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Lin DL, Magnaye KM, Porsche CE, Levan SR, Rackaityte E, Özçam M, Lynch SV. 12,13-diHOME Promotes Inflammatory Macrophages and Epigenetically Modifies Their Capacity to Respond to Microbes and Allergens. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:2506586. [PMID: 38974097 PMCID: PMC11227377 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2506586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated infant fecal concentrations of the bacterial-derived lipid 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (12,13-diHOME) increase the risk for childhood atopy and asthma. However, the mechanisms by which this lipid contributes to disease development are largely unknown. We hypothesized that macrophages, which are key to both antimicrobial and antigen responses, are functionally and epigenetically modified by 12,13-diHOME leading to short- and long-term dysfunction with consequences for both antimicrobial and antigenic responses. Macrophages exposed to 12,13-diHOME are skewed toward inflammatory IL-1β highCD206low cells, a phenomenon that is further amplified in the presence of common microbial-, aero-, and food-allergens. These IL-1β highCD206low macrophages also exhibit reduced bacterial phagocytic capacity. In primary immune cell coculture assays involving peanut allergen stimulation, 12,13-diHOME promotes both IL-1β and IL-6 production, memory B cell expansion, and increased IgE production. Exposure to 12,13-diHOME also induces macrophage chromatin remodeling, specifically diminishing access to interferon-stimulated response elements resulting in reduced interferon-regulated gene expression upon bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Thus 12,13-diHOME reprograms macrophage effector function, B-cell interactions and promotes epigenetic modifications that exacerbate inflammatory response to allergens and mutes antimicrobial response along the interferon axis. These observations offer plausible mechanisms by which this lipid promotes early-life pathogenic microbiome development and innate immune dysfunction associated with childhood allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Din L. Lin
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kevin M. Magnaye
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cara E. Porsche
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sophia R. Levan
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elze Rackaityte
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mustafa Özçam
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Susan V. Lynch
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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2
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Marrufo AM, Flores-Mireles AL. Macrophage fate: to kill or not to kill? Infect Immun 2024:e0047623. [PMID: 38829045 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00476-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are dynamic innate immune cells that either reside in tissue, serving as sentinels, or recruited as monocytes from bone marrow into inflamed and infected tissue. In response to cues in the tissue microenvironment (TME), macrophages polarize on a continuum toward M1 or M2 with diverse roles in progression and resolution of disease. M1-like macrophages exhibit proinflammatory functions with antimicrobial and anti-tumorigenic activities, while M2-like macrophages have anti-inflammatory functions that generally resolve inflammatory responses and orchestrate a tissue healing process. Given these opposite phenotypes, proper spatiotemporal coordination of macrophage polarization in response to cues within the TME is critical to effectively resolve infectious disease and regulate wound healing. However, if this spatiotemporal coordination becomes disrupted due to persistent infection or dysregulated coagulation, macrophages' inappropriate response to these cues will result in the development of diseases with clinically unfavorable outcomes. Since plasticity and heterogeneity are hallmarks of macrophages, they are attractive targets for therapies to reprogram toward specific phenotypes that could resolve disease and favor clinical prognosis. In this review, we discuss how basic science studies have elucidated macrophage polarization mechanisms in TMEs during infections and inflammation, particularly coagulation. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of macrophage polarization within TMEs in diseases is important in further development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando M Marrufo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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3
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Klement L, Jansakun C, Yan B, Staffer S, Tuma-Kellner S, Altamura S, Muckenthaler M, Merle U, Chamulitrat W. Myeloid-specific deletion of group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 induces pro-inflammatory LPS response predominantly in male mice via MIP-1α activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167016. [PMID: 38198970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Polymorphisms of group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2G6) are associated with blood C-reactive protein suggesting its role in inflammation. We showed that myeloid-specific Pla2g6-deficiency in Pla2g6M-/- mice led to exaggerated inflammation and fibrosis in a lean fatty liver model. We here investigated whether these mutants display alteration in immune response after treatment with E. coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) under acute (a single dose) and persistent (four doses) conditions. Without LPS treatment, male Pla2g6M-/- (but not Flox) mice at 12 months of age exhibited splenomegaly and hepatic necrosis, and ~ 30 % of them exhibited autoimmune hepatitis showing lymphoplasma cells with CD3(+) and CD45R(+) staining. Under acute LPS, male mutants showed an elevation of plasma MIP-1α and immunoglobulinA as well as upregulation of hepatic apoptosis and fibrosis PARP-1, Bax, MCP-1, α-SMA, and collagen I proteins. Their bone-marrow-derived macrophages also showed an elevation of MIP-1α release upon LPS stimulation in vitro. Female mutants under acute LPS showed a moderate increase in plasma KC/CXCL1, MCP-1, and IL10, and they showed no remarkable increase in hepatic fibrosis under acute or persistent LPS. Male mutants under persistent LPS displayed an elevation of aspartate aminotransferase, blood eosinophils, and hepatic apoptosis. Moreover, ~30 % of these mutants exhibited eosinophilic sclerosing portal hepatitis associated with an upregulated protein expression of hepatic CD8α, CD68, eosinophilic cationic protein, and Ly6G. Thus, myeloid-PLA2G6 deficiency led to an autoimmune and LPS-induced inflammatory liver disease via MIP-1α in a male-predominant manner. Our results may be applicable to patients with PLA2G6 mutations who undergo bacterial infection and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Klement
- Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chutima Jansakun
- Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Bin Yan
- Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Staffer
- Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Tuma-Kellner
- Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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4
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Smyth T, Jaspers I. Diesel exhaust particles induce polarization state-dependent functional and transcriptional changes in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L83-L97. [PMID: 38084400 PMCID: PMC11279754 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00085.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage populations exist on a spectrum between the proinflammatory M1 and proresolution M2 states and have demonstrated the ability to reprogram between them after exposure to opposing polarization stimuli. Particulate matter (PM) has been repeatedly linked to worsening morbidity and mortality following respiratory infections and has been demonstrated to modify macrophage function and polarization. The purpose of this study was to determine whether diesel exhaust particles (DEP), a key component of airborne PM, would demonstrate polarization state-dependent effects on human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) and whether DEP would modify macrophage reprogramming. CD14+CD16- monocytes were isolated from the blood of healthy human volunteers and differentiated into macrophages with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Resulting macrophages were left unpolarized or polarized into the proresolution M2 state before being exposed to DEP, M1-polarizing conditions (IFN-γ and LPS), or both and tested for phagocytic function, secretory profile, gene expression patterns, and bioenergetic properties. Contrary to previous reports, we observed a mixed M1/M2 phenotype in reprogrammed M2 cells when considering the broader range of functional readouts. In addition, we determined that DEP exposure dampens phagocytic function in all polarization states while modifying bioenergetic properties in M1 macrophages preferentially. Together, these data suggest that DEP exposure of reprogrammed M2 macrophages results in a highly inflammatory, highly energetic subpopulation of macrophages that may contribute to the poor health outcomes following PM exposure during respiratory infections.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We determined that reprogramming M2 macrophages in the presence of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) results in a highly inflammatory mixed M1/M2 phenotype. We also demonstrated that M1 macrophages are particularly vulnerable to particulate matter (PM) exposure as seen by dampened phagocytic function and modified bioenergetics. Our study suggests that PM causes reprogrammed M2 macrophages to become a highly energetic, highly secretory subpopulation of macrophages that may contribute to negative health outcomes observed in humans after PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Smyth
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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5
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Liu J, Cao X. Glucose metabolism of TAMs in tumor chemoresistance and metastasis. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:967-978. [PMID: 37080816 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are critical in promoting tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. In adapting to metabolic changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME), TAMs reprogram their metabolisms and acquire immunosuppressive and pro-tumor properties. Increased glucose metabolism in TAMs leads to the accumulation of a variety of oncometabolites that exhibit potent tumor-promoting capacity via regulating gene expression and signaling transduction. Glucose uptake also fuels O-GlcNAcylation and other post-translational modifications to promote pro-tumor polarization and function of TAMs. Glucose metabolism coordinates interactions between TAMs and various types of cells in the TME, creating a complex network that facilitates tumor progression. Targeting glucose metabolism represents a promising strategy to switch TAMs from pro-tumor toward anti-tumor function for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Institute of Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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6
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The Role of Epigenetics in Neuroinflammatory-Driven Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315218. [PMID: 36499544 PMCID: PMC9740629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of central and/or peripheral nervous system neurons. Within this context, neuroinflammation comes up as one of the main factors linked to neurodegeneration progression. In fact, neuroinflammation has been recognized as an outstanding factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Interestingly, neuroinflammatory diseases are characterized by dramatic changes in the epigenetic profile, which might provide novel prognostic and therapeutic factors towards neuroinflammatory treatment. Deep changes in DNA and histone methylation, along with histone acetylation and altered non-coding RNA expression, have been reported at the onset of inflammatory diseases. The aim of this work is to review the current knowledge on this field.
