs do not cause significant changes in serum potassium levels compared to traditional steroidal MRA. Ongoing research explores the capacity of the sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i), combined with nsMRA, to produce synergistic renal protective effects and reduce the risk of hyperkalemia. Also, a dedicated renal outcomes study (FLOW study) involving a once-weekly injectable Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide, was halted early by the data monitoring committee due to having achieved the predefined efficacy endpoint and considerations related to renal disease. In CKD patients with T2D on nsMRA, hyperkalemia management requires a comprehensive approach involving lifestyle adjustments, dietary modifications, regular serum potassium level monitoring, and potassium binders, if necessary. Withholding or down-titration of nsMRAs with close monitoring of serum potassium levels may be required in patients with concerning potassium levels. In light of the current state of knowledge, this review article explores the perspectives and approaches that HCPs may consider when monitoring and managing hyperkalemia in CKD patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Morales
- Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Advanced Internal Medicine Group, P.C, East Hills, NY, USA
| | - Biff F Palmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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25
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Fu EL, Mastrorilli J, Bykov K, Wexler DJ, Cervone A, Lin KJ, Patorno E, Paik JM. A population-based cohort defined risk of hyperkalemia after initiating SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP1 receptor agonists or DPP-4 inhibitors to patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int 2024; 105:618-628. [PMID: 38101515 PMCID: PMC10922914 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyperkalemia is a common adverse event in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes and limits the use of guideline-recommended therapies such as renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Here, we evaluated the comparative effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) on the risk of hyperkalemia. We conducted a population-based active-comparator, new-user cohort study using claims data from Medicare and two large United States commercial insurance databases (April 2013-April 2022). People with CKD stages 3-4 and type 2 diabetes who newly initiated SGLT-2i vs. DPP-4i (141671 patients), GLP-1RA vs. DPP-4i (159545 patients) and SGLT-2i vs. GLP-1RA (93033 patients) were included. The primary outcome was hyperkalemia diagnosed in inpatient or outpatient settings. Secondary outcomes included hyperkalemia diagnosed in inpatient or emergency department setting, and serum potassium levels of 5.5 mmol/L or more. Pooled hazard ratios and rate differences were estimated after propensity score matching to adjust for over 140 potential confounders. Initiation of SGLT-2i was associated with a lower risk of hyperkalemia compared with DPP-4i (hazard ratio 0.74; 95% confidence interval 0.68-0.80) and contrasted to GLP-1RA (0.92; 0.86-0.99). Compared with DPP-4i, GLP-1RA were also associated with a lower risk of hyperkalemia (0.80; 0.75-0.86). Corresponding absolute rate differences/1000 person-years were -24.8 (95% confidence interval -31.8 to -17.7), -5.0 (-10.9 to 0.8), and -17.7 (-23.4 to -12.1), respectively. Similar findings were observed for the secondary outcomes, among subgroups, and across single agents within the SGLT-2i and GLP-1RA classes. Thus, SGLT-2i and GLP-1RA are associated with a lower risk of hyperkalemia than DPP-4i in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes, further supporting the use of these drugs in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard L Fu
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julianna Mastrorilli
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katsiaryna Bykov
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah J Wexler
- Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Cervone
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kueiyu Joshua Lin
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elisabetta Patorno
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie M Paik
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Renal (Kidney) Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; New England Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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26
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Hou J, Yang M, Wu X, Chen Q, Lu Y, Zhang J, Lin D. Epidermal microorganisms contributed to the toxic mechanism of nZVI and TCEP in earthworms by robbing metal elements and nutrients. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2024; 3:80-88. [PMID: 38323088 PMCID: PMC10844675 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Disrupting effects of pollutants on symbiotic microbiota have been regarded as an important mechanism of host toxicity, with most current research focusing on the intestinal microbiota. In fact, the epidermal microbiota, which participates in the nutrient exchange between hosts and environments, could play a crucial role in host toxicity via community changes. To compare the contributions of intestinal and epidermal symbiotic microorganisms to host toxicity, this study designed single and combined scenarios of soil contamination [nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) and tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP)], and revealed the coupling mechanisms between intestinal/epidermal symbiotic bacterial communities and earthworm toxicological endpoints. Microbiome analysis showed that 15% of intestinal microbes were highly correlated with host endpoints, compared to 45% of epidermal microbes showing a similar correlation. Functional comparisons revealed that key species on the epidermis were mainly heterotrophic microbes with genetic abilities to utilize metal elements and carbohydrate nutrients. Further verifications demonstrated that when facing the co-contamination of nZVI and TCEP, certain symbiotic microorganisms became dominant and consumed zinc, copper, and manganese along with saccharides and amino acids, which may be responsible for the nutritional deficiencies in the host earthworms. The findings can enrich the understanding of the coupling relationship between symbiotic microorganisms and host toxicity, highlighting the importance of epidermal microorganisms in host resistance to environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meirui Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuqi Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Environment and Resources Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Ecological Civilization Academy, Anji 313300, China
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27
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Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. SGLT2 Inhibition and Kidney Potassium Homeostasis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 19:399-405. [PMID: 37639260 PMCID: PMC10937025 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of the sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) in the proximal tubule brings about physiologic changes predicted to both increase and decrease kidney K + excretion. Despite these effects, disorders of plasma K + concentration are an uncommon occurrence. If anything, these drugs either cause no effect or a slight reduction in plasma K + concentration in patients with normal kidney function but seem to exert a protective effect against hyperkalemia in the setting of reduced kidney function or when given with drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. In this review, we discuss the changes in kidney physiology after the administration of SGLT2 inhibitors predicted to cause both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. We conclude that these factors offset one another, explaining the uncommon occurrence of dyskalemias with these drugs. Careful human studies focusing on the determinants of kidney K + handling are needed to fully understand how these drugs attenuate the risk of hyperkalemia and yet rarely cause hypokalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biff F. Palmer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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28