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7
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Hassanshahi A, Moradzad M, Ghalamkari S, Fadaei M, Cowin AJ, Hassanshahi M. Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation in Skin Wound Healing. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192953. [PMID: 36230913 PMCID: PMC9564023 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key immune cells that respond to infections, and modulate pathophysiological conditions such as wound healing. By possessing phagocytic activities and through the secretion of cytokines and growth factors, macrophages are pivotal orchestrators of inflammation, fibrosis, and wound repair. Macrophages orchestrate the process of wound healing through the transitioning from predominantly pro-inflammatory (M1-like phenotypes), which present early post-injury, to anti-inflammatory (M2-like phenotypes), which appear later to modulate skin repair and wound closure. In this review, different cellular and molecular aspects of macrophage-mediated skin wound healing are discussed, alongside important aspects such as macrophage subtypes, metabolism, plasticity, and epigenetics. We also highlight previous studies demonstrating interactions between macrophages and these factors for optimal wound healing. Understanding and harnessing the activity and capability of macrophages may help to advance new approaches for improving healing of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hassanshahi
- Regenerative Medicine, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Mohammad Moradzad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj 66179-13446, Iran
| | - Saman Ghalamkari
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan 61349-37333, Iran
| | - Moosa Fadaei
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan 61349-37333, Iran
| | - Allison J. Cowin
- Regenerative Medicine, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.J.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Mohammadhossein Hassanshahi
- Vascular Research Centre, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.J.C.); (M.H.)
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8
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Wang Y, Johnson KCC, Gatti-Mays ME, Li Z. Emerging strategies in targeting tumor-resident myeloid cells for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:118. [PMID: 36031601 PMCID: PMC9420297 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death-ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 provide deep and durable treatment responses which have revolutionized oncology. However, despite over 40% of cancer patients being eligible to receive immunotherapy, only 12% of patients gain benefit. A key to understanding what differentiates treatment response from non-response is better defining the role of the innate immune system in anti-tumor immunity and immune tolerance. Teleologically, myeloid cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, and neutrophils, initiate a response to invading pathogens and tissue repair after pathogen clearance is successfully accomplished. However, in the tumor microenvironment (TME), these innate cells are hijacked by the tumor cells and are imprinted to furthering tumor propagation and dissemination. Major advancements have been made in the field, especially related to the heterogeneity of myeloid cells and their function in the TME at the single cell level, a topic that has been highlighted by several recent international meetings including the 2021 China Cancer Immunotherapy workshop in Beijing. Here, we provide an up-to-date summary of the mechanisms by which major myeloid cells in the TME facilitate immunosuppression, enable tumor growth, foster tumor plasticity, and confer therapeutic resistance. We discuss ongoing strategies targeting the myeloid compartment in the preclinical and clinical settings which include: (1) altering myeloid cell composition within the TME; (2) functional blockade of immune-suppressive myeloid cells; (3) reprogramming myeloid cells to acquire pro-inflammatory properties; (4) modulating myeloid cells via cytokines; (5) myeloid cell therapies; and (6) emerging targets such as Siglec-15, TREM2, MARCO, LILRB2, and CLEVER-1. There is a significant promise that myeloid cell-based immunotherapy will help advance immuno-oncology in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Margaret E Gatti-Mays
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Zihai Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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9
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Sowers ML, Tang H, Singh VK, Khan A, Mishra A, Restrepo BI, Jagannath C, Zhang K. Multi-OMICs analysis reveals metabolic and epigenetic changes associated with macrophage polarization. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102418. [PMID: 36030823 PMCID: PMC9525912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MФ) are an essential immune cell for defense and repair that travel to different tissues and adapt based on local stimuli. A critical factor that may govern their polarization is the crosstalk between metabolism and epigenetics. However, simultaneous measurements of metabolites, epigenetics, and proteins (phenotype) have been a major technical challenge. To address this, we have developed a novel triomics approach using mass spectrometry to comprehensively analyze metabolites, proteins, and histone modifications in a single sample. To demonstrate this technique, we investigated the metabolic-epigenetic-phenotype axis following polarization of human blood–derived monocytes into either ‘proinflammatory M1-’ or ‘anti-inflammatory M2-’ MФs. We report here a complex relationship between arginine, tryptophan, glucose, and the citric acid cycle metabolism, protein and histone post-translational modifications, and human macrophage polarization that was previously not described. Surprisingly, M1-MФs had globally reduced histone acetylation levels but high levels of acetylated amino acids. This suggests acetyl-CoA was diverted, in part, toward acetylated amino acids. Consistent with this, stable isotope tracing of glucose revealed reduced usage of acetyl-CoA for histone acetylation in M1-MФs. Furthermore, isotope tracing also revealed MФs uncoupled glycolysis from the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as evidenced by poor isotope enrichment of succinate. M2-MФs had high levels of kynurenine and serotonin, which are reported to have immune-suppressive effects. Kynurenine is upstream of de novo NAD+ metabolism that is a necessary cofactor for Sirtuin-type histone deacetylases. Taken together, we demonstrate a complex interplay between metabolism and epigenetics that may ultimately influence cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Sowers
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Hui Tang
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Vipul K Singh
- Dept. of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Arshad Khan
- Dept. of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Dept. of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Dept. of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX.
| | - Kangling Zhang
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.
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10
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Sheu KM, Hoffmann A. Functional Hallmarks of Healthy Macrophage Responses: Their Regulatory Basis and Disease Relevance. Annu Rev Immunol 2022; 40:295-321. [PMID: 35471841 PMCID: PMC10074967 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101320-031555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are first responders for the immune system. In this role, they have both effector functions for neutralizing pathogens and sentinel functions for alerting other immune cells of diverse pathologic threats, thereby initiating and coordinating a multipronged immune response. Macrophages are distributed throughout the body-they circulate in the blood, line the mucosal membranes, reside within organs, and survey the connective tissue. Several reviews have summarized their diverse roles in different physiological scenarios and in the initiation or amplification of different pathologies. In this review, we propose that both the effector and the sentinel functions of healthy macrophages rely on three hallmark properties: response specificity, context dependence, and stimulus memory. When these hallmark properties are diminished, the macrophage's biological functions are impaired, which in turn results in increased risk for immune dysregulation, manifested by immune deficiency or autoimmunity. We review the evidence and the molecular mechanisms supporting these functional hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Sheu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;
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11
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Fearon U, Hanlon MM, Floudas A, Veale DJ. Cellular metabolic adaptations in rheumatoid arthritis and their therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:398-414. [PMID: 35440762 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of endothelium and immune cells is fundamental to the initiation of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and it results in trans-endothelial cell migration and synovial fibroblast proliferation, leading to joint destruction. In RA, the synovial microvasculature is highly dysregulated, resulting in inefficient oxygen perfusion to the synovium, which, along with the high metabolic demands of activated immune and stromal cells, leads to a profoundly hypoxic microenvironment. In inflamed joints, infiltrating immune cells and synovial resident cells have great requirements for energy and nutrients, and they adapt their metabolic profiles to generate sufficient energy to support their highly activated inflammatory states. This shift in metabolic capacity of synovial cells enables them to produce the essential building blocks to support their proliferation, activation and invasiveness. Furthermore, it results in the accumulation of metabolic intermediates and alteration of redox-sensitive pathways, affecting signalling pathways that further potentiate the inflammatory response. Importantly, the inflamed synovium is a multicellular tissue, with cells differing in their metabolic requirements depending on complex cell-cell interactions, nutrient supply, metabolic intermediates and transcriptional regulation. Therefore, understanding the complex interplay between metabolic and inflammatory pathways in synovial cells in RA will provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Fearon
- Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin, Ireland. .,EULAR Centre of Excellence, Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Megan M Hanlon
- Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin, Ireland.,EULAR Centre of Excellence, Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Achilleas Floudas
- Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin, Ireland.,EULAR Centre of Excellence, Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Douglas J Veale
- EULAR Centre of Excellence, Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Arnoletti JP, Reza J, Rosales A, Monreal A, Fanaian N, Whisner S, Srivastava M, Rivera-Otero J, Yu G, Phanstiel IV O, Altomare DA, Tran Q, Litherland SA. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) circulating tumor cells influence myeloid cell differentiation to support their survival and immunoresistance in portal vein circulation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265725. [PMID: 35316296 PMCID: PMC8939813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The portal venous circulation provides a conduit for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor cells to the liver parenchyma sinusoids, a frequent site of metastasis. Turbulent flow in the portal circulation promotes retention of PDAC shed circulating tumor cells (CTC) and myeloid-derived immunosuppressor cells (MDSC). Excessive colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling can induce myeloid differentiation to MDSC and transformation of MDSC to myeloid-derived fibroblasts (M-FB). Interactions between PDAC CTC and M-FB in the portal blood promotes the formation of immunoresistant clusters that enhance CTC proliferation, migration, and survival. Analysis of portal and peripheral blood samples collected intraoperatively from 30 PDAC patients undergoing pancreatico-duodenectomy showed that PDAC patient plasma contained high levels of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF/CSF1), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF/CSF2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-34 (IL-34) compared to healthy control levels. Moreover, the level of M-CSF in portal blood was significantly higher than that detected in the peripheral blood of PDAC patients. PDAC CTC aseptically isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) out of freshly collected patient portal blood mononuclear cells (PortalBMC) had elevated RNA expression of IL34 (IL-34 gene) and CSF1 (M-CSF/CSF1 gene) which both signal through CSF1R. PDAC CTC also had high levels of RNA expression for CXCL8, the gene encoding chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) which can attract myeloid cells through their CXCR2 receptors. FACS-isolated portal PDAC CTC and M-FB co-cultured ex vivo had increased CTC proliferation, motility, and cluster formation compared to CTC cultured alone. CSF1R and CXCR2 cell surface expression were found on PDAC portal blood CTC and M-FB, suggesting that both cell types may respond to M-CSF, IL-34, and IL-8-mediated signaling. Portal PDAC CTC displayed enhanced RNA expression of CSF1 and IL34, while CTC+M-FB+ clusters formed in vivo had increased RNA expression of CSF2 and IL34. Portal M-FB were found to have high CSF1R RNA expression. CTC isolated from ex vivo 7-day cultures of PDAC patient portal blood mononuclear cells (PortalBMC) expressed elevated CSF1, IL34, and IL8 RNA, and CSF1 expression was elevated in M-FB. Treatment with rabbit anti-CSF1R antibodies decreased CTC proliferation. Treatment of PortalBMC cultures with humanized anti-CSF1R, humanized anti-IL-8, or anti-IL-34 antibodies disrupted CTC cluster formation and increased CTC apoptosis. U937 myeloid precursor cell line cultures treated with conditioned media from PortalBMC ex vivo cultures without treatment or treated with anti-IL-8 and/or anti-CSF1R did not prevent myeloid differentiation in the myeloid precursor cell line U937 to macrophage, dendritic cell, MDSC, and M-FB phenotypes; whereas, U937 cultures treated with conditioned media from PortalBMC ex vivo cultures exposed to anti-IL-34 were significantly inhibited in their myeloid differentiation to all but the M-FB phenotype. PDAC patient T cells that were found phenotypically anergic (CD3+CD25+CTLA4+PD1L1+) in PortalBMC could be re-activated (CD3+CD25+CTLA4-PD1L1-), and displayed increased interferon gamma (IFNγ) production when PortalBMC ex vivo cultures were treated with anti-CSF1R, anti-IL-8, and anti-IL-34 antibodies alone or in combination. These findings suggest that PDAC CTC have the potential to influence myeloid differentiation and/or antigen presenting cell activation in the PDAC portal blood microenvironment, and that disruption of CTC/M-FB interactions may be potential targets for reversing the immunosuppression supporting CTC survival in the portal blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Arnoletti
- Center for Surgical Oncology, AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joseph Reza
- General SurgeryResidency Program, AdventHealth, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Armando Rosales
- Center for Surgical Oncology, AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alberto Monreal
- General SurgeryResidency Program, AdventHealth, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Na’im Fanaian
- Central Florida Pathology Associates, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Whisner
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Milan Srivastava
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Julia Rivera-Otero
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gongxin Yu
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Otto Phanstiel IV
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Altomare
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Quang Tran
- Translational Research, AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Winter Park, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sally A. Litherland
- Translational Research, AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Winter Park, Florida, United States of America
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13
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mRNA Expressions of Methylation Related Enzymes and Duration of Thermal Conditioning in Chicks. J Poult Sci 2022; 59:90-95. [PMID: 35125918 PMCID: PMC8791769 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation regulates gene expression by modifying the nucleosome structure of DNA, without altering the gene sequence. It has been reported that DNA methylation reactions are catalyzed by several enzymes. In chickens, thermal conditioning treatment affects the central DNA methylation levels. The purpose of this study was to clarify the changes in DNA methylation and demethylation factors during thermal conditioning in the hypothalamus of 3-day-old chicks. Male chicks (3-days old) were exposed to 40±0.5°C as a thermal conditioning treatment for 1, 2, 6, 9, or 12 h. The control chicks were kept in a thermoneutral zone (30±0.2°C). After thermal conditioning, the mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-1, -3a, -3b, and ten-eleven translocation (TET)-1, -2, and -3 in the hypothalamus were measured by q-PCR. The mRNA levels of DNMT-3a and TET-1 were increased by thermal conditioning. Moreover, the expression level of TET-1 increased with the loading time of the thermal conditioning. The gene expressions of DNMT-1, DNMT-3b, TET-2, and TET-3 were not affected by thermal conditioning. Since DNMT-3a is a catalyst for de-novo DNA methylation and TET-1 catalyzes the oxidation of methylated cytosine, it is suggested that the thermal conditioning increased the activation of DNA methylation and demethylation factors, which occur in the hypothalamus of neonatal chicks.
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14
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AKT Isoforms in Macrophage Activation, Polarization, and Survival. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:165-196. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Xia Y, Brown ZJ, Huang H, Tsung A. Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells: Shaping the tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2021; 10:6374-6383. [PMID: 34390203 PMCID: PMC8446566 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typical inflammation‐induced cancer and displays a complex interaction between the tumor microenvironment and tumor development. Immune cells in the HCC microenvironment play both pro‐ and anti‐tumoral roles in HCC progression. An increasing number of findings indicate that metabolic reprogramming is essential for immune cell differentiation and function. In this review, we discuss the metabolic changes of different immune cells and correlate these findings to HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Xia
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zachary J Brown
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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16
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Wang Y, Li N, Zhang X, Horng T. Mitochondrial metabolism regulates macrophage biology. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100904. [PMID: 34157289 PMCID: PMC8294576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for regulation of the activation, differentiation, and survival of macrophages and other immune cells. In response to various extracellular signals, such as microbial or viral infection, changes to mitochondrial metabolism and physiology could underlie the corresponding state of macrophage activation. These changes include alterations of oxidative metabolism, mitochondrial membrane potential, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycling, as well as the release of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and transformation of the mitochondrial ultrastructure. Here, we provide an updated review of how changes in mitochondrial metabolism and various metabolites such as fumarate, succinate, and itaconate coordinate to guide macrophage activation to distinct cellular states, thus clarifying the vital link between mitochondria metabolism and immunity. We also discuss how in disease settings, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress contribute to dysregulation of the inflammatory response. Therefore, mitochondria are a vital source of dynamic signals that regulate macrophage biology to fine-tune immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Na Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiffany Horng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Molecular Chaperones: Molecular Assembly Line Brings Metabolism and Immunity in Shape. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100394. [PMID: 33023034 PMCID: PMC7600384 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are a set of conserved proteins that have evolved to assist the folding of many newly synthesized proteins by preventing their misfolding under conditions such as elevated temperatures, hypoxia, acidosis and nutrient deprivation. Molecular chaperones belong to the heat shock protein (HSP) family. They have been identified as important participants in immune functions including antigen presentation, immunostimulation and immunomodulation, and play crucial roles in metabolic rewiring and epigenetic circuits. Growing evidence has accumulated to indicate that metabolic pathways and their metabolites influence the function of immune cells and can alter transcriptional activity through epigenetic modification of (de)methylation and (de)acetylation. However, whether molecular chaperones can regulate metabolic programs to influence immune activity is still largely unclear. In this review, we discuss the available data on the biological function of molecular chaperones to immune responses during inflammation, with a specific focus on the interplay between molecular chaperones and metabolic pathways that drive immune cell fate and function.