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Hoenig MP, Lecker SH, William JH. The times they are K+-changin': bringing the potassium curriculum out of the 20th century. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:186-191. [PMID: 38047548 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although most of the current medical education literature has focused on teaching strategies, little attention has been devoted to selecting appropriate course content. Despite elegant descriptions of physiologic mechanisms in recent decades, medical school curricula and students continue to rely on outdated textbooks and certification examination study aids composed to fit an antiquated exam blueprint. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in our understanding of potassium physiology offer multiple examples of key concepts that deserve to be included in the modern-day renal physiology curriculum, including the relationship of potassium to blood pressure and the potassium 'switch', the aldosterone paradox, and novel pharmacologic agents that target dietary potassium absorption and potassium handling in the kidney. SUMMARY Key advances in our understanding and application of renal physiology to patient care have not been readily integrated into the nephrology curriculum of medical students. Difficult questions remain regarding when new concepts are sufficiently established to be introduced to medical students in the preclinical years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Hoenig
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Zhang X, Su Z, Zhao Y, Wu D, Wu Y, Li G. Recent advances of nanopore technique in single cell analysis. Analyst 2024; 149:1350-1363. [PMID: 38312056 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01973j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Single cells and their dynamic behavior are closely related to biological research. Monitoring their dynamic behavior is of great significance for disease prevention. How to achieve rapid and non-destructive monitoring of single cells is a major issue that needs to be solved urgently. As an emerging technology, nanopores have been proven to enable non-destructive and label-free detection of single cells. The structural properties of nanopores enable a high degree of sensitivity and accuracy during analysis. In this article, we summarize and classify the different types of solid-state nanopores that can be used for single-cell detection and illustrate their specific applications depending on the size of the analyte. In addition, their research progress in material transport and microenvironment monitoring is also highlighted. Finally, a brief summary of existing research challenges and future trends in nanopore single-cell analysis is tentatively provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Zhuoqun Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Di Wu
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Yongning Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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30
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Hu H, Liang W, Ding G. Ion homeostasis in diabetic kidney disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:142-150. [PMID: 37880052 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The complications of type 2 diabetes are a major global public health problem with high incidence and mortality, affecting almost all individuals with diabetes worldwide. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one such primary complication and has become a leading cause of end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetes. Progression from diabetes to DKD is a complex process typically involving multiple mechanisms. Recent remarkable clinical benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in diabetes and DKD highlight the critical impact of renal ion homeostasis on disease progression. This review comprehensively examines the impact of ion homeostasis on the transition from diabetes to DKD, outlining possible therapeutic interventions and addressing the ongoing challenges in this rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtu Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China; Key Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China; Key Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China.
| | - Guohua Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China; Key Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China.
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31
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Zeng Z, Huang J, Zhang L. Biomimetic mesoporous carbon-silica/AAO asymmetric nanochannel array for electrochemical sensing of K + in rat brain microdialysates and serum. Talanta 2024; 268:125304. [PMID: 37898035 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Acquirement of chemical expression in practical brain system is vital to understand the molecular mechanism involved in physiological and pathological processes in brain. Though nanochannels have been demonstrated to be promising platform for electrochemical sensor, it is a great challenge for nanochannels to be employed in practical brain biofluid. In this work, we rationally designed and created the biomimetic asymmetric nanochannels for sensing of K+ through integrating in situ modification of a two-component mesoporous carbon-silica (MCS) thin film with a pore size of ∼3.6 nm at anodic alumina nanochannel array (AAO) with the ∼40 nm pores (denoted as MCS/AAO). Apparent rectification phenomenon in such functionalized nanochannel array was achieved based on diode-like ion transport. Then, 4'-aminobenzeno-18-crown-6 (SP) was selected to be chemically decorated at MCS/AAO as the specific recognition for K+ (SP/MCS/AAO). The developed SP/MCS/AAO exhibited good selectivity towards K+ detection against the coexisting interferences in brain, and possessed a good linear response to K+ concentration in the range of 0.5-10 mM with a detection limit of 0.1 mM. Combined with microdialysis technique, the variation of K+ was successfully determined in rat brain microdialysates and serums. Compared with normal rats, the concentration of K+ was found to be greatly decreased in the cerebral microdialysates and serum of rats with hypertensive model (SHR). This work unveiled a powerful platform for K+, and promised to be extended to design new strategy for detecting other chemical species, in particular non-electroactive species in biofluid related to physiological and pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jie Huang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Sevamontree C, Jintajirapan S, Phakdeekitcharoen P, Phakdeekitcharoen B. The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hyperkalemia in the Outpatient Setting. Int J Nephrol 2024; 2024:5694131. [PMID: 38292832 PMCID: PMC10824579 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5694131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperkalemia is a life-threatening condition in outpatient