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18
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Rosenberg T, Kisliouk T, Cramer T, Shinder D, Druyan S, Meiri N. Embryonic Heat Conditioning Induces TET-Dependent Cross-Tolerance to Hypothalamic Inflammation Later in Life. Front Genet 2020; 11:767. [PMID: 32849788 PMCID: PMC7419591 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life encounters with stress can lead to long-lasting beneficial alterations in the response to various stressors, known as cross-tolerance. Embryonic heat conditioning (EHC) of chicks was previously shown to mediate resilience to heat stress later in life. Here we demonstrate that EHC can induce cross-tolerance with the immune system, attenuating hypothalamic inflammation. Inflammation in EHC chicks was manifested, following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on day 10 post-hatch, by reduced febrile response and reduced expression of LITAF and NFκB compared to controls, as well as nuclear localization and activation of NFκB in the hypothalamus. Since the cross-tolerance effect was long-lasting, we assumed that epigenetic mechanisms are involved. We focused on the role of ten-eleven translocation (TET) family enzymes, which are the mediators of active CpG demethylation. Here, TET transcription during early life stress was found to be necessary for stress resilience later in life. The expression of the TET family enzymes in the midbrain during conditioning increased in parallel to an elevation in concentration of their cofactor α-ketoglutarate. In-ovo inhibition of TET activity during EHC, by the α-ketoglutarate inhibitor bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES), resulted in reduced total and locus specific CpG demethylation in 10-day-old chicks and reversed both thermal and inflammatory resilience. In addition, EHC attenuated the elevation in expression of the stress markers HSP70, CRHR1, and CRHR2, during heat challenge on day 10 post-hatch. This reduction in expression was reversed by BPTES. Similarly, the EHC-dependent reduction of inflammatory gene expression during LPS challenge was eliminated in BPTES-treated chicks. Thus, TET family enzymes and CpG demethylation are essential for the embryonic induction of stress cross-tolerance in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Rosenberg
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tatiana Kisliouk
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Tomer Cramer
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dmitry Shinder
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shelly Druyan
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Noam Meiri
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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19
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Ketelhuth DFJ, Lutgens E, Bäck M, Binder CJ, Van den Bossche J, Daniel C, Dumitriu IE, Hoefer I, Libby P, O'Neill L, Weber C, Evans PC. Immunometabolism and atherosclerosis: perspectives and clinical significance: a position paper from the Working Group on Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology of the European Society of Cardiology. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1385-1392. [PMID: 31228191 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an important driver of atherosclerosis, and the favourable outcomes of the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) trial revealed the large potential of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially in patients with a pro-inflammatory constitution. However, the complex immune reactions driving inflammation in the vascular wall in response to an atherosclerotic microenvironment are still being unravelled. Novel insights into the cellular processes driving immunity and inflammation revealed that alterations in intracellular metabolic pathways are strong drivers of survival, growth, and function of immune cells. Therefore, this position paper presents a brief overview of the recent developments in the immunometabolism field, focusing on its role in atherosclerosis. We will also highlight the potential impact of immunometabolic markers and targets in clinical cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolin Daniel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid E Dumitriu
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute & Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St. George's Hospital, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - Imo Hoefer
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, INSIGNEO Institute of In Silico Medicine and the Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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20
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Mossel DM, Moganti K, Riabov V, Weiss C, Kopf S, Cordero J, Dobreva G, Rots MG, Klüter H, Harmsen MC, Kzhyshkowska J. Epigenetic Regulation of S100A9 and S100A12 Expression in Monocyte-Macrophage System in Hyperglycemic Conditions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1071. [PMID: 32582175 PMCID: PMC7280556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of diabetic patients in Europe and world-wide is growing. Diabetes confers a 2-fold higher risk for vascular disease. Lack of insulin production (Type 1 diabetes, T1D) or lack of insulin responsiveness (Type 2 diabetes, T2D) causes systemic metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia (HG) which contribute to the pathology of diabetes. Monocytes and macrophages are key innate immune cells that control inflammatory reactions associated with diabetic vascular complications. Inflammatory programming of macrophages is regulated and maintained by epigenetic mechanisms, in particular histone modifications. The aim of our study was to identify the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the hyperglycemia-mediated macrophage activation. Using Affymetrix microarray profiling and RT-qPCR we identified that hyperglycemia increased the expression of S100A9 and S100A12 in primary human macrophages. Expression of S100A12 was sustained after glucose levels were normalized. Glucose augmented the response of macrophages to Toll-like receptor (TLR)-ligands Palmatic acid (PA) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) i.e., pro-inflammatory stimulation. The abundance of activating histone Histone 3 Lysine 4 methylation marks (H3K4me1, H3K4me3) and general acetylation on histone 3 (AceH3) with the promoters of these genes was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Hyperglycemia increased acetylation of histones bound to the promoters of S100A9 and S100A12 in M1 macrophages. In contrast, hyperglycemia caused a reduction in total H3 which correlated with the increased expression of both S100 genes. The inhibition of histone methyltransferases SET domain-containing protein (SET)7/9 and SET and MYND domain-containing protein (SMYD)3 showed that these specifically regulated S100A12 expression. We conclude that hyperglycemia upregulates expression of S100A9, S100A12 via epigenetic regulation and induces an activating histone code on the respective gene promoters in M1 macrophages. Mechanistically, this regulation relies on action of histone methyltransferases SMYD3 and SET7/9. The results define an important role for epigenetic regulation in macrophage mediated inflammation in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieuwertje M Mossel
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kondaiah Moganti
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Vladimir Riabov
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Department of Medical Statistics, Biomathematics and Information Processing, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Kopf
- Department of Medicine I: Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julio Cordero
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gergana Dobreva
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marianne G Rots
- Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Harald Klüter
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin C Harmsen
- Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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21
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Guo X, Deng J, Zheng B, Liu H, Zhang Y, Ying Y, Jia J, Ruan X. HDAC1 and HDAC2 regulate anti-inflammatory effects of anesthetic isoflurane in human monocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:318-331. [PMID: 31950542 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pre-exposure to volatile anesthetics inhibits inflammation induced by various stimuli, including surgical procedures and ischemia. We hypothesize that volatile anesthetics may induce anti-inflammatory effects via a mechanism involving regulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs). Pre-exposure of 1.5% isoflurane for 0.5 h induced anti-inflammatory effects [measured by cytokine production of tumor necrosis factor-ɑ, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-1β] in both human THP-1 cells and primary human peripheral blood monocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. In human THP-1 cells, coadministration of the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) blocked the isoflurane-induced anti-inflammatory effects. TSA also blocked isoflurane-upregulated HDAC1-3 expression and isoflurane-reduced nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 subunits of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The ability of isoflurane to reduce NF-κB nuclear translocation and proinflammatory responses in the cell line was blocked by gene silencing of HDAC1 and HDAC2, but not by gene silencing of HDAC3. A coimmunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that the decreased interaction between HDAC1 and HDAC2 through lipopolysaccharide was restored by isoflurane pretreatment. These findings were validated in primary human peripheral blood monocytes wherein gene silencing of HDAC1 and HDAC2 resulted in increased cytokine production and NF-κB nuclear translocation induced by isoflurane pre-exposure and lipopolysaccharide stimulation. These results indicate that anti-inflammatory effects of the volatile anesthetic isoflurane in human monocytes involve regulation of HDAC1 and HDAC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Guo
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jie Deng
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuehong Zhang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlu Ying
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangcai Ruan
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Dong Z, Li R, Xu L, Xin K, Xu Y, Shi H, Sun A, Ge J. Histone hyperacetylation mediates enhanced IL-1β production in LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages. Immunology 2020; 160:183-197. [PMID: 32061096 PMCID: PMC7218666 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the condition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-γ activation, macrophage metabolism is converted from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. In the present work, we analysed whether glycolysis could affect interleukin (IL)-1β expression through altering histone acetylation levels in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis are used to characterize histone acetylation in macrophages stimulated by LPS/IFN-γ. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to determine IL-1β production. The metabolism of macrophages was monitored in real-time by the Seahorse test. Our results showed that glycolytic metabolism could enhance histone acetylation and promote IL-1β production in LPS/IFN-γ-activated macrophages. Moreover, increased production of IL-1β by glycolysis was mediated through enhanced H3K9 acetylation. Importantly, it was found that a high dose of histone deacetylase inhibitor could also significantly increase the expression of IL-1β in the absence of glycolytic metabolism. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that glycolytic metabolism could regulate IL-1β expression by increasing histone acetylation levels in LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoshui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiyue Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yamei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiming Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Zhu X, Long D, Zabalawi M, Ingram B, Yoza BK, Stacpoole PW, McCall CE. Stimulating pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reduces itaconate levels and enhances TCA cycle anabolic bioenergetics in acutely inflamed monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:467-484. [PMID: 31894617 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a1119-236r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)/pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) axis directs the universal survival principles of immune resistance and tolerance in monocytes by controlling anabolic and catabolic energetics. Immune resistance shifts to immune tolerance during inflammatory shock syndromes when inactivation of PDC by increased PDK activity disrupts the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle support of anabolic pathways. The transition from immune resistance to tolerance also diverts the TCA cycle from citrate-derived cis-aconitate to itaconate, a recently discovered catabolic mediator that separates the TCA cycle at isocitrate and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Itaconate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase and its anabolic role in mitochondrial ATP generation. We previously reported that inhibiting PDK in septic mice with dichloroacetate (DCA) increased TCA cycle activity, reversed septic shock, restored innate and adaptive immune and organ function, and increased survival. Here, using unbiased metabolomics in a monocyte culture model of severe acute inflammation that simulates sepsis reprogramming, we show that DCA-induced activation of PDC restored anabolic energetics in inflammatory monocytes while increasing TCA cycle intermediates, decreasing itaconate, and increasing amino acid anaplerotic catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Our study provides new mechanistic insight that the DCA-stimulated PDC homeostat reconfigures the TCA cycle and promotes anabolic energetics in monocytes by reducing levels of the catabolic mediator itaconate. It further supports the theory that PDC is an energy sensing and signaling homeostat that restores metabolic and energy fitness during acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Long
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Manal Zabalawi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Ingram
- Metabolon, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara K Yoza
- Department of Surgery/General Surgery and Trauma, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter W Stacpoole
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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24
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Jonscher KR, Abrams J, Friedman JE. Maternal Diet Alters Trained Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Pediatric NAFLD. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 2:315-325. [PMID: 33426540 PMCID: PMC7793570 DOI: 10.33696/immunology.2.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 1 in 10 children in the US, increases risk of cirrhosis and transplantation in early adulthood, and shortens lifespan, even after transplantation. Exposure to maternal obesity and/or a diet high in fat, sugar and cholesterol is strongly associated with development of NAFLD in offspring. However, mechanisms by which "priming" of the immune system in early life increases susceptibility to NAFLD are poorly understood. Recent studies have focused on the role "non-reparative" macrophages play in accelerating inflammatory signals promoting fibrogenesis. In this Commentary, we review evidence that the pioneering gut bacteria colonizing the infant intestinal tract remodel the naïve immune system in the offspring. Epigenetic changes in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, induced by exposure to an obesogenic diet in utero, may skew lineage commitment of myeloid cells during gestation. Further, microbial dysbiosis in neonatal life contributes to training innate immune cell responsiveness in the gut, bone marrow, and liver, leading to developmental programming of pediatric NAFLD. Comprehensive understanding of how different gut bacteria and their byproducts shape development of the early innate immune system and microbiome will uncover early interventions to prevent NAFLD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R. Jonscher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Jesse Abrams
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Jacob E. Friedman
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
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25
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Krejčová G, Danielová A, Nedbalová P, Kazek M, Strych L, Chawla G, Tennessen JM, Lieskovská J, Jindra M, Doležal T, Bajgar A. Drosophila macrophages switch to aerobic glycolysis to mount effective antibacterial defense. eLife 2019; 8:50414. [PMID: 31609200 PMCID: PMC6867711 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and cytokine production represent the front lines of resistance to bacterial invaders. A key feature of this pro-inflammatory response in mammals is the complex remodeling of cellular metabolism towards aerobic glycolysis. Although the function of bactericidal macrophages is highly conserved, the metabolic remodeling of insect macrophages remains poorly understood. Here, we used adults of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the metabolic changes that occur in macrophages during the acute and resolution phases of Streptococcus-induced sepsis. Our studies revealed that orthologs of Hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are required for macrophage activation, their bactericidal function, and resistance to infection, thus documenting the conservation of this cellular response between insects and mammals. Further, we show that macrophages employing aerobic glycolysis induce changes in systemic metabolism that are necessary to meet the biosynthetic and energetic demands of their function and resistance to bacterial infection. Macrophages are the immune system's first line of defense against infection. These immune cells can be found in all tissues and organs, watching for signs of disease-causing agents and targeting them for destruction. Maintaining macrophages costs energy, so to minimize waste, these cells spend most of their lives in 'low power mode'. When macrophages sense harmful bacteria, they rapidly awaken and trigger a series of immune events that protect the body from infection. However, to perform these protective tasks macrophages need a sudden surge in energy. In mammals, activated macrophages get their energy from aerobic glycolysis – a series of chemical reactions normally reserved for low oxygen environments. Switching on this metabolic process requires a protein called hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1 α), which switches on the genes that macrophages need to generate energy as quickly as possible. Macrophages then maintain their energy supply by sending out chemical signals which divert glucose away from the rest of the body. Fruit flies are regularly used as a model system for studying human disease, as the mechanisms they use to defend themselves from infections are similar to human immune cells. However, it remains unclear whether their macrophages undergo the same metabolic changes during an infection. To address this question, Krejčová et al. isolated macrophages from fruit flies that had been infected with bacteria. Experiments studying the metabolism of these cells revealed that, just like human macrophages, they responded to bacteria by taking in more glucose and generating energy via aerobic glycolysis. The macrophages of these flies were also found to draw in energy from the rest of the body by raising blood sugar levels and depleting stores of glucose. Similar to human macrophages, these metabolic changes depended on HIF1α, and flies without this protein were unable to secure the level of energy needed to effectively fight off the bacteria. These findings suggest that this metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis is a conserved mechanism that both insects and mammals use to fight off infections. This means in the future fruit flies could be used as a model organism for studying diseases associated with macrophage mis-activation, such as chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Krejčová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Danielová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Nedbalová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michalina Kazek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Strych
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Geetanjali Chawla
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Jaroslava Lieskovská
- Department of Medical Biology, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Jindra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Doležal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bajgar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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26
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van den Brink W, van Bilsen J, Salic K, Hoevenaars FPM, Verschuren L, Kleemann R, Bouwman J, Ronnett GV, van Ommen B, Wopereis S. Current and Future Nutritional Strategies to Modulate Inflammatory Dynamics in Metabolic Disorders. Front Nutr 2019; 6:129. [PMID: 31508422 PMCID: PMC6718105 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders have a large impact on global health, especially in Western countries. An important hallmark of metabolic disorders is chronic low-grade inflammation. A key player in chronic low-grade inflammation is dysmetabolism, which is defined as the inability to keep homeostasis resulting in loss of lipid control, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Although often not yet detectable in the circulation, chronic low-grade inflammation can be present in one or multiple organs. The response to a metabolic challenge containing lipids may magnify dysfunctionalities at the tissue level, causing an overflow of inflammatory markers into the circulation and hence allow detection of early low-grade inflammation. Here, we summarize the evidence of successful application of metabolic challenge tests in type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and unhealthy aging. We also review how metabolic challenge tests have been successfully applied to evaluate nutritional intervention effects, including an "anti-inflammatory" mixture, dark chocolate, whole grain wheat and overfeeding. Additionally, we elaborate on future strategies to (re)gain inflammatory flexibility. Through epigenetic and metabolic regulation, the inflammatory response may be trained by regular mild and metabolic triggers, which can be understood from the perspective of trained immunity, hormesis and pro-resolution. New strategies to optimize dynamics of inflammation may become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van den Brink
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van Bilsen
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Kanita Salic
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Femke P. M. Hoevenaars
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jildau Bouwman
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | | | - Ben van Ommen
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
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27
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Abstract
Cancers promote immunological stresses that induce alterations of the myelopoietic output, defined as emergency myelopoiesis, which lead to the generation of different myeloid populations endowed with tumor-promoting activities. New evidence indicates that acquisition of this tumor-promoting phenotype by myeloid cells is the result of a multistep process, encompassing initial events originating into the bone marrow and later steps operating in the tumor microenvironment. The careful characterization of these sequential mechanisms is likely to offer new potential therapeutic opportunities. Here, we describe relevant mechanisms of myeloid cells reprogramming that instate immune dysfunctions and limit effective responses to anticancer therapy and discuss the influence that metabolic events, as well as chemotherapy, elicit on such events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", via Bovio 6, Novara, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Guarneri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV I.R.C.C.S, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gennari
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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28
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Sica A, Guarneri V, Gennari A. Myelopoiesis, metabolism and therapy: a crucial crossroads in cancer progression. Cell Stress 2019; 3:284-294. [PMID: 31535085 PMCID: PMC6732213 DOI: 10.15698/cst2019.09.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers promote immunological stresses that induce alterations of the myelopoietic output, defined as emergency myelopoiesis, which lead to the generation of different myeloid populations endowed with tumor-promoting activities. New evidence indicates that acquisition of this tumor-promoting phenotype by myeloid cells is the result of a multistep process, encompassing initial events originating into the bone marrow and later steps operating in the tumor microenvironment. The careful characterization of these sequential mechanisms is likely to offer new potential therapeutic opportunities. Here, we describe relevant mechanisms of myeloid cells reprogramming that instate immune dysfunctions and limit effective responses to anticancer therapy and discuss the influence that metabolic events, as well as chemotherapy, elicit on such events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", via Bovio 6, Novara, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Guarneri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova.,Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV I.R.C.C.S, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gennari
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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29
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Verberk SG, de Goede KE, Van den Bossche J. Metabolic-epigenetic crosstalk in macrophage activation: an updated view. Epigenomics 2019; 11:719-721. [PMID: 31150278 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Gs Verberk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kyra E de Goede
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Li Y, Wan YY, Zhu B. Immune Cell Metabolism in Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1011:163-196. [PMID: 28875490 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1170-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of tumor cells, immune cells, cytokines, extracellular matrix, etc. The immune system and the metabolisms of glucose, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides are integrated in the tumorigenesis and development. Cancer cells and immune cells show metabolic reprogramming in the TME, which intimately links immune cell functions and edits tumor immunology. Recent findings in immune cell metabolism hold the promising possibilities toward clinical therapeutics for treating cancer. This chapter introduces the updated understandings of metabolic reprogramming of immune cells in the TME and suggests new directions in manipulation of immune responses for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Li
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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31