and emergency departments. Hyperkalemia is associated with more events of major adverse cardiovascular diseases, hospitalization, and death. The aim of this study is to study and assess the prevalence and risk factors for developing hyperkalemia within the Thai population. Method A cross-sectional observational study of 3,299 unique adult patients (≥18 years) in one calendar year (2021) with at least 1 valid serum potassium (SK) test was conducted in the outpatient department of medicine. Hyperkalemia was determined as SK ≥5.8 mmol/L without hemolysis or technical error. Clinical data and laboratory tests were collected for analysis of risk factors. Result 2,971 patients (131 hyperkalemia and 2,840 control) were eligible. The annual prevalence of hyperkalemia was 4.41%. The mean ages of patients were 66.5 years in the hyperkalemia group and 55.9 years in the control group. Increasing age had a positive association (r = 0.220, p < 0.001) to risk of hyperkalemia, whereas the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) had an inverse association with SK level (r = -0.398, p < 0.001). The risk factors for hyperkalemia were patients with age ≥65 years (odds ratio, 2.106; 95% CI, 1.399, 3.171; p < 0.001), presence of diabetes mellitus (DM, odds ratio, 1.541; 95% CI, 1.030, 2.306; p = 0.036), chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage ≥3 (odds ratio, 14.885; 95% CI, 8.112, 27.313; p < 0.001), hemodialysis treatment (odds ratio, 10.170; 95% CI, 5.858, 17.657; p < 0.001), and usage of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi, odds ratio, 2.256; 95% CI, 1.440, 3.536; p < 0.001). Conclusion The risk factors contributing to hyperkalemia were patients with older age, DM, CKD, hemodialysis treatment, and usage of RAASi. Although the usage of RAASi is proven to be a cardiovascular advantage in the elderly, DM, and CKD patients, careful monitoring of SK is strongly advised to optimize patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadapa Sevamontree
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supreeya Jintajirapan
- Outpatient Intervention and Urgency Care, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Bunyong Phakdeekitcharoen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Chaudhary MT, Majeed S, Rana IA, Ali Z, Jia Y, Du X, Hinze L, Azhar MT. Impact of salinity stress on cotton and opportunities for improvement through conventional and biotechnological approaches. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:20. [PMID: 38166652 PMCID: PMC10759391 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Excess salinity can affect the growth and development of all plants. Salinization jeopardizes agroecosystems, induces oxidative reactions in most cultivated plants and reduces biomass which affects crop yield. Some plants are affected more than others, depending upon their ability to endure the effects of salt stress. Cotton is moderately tolerant to salt stress among cultivated crops. The fundamental tenet of plant breeding is genetic heterogeneity in available germplasm for acquired characteristics. Variation for salinity tolerance enhancing parameters (morphological, physiological and biochemical) is a pre-requisite for the development of salt tolerant cotton germplasm followed by indirect selection or hybridization programs. There has been a limited success in the development of salt tolerant genotypes because this trait depends on several factors, and these factors as well as their interactions are not completely understood. However, advances in biochemical and molecular techniques have made it possible to explore the complexity of salt tolerance through transcriptomic profiling. The focus of this article is to discuss the issue of salt stress in crop plants, how it alters the physiology and morphology of the cotton crop, and breeding strategies for the development of salinity tolerance in cotton germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajid Majeed
- Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Islamabad, 44090, Pakistan
| | - Iqrar Ahmad Rana
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology/Centre of Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Yinhua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiongming Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lori Hinze
- US Department of Agriculture, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Muhammad Tehseen Azhar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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Tarçın G, Ahmadzada S, Saygılı S, Kaya A, Aktuğlu Zeybek AÇ, Ercan O. Evaluating renin and aldosterone levels in children with organic acidemia-therapeutic experience with fludrocortisone. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:5447-5453. [PMID: 37773296 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism has been reported in only a few cases with methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and has been attributed to the renal involvement. This study aims to investigate renin-aldosterone levels along with the renal functions of the patients with organic acidemia. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in patients with MMA, propionic acidemia (PA), and isovaleric acidemia (IVA). Serum renin, aldosterone, sodium, and potassium levels were measured, and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were calculated. Comparisons were made between the MMA and non-MMA (PA+IVA) groups. Thirty-two patients (MMA:PA:IVA = 14:13:5) were included. The median GFR was significantly lower in the MMA group than in the non-MMA group (p < 0.001). MMA patients had the highest incidence of kidney damage (71.4%), followed by PA patients (23%), while none of the IVA patients had reduced GFR. GFR positively correlated with renin levels (p = 0.015, r = 0.433). Although renin levels were significantly lower in the MMA group than the non-MMA group (p = 0.026), no significant difference in aldosterone levels was found between the two groups. Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism was found in 3 patients with MMA who had different stages of kidney damage, and fludrocortisone was initiated, which normalized serum sodium and potassium levels. Conclusions: This study, which has the largest number of patients among the studies investigating the renin-angiotensin system in organic acidemias to date, has demonstrated that hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism is not a rare entity in the etiology of hyperkalemia in patients with MMA, and the use of fludrocortisone is an effective treatment of choice in selected cases. What is Known: • Hyperkalemia may be observed in cases of methylmalonic acidemia due to renal involvement and can be particularly prominent during metabolic decompensation. • Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism has been reported to be associated with hyperkalemia in only a few cases of methylmalonic acidemia. What is New: • Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism was found in one-fifth of cases with methylmalonic acidemia. • Fludrocortisone therapy leads to the normalization of serum sodium and potassium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürkan Tarçın
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Saffa Ahmadzada
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Seha Saygılı
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ayşem Kaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cardiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ayşe Çiğdem Aktuğlu Zeybek