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Freemerman AJ, Zhao L, Pingili AK, Teng B, Cozzo AJ, Fuller AM, Johnson AR, Milner JJ, Lim MF, Galanko JA, Beck MA, Bear JE, Rotty JD, Bezavada L, Smallwood HS, Puchowicz MA, Liu J, Locasale JW, Lee DP, Bennett BJ, Abel ED, Rathmell JC, Makowski L. Myeloid Slc2a1-Deficient Murine Model Revealed Macrophage Activation and Metabolic Phenotype Are Fueled by GLUT1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:1265-1286. [PMID: 30659108 PMCID: PMC6360258 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦs) are heterogeneous and metabolically flexible, with metabolism strongly affecting immune activation. A classic response to proinflammatory activation is increased flux through glycolysis with a downregulation of oxidative metabolism, whereas alternative activation is primarily oxidative, which begs the question of whether targeting glucose metabolism is a viable approach to control MΦ activation. We created a murine model of myeloid-specific glucose transporter GLUT1 (Slc2a1) deletion. Bone marrow-derived MΦs (BMDM) from Slc2a1M-/- mice failed to uptake glucose and demonstrated reduced glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway activity. Activated BMDMs displayed elevated metabolism of oleate and glutamine, yet maximal respiratory capacity was blunted in MΦ lacking GLUT1, demonstrating an incomplete metabolic reprogramming. Slc2a1M-/- BMDMs displayed a mixed inflammatory phenotype with reductions of the classically activated pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, yet less oxidative stress. Slc2a1M-/- BMDMs had reduced proinflammatory metabolites, whereas metabolites indicative of alternative activation-such as ornithine and polyamines-were greatly elevated in the absence of GLUT1. Adipose tissue MΦs of lean Slc2a1M-/- mice had increased alternative M2-like activation marker mannose receptor CD206, yet lack of GLUT1 was not a critical mediator in the development of obesity-associated metabolic dysregulation. However, Ldlr-/- mice lacking myeloid GLUT1 developed unstable atherosclerotic lesions. Defective phagocytic capacity in Slc2a1M-/- BMDMs may have contributed to unstable atheroma formation. Together, our findings suggest that although lack of GLUT1 blunted glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, MΦ were metabolically flexible enough that inflammatory cytokine release was not dramatically regulated, yet phagocytic defects hindered MΦ function in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Freemerman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - Liyang Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - Ajeeth K. Pingili
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Bin Teng
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Alyssa J. Cozzo
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - Ashley M. Fuller
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Amy R. Johnson
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - J. Justin Milner
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - Maili F. Lim
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - Joseph A. Galanko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Melinda A. Beck
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - James E. Bear
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jeremy D. Rotty
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Lavanya Bezavada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Heather S. Smallwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Michelle A. Puchowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jason W. Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Brian J. Bennett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242;,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Jeff C. Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Liza Makowski
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799; .,Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
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32
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Castellano-Castillo D, Moreno-Indias I, Sanchez-Alcoholado L, Ramos-Molina B, Alcaide-Torres J, Morcillo S, Ocaña-Wilhelmi L, Tinahones F, Queipo-Ortuño MI, Cardona F. Altered Adipose Tissue DNA Methylation Status in Metabolic Syndrome: Relationships Between Global DNA Methylation and Specific Methylation at Adipogenic, Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Candidate Genes and Metabolic Variables. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8010087. [PMID: 30642114 PMCID: PMC6352101 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been postulated to increase the risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Adipose tissue (AT) plays an important role in metabolic homeostasis, and AT dysfunction has an active role in metabolic diseases. MetS is closely related to lifestyle and environmental factors. Epigenetics has emerged as an interesting landscape to evaluate the possible interconnection between AT and metabolic disease, since it can be modulated by environmental factors and metabolic status. The aim of this study was to determine whether MetS has an impact on the global DNA methylation pattern and the DNA methylation of several genes related to adipogenesis (PPARG, PPARA), lipid metabolism (RXRA, SREBF2, SREBF1, SCD, LPL, LXRb), and inflammation (LRP1 C3, LEP and TNF) in visceral adipose tissue. LPL and TNF DNA methylation values were significantly different in the control-case comparisons, with higher and lower methylation respectively in the MetS group. Negative correlations were found between global DNA methylation (measured by LINE-1 methylation levels) and the metabolic deterioration and glucose levels. There were associations among variables of MetS, BMI, and HOMA-IR with DNA methylation at several CpG positions for the studied genes. In particular, there was a strong positive association between serum triglyceride levels (TG) with PPARA and LPL methylation levels. TNF methylation was negatively associated with the metabolic worsening and could be an important factor in preventing MetS occurrence according to logistic regression analysis. Therefore, global DNA methylation and methylation at specific genes related to adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and inflammation are related to the etiology of MetS and might explain in part some of the features associated to metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castellano-Castillo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lidia Sanchez-Alcoholado
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Alcaide-Torres
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonsoles Morcillo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Ocaña-Wilhelmi
- Unidad de Cirugía Metabólica, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Francisco Tinahones
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Queipo-Ortuño
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Oncología Médica del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Fernando Cardona
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Rabaneda-Lombarte N, Xicoy-Espaulella E, Serratosa J, Saura J, Solà C. Parkinsonian Neurotoxins Impair the Pro-inflammatory Response of Glial Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:479. [PMID: 30686998 PMCID: PMC6335390 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the case of Parkinson's disease (PD), epidemiological studies have reported that pesticide exposure is a risk factor for its pathology. It has been suggested that some chemical agents, such as rotenone and paraquat, that inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain (in the same way as the PD mimetic toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, MPP+) are involved in the development of PD. However, although the neurotoxic effect of such compounds has been widely reported using in vivo and in vitro experimental approaches, their direct effect on the glial cells remains poorly characterized. In addition, the extent to which these toxins interfere with the immune response of the glial cells, is also underexplored. We used mouse primary mixed glial and microglial cultures to study the effect of MPP+ and rotenone on glial activation, in the absence and the presence of a pro-inflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-γ, LPS+IFN-γ). We determined the mRNA expression of the effector molecules that participate in the inflammatory response (pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes), as well as the nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine production. We also studied the phagocytic activity of the microglial cells. In addition, we evaluated the metabolic changes associated with the observed effects, through the measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and the expression of genes involved in the control of metabolic pathways. We observed that exposure of the glial cultures to the neurotoxins, especially rotenone, impaired the pro-inflammatory response induced by LPS/IFN-γ. MPP+ and rotenone also impaired the phagocytic activity of the microglial cells, and this effect was potentiated in the presence of LPS/IFN-γ. The deficit in ATP production that was detected, mainly in MPP+ and rotenone-treated mixed glial cultures, may be responsible for the effects observed. These results show that the response of glial cells to a pro-inflammatory challenge is altered in the presence of toxins inhibiting mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, suggesting that the glial immune response is impaired by such agents. This may have relevant consequences for brain function and the central nervous system's (CNS's) response to insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Rabaneda-Lombarte
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Efren Xicoy-Espaulella
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Serratosa
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Saura
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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van Beek AA, Van den Bossche J, Mastroberardino PG, de Winther MPJ, Leenen PJM. Metabolic Alterations in Aging Macrophages: Ingredients for Inflammaging? Trends Immunol 2019; 40:113-127. [PMID: 30626541 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process with an impact on essentially all organs. Declined cellular repair causes increased damage at genomic and proteomic levels upon aging. This can lead to systemic changes in metabolism and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, resulting in low-grade inflammation, or 'inflammaging'. Tissue macrophages, gatekeepers of parenchymal homeostasis and integrity, are prime inflammatory cytokine producers, as well as initiators and regulators of inflammation. In this opinion piece, we summarize intrinsic alterations in macrophage phenotype and function with age. We propose that alternatively activated macrophages (M2-like), which are yet pro-inflammatory, can accumulate in tissues and promote inflammaging. Age-related increases in endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction might be cell-intrinsic forces driving this unusual phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan A van Beek
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pier G Mastroberardino
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Munich, Germany
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Qian X, Yang Z, Mao E, Chen E. Regulation of fatty acid synthesis in immune cells. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12713. [PMID: 30176060 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role in the important cellular metabolic alterations that occur during the activation of immune cells to enable them to adapt to the extracellular environment. Here, we review recent studies on how substrate availability and metabolites mediate the signalling pathways that regulate fatty acid synthesis (FAS) in different immune cells and how FAS determines cellular fate and function. The major regulators sterol regulatory element-binding proteins and liver X receptors, the key enzyme ATP citrate lyase and the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signalling axis play important roles in de novo FAS during a variety of biological events, including cellular proliferation and differentiation and the development of organelles and intracellular membrane components in immune cells. In addition, the regulation of FAS substantially contributes to the inflammatory response of immune cells. Post-transcriptional modifications in FAS are also closely associated with the functional processes of immune cells. Understanding and investigating the intrinsic regulatory mechanism of FAS is of great significance for developing novel therapies for inflammation-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Qian
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitao Yang
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Enqiang Mao
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Erzhen Chen
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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36
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Hoeksema MA, Glass CK. Nature and nurture of tissue-specific macrophage phenotypes. Atherosclerosis 2018; 281:159-167. [PMID: 30343819 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key players in immunity and tissue homeostasis but can also contribute to a diverse range of human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. Enhancers, cis-acting DNA elements regulating gene activity, have been shown to be crucial for control of macrophage development and function. The selection and activities of macrophage-specific enhancers are regulated by the combined actions of lineage determining transcription factors (LDTFs) and signal dependent transcription factors (SDTFs) that are specified by developmental origin and tissue-specific signals. As a consequence, each tissue resident macrophage population adopts a distinct phenotype. In this review, we discuss recent work on how environmental factors affect the activation status of enhancers and can lead to long-lasting epigenetic changes resulting in innate immune memory. Furthermore, we discuss how non-coding genetic variation affects gene expression by altering transcription factor binding through local and domain-wide mechanisms. These findings have implications for interpretation of non-coding risk alleles that are associated with human disease and efforts to target macrophages for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten A Hoeksema
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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37
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Nonnenmacher Y, Hiller K. Biochemistry of proinflammatory macrophage activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2093-2109. [PMID: 29502308 PMCID: PMC5948278 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, metabolism has been recognized as a major determinant of immunological processes. During an inflammatory response, macrophages undergo striking changes in their metabolism. This metabolic reprogramming is governed by a complex interplay between metabolic enzymes and metabolites of different pathways and represents the basis for proper macrophage function. It is now evident that these changes go far beyond the well-known Warburg effect and the perturbation of metabolic targets is being investigated as a means to treat infections and auto-immune diseases. In the present review, we will aim to provide an overview of the metabolic responses during proinflammatory macrophage activation and show how these changes modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Nonnenmacher
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry and Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry and Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Brunswick, Germany.
- Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany.
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38
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Van den Bossche J, Saraber DL. Metabolic regulation of macrophages in tissues. Cell Immunol 2018; 330:54-59. [PMID: 29395037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells that provide host defense and have tissue-specific roles in the maintenance of organ homeostasis and integrity. In most cases macrophages keep us healthy but when their balanced response to damage or homeostatic signals is perturbed, they can drive chronic inflammatory responses and pathology. To fulfil their broad range of functions, macrophages adopt a plethora of activation states. Understanding their regulation and phenotypic heterogeneity is crucial because macrophages are critical in many diseases. Consequently, macrophages have emerged as attractive targets for therapy of diseases in which they determine disease outcome, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and other Western killer diseases. Recent advances in the flourishing field of immunometabolism highlight that the metabolic profile of macrophages directly regulates their activation status and associated functions. In this short review, we summarize how recent research on the metabolic regulation of macrophages has vividly improved our understanding of macrophage activation. Most of our existing knowledge results from in vitro studies with murine bone marrow-derived macrophages which can't fully grasp the complexity of (micro)environmental control of macrophages in tissues. We therefore highlight current weaknesses and missing links in macrophage immunometabolism research and provide future directions to make the step from the well-controlled plastic in vitro cell culture systems to the complex in vivo tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van den Bossche
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Doina L Saraber
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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39
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Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Maniyar N, Sharma NK, Patil S. Carcinogenesis-relevant biological events in the pathophysiology of the efferocytosis phenomenon. Oncol Rev 2017; 11:343. [PMID: 29285321 PMCID: PMC5733395 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2017.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective removal of cells undergoing programmed cell death, which is referred to as efferocytosis, prevents the leakage of intracellular contents into the surrounding tissue, which could lead to tissue damage and inflammation. Efferocytosis involves a coordinated orchestration of multiple steps that lead to a swift, coherent and immunologically silent removal of dying cells. The release of wound healing cytokines, which resolve inflammation and enhance tissue repair, is an important feature of efferocytosis. However, in addition to the healing cytokines released during efferocytosis, the immunosuppressive action of cytokines promotes the tumor microenvironment, enhances the motility of cancer cells and promotes the evasion of antitumor immunity. The aim of the present review was to comprehensively discuss the efferocytosis phenomenon, the important players associated with this process and their role in cancer-related biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Sachin Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nikunj Maniyar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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40
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Van den Bossche J, Baardman J, Otto NA, van der Velden S, Neele AE, van den Berg SM, Luque-Martin R, Chen HJ, Boshuizen MCS, Ahmed M, Hoeksema MA, de Vos AF, de Winther MPJ. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Prevents Repolarization of Inflammatory Macrophages. Cell Rep 2017; 17:684-696. [PMID: 27732846 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells that adopt diverse activation states in response to their microenvironment. Editing macrophage activation to dampen inflammatory diseases by promoting the repolarization of inflammatory (M1) macrophages to anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages is of high interest. Here, we find that mouse and human M1 macrophages fail to convert into M2 cells upon IL-4 exposure in vitro and in vivo. In sharp contrast, M2 macrophages are more plastic and readily repolarized into an inflammatory M1 state. We identify M1-associated inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as the factor responsible for preventing M1→M2 repolarization. Inhibiting nitric oxide production, a key effector molecule in M1 cells, dampens the decline in mitochondrial function to improve metabolic and phenotypic reprogramming to M2 macrophages. Thus, inflammatory macrophage activation blunts oxidative phosphorylation, thereby preventing repolarization. Therapeutically restoring mitochondrial function might be useful to improve the reprogramming of inflammatory macrophages into anti-inflammatory cells to control disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van den Bossche
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen Baardman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja A Otto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands; Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands; Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Velden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Annette E Neele
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Susan M van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Rosario Luque-Martin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Hung-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke C S Boshuizen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Marten A Hoeksema
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands; Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105, the Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximillian's University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, Munich 80336, Germany
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41
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Polyamine concentration is increased in thoracic ascending aorta of patients with bicuspid aortic valve. Heart Vessels 2017; 33:327-339. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-017-1087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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42
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Porta C, Sica A, Riboldi E. Tumor-associated myeloid cells: new understandings on their metabolic regulation and their influence in cancer immunotherapy. FEBS J 2017; 285:717-733. [PMID: 28985035 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs), mainly represented by tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, can promote tumor growth directly, by favoring tumor cell proliferation and survival, and indirectly, by creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Myeloid cells are characterized by an extreme phenotypical and functional plasticity. Immunometabolism is now emerging as a crucial aspect of TAMCs skewing toward pro-tumoral activities. The metabolic re-education of myeloid cells is a new strategy to boost their antitumor effector functions. Several anticancer therapies targeting TAMCs are already under investigation. Nowadays, the hot topic of cancer immunotherapy is represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors. These drugs unrestrain T-cell-mediated tumor elimination by removing suppressive signals delivered by tumor-associated cells. The efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade can be enhanced using coordinated strategies to counteract the TAMCs-dependent impairment of immune adaptive responses. In the first part of the review, we will describe the association between metabolic reprogramming and TAMCs biological activities. In the second part, we will illustrate the potential of combination therapies associating TAMC-targeting drugs with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'Amedeo Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Antonio Sica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'Amedeo Avogadro', Novara, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elena Riboldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'Amedeo Avogadro', Novara, Italy
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43
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Phan AT, Goldrath AW, Glass CK. Metabolic and Epigenetic Coordination of T Cell and Macrophage Immunity. Immunity 2017; 46:714-729. [PMID: 28514673 PMCID: PMC5505665 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogens by innate and adaptive immune cells instructs rapid alterations of cellular processes to promote effective resolution of infection. To accommodate increased bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands, metabolic pathways are harnessed to maximize proliferation and effector molecule production. In parallel, activation initiates context-specific gene-expression programs that drive effector functions and cell fates that correlate with changes in epigenetic landscapes. Many chromatin- and DNA-modifying enzymes make use of substrates and cofactors that are intermediates of metabolic pathways, providing potential cross talk between metabolism and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. In this review, we discuss recent studies of T cells and macrophages supporting a role for metabolic activity in integrating environmental signals with activation-induced gene-expression programs through modulation of the epigenome and speculate as to how this may influence context-specific macrophage and T cell responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Phan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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44
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Van den Bossche J, O'Neill LA, Menon D. Macrophage Immunometabolism: Where Are We (Going)? Trends Immunol 2017; 38:395-406. [PMID: 28396078 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of findings highlight the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage activation. Metabolic pathways are closely interconnected and recent literature demonstrates the need for glucose metabolism in anti-inflammatory as well as inflammatory macrophages. Moreover, fatty acid oxidation (FAO) not only supports anti-inflammatory responses as described formerly but also drives inflammasome activation in inflammatory macrophages. Hence, defining glycolysis as proinflammatory and FAO as anti-inflammatory may be an oversimplification. Here we review how the rapid growth of the immunometabolism field has improved our understanding of macrophage activation and at the same time has led to an increase in the appearance of contradictory observations. To conclude we discuss current challenges in immunometabolism and present crucial areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van den Bossche
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luke A O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deepthi Menon
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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45
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Geeraerts X, Bolli E, Fendt SM, Van Ginderachter JA. Macrophage Metabolism As Therapeutic Target for Cancer, Atherosclerosis, and Obesity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:289. [PMID: 28360914 PMCID: PMC5350105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are not only essential components of innate immunity that contribute to host defense against infections, but also tumor growth and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. An important feature of macrophages is their plasticity and ability to adopt diverse activation states in response to their microenvironment and in line with their functional requirements. Recent immunometabolism studies have shown that alterations in the metabolic profile of macrophages shape their activation state and function. For instance, to fulfill their respective functions lipopolysaccharides-induced pro-inflammatory macrophages and interleukin-4 activated anti-inflammatory macrophages adopt a different metabolism. Thus, metabolic reprogramming of macrophages could become a therapeutic approach to treat diseases that have a high macrophage involvement, such as cancer. In the first part of this review, we will focus on the metabolic pathways altered in differentially activated macrophages and link their metabolic aspects to their pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotype. In the second part, we will discuss how macrophage metabolism is a promising target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Geeraerts
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evangelia Bolli
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Monocytes and macrophages are key players in tissue homeostasis and immune responses. Epigenetic processes tightly regulate cellular functioning in health and disease. Recent Advances: Recent technical developments have allowed detailed characterizations of the transcriptional circuitry underlying monocyte and macrophage regulation. Upon differentiation and activation, enhancers are selected by lineage-determining and signal-dependent transcription factors. Enhancers are shown to be very dynamic and activation of these enhancers underlies the differences in gene transcription between monocytes and macrophages and their subtypes. CRITICAL ISSUES It has been shown that epigenetic enzymes regulate the functioning of these cells and targeting of epigenetic enzymes has been proven to be a valuable tool to dampen inflammatory responses. We give a comprehensive overview of recent developments and understanding of the epigenetic pathways that control monocyte and macrophage function and of the epigenetic enzymes involved in monocyte and macrophage differentiation and activation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The key challenges in the upcoming years will be to study epigenetic changes in human disease and to better understand how epigenetic pathways control the inflammatory repertoire in disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 758-774.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten A Hoeksema
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nagy C, Torres-Platas SG, Mechawar N, Turecki G. Repression of Astrocytic Connexins in Cortical and Subcortical Brain Regions and Prefrontal Enrichment of H3K9me3 in Depression and Suicide. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 20:50-57. [PMID: 27516431 PMCID: PMC5737582 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder has been associated with dysfunctional astrocytic networks. The underlying causes, extent, and consequences of such dysfunctions remain to be characterized. Astrocyte-astrocyte communication occurs principally through gap junction channels primarily formed by connexin 30 and 43 (CX30 and CX43). We previously reported decreased connexin expression in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicides. In the present study, we investigated whether these changes are mediated by epigenetic regulation, and expanded gene expression quantifications to other cortical and subcortical regions to assess the regional distribution of connexion disruptions in depressed suicides. METHODS The expression of CX30 and CX43 was measured by real-time PCR in samples of neocortex (Brodmann areas 4 and 17), cerebellar cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, and caudate nucleus of 22 depressed suicides and 22 matched sudden-death controls. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to measure enrichment levels of the repressive chromatin mark H3K9me3 in the prefrontal cortex. RESULTS We found a consistent downregulation of connexin genes in all regions examined, except in the cerebellum where an increase in the expression of CX30 was measured and using chromatin immunoprecipitation we observed an enrichment of H3K9me3 for both Cx30 and Cx43 in the prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows widespread astrocytic CX gene repression in depressed suicides that is mediated, at least in part, through epigenetic mechanisms. Taken together, these findings support the notion of widespread cerebral astrocytic dysfunction in major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Nagy
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute (Ms Nagy, Drs Torres-Platas, Machawar, and Turecki); Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Ms Nagy, Drs Torres-Platas, Machawar, and Turecki), Human Genetics (Dr Turecki), and Psychiatry (Drs Mechawar and Turecki), McGill University, Verdun, Québec, Canada
| | - Susana G. Torres-Platas
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute (Ms Nagy, Drs Torres-Platas, Machawar, and Turecki); Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Ms Nagy, Drs Torres-Platas, Machawar, and Turecki), Human Genetics (Dr Turecki), and Psychiatry (Drs Mechawar and Turecki), McGill University, Verdun, Québec, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute (Ms Nagy, Drs Torres-Platas, Machawar, and Turecki); Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Ms Nagy, Drs Torres-Platas, Machawar, and Turecki), Human Genetics (Dr Turecki), and Psychiatry (Drs Mechawar and Turecki), McGill University, Verdun, Québec, Canada
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Logie C, Stunnenberg HG. Epigenetic memory: A macrophage perspective. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:359-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Metabolic reprogramming through fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) regulates macrophage inflammatory potential and adipose inflammation. Mol Metab 2016; 5:506-526. [PMID: 27408776 PMCID: PMC4921943 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A novel approach to regulate obesity-associated adipose inflammation may be through metabolic reprogramming of macrophages (MΦs). Broadly speaking, MΦs dependent on glucose are pro-inflammatory, classically activated MΦs (CAM), which contribute to adipose inflammation and insulin resistance. In contrast, MΦs that primarily metabolize fatty acids are alternatively activated MΦs (AAM) and maintain tissue insulin sensitivity. In actuality, there is much flexibility and overlap in the CAM-AAM spectrum in vivo dependent upon various stimuli in the microenvironment. We hypothesized that specific lipid trafficking proteins, e.g. fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), would direct MΦ fatty acid transport and metabolism to limit inflammation and contribute to the maintenance of adipose tissue homeostasis. Methods Bone marrow derived MΦs (BMDMs) from Fatp1−/− and Fatp1+/+ mice were used to investigate FATP1-dependent substrate metabolism, bioenergetics, metabolomics, and inflammatory responses. We also generated C57BL/6J chimeric mice by bone marrow transplant specifically lacking hematopoetic FATP1 (Fatp1B−/−) and controls Fatp1B+/+. Mice were challenged by high fat diet (HFD) or low fat diet (LFD) and analyses including MRI, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, flow cytometric, histologic, and protein quantification assays were conducted. Finally, an FATP1-overexpressing RAW 264.7 MΦ cell line (FATP1-OE) and empty vector control (FATP1-EV) were developed as a gain of function model to test effects on substrate metabolism, bioenergetics, metabolomics, and inflammatory responses. Results Fatp1 is downregulated with pro-inflammatory stimulation of MΦs. Fatp1−/− BMDMs and FATP1-OE RAW 264.7 MΦs demonstrated that FATP1 reciprocally controled metabolic flexibility, i.e. lipid and glucose metabolism, which was associated with inflammatory response. Supporting our previous work demonstrating the positive relationship between glucose metabolism and inflammation, loss of FATP1 enhanced glucose metabolism and exaggerated the pro-inflammatory CAM phenotype. Fatp1B−/− chimeras fed a HFD gained more epididymal white adipose mass, which was inflamed and oxidatively stressed, compared to HFD-fed Fatp1B+/+ controls. Adipose tissue macrophages displayed a CAM-like phenotype in the absence of Fatp1. Conversely, functional overexpression of FATP1 decreased many aspects of glucose metabolism and diminished CAM-stimulated inflammation in vitro. FATP1 displayed acyl-CoA synthetase activity for long chain fatty acids in MΦs and modulated lipid mediator metabolism in MΦs. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence that FATP1 is a novel regulator of MΦ activation through control of substrate metabolism. Absence of FATP1 exacerbated pro-inflammatory activation in vitro and increased local and systemic components of the metabolic syndrome in HFD-fed Fatp1B−/− mice. In contrast, gain of FATP1 activity in MΦs suggested that Fatp1-mediated activation of fatty acids, substrate switch to glucose, oxidative stress, and lipid mediator synthesis are potential mechanisms. We demonstrate for the first time that FATP1 provides a unique mechanism by which the inflammatory tone of adipose and systemic metabolism may be regulated. FATP1-mediated activation of fatty acids is a novel approach to limit inflammation. Fatp1 deficiency primed macrophages for pro-inflammatory activation. Lack of Fatp1 led to greater HFD-induced adipose inflammation. Fatp1−/− adipose tissue macrophages were classically activated.
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