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Oya Ercan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Chen Y, Pang S, Li J, Lu Y, Gao C, Xiao Y, Chen M, Wang M, Ren X. Genetically encoded protein sensors for metal ion detection in biological systems: a review and bibliometric analysis. Analyst 2023; 148:5564-5581. [PMID: 37872814 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01412f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions are indispensable elements in living organisms and are associated with regulating various biological processes. An imbalance in metal ion content can lead to disorders in normal physiological functions of the human body and cause various diseases. Genetically encoded fluorescent protein sensors have the advantages of low biotoxicity, high specificity, and a long imaging time in vivo and have become a powerful tool to visualize or quantify the concentration level of biomolecules in vivo and in vitro, temporal and spatial distribution, and life activity process. This review analyzes the development status and current research hotspots in the field of genetically encoded fluorescent protein sensors by bibliometric analysis. Based on the results of bibliometric analysis, the research progress of genetically encoded fluorescent protein sensors for metal ion detection is reviewed, and the construction strategies, physicochemical properties, and applications of such sensors in biological imaging are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxueyuan Chen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - ShuChao Pang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Jingya Li
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yun Lu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Chenxia Gao
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yanyu Xiao
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoliang Ren
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Sumida K, Biruete A, Kistler BM, Khor BH, Ebrahim Z, Giannini R, Sussman-Dabach EJ, Avesani CM, Chan M, Lambert K, Yee-Moon Wang A, Clegg DJ, Burrowes JD, Palmer BF, Carrero JJ, Kovesdy CP. New Insights Into Dietary Approaches to Potassium Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr 2023; 33:S6-S12. [PMID: 37610407 PMCID: PMC10872890 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Potassium disorders are one of the most common electrolyte abnormalities in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to poor clinical outcomes. Maintaining serum potassium levels within the physiologically normal range is critically important in these patients. Dietary potassium restriction has long been considered a core strategy for the management of chronic hyperkalemia in patients with CKD. However, this has been challenged by recent evidence suggesting a paradigm shift toward fostering more liberalized, plant-based dietary patterns. The advent of novel potassium binders and an improved understanding of gastrointestinal processes involved in potassium homeostasis (e.g., gastrointestinal potassium wasting) may facilitate a paradigm shift and incorporation of heart-healthy potassium-enriched food sources. Nevertheless, uncertainty regarding the risk-benefit of plant-based diets in the context of potassium management in CKD remains, requiring well-designed clinical trials to determine the efficacy of dietary potassium manipulation toward improvement of clinical outcomes in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Sumida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Annabel Biruete
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Brandon M Kistler
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Ban-Hock Khor
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Zarina Ebrahim
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Rossella Giannini
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Elizabeth J Sussman-Dabach
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Carla Maria Avesani
- Division of Renal Medicine, Baxter Novum. Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Chan
- Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics and Renal Medicine, The St. George Hospital, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kelly Lambert
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela Yee-Moon Wang
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paul Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech Medical Center, El Paso, Texas
| | - Jerrilynn D Burrowes
- Department of Health Sciences and Administration, Program in Nutrition and Dietetics, Long Island University-Post, Greenvale, New York
| | - Biff F Palmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Juan-Jesus Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Csaba P Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Fravel MA, Meaney CJ, Noureddine L. Management of Hyperkalemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Using Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Inhibitors. Curr Hypertens Rep 2023; 25:395-404. [PMID: 37747576 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-023-01265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibiting medications is critical in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and kidney function decline in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, these agents can lead to hyperkalemia, an electrolyte disorder associated with risk of arrythmia, conduction disorders, and increased overall mortality. Discontinuation, or reduction of dose, of RAAS inhibitor therapy in hyperkalemic patients with CKD can lead to loss of kidney and cardiovascular protection afforded by these medications. Given the high prevalence of hyperkalemia among patients with CKD utilizing RAAS inhibitors, clear management principles are critical to minimize risk and maximize benefit when facing this clinical dilemma. RECENT FINDINGS Strategies to mitigate hyperkalemia that do not interfere with optimal RAAS inhibitor therapy should be prioritized when managing potassium elevation in patients with CKD. These strategies include discontinuing non-RAAS inhibitor medications known to cause hyperkalemia, correction of metabolic acidosis, and maximization of medication therapies that lower serum potassium, including diuretics and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors. Initiation of potassium exchange resins should also be considered to allow for sustained RAAS inhibitor utilization. An approach which employs multiple strategies concurrently is important to mitigate hyperkalemia and maintain long-term use of RAAS-inhibitors. Persistence of RAAS inhibitor use in patients with CKD is important to slow kidney function decline, delay onset of dialysis or the need for kidney transplant, and prevent adverse cardiovascular outcomes. When hyperkalemia develops among patients with CKD utilizing a RAAS inhibitor, a deliberate effort to reduce serum potassium levels using an approach that allows for continuation of maximally dosed RAAS inhibitor therapy is important. Patient education and engagement in the potassium management process is important for sustained success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Fravel
- University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 167 CPB, 180 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | | | - Lama Noureddine
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Ferreira RM, de Almeida R, Culp C, Witzmann F, Wang M, Kher R, Nagami GT, Mohallem R, Andolino CJ, Aryal UK, Eadon MT, Bacallao RL. Proteomic analysis of murine kidney proximal tubule sub-segment derived cell lines reveals preferences in mitochondrial pathway activity. J Proteomics 2023; 289:104998. [PMID: 37657718 PMCID: PMC10843797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The proximal tubule (PT) is a nephron segment that is responsible for the majority of solute and water reabsorption in the kidney. Each of its sub-segments have specialized functions; however, little is known about the genes and proteins that determine the oxidative phosphorylation capacity of the PT sub-segments. This information is critical to understanding kidney function and will provide a comprehensive landscape of renal cell adaptations to injury, physiologic stressors, and development. This study analyzed three immortalized murine renal cell lines (PT S1, S2, and S3 segments) for protein content and compared them to a murine fibroblast cell line. All three proximal tubule cell lines generate ATP predominantly by oxidative phosphorylation while the fibroblast cell line is glycolytic. The proteomic data demonstrates that the most significant difference in proteomic signatures between the cell lines are proteins known to be localized in the nucleus followed by mitochondrial proteins. Mitochondrial metabolic substrate utilization assays were performed using the proximal tubule cell lines to determine substrate utilization kinetics thereby providing a physiologic context to the proteomic dataset. This data will allow researchers to study differences in nephron-specific cell lines, between epithelial and fibroblast cells, and between actively respiring cells and glycolytic cells. SIGNIFICANCE: Proteomic analysis of proteins expressed in immortalized murine renal proximal tubule cells was compared to a murine fibroblast cell line proteome. The proximal tubule segment specific cell lines: S1, S2 and S3 are all grown under conditions whereby the cells generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation while the fibroblast cell line utilizes anaerobic glycolysis for ATP generation. The proteomic studies allow for the following queries: 1) comparisons between the proximal tubule segment specific cell lines, 2) comparisons between polarized epithelia and fibroblasts, 3) comparison between cells employing oxidative phosphorylation versus anaerobic glycolysis and 4) comparisons between cells grown on clear versus opaque membrane supports. The data finds major differences in nuclear protein expression and mitochondrial proteins. This proteomic data set will be an important baseline dataset for investigators who need immortalized renal proximal tubule epithelial cells for their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Melo Ferreira
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Rita de Almeida
- Instituto de Física and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Clayton Culp
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Frank Witzmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Mu Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Rajesh Kher
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Glenn T Nagami
- Division of Nephrology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rodrigo Mohallem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Chaylen Jade Andolino
- Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Uma K Aryal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Michael T Eadon
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Robert L Bacallao
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Broch F, El Hajji L, Pietrancosta N, Gautier A. Engineering of Tunable Allosteric-like Fluorogenic Protein Sensors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3933-3942. [PMID: 37830919 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical protein sensors that enable detection of relevant biomolecules of interest play central roles in biological research. Coupling fluorescent reporters with protein sensing units has enabled the development of a wide range of biosensors that recognize analytes with high selectivity. In these sensors, analyte recognition induces a conformational change in the protein sensing unit that can modulate the optical signal of the fluorescent reporter. Here, we explore various designs for the creation of tunable allosteric-like fluorogenic protein sensors through incorporation of sensing protein units within the chemogenetic fluorescence-activating and absorption-shifting tag (FAST) that selectively binds and stabilizes the fluorescent state of 4-hydroxybenzylidene rhodanine (HBR) analogs. Conformational coupling allowed us to design analyte-responsive optical protein sensors through allosteric-like modulation of fluorogen binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Broch
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lina El Hajji
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Gautier
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
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Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Ma Q, Li K, Zhao X, Jia Z. Association between dietary calcium, potassium, and magnesium consumption and glaucoma. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292883. [PMID: 37851631 PMCID: PMC10584168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) may be involved in the occurrence and development of glaucoma by influencing the retinal oxidative stress and regulate blood pressure. However, epidemiological opinions on dietary intake of macroelement related to glaucoma are inconsistent. Herein, this study aims to explore the association between dietary Ca, K, and Mg consumption and glaucoma. METHODS Data of 7,042 adults aged ≥40 years old who received the glaucoma examinations were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2005 to 2008 in this cross-sectional study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to explore the association between dietary Ca, K, and Mg intake and glaucoma with the odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also investigated this relationship in individuals of different age, with/without hypertension and visual field defect (VFD). RESULTS There were 502 (8.11%) participants had glaucoma. After adjusted for covariables, we found that enough dietary Ca consumption was related to a decreased risk of glaucoma [OR = 0.59, 95%CI: (0.42-0.81)], whether in persons with/without hypertension (all P<0.05). In particular, dietary K intake may be a potential protect factor for glaucoma in non-hypertension populations [OR = 0.47, 95%CI: (0.22-0.99), P = 0.049]. Additionally, hypertension/non-hypertension persons who aged <65 years old or with/without VFD should all pay attention to the enough dietary supplement of Ca, K, and Mg according to their own circumstances. CONCLUSION Enough dietary Ca, K, and Mg consumption may be potential protect factors of glaucoma that could provide some dietary reference for developing targeted glaucoma prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Department of ophthalmology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Zhao
- Department of ophthalmology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Qingmin Ma
- Department of ophthalmology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Kejun Li
- Department of ophthalmology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Zhao
- Department of ophthalmology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyang Jia
- Department of ophthalmology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
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Fan Y, Wu M, Ding L, Ji H, Zhao J, Li X, Li Z, Liu S, Jiang H, Shi J, Lei H, Wang M, Wang D, Ma L. Potassium status and the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37788131 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2262584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence on the association between potassium and cardiometabolic outcomes remains controversial. This study aimed to examine associations of dietary intake and blood and urinary levels of potassium with risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and mortality. Relevant prospective studies were retrieved through a comprehensive search of four electronic databases up to July 1, 2023. Random-effects models were used to pool the study-specific relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Fifty-six studies were included in this meta-analysis. A higher intake of potassium was significantly associated with a 16% lower risk of CVD (RR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.78-0.90). Similar inverse associations were also observed between potassium intake and mortality. Each 1.0 g/d increment in potassium intake was associated with a decreased risk of CVD (RR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.80-0.91) and all-cause mortality (RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88-0.99). For blood and urinary potassium levels, higher level of blood potassium increased the risk of all-cause mortality by 23% (RR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.11-1.36). The association of blood potassium levels with mortality was nonlinear (Pnon-linearit<0.001). However, urinary potassium levels were inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality (RR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.76-0.93). Our findings support the benefits of moderate potassium consumption for primary prevention of chronic diseases and premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Fan
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Ding
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Huixin Ji
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health Management, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaofang Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Sijiao Liu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Shi
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Haoyuan Lei
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingxu Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Duolao Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Le Ma
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
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Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Pathophysiology and clinical management of hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease. Minerva Med 2023; 114:719-735. [PMID: 36912858 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.23.08465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive increases in kidney and gastrointestinal excretion of K+ help to prevent hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) as long as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remains >15-20 mL/min. K+ balance is maintained by increased secretion per functioning nephron, which is mediated by elevated plasma K+ concentration, aldosterone, increased flow rate, and enhanced Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Fecal losses of potassium also increase in CKD. These mechanisms are effective in preventing hyperkalemia if urine output is in excess of 600 mL/day and the GFR exceeds 15 mL/min. Development of hyperkalemia with only mild to moderate reductions in GFR should prompt a search for intrinsic disease of the collecting duct, disturbances in mineralocorticoid activity, and/or decreased delivery of sodium to the distal nephron. The initial approach to treatment is to review the patient's medication profile and whenever possible discontinue drugs that impair kidney K+ excretion. Patients should be educated on sources of K+ in the diet and should be strongly encouraged to avoid the use of K+ containing salt substitutes as well as herbal remedies since herbs may be a hidden source of dietary K+. Effective diuretic therapy and correction of metabolic acidosis are effective strategies to minimize the potential for hyperkalemia. Discontinuation or use of submaximal doses of renin-angiotensin blockers should be discouraged given the cardiovascular protective effect these drugs provide. Potassium binding drugs can be useful to enable use of these drugs and potentially allow liberalization of the diet in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biff F Palmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA -
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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Wouda RD, Gritter M, Karsten M, Michels EH, Nieuweboer TM, Danser AJ, de Borst MH, Hoorn EJ, Rotmans JI, Vogt L. Kaliuresis and Intracellular Uptake of Potassium with Potassium Citrate and Potassium Chloride Supplements: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 18:1260-1271. [PMID: 37382933 PMCID: PMC10578626 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A potassium replete diet is associated with lower cardiovascular risk but may increase the risk of hyperkalemia, particularly in people using renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors. We investigated whether intracellular uptake and potassium excretion after an acute oral potassium load depend on the accompanying anion and/or aldosterone and whether this results in altered plasma potassium change. METHODS In this placebo-controlled interventional cross-over trial including 18 healthy individuals, we studied the acute effects of one oral load of potassium citrate (40 mmol), potassium chloride (40 mmol), and placebo in random order after overnight fasting. Supplements were administered after a 6-week period with and without lisinopril pretreatment. Linear mixed effect models were used to compare blood and urine values before and after supplementation and between the interventions. Univariable linear regression was used to determine the association between baseline variables and change in blood and urine values after supplementation. RESULTS During the 4-hour follow-up, the rise in plasma potassium was similar for all interventions. After potassium citrate, both red blood cell potassium-as measure of the intracellular potassium-and transtubular potassium gradient (TTKG)-reflecting potassium secretory capacity-were higher than after potassium chloride or potassium citrate with lisinopril pretreatment. Baseline aldosterone was significantly associated with TTKG after potassium citrate, but not after potassium chloride or potassium citrate with lisinopril pretreatment. The observed TTKG change after potassium citrate was significantly associated with urine pH change during this intervention ( R =0.60, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS With similar plasma potassium increase, red blood cell potassium uptake and kaliuresis were higher after an acute load of potassium citrate as compared with potassium chloride alone or pretreatment with lisinopril. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER Potassium supplementation in patients with chronic kidney disease and healthy subjects: effects on potassium and sodium balance, NL7618.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa D. Wouda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Gritter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Micky Karsten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H.A. Michels
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar M. Nieuweboer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A.H. Jan Danser
- Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin H. de Borst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J. Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris I. Rotmans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liffert Vogt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Warren AM, Grossmann M, Christ-Crain M, Russell N. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis: From Pathophysiology to Management. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:819-861. [PMID: 36974717 PMCID: PMC10502587 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder, affecting more than 15% of patients in the hospital. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) is the most frequent cause of hypotonic hyponatremia, mediated by nonosmotic release of arginine vasopressin (AVP, previously known as antidiuretic hormone), which acts on the renal V2 receptors to promote water retention. There are a variety of underlying causes of SIAD, including malignancy, pulmonary pathology, and central nervous system pathology. In clinical practice, the etiology of hyponatremia is frequently multifactorial and the management approach may need to evolve during treatment of a single episode. It is therefore important to regularly reassess clinical status and biochemistry, while remaining alert to potential underlying etiological factors that may become more apparent during the course of treatment. In the absence of severe symptoms requiring urgent intervention, fluid restriction (FR) is widely endorsed as the first-line treatment for SIAD in current guidelines, but there is considerable controversy regarding second-line therapy in instances where FR is unsuccessful, which occurs in around half of cases. We review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and differential diagnosis of SIAD, and summarize recent evidence for therapeutic options beyond FR, with a focus on tolvaptan, urea, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle M Warren
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Austin Hospital, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Austin Hospital, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Austin Hospital, Victoria 3084, Australia
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45
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Kettritz R, Loffing J. Potassium homeostasis - Physiology and pharmacology in a clinical context. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108489. [PMID: 37454737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Membrane voltage controls the function of excitable cells and is mainly a consequence of the ratio between the extra- and intracellular potassium concentration. Potassium homeostasis is safeguarded by balancing the extra-/intracellular distribution and systemic elimination of potassium to the dietary potassium intake. These processes adjust the plasma potassium concentration between 3.5 and 4.5 mmol/L. Several genetic and acquired diseases but also pharmacological interventions cause dyskalemias that are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The thresholds at which serum K+ not only associates but also causes increased mortality are hotly debated. We discuss physiologic, pathophysiologic, and pharmacologic aspects of potassium regulation and provide informative case vignettes. Our aim is to help clinicians, epidemiologists, and pharmacologists to understand the complexity of the potassium homeostasis in health and disease and to initiate appropriate treatment strategies in dyskalemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Kettritz
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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46
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Koulouridis I, Koulouridis E. The Integral Role of Chloride & With-No-Lysine Kinases in Cell Volume Regulation & Hypertension. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2023; 16:183-196. [PMID: 37601040 PMCID: PMC10438449 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s417766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloride anions are the most abundant in humans. For many years, it has been believed that chloride is simply a counterion of all other cations, ensuring the electroneutrality of the extracellular space. Recent data suggests that chloride anions possess a broad spectrum of important activities that regulate vital cellular functions. It is now evident that, apart from its contribution to the electroneutrality of the extracellular space, it acts as an osmole and contributes to extracellular and intracellular volume regulation. Its anionic charge also contributes to the generation of cell membrane potential. The most interesting action of chloride anions is their ability to regulate the activity of with-no-lysine kinases, which in turn regulate the activity of sodium chloride and potassium chloride cotransporters and govern the reabsorption of salt and excretion of potassium by nephron epithelia. Chloride anions seem to play a crucial role in cell functions, such as cell volume regulation, sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron, potassium balance, and sodium sensitivity, which lead to hypertension. All of these functions are accomplished on a molecular level via complicated metabolic pathways, many of which remain poorly defined. We attempted to elucidate some of these pathways in light of recent advances in our knowledge, obtained mainly from experimental studies.
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47
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Raphadu TT, Mphekgwana PM, Matshipi M, Monyeki KD. A Longitudinal Investigation on the Effects of Sodium and Potassium Intake on the Development of Hypertension and Abdominal Obesity from Childhood to Young Adulthood amongst Ellisras Rural Population, South Africa. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1330. [PMID: 37628329 PMCID: PMC10453195 DOI: 10.3390/children10081330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HT) and obesity have both been on the rise in children. Each is associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease risk, and both track into adulthood. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the association of sodium intake (Na), potassium (K) intake, and sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio with the development of HT and abdominal obesity amongst the Ellisras rural population over time. METHODS In this longitudinal study, data on dietary intake of Na and K were collected using a 24 h recall questionnaire from a total of 325 participants tracked from 1999 (5-12 years), 2001 (7-14 years), and 2015 (18-30 years). The averages of Na and K intake were analysed using local food tables and the South African Food Composition Database System (SAFOODS). In addition, blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric measurements (waist circumference (WC) and height) were also examined. Parametric (independent t-test) and Chi-square/Fishers exact tests were conducted to determine the difference between the years for numerical data and categorical variables. A generalised estimating equation (GEE) was used to assess the association of Na intake, K intake and their ratio on BP, WC, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). RESULTS Our results indicate a significant positive association between K intake and WHtR, and even though the model was adjusted for age and sex, there was still an association with WHtR. The Na/K ratio was associated with both BP measurements and abdominal obesity, respectively. Furthermore, Na/K was shown to be associated with an increased risk of developing HT and abdominal obesity. CONCLUSIONS In our study, we observed that an increase in the Na/K ratio is a predictor of HT and abdominal obesity over time compared to Na and K alone. However, more studies are required to further prove this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thato Tshepo Raphadu
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; (T.T.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Peter Modupi Mphekgwana
- Department of Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa;
| | - Moloko Matshipi
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; (T.T.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; (T.T.R.); (M.M.)
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Zietara A, Palygin O, Levchenko V, Dissanayake LV, Klemens CA, Geurts A, Denton JS, Staruschenko A. K ir7.1 knockdown and inhibition alter renal electrolyte handling but not the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F177-F187. [PMID: 37318990 PMCID: PMC10393338 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00059.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
High K+ supplementation is correlated with a lower risk of the composite of death, major cardiovascular events, and ameliorated blood pressure, but the exact mechanisms have not been established. Inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels expressed in the basolateral membrane of the distal nephron play an essential role in maintaining electrolyte homeostasis. Mutations in this channel family have been shown to result in strong disturbances in electrolyte homeostasis, among other symptoms. Kir7.1 is a member of the ATP-regulated subfamily of Kir channels. However, its role in renal ion transport and its effect on blood pressure have yet to be established. Our results indicate the localization of Kir7.1 to the basolateral membrane of aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron cells. To examine the physiological implications of Kir7.1, we generated a knockout of Kir7.1 (Kcnj13) in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats and deployed chronic infusion of a specific Kir7.1 inhibitor, ML418, in the wild-type Dahl SS strain. Knockout of Kcnj13 (Kcnj13-/-) resulted in embryonic lethality. Heterozygous Kcnj13+/- rats revealed an increase in K+ excretion on a normal-salt diet but did not exhibit a difference in blood pressure development or plasma electrolytes after 3 wk of a high-salt diet. Wild-type Dahl SS rats exhibited increased renal Kir7.1 expression when dietary K+ was increased. K+ supplementation also demonstrated that Kcnj13+/- rats excreted more K+ on normal salt. The development of hypertension was not different when rats were challenged with high salt for 3 wk, although Kcnj13+/- rats excrete less Na+. Interestingly, chronic infusion of ML418 significantly increased Na+ and Cl- excretion after 14 days of high salt but did not alter salt-induced hypertension development. Here, we found that reduction of Kir7.1 function, either through genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition, can influence renal electrolyte excretion but not to a sufficient degree to impact the development of SS hypertension.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To investigate the role of the Kir7.1 channel in salt-sensitive hypertension, its function was examined using complementary genetic and pharmacological approaches. The results revealed that although reducing Kir7.1 expression had some impact on maintaining K+ and Na+ balance, it did not lead to a significant change in the development or magnitude of salt-induced hypertension. Hence, it is probable that Kir7.1 works in conjunction with other basolateral K+ channels to fine-tune membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Zietara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Vladislav Levchenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Lashodya V Dissanayake
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Christine A Klemens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Aron Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jerod S Denton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States
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49
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Costa D, Patella G, Provenzano M, Ielapi N, Faga T, Zicarelli M, Arturi F, Coppolino G, Bolignano D, De Sarro G, Bracale UM, De Nicola L, Chiodini P, Serra R, Andreucci M. Hyperkalemia in CKD: an overview of available therapeutic strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1178140. [PMID: 37583425 PMCID: PMC10424443 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1178140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperkalemia (HK) is a life-threatening condition that often occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). High serum potassium (sKsK) is responsible for a higher risk of end-stage renal disease, arrhythmias and mortality. This risk increases in patients that discontinue cardio-nephroprotective renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor (RAASi) therapy after developing HK. Hence, the management of HK deserves the attention of the clinician in order to optimize the therapeutic strategies of chronic treatment of HK in the CKD patient. The adoption in clinical practice of the new hypokalaemic agents patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) for the prevention and chronic treatment of HK could allow patients, suffering from heart failure and chronic renal failure, to continue to benefit from RAASi therapy. We have updated a narrative review of the clear variables, correct definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, etiology and classifications for HK among non-dialysis CKD (ND CKD) patients. Furthermore, by describing the prognostic impact on mortality and on the progression of renal damage, we want to outline the strategies currently available for the control of potassium (K+) plasma levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Costa
- Department of Law, Economics and Sociology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gemma Patella
- Renal Unit, Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Provenzano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Ielapi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Faga
- Renal Unit, Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Zicarelli
- Renal Unit, Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Franco Arturi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coppolino
- Renal Unit, Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Davide Bolignano
- Renal Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca De Nicola
- Renal Unit, University of Campania “LuigiVanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Chiodini
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Andreucci
- Renal Unit, Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Berber M, Leng S, Wengi A, Winter DV, Odermatt A, Beuschlein F, Loffing J, Breault DT, Penton D. Calcineurin regulates aldosterone production via dephosphorylation of NFATC4. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e157027. [PMID: 37310791 PMCID: PMC10443813 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG), is critical for life, maintaining ion homeostasis and blood pressure. Therapeutic inhibition of protein phosphatase 3 (calcineurin, Cn) results in inappropriately low plasma aldosterone levels despite concomitant hyperkalemia and hyperreninemia. We tested the hypothesis that Cn participates in the signal transduction pathway regulating aldosterone synthesis. Inhibition of Cn with tacrolimus abolished the potassium-stimulated (K+-stimulated) expression of aldosterone synthase, encoded by CYP11B2, in the NCI-H295R human adrenocortical cell line as well as ex vivo in mouse and human adrenal tissue. ZG-specific deletion of the regulatory Cn subunit CnB1 diminished Cyp11b2 expression in vivo and disrupted K+-mediated aldosterone synthesis. Phosphoproteomics analysis identified nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 4 (NFATC4), as a target for Cn-mediated dephosphorylation. Deletion of NFATC4 impaired K+-dependent stimulation of CYP11B2 expression and aldosterone production while expression of a constitutively active form of NFATC4 increased expression of CYP11B2 in NCI-H295R cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed NFATC4 directly regulated CYP11B2 expression. Thus, Cn controls aldosterone production via the Cn/NFATC4 pathway. Inhibition of Cn/NFATC4 signaling may explain low plasma aldosterone levels and hyperkalemia in patients treated with tacrolimus, and the Cn/NFATC4 pathway may provide novel molecular targets to treat primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Berber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research “Kidney Control of Homeostasis” (NCCR Kidney.CH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sining Leng
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Denise V. Winter
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research “Kidney Control of Homeostasis” (NCCR Kidney.CH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Loffing
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research “Kidney Control of Homeostasis” (NCCR Kidney.CH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David T. Breault
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Penton
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research “Kidney Control of Homeostasis” (NCCR Kidney.CH), Zurich, Switzerland